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Alvarez-Chávez AL, De Los Santos S, Coral-Vázquez RM, Méndez JP, Palma Flores C, Zambrano E, Canto P. (-)-Epicatechin treatment modify the expression of genes related to atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle of male rats obese by programing. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2024; 15:e21. [PMID: 39370974 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174424000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine if the offspring of mothers with obesity, present disorders in the expression of genes related to atrophy or protein synthesis in the muscle and if these disorders are modified with the (-)-epicatechin (Epi) treatment. Six male offspring per group were randomly assigned to the control groups [C and offspring of maternal obesity (MO)] or the Epi intervention groups, Epi treatment for 13 weeks (C + Epi long or MO + Epi long), or Epi administration for two weeks (C + Epi short or MO + Epi short). The effect of Epi in the gastrocnemius tissue was evaluated, analyzing mRNA and protein levels of Murf1, MAFbx, Foxo1, NFkB, and p70S6K-alpha. After the analysis by two-way ANOVA, we found an influence of the Epi long treatment over the model, by decreasing the Murf1 gene expression in both groups treated with the flavonoid (C + Epi long and MO + Epi long) (p = 0.036). Besides, Epi long treatment over the NFκB expression, by decreasing the fold increase in both groups treated with the flavonoid (C + Epi long and MO + Epi long) (p = 0.038). We not find any interaction between the variables or changes in the MAFbx, Foxo1 mRNA, neither in the phosphorylated/total protein ratio of NFκB, Foxo1, or p70S6K-alpha. In conclusions, treatment with a long protocol of Epi, reduces the mRNA of the muscle atrophy genes Murf 1 and NFkB, in the gastrocnemius muscle; however, these changes are not maintained at protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Alvarez-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sergio De Los Santos
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ramón Mauricio Coral-Vázquez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Pablo Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Palma Flores
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Ciudad de México, México
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Ramirez-Sanchez I, Navarrete-Yañez V, Espinosa-Raya J, Rubio-Gayosso I, Palma-Flores C, Mendoza-Lorenzo P, Ordoñez-Razo R, Estrada-Mena J, Ceballos G, Villarreal F. Neurological Restorative Effects of (-)-Epicatechin in a Model of Gulf War Illness. J Med Food 2024. [PMID: 39321070 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) afflicts US military personnel who served in the Persian Gulf War. Suspect causal agents include exposure to pyridostigmine (PB), permethrin (PM) and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Prominent symptoms include cognitive deficits, such as memory impairment. In aging animal models, we have documented the beneficial effect of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin (Epi) on hippocampus structure and related function. Using a rat model of GWI, we examined the effects of Epi on hippocampus inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death/survival pathways, and memory endpoints. Male Wistar rats underwent 3 weeks of exposure to either vehicles or DEET, PM, PB, and stress. Subgroups of GWI rats were then allocated to receive orally 15 days of either water (vehicle) or 1 mg/kg/day of Epi treatment. Object recognition tasks were performed to assess memory. Hippocampus samples were analyzed. Epi treatment yields significant improvements in short- and long-term memory versus GWI rats. Hippocampus oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels showed significant increases with GWI that were largely normalized with Epi becoming comparable to controls. Significant increases in markers of hippocampus neuroinflammation and cell death were noted with GWI and were also largely reduced with Epi. Neuronal survival signaling pathways were adversely impacted by GWI and were partially or fully restored by Epi. Markers of mitochondrial function were adversely impacted by GWI and were fully restored by Epi. In conclusion, in an animal model of GWI, Epi beneficially impacts recognized markers of hippocampus neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cell survival, neurotoxicity and mitochondrial function leading to improved memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Viridiana Navarrete-Yañez
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Judith Espinosa-Raya
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ivan Rubio-Gayosso
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Carlos Palma-Flores
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mendoza-Lorenzo
- Division Academica de Ciencias Basicas, Unidad Chontalpa, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Rosa Ordoñez-Razo
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Genetica Humana, Hosital de Pediatria, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | | | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Health Care, San Diego, California, USA
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3
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German IJS, Pomini KT, Andreo JC, Shindo JVTC, de Castro MVM, Detregiachi CRP, Araújo AC, Guiguer EL, Fornari Laurindo L, Bueno PCDS, de Souza MDSS, Gabaldi M, Barbalho SM, Shinohara AL. New Trends to Treat Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Epicatechin. Nutrients 2024; 16:326. [PMID: 38276564 PMCID: PMC10818576 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Epicatechin is a polyphenol compound that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and counteracts the pathways that participate in the degradation of proteins. Several studies present contradictory results of treatment protocols and therapeutic effects. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the current literature showing the molecular mechanism and clinical protocol of epicatechin in muscle atrophy in humans, animals, and myoblast cell-line. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that there is a commonness of epicatechin inhibitory action in myostatin expression and atrogenes MAFbx, FOXO, and MuRF1. Epicatechin showed positive effects on follistatin and on the stimulation of factors related to the myogenic actions (MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin). Furthermore, the literature also showed that epicatechin can interfere with mitochondrias' biosynthesis in muscle fibers, stimulation of the signaling pathways of AKT/mTOR protein production, and amelioration of skeletal musculature performance, particularly when combined with physical exercise. Epicatechin can, for these reasons, exhibit clinical applicability due to the beneficial results under conditions that negatively affect the skeletal musculature. However, there is no protocol standardization or enough clinical evidence to draw more specific conclusions on its therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jasmin Santos German
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
| | - João Vitor Tadashi Cosin Shindo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
| | - Marcela Vialogo Marques de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Claudia Rucco P. Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Elen Landgraf Guiguer
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Patrícia Cincotto dos Santos Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maricelma da Silva Soares de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Marcia Gabaldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - André Luis Shinohara
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
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Lopez-Pedrosa JM, Camprubi-Robles M, Guzman-Rolo G, Lopez-Gonzalez A, Garcia-Almeida JM, Sanz-Paris A, Rueda R. The Vicious Cycle of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Bases. Nutrients 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 38202001 PMCID: PMC10780454 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA) have become increasingly common occurrences. Whether the onset of T2DM increases the risk of SMA or vice versa has long been under investigation. Both conditions are associated with negative changes in skeletal muscle health, which can, in turn, lead to impaired physical function, a lowered quality of life, and an increased risk of mortality. Poor nutrition can exacerbate both T2DM and SMA. T2DM and SMA are linked by a vicious cycle of events that reinforce and worsen each other. Muscle insulin resistance appears to be the pathophysiological link between T2DM and SMA. To explore this association, our review (i) compiles evidence on the clinical association between T2DM and SMA, (ii) reviews mechanisms underlying biochemical changes in the muscles of people with or at risk of T2DM and SMA, and (iii) examines how nutritional therapy and increased physical activity as muscle-targeted treatments benefit this population. Based on the evidence, we conclude that effective treatment of patients with T2DM-SMA depends on the restoration and maintenance of muscle mass. We thus propose that regular intake of key functional nutrients, along with guidance for physical activity, can help maintain euglycemia and improve muscle status in all patients with T2DM and SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Almeida
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital (IBIMA), Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Sanz-Paris
- Nutrition Unit, Universitary Hospital Miguel Servet, Isabel the Catholic 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, 18004 Granada, Spain; (M.C.-R.); (A.L.-G.); (R.R.)
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5
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LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, Cook NR, Clar A, Holman B, Copeland T, Smith DC, Rist PM, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Crandall CJ. Rationale and design of an ancillary study evaluating the effects of the cocoa flavanol and/or multivitamin interventions on falls and physical performance outcomes in the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS). Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 125:107078. [PMID: 36621596 PMCID: PMC10732156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls and decreased physical function increase markedly with age and result in injury, hospitalization, and premature death. Emerging studies show potential benefits of supplemental cocoa extract on physical performance, including grip strength and walking speed in older adults. However, there are no large, long-term randomized controlled trials of effects of supplemental cocoa extract on falls, muscle performance, and/or fall-related injuries. METHODS The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial investigating effects of supplementation with cocoa extract (500 mg/d, including 80 mg (-)-epicatechin) and/or a multivitamin on prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in 21,442 women (≥65 years) and men (≥60 years). COSMOS Effects on Falls and Physical Performance is an ancillary study to COSMOS that will clarify effects of cocoa extract and/or multivitamin supplementation on falls, physical performance, and incident fracture outcomes in older adults. Injurious fall(s) resulting in healthcare utilization and recurrent falls were regularly assessed by follow-up questionnaires in the overall cohort. Incident fractures were also assessed by annual questionnaires. Circumstances surrounding falls and any fall-related injuries will be confirmed by medical record review. Effects of the interventions on 2-year changes in physical performance measures (grip strength, walking speed, and the Short Physical Performance Battery) will be tested in a clinic sub-cohort (n = 603). CONCLUSION Results from this ancillary study will determine whether supplemental cocoa extract slows age-related declines in physical performance and decrease injurious and recurrent falls and fall-related injuries and fractures that are major public health problems in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl S LeBoff
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Sharon H Chou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kristin A Ratliff
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nancy R Cook
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Allison Clar
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Beth Holman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Trisha Copeland
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Doug C Smith
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Pamela M Rist
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Carolyn J Crandall
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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6
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling in heart failure: An update on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Portilla-Martínez A, Ortiz-Flores MÁ, Meaney E, Villarreal F, Nájera N, Ceballos G. (-)-Epicatechin Is a Biased Ligand of Apelin Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8962. [PMID: 36012227 PMCID: PMC9409145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is part of a large family of biomolecules called flavonoids and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of EC consumption. Many of these reported effects are exerted by activating the signaling pathways associated with the activation of two specific receptors: the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a transmembrane receptor, and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is a nuclear receptor. However, the effects of EC are so diverse that these two receptors cannot describe the complete phenomenon. The apelin receptor or APLNR is classified within the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, and is capable of activating the G protein canonical pathways and the β-arrestin transducer, which participates in the phenomenon of receptor desensitization and internalization. β-arrestin gained interest in selective pharmacology and mediators of the so-called "biased agonism". With molecular dynamics (MD) and in vitro assays, we demonstrate how EC can recruit the β-arrestin in the active conformation of the APLN receptor acting as a biased agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Portilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ortiz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Nayelli Nájera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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8
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(-) - Epicatechin improves Tibialis anterior muscle repair in CD1 mice with BaCl2-induced damage. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Munguía L, Ortiz M, González C, Portilla A, Meaney E, Villarreal F, Nájera N, Ceballos G. Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids on Skeletal Muscle Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Food 2022; 25:465-486. [PMID: 35394826 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) is a highly dynamic tissue that responds to physiological adaptations or pathological conditions, and SkM mitochondria play a major role in bioenergetics, regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, and apoptosis. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with the ability to modulate molecular pathways implicated in the development of mitochondrial myopathy. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore its potential application in conditions such as aging, disuse, denervation, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. To evaluate preclinical and clinical effects of flavonoids on SkM structure and function. We performed a systematic review of published studies, with no date restrictions applied, using PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were used: "flavonoids" OR "flavanols" OR "flavones" OR "anthocyanidins" OR "flavanones" OR "flavan-3-ols" OR "catechins" OR "epicatechin" OR "(-)-epicatechin" AND "skeletal muscle." The studies included in this review were preclinical studies, clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, and randomized-controlled trials that investigated the influence of flavonoids on SkM health. Three authors, independently, assessed trials for the review. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus. The use of flavonoids could be a potential tool for the prevention of muscle loss. Their effects on metabolism and on mitochondria function suggest their use as muscle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy Munguía
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Miguel Ortiz
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Cristian González
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Andrés Portilla
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nayelli Nájera
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE The ability of skeletal muscle to adapt to eccentric (ECC) contraction-induced injury is known as the repeated bout effect (RBE). Despite the RBE being a well-established phenomenon observed in skeletal muscle, cellular and molecular events particularly those at the membranes that contribute to the adaptive potential of muscle have yet to be established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how membrane-associated proteins respond to the RBE. METHODS Anterior crural muscles of C57BL/6 female mice (3-5 months) were subjected to repeated bouts of in vivo ECCs, with isometric torque being measured immediately before and after injury. A total of six bouts were completed with 7 d between each bout. Protein content of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin were then assessed via immunoblotting in injured and uninjured muscles. RESULTS When expressed relative to preinjury isometric torque of bout 1, deficits in postinjury isometric torque during bout 2 (38%) did not differ from bout 1 (36%; P = 0.646) and were attenuated during bouts 3 through 6 (range, 24%-15%; P ≤ 0.014). Contents of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin did not change immediately after a single bout of 50 maximal ECCs (P ≥ 0.155); however, as a result of repeated bouts, contents of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin all increased compared with muscles that completed one or no bouts of ECC contractions (P ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The RBE represents a physiological measure of skeletal muscle plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that repeated bouts of ECC contractions increase contents of dystrophin, β-sarcoglycan, and junctophilin and attenuate postinjury torque deficits. Given our results, accumulation of membrane-associated proteins likely contributes to strength adaptations observed after repeated bouts of ECC contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R. Sidky
- Division of Rehabilitation Science & Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Dawn A. Lowe
- Division of Rehabilitation Science & Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cory W. Baumann
- Division of Rehabilitation Science & Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
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11
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Zbinden-Foncea H, Castro-Sepulveda M, Fuentes J, Speisky H. Effect of epicatechin on skeletal muscle. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1110-1123. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211217100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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Loss of skeletal muscle (SkM) quality is associated with different clinical conditions such as aging, diabetes, obesity, cancer and heart failure. Nutritional research has focused on identifying naturally occurring molecules that mitigate the loss of SkM quality induced by a pathology or syndrome. In this context, although few human studies have been conducted, Epicatechin (Epi) is a prime candidate that may positively affect SkM quality by its potential ability to mitigate muscle mass loss. This seems to be a consequence of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and its stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis to increase myogenic differentiation, as well as its modulation of key proteins involved in SkM structure, function, metabolism, and growth. In conclusion, the Epi could prevent, mitigate, delay, and even treat muscle-related disorders caused by aging and diseases, however, studies in humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernan Speisky
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Restorative potential of (-)-epicatechin in a rat model of Gulf War illness muscle atrophy and fatigue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21861. [PMID: 34750405 PMCID: PMC8575952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined in a rat model of Gulf War illness (GWI), the potential of (-)-epicatechin (Epi) to reverse skeletal muscle (SkM) atrophy and dysfunction, decrease mediators of inflammation and normalize metabolic perturbations. Male Wistar rats (n = 15) were provided orally with pyridostigmine bromide (PB) 1.3 mg/kg/day, permethrin (PM) 0.13 mg/kg/day (skin), DEET 40 mg/kg/day (skin) and were physically restrained for 5 min/day for 3 weeks. A one-week period ensued to fully develop the GWI-like profile followed by 2 weeks of either Epi treatment at 1 mg/kg/day by gavage (n = 8) or water (n = 7) for controls. A normal, control group (n = 15) was given vehicle and not restrained. At 6 weeks, animals were subjected to treadmill and limb strength testing followed by euthanasia. SkM and blood sampling was used for histological, biochemical and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine and metabolomics assessments. GWI animals developed an intoxication profile characterized SkM atrophy and loss of function accompanied by increases in modulators of muscle atrophy, degradation markers and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Treatment of GWI animals with Epi yielded either a significant partial or full normalization of the above stated indicators relative to normal controls. Plasma metabolomics revealed that metabolites linked to inflammation and SkM waste pathways were dysregulated in the GWI group whereas Epi, attenuated such changes. In conclusion, in a rat model of GWI, Epi partially reverses detrimental changes in SkM structure including modulators of atrophy, inflammation and select plasma metabolites yielding improved function.
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13
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Polyphenols and Their Effects on Muscle Atrophy and Muscle Health. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164887. [PMID: 34443483 PMCID: PMC8398525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is the decrease in muscle mass and strength caused by reduced protein synthesis/accelerated protein degradation. Various conditions, such as denervation, disuse, aging, chronic diseases, heart disease, obstructive lung disease, diabetes, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, cancer, and steroidal medications, can cause muscle atrophy. Mechanistically, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the major contributors to muscle atrophy, by modulating signaling pathways that regulate muscle homeostasis. To prevent muscle catabolism and enhance muscle anabolism, several natural and synthetic compounds have been investigated. Recently, polyphenols (i.e., natural phytochemicals) have received extensive attention regarding their effect on muscle atrophy because of their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have reported polyphenols as strongly effective bioactive molecules that attenuate muscle atrophy and enhance muscle health. This review describes polyphenols as promising bioactive molecules that impede muscle atrophy induced by various proatrophic factors. The effects of each class/subclass of polyphenolic compounds regarding protection against the muscle disorders induced by various pathological/physiological factors are summarized in tabular form and discussed. Although considerable variations in antiatrophic potencies and mechanisms were observed among structurally diverse polyphenolic compounds, they are vital factors to be considered in muscle atrophy prevention strategies.
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14
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Chemotherapy-Induced Myopathy: The Dark Side of the Cachexia Sphere. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143615. [PMID: 34298829 PMCID: PMC8304349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In addition to cancer-related factors, anti-cancer chemotherapy treatment can drive life-threatening body wasting in a syndrome known as cachexia. Emerging evidence has described the impact of several key chemotherapeutic agents on skeletal muscle in particular, and the mechanisms are gradually being unravelled. Despite this evidence, there remains very little research regarding therapeutic strategies to protect muscle during anti-cancer treatment and current global grand challenges focused on deciphering the cachexia conundrum fail to consider this aspect—chemotherapy-induced myopathy remains very much on the dark side of the cachexia sphere. This review explores the impact and mechanisms of, and current investigative strategies to protect against, chemotherapy-induced myopathy to illuminate this serious issue. Abstract Cancer cachexia is a debilitating multi-factorial wasting syndrome characterised by severe skeletal muscle wasting and dysfunction (i.e., myopathy). In the oncology setting, cachexia arises from synergistic insults from both cancer–host interactions and chemotherapy-related toxicity. The majority of studies have surrounded the cancer–host interaction side of cancer cachexia, often overlooking the capability of chemotherapy to induce cachectic myopathy. Accumulating evidence in experimental models of cachexia suggests that some chemotherapeutic agents rapidly induce cachectic myopathy, although the underlying mechanisms responsible vary between agents. Importantly, we highlight the capacity of specific chemotherapeutic agents to induce cachectic myopathy, as not all chemotherapies have been evaluated for cachexia-inducing properties—alone or in clinically compatible regimens. Furthermore, we discuss the experimental evidence surrounding therapeutic strategies that have been evaluated in chemotherapy-induced cachexia models, with particular focus on exercise interventions and adjuvant therapeutic candidates targeted at the mitochondria.
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15
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Jannas-Vela S, Langer HT, Marambio H, Baar K, Zbinden-Foncea H. Effect of a 12-week endurance training program on force transfer and membrane integrity proteins in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14429. [PMID: 32358862 PMCID: PMC7195556 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms accounting for the loss of muscle function with obesity and type 2 diabetes are likely the result of a combination of neural and muscular factors. One muscular factor that is important, yet has received little attention, is the protein machinery involved in longitudinal and lateral force transmission. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of force transfer and membrane integrity proteins before and after a 12‐week endurance training program in lean, obese, and obese type 2 diabetic adults. Nineteen sedentary subjects (male = 8 and female = 11) were divided into three groups: Lean (n = 7; 50.3 ± 4.1 y; 69.1 ± 7.2 kg); Obese (n = 6; 49.8 ± 4.1 y; 92.9 ± 19.5 kg); and Obese with type 2 diabetes (n = 6; 51.5 ± 7.9 years; 88.9 ± 15.1 kg). Participants trained 150 min/week between 55% and 75% of VO2max for 12 weeks. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and after the training intervention. Baseline dystrophin and muscle LIM protein levels were higher (~50% p < .01) in lean compared to obese and type 2 diabetic adults, while the protein levels of the remaining force transfer and membrane integrity proteins were similar between groups. After training, obese individuals decreased (−53%; p < .01) the levels of the muscle ankyrin repeat protein and lean individuals decreased dystrophin levels (−45%; p = .01), while the levels of the remaining force transfer and membrane integrity proteins were not affected by training. These results suggest that there are modest changes to force transfer and membrane integrity proteins in middle‐aged individuals as a result of 12 weeks of lifestyle and training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henning T Langer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hugo Marambio
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Lee I. Regulation of Cytochrome c Oxidase by Natural Compounds Resveratrol, (-)-Epicatechin, and Betaine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061346. [PMID: 34072396 PMCID: PMC8229178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous naturally occurring molecules have been studied for their beneficial health effects. Many compounds have received considerable attention for their potential medical uses. Among them, several substances have been found to improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on resveratrol, (–)-epicatechin, and betaine and summarizes the published data pertaining to their effects on cytochrome c oxidase (COX) which is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is considered to play an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. In a variety of experimental model systems, these compounds have been shown to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to increased COX amount and/or its enzymatic activity. Given that they are inexpensive, safe in a wide range of concentrations, and effectively improve mitochondrial and COX function, these compounds could be attractive enough for possible therapeutic or health improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
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17
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Qureshi MY, Patterson MC, Clark V, Johnson JN, Moutvic MA, Driscoll SW, Kemppainen JL, Huston J, Anderson JR, Badley AD, Tebben PJ, Wackel P, Oglesbee D, Glockner J, Schreiner G, Dugar S, Touchette JC, Gavrilova RH. Safety and efficacy of (+)-epicatechin in subjects with Friedreich's ataxia: A phase II, open-label, prospective study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:502-514. [PMID: 32677106 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (+)-Epicatechin (EPI) induces mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant metabolism in muscle fibers and neurons. We aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of (+)-EPI in pediatric subjects with Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). METHODS This was a phase II, open-label, baseline-controlled single-center trial including 10 participants ages 10 to 22 with confirmed FA diagnosis. (+)-EPI was administered orally at 75 mg/d for 24 weeks, with escalation to 150 mg/d at 12 weeks for subjects not showing improvement of neuromuscular, neurological or cardiac endpoints. Neurological endpoints were change from baseline in Friedreich's Ataxia Rating Scale (FARS) and 8-m timed walk. Cardiac endpoints were changes from baseline in left ventricular (LV) structure and function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiogram, changes in cardiac electrophysiology, and changes in biomarkers for heart failure and hypertrophy. RESULTS Mean FARS/modified (m)FARS scores showed nonstatistically significant improvement by both group and individual analysis. FARS/mFARS scores improved in 5/9 subjects (56%), 8-m walk in 3/9 (33%), 9-peg hole test in 6/10 (60%). LV mass index by cardiac MRI was significantly reduced at 12 weeks (P = .045), and was improved in 7/10 (70%) subjects at 24 weeks. Mean LV ejection fraction was increased at 24 weeks (P = .008) compared to baseline. Mean maximal septal thickness by echocardiography was increased at 24 weeks (P = .031). There were no serious adverse events. CONCLUSION (+)-EPI was well tolerated over 24 weeks at up to 150 mg/d. Improvement was observed in cardiac structure and function in subset of subjects with FRDA without statistically significant improvement in primary neurological outcomes. SYNOPSIS A (+)-epicatechin showed improvement of cardiac function, nonsignificant reduction of FARS/mFARS scores, and sustained significant upregulation of muscle-regeneration biomarker follistatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc C Patterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vicki Clark
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan N Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Margaret A Moutvic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sherilyn W Driscoll
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - John Huston
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeff R Anderson
- Office of Translation to Practice, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter J Tebben
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Philip Wackel
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Devin Oglesbee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James Glockner
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ralitza H Gavrilova
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Ali MY, Sina AAI, Khandker SS, Neesa L, Tanvir EM, Kabir A, Khalil MI, Gan SH. Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Tomatoes and Their Impact on Human Health and Disease: A Review. Foods 2020; 10:E45. [PMID: 33375293 PMCID: PMC7823427 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes are consumed worldwide as fresh vegetables because of their high contents of essential nutrients and antioxidant-rich phytochemicals. Tomatoes contain minerals, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids (leucine, threonine, valine, histidine, lysine, arginine), monounsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids), carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotenoids) and phytosterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol). Lycopene is the main dietary carotenoid in tomato and tomato-based food products and lycopene consumption by humans has been reported to protect against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive function and osteoporosis. Among the phenolic compounds present in tomato, quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, caffeic acid and lutein are the most common. Many of these compounds have antioxidant activities and are effective in protecting the human body against various oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary tomatoes increase the body's level of antioxidants, trapping reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative damage to important biomolecules such as membrane lipids, enzymatic proteins and DNA, thereby ameliorating oxidative stress. We reviewed the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of tomatoes. In addition, the impacts of the constituents on human health, particularly in ameliorating some degenerative diseases, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousuf Ali
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Shahad Saif Khandker
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Lutfun Neesa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - E. M. Tanvir
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh;
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Alamgir Kabir
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Md Ibrahim Khalil
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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19
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McDonald CM, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Oskarsson B, Joyce N, Aguilar C, Nicorici A, Dayan J, Goude E, Abresch RT, Villarreal F, Ceballos G, Perkins G, Dugar S, Schreiner G, Henricson EK. (-)-Epicatechin induces mitochondrial biogenesis and markers of muscle regeneration in adults with Becker muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2020; 63:239-249. [PMID: 33125736 PMCID: PMC7898288 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction We conducted an open‐label study to examine the effects of the flavonoid (−)‐epicatechin in seven ambulatory adult patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Methods Seven participants received (−)‐epicatechin 50 mg twice per day for 8 weeks. Pre‐ and postprocedures included biceps brachii biopsy to assess muscle structure and growth‐relevant endpoints by western blotting, mitochondria volume measurement, and cristae abundance by electron microscopy, graded exercise testing, and muscle strength and function tests. Results Western blotting showed significantly increased levels of enzymes modulating cellular bioenergetics (liver kinase B1 and 5′‐adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase). Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1alpha, a transcriptional coactivator of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and cristae‐associated mitofilin levels, increased as did cristae abundance. Muscle and plasma follistatin increased significantly while myostatin decreased. Markers of skeletal muscle regeneration myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor‐5, myoblast determination protein 1, myocyte enhancer factor‐2, and structure‐associated proteins, including dysferlin, utrophin, and intracellular creatine kinase, also increased. Exercise testing demonstrated decreased heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption per kilogram, and plasma lactate levels at defined workloads. Tissue saturation index improved in resting and postexercise states. Discussion (−)‐Epicatechin, an exercise mimetic, appears to have short‐term positive effects on tissue biomarkers indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration, and produced improvements in graded exercise testing parameters in patients with BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M McDonald
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Escuela Superior de Medicina, Seccion de Posgrado e Investigacion, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Björn Oskarsson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Nanette Joyce
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Candace Aguilar
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alina Nicorici
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Dayan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Erica Goude
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - R Ted Abresch
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Seccion de Posgrado e Investigacion, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guy Perkins
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sundeep Dugar
- Epirium Bio, Inc (formerly Cardero Therapeutics, Inc), San Diego, California, USA
| | - George Schreiner
- Epirium Bio, Inc (formerly Cardero Therapeutics, Inc), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erik K Henricson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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20
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Carrizzo A, Izzo C, Forte M, Sommella E, Di Pietro P, Venturini E, Ciccarelli M, Galasso G, Rubattu S, Campiglia P, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Vecchione C. A Novel Promising Frontier for Human Health: The Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8706. [PMID: 33218062 PMCID: PMC7698807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetes are a significant public health problem worldwide. Although several novel pharmacological treatments to reduce the progression of CVDs have been discovered during the last 20 years, the better way to contain the onset of CVDs remains prevention. In this regard, nutraceuticals seem to own a great potential in maintaining human health, exerting important protective cardiovascular effects. In the last years, there has been increased focus on identifying natural compounds with cardiovascular health-promoting effects and also to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved. Although many review articles have focused on the individual natural compound impact on cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this manuscript was to examine the role of the most studied nutraceuticals, such as resveratrol, cocoa, quercetin, curcumin, brassica, berberine and Spirulina platensis, on different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Eleonora Venturini
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S.Andrea, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Petro Campiglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
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21
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Gonzalez-Ruiz C, Cordero-Anguiano P, Morales-Guadarrama A, Mondragón-Lozano R, Sánchez-Torres S, Salgado-Ceballos H, Villarreal F, Meaney E, Ceballos G, Nájera N. (-)-Epicatechin reduces muscle waste after complete spinal cord transection in a murine model: role of ubiquitin-proteasome system. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8975-8985. [PMID: 33151476 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle mass reduces 30-60% after spinal cord injury, this is mostly due to protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this work, we propose that the flavanol (-)-epicatechin, due its widespread biological effects on muscle health, can prevent muscle mass decrease after spinal cord injury. Thirty-six female Long Evans rats were randomized into 5 groups: (1) Spinal cord injury 7 days, (2) Spinal cord injury + (-)-epicatechin 7 days, (3) Spinal cord injury 30 days, (4) Spinal cord injury + (-)-epicatechin 30 days and (5) Sham (Only laminectomy). Hind limb perimeter, muscle cross section area, fiber cross section area and ubiquitin-proteasome system protein expression together with total protein ubiquitination were assessed. At 30 days Spinal cord injury group lost 49.52 ± 2.023% of muscle cross section area (-)-epicatechin treated group lost only 24.28 ± 15.45% being a significant difference. Ubiquitin-proteasome markers showed significant changes. FOXO1a increased in spinal cord injury group vs Sham (-)-epicatechin reduced this increase. In spinal cord injury group MAFbx increased significantly vs Sham but decrease in (-)-epicatechin treatment group at 30 days. At 7 and 30 days MuRF1 increased in the spinal cord injury and decreased in the (-)-epicatechin group. The global protein ubiquitination increases after spinal cord injury, epicatechin treatment induce a significant decrease in protein ubiquitination. These results suggest that (-)-epicatechin reduces the muscle waste after spinal cord injury through down regulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gonzalez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Paola Cordero-Anguiano
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama
- Centro Nacional de Investigación en Imagenología e Instrumentación Médica, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Meaney
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Nayelli Nájera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico.
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22
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PXR is a target of (-)-epicatechin in skeletal muscle. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05357. [PMID: 33163657 PMCID: PMC7610271 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is a flavanol that has shown numerous biological effects such as: decrease risk of cardiovascular dysfunction, metabolism regulation, skeletal muscle (SkM) performance improvement and SkM cells differentiation induction, among others. The described EC acceptor/receptor molecules do not explain the EC's effect on SkM. We hypothesize that the pregnane X receptor (PXR) can fulfill those characteristics, based on structural similitude between EC and steroidal backbone and that PXR activation leads to similar effects as those induced by EC. In order to demonstrate our hypothesis, we: 1) analyzed the possible EC and mouse PXR interaction through in silico strategies, 2) developed an EC's affinity column to isolate PXR, 3) evaluated, in mouse myoblast (C2C12 cells) the inhibition of EC-induced PXR's nucleus translocation by ketoconazole, a specific blocker of PXR and 4) analyzed the effect of EC as an activator of mouse PXR, evaluating the expression modulation of cytochrome 3a11 (Cyp3a11) gen and myogenin protein. (-)-Epicatechin interacts and activates PXR, promoting this protein translocation to the nucleus, increasing the expression of Cyp3a11, and promoting C2C12 cell differentiation through increasing myogenin expression. These results can be the base of further studies to analyze the possible participation of PXR in the skeletal muscle effects shown by EC.
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23
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Qu Z, Liu A, Li P, Liu C, Xiao W, Huang J, Liu Z, Zhang S. Advances in physiological functions and mechanisms of (-)-epicatechin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:211-233. [PMID: 32090598 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1723057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is a flavanol easily obtained through the diet and is present in tea, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Recent studies have shown that EC protects human health and exhibits prominent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, enhances muscle performance, improves symptoms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, prevents diabetes, and protects the nervous system. With the development of modern medical and biotechnology research, the mechanisms of action associated with EC toward various chronic diseases are becoming more apparent, and the pharmacological development and utilization of EC has been increasingly clarified. Currently, there is no comprehensive systematic introduction to the effects of EC and its mechanisms of action. This review presents the latest research progress and the role of EC in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases and its protective health effects and provides a theoretical basis for future research on EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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24
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McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Domanchuk K, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Kibbe MR, Kosmac K, Kramer CM, Leeuwenburgh C, Li L, Lloyd-Jones D, Peterson CA, Polonsky TS, Stein JH, Sufit R, Van Horn L, Villarreal F, Zhang D, Zhao L, Tian L. Cocoa to Improve Walking Performance in Older People With Peripheral Artery Disease: The COCOA-PAD Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Circ Res 2020; 126:589-599. [PMID: 32078436 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocoa and its major flavanol component, epicatechin, have therapeutic properties that may improve limb perfusion and increase calf muscle mitochondrial activity in people with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). OBJECTIVE In a phase II randomized clinical trial, to assess whether 6 months of cocoa improved walking performance in people with PAD, compared with placebo. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-month double-blind, randomized clinical trial in which participants with PAD were randomized to either cocoa beverage versus placebo beverage. The cocoa beverage contained 15 g of cocoa and 75 mg of epicatechin daily. The identical appearing placebo contained neither cocoa nor epicatechin. The 2 primary outcomes were 6-month change in 6-minute walk distance measured 2.5 hours after a study beverage at 6-month follow-up and 24 hours after a study beverage at 6-month follow-up, respectively. A 1-sided P<0.10 was considered statistically significant. Of 44 PAD participants randomized (mean age, 72.3 years [±7.1]; mean ankle brachial index, 0.66 [±0.15]), 40 (91%) completed follow-up. Adjusting for smoking, race, and body mass index, cocoa improved 6-minute walk distance at 6-month follow-up by 42.6 m ([90% CI, +22.2 to +∞] P=0.005) at 2.5 hours after a final study beverage and by 18.0 m ([90% CI, -1.7 to +∞] P=0.12) at 24 hours after a study beverage, compared with placebo. In calf muscle biopsies, cocoa improved mitochondrial COX (cytochrome c oxidase) activity (P=0.013), increased capillary density (P=0.014), improved calf muscle perfusion (P=0.098), and reduced central nuclei (P=0.033), compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest a therapeutic effect of cocoa on walking performance in people with PAD. Further study is needed to definitively determine whether cocoa significantly improves walking performance in people with PAD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02876887. Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M McDermott
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California at San Diego (M.H.C.)
| | - Kathryn Domanchuk
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD (L.F.)
| | - Jack M Guralnik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (J.M.G.)
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.R.K.)
| | - Kate Kosmac
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Lexington (K.K., C.A.P.)
| | - Christopher M Kramer
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (C.M.K.)
| | | | - Lingyu Li
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Lexington (K.K., C.A.P.)
| | | | - James H Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.H.S.)
| | - Robert Sufit
- Neurology (R.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Divisions of Cardiology (F.V.), University of San Diego, CA.,Endocrinology (F.V.), University of San Diego, CA
| | - Dongxue Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, CA (L.T.)
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25
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Islam H, Hood DA, Gurd BJ. Looking beyond PGC-1α: emerging regulators of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their activation by dietary compounds. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:11-23. [PMID: 31158323 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite its widespread acceptance as the "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., the expansion of the mitochondrial reticulum), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) appears to be dispensable for the training-induced augmentation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function. In fact, a number of regulatory proteins have emerged as important players in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and many of these proteins share key attributes with PGC-1α. In an effort to move past the simplistic notion of a "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis, we highlight the regulatory mechanisms by which nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ), PPARβ, and leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRP130) may contribute to the control of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. We also present evidence supporting/refuting the ability of sulforaphane, quercetin, and epicatechin to promote skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their potential to augment mitochondrial training adaptations. Targeted activation of specific pathways by these compounds may allow for greater mechanistic insight into the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Dietary activation of mitochondrial biogenesis may also be useful in clinical populations with basal reductions in mitochondrial protein content, enzyme activities, and/or respiratory function as well as individuals who exhibit a blunted skeletal muscle responsiveness to contractile activity. Novelty The existence of redundant pathways leading to mitochondrial biogenesis refutes the simplistic notion of a "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis. Dietary activation of specific pathways may provide greater mechanistic insight into the exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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26
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Dietary patterns and components to prevent and treat heart failure: a comprehensive review of human studies. Nutr Res Rev 2018; 32:1-27. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422418000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractGrowing evidence has emerged about the role of dietary patterns and components in heart failure (HF) incidence and severity. The objective here is to provide a comprehensive summary of the current evidence regarding dietary patterns/components and HF. A comprehensive search of online databases was conducted using multiple relevant keywords to identify relevant human studies. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diets have consistently been associated with decreased HF incidence and severity. Regarding specific dietary components, fruit, vegetables, legumes and whole grains appear beneficial. Current evidence suggests that red/processed meats, eggs and refined carbohydrates are harmful, while fish, dairy products and poultry remain controversial. However, there is a notable lack of human intervention trials. The existing but limited observational and interventional evidence from human studies suggests that a plant-based dietary pattern high in antioxidants, micronutrients, nitrate and fibre but low in saturated/trans-fat and Na may decrease HF incidence/severity. Potential mechanisms include decreased oxidative stress, homocysteine and inflammation but higher antioxidant defence and NO bioavailability and gut microbiome modulation. Randomised, controlled trials are urgently required.
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27
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Liu HW, Chen YJ, Chang YC, Chang SJ. Oligonol, a Low-Molecular Weight Polyphenol Derived from Lychee, Alleviates Muscle Loss in Diabetes by Suppressing Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9091040. [PMID: 28930190 PMCID: PMC5622800 DOI: 10.3390/nu9091040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-especially E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 and MuRF1-is associated with muscle loss in diabetes. Elevated lipid metabolites impair myogenesis. Oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol derived from lychee, exhibited anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties, suggesting it could be a proper supplement for attenuating muscle loss. Dietary (10 weeks) oligonol supplementation (20 or 200 mg/kg diet) on the skeletal muscle loss was investigated in diabetic db/db mice. Transcription factors NF-κB and FoxO3a involved in regulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 were also investigated. Attenuation of muscle loss by oligonol (both doses) was associated with down-regulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression. Oligonol supplementation decreased NF-κB expression in the nuclear fraction compared with db/db mice without oligonol supplement. Upregulation of sirtuin1 (SIRT1) expression prevented FoxO3a nuclear localization in db/db mice supplemented with oligonol. Marked increases in AMPKα activity and Ppara mRNA expression leading to lower lipid accumulation by oligonol provided additional benefits for attenuating muscle loss. Oligonol limited palmitate-induced senescent phenotype and cell cycle arrest and suppressed Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA expression in palmitate-treated C2C12 muscle cells, thus contributing to improving the impaired myotube formation. In conclusion, oligonol-mediated downregulation of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expression alleviates muscle loss and improves the impaired myotube formation, indicating that oligonol supplementation may be useful for the attenuation of myotube loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ching Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Sue-Joan Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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28
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Effects of (−)-epicatechin on frontal cortex DAPC and dysbindin of the mdx mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 658:142-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Hughes DC, Marcotte GR, Marshall AG, West DWD, Baehr LM, Wallace MA, Saleh PM, Bodine SC, Baar K. Age-related Differences in Dystrophin: Impact on Force Transfer Proteins, Membrane Integrity, and Neuromuscular Junction Stability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:640-648. [PMID: 27382038 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of muscle strength with age has been studied from the perspective of a decline in muscle mass and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability. A third potential factor is force transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the force transfer apparatus within aging muscle and the impact on membrane integrity and NMJ stability. We measured an age-related loss of dystrophin protein that was greatest in the flexor muscles. The loss of dystrophin protein occurred despite a twofold increase in dystrophin mRNA. Importantly, this disparity could be explained by the four- to fivefold upregulation of the dystromir miR-31. To compensate for the loss of dystrophin protein, aged muscle contained increased α-sarcoglycan, syntrophin, sarcospan, laminin, β1-integrin, desmuslin, and the Z-line proteins α-actinin and desmin. In spite of the adaptive increase in other force transfer proteins, over the 48 hours following lengthening contractions, the old muscles showed more signs of impaired membrane integrity (fourfold increase in immunoglobulin G-positive fibers and 70% greater dysferlin mRNA) and NMJ instability (14- to 96-fold increases in Runx1, AchRδ, and myogenin mRNA). Overall, these data suggest that age-dependent alterations in dystrophin leave the muscle membrane and NMJ more susceptible to contraction-induced damage even before changes in muscle mass are obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | - Daniel W D West
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | - Leslie M Baehr
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | | | | | - Sue C Bodine
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
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30
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that an active lifestyle benefits both body and brain. However, not everyone may be able to exercise due to disease, injury or aging-related frailty. Identification of cellular targets activated by physical activity may lead to the development of new compounds that can, to some extent, mimic systemic and central effects of exercise. This review will focus on factors relevant to energy metabolism in muscle, such as the 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) - sirtuin (SIRT1) - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) pathway, and the molecules affecting it. In particular, putative exercise-mimetics such as AICAR, metformin, and GW501516 will be discussed. Moreover, plant-derived polyphenols such as resveratrol and (-)epicatechin, with exercise-like effects on the body and brain will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Guerrieri
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Chursa U, Nuñez-Durán E, Cansby E, Amrutkar M, Sütt S, Ståhlman M, Olsson BM, Borén J, Johansson ME, Bäckhed F, Johansson BR, Sihlbom C, Mahlapuu M. Overexpression of protein kinase STK25 in mice exacerbates ectopic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 2017; 60:553-567. [PMID: 27981357 PMCID: PMC6518105 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Understanding the molecular networks controlling ectopic lipid deposition and insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is essential for developing new strategies to treat type 2 diabetes. We recently identified serine/threonine protein kinase 25 (STK25) as a critical regulator of liver steatosis, hepatic lipid metabolism and whole body glucose and insulin homeostasis. Here, we assessed the role of STK25 in control of ectopic fat storage and insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle. METHODS Skeletal muscle morphology was studied by histological examination, exercise performance and insulin sensitivity were assessed by treadmill running and euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp, respectively, and muscle lipid metabolism was analysed by ex vivo assays in Stk25 transgenic and wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet. Lipid accumulation and mitochondrial function were also studied in rodent myoblasts overexpressing STK25. Global quantitative phosphoproteomics was performed in skeletal muscle of Stk25 transgenic and wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet to identify potential downstream mediators of STK25 action. RESULTS We found that overexpression of STK25 in transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet increases intramyocellular lipid accumulation, impairs skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and sarcomeric ultrastructure, and induces perimysial and endomysial fibrosis, thereby reducing endurance exercise capacity and muscle insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, we observed enhanced lipid accumulation and impaired mitochondrial function in rodent myoblasts overexpressing STK25, demonstrating an autonomous action for STK25 within cells. Global phosphoproteomic analysis revealed alterations in the total abundance and phosphorylation status of different target proteins located predominantly to mitochondria and sarcomeric contractile elements in Stk25 transgenic vs wild-type muscle, respectively, providing a possible molecular mechanism for the observed phenotype. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION STK25 emerges as a new regulator of the complex interplay between lipid storage, mitochondrial energetics and insulin action in skeletal muscle, highlighting the potential of STK25 antagonists for type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Chursa
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 5, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Esther Nuñez-Durán
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 5, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emmelie Cansby
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 5, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manoj Amrutkar
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 5, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silva Sütt
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 5, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Borén
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt R Johansson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margit Mahlapuu
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Blå stråket 5, SE-41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Gutiérrez-Salmeán G, Meaney E, Lanaspa MA, Cicerchi C, Johnson RJ, Dugar S, Taub P, Ramírez-Sánchez I, Villarreal F, Schreiner G, Ceballos G. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study on the effects of (-)-epicatechin on the triglyceride/HDLc ratio and cardiometabolic profile of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia: Unique in vitro effects. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223:500-506. [PMID: 27552564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic disruptions such as insulin resistance, obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemias, are known to increase the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Several screening tools for assessing cardiometabolic risk have been developed including the TG/HDLc ratio, which has been, demonstrated to possess a strong association with insulin resistance and coronary disease. Dietary modifications, together with regular moderate exercise have proven to be effective in attenuating cardiometabolic disruptions. However, they often exhibit poor long-term patient compliance. Nutraceutics, including (-)-epicatechin (EPI), have gained increasing interest as coadjuvant effective and safe therapies that are able to attenuate hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia. METHODS The aims of this study were: 1) to compare the in vitro effect of EPI vs. (+)-catechin on fructose induced triglyceride accumulation and mitochondrial function in Hep2 cells in culture, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of EPI treatment in reducing fasting blood triglycerides and improving the TG/HDLc ratio in hypertriglyceridemic patients with a total daily dose of 100mg of EPI. Secondary clinical variables included total cholesterol, LDLc, fructosamine, glucose, insulin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein blood levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our results provide preliminary evidence as to favorable effects of EPI on glycemia homeostasis, lipid profile and systemic inflammation such bioactive actions are not class-effects (i.e. limited to their antioxidant potential) but instead, may result from the specific activation of associated downstream signaling pathways since catechin has no effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gutiérrez-Salmeán
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Pam Taub
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Israel Ramírez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States
| | | | | | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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Taub PR, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Patel M, Higginbotham E, Moreno-Ulloa A, Román-Pintos LM, Phillips P, Perkins G, Ceballos G, Villarreal F. Beneficial effects of dark chocolate on exercise capacity in sedentary subjects: underlying mechanisms. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Food Funct 2016; 7:3686-93. [PMID: 27491778 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00611f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In heart failure patients the consumption of (-)-epicatechin ((-)-Epi)-rich cocoa can restore skeletal muscle (SkM) mitochondrial structure and decrease biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, nothing is known about its effects on exercise capacity and underlying mechanisms in normal, sedentary subjects. Twenty normal, sedentary subjects (∼50 years old) were randomized to placebo or dark chocolate (DC) groups and consumed 20 g of the products for 3 months. Subjects underwent before and after treatment, bicycle ergometry to assess VO2 max and work, SkM biopsy to assess changes in mitochondrial density, function and oxidative stress and blood sampling to assess metabolic endpoints. Seventeen subjects completed the trial. In the DC group (n = 9), VO2 max increased (17% increase, p = 0.056) as well as maximum work (watts) achieved (p = 0.026) with no changes with placebo (n = 8). The DC group evidenced increases in HDL levels (p = 0.005) and decreased triglycerides (p = 0.07). With DC, SkM evidenced significant increases in protein levels for LKB1, AMPK and PGC1α and in their active forms (phosphorylated AMPK and LKB1) as well as in citrate synthase activity while no changes were observed in mitochondrial density. With DC, significant increases in SkM reduced glutathione levels and decreases in protein carbonylation were observed. Improvements in maximum work achieved and VO2 max may be due to DC activation of upstream control systems and enhancement of SkM mitochondria efficiency. Larger clinical studies are warranted to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam R Taub
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, USA.
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Barnett CF, Moreno-Ulloa A, Shiva S, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Taub PR, Su Y, Ceballos G, Dugar S, Schreiner G, Villarreal F. Pharmacokinetic, partial pharmacodynamic and initial safety analysis of (-)-epicatechin in healthy volunteers. Food Funct 2016; 6:824-33. [PMID: 25598082 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin ((-)-EPI), a naturally occurring flavanol, has emerged as a likely candidate for cocoa-based product reported reductions in cardiometabolic risk. The present study aimed to determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of purified (-)-EPI administered to healthy volunteers. In this phase I, open-label, two-part single- and multiple-dose study, subjects received either a single dose (n = 9) of 50, 100 or 200 mg or multiple doses (n = 8) of 50 mg daily (q.d.) or twice daily (b.i.d) for 5 days. Blood was collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after (-)-EPI administration in the single and multiple dose groups (blood collection repeated in day 5). Samples were analyzed by HPLC-HR-ESI-MS for EPI and metabolite quantification. In the q.d. and b.i.d. groups, blood samples were analyzed for NO surrogates and follistatin levels as well as, platelet mitochondrial complexes I, V and citrate synthase activity levels. (-)-EPI was well tolerated and readily absorbed with further phase 2 metabolism. On day 5, in the q.d. and b.i.d. groups, there were significant increases in plasma nitrite of 30% and 17%, respectively. In the q.d. group on day 5 vs. day 1, platelet mitochondrial complexes I, IV and citrate synthase activities demonstrated a significant increase of ∼92, 62 and 8%, respectively. Average day 5 follistatin AUC levels were ∼2.5 fold higher vs. day 1 AUC levels in the b.i.d. group. (-)-EPI was safe to use, with no observed adverse effects, and our findings suggest that increases in NO metabolites, mitochondrial enzyme function and plasma follistatin levels may underlie some of the beneficial effects of cocoa products or (-)-EPI as reported in other studies.
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Lee I, Hüttemann M, Malek MH. (-)-Epicatechin Attenuates Degradation of Mouse Oxidative Muscle Following Hindlimb Suspension. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1-10. [PMID: 26382133 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a 14-day hindlimb suspension (HS) with and without (-)-epicatechin supplementation to determine whether (-)-epicatechin treatment can attenuate the loss in muscle degradation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. Adult mice were randomized into 3 groups: (a) control (C); (b) HS with vehicle (HS-V); and (c) HS with (-)-epicatechin (HS-(-)-Epi). Animals in the HS-(-)-Epi group received (-)-epicatechin (1.0 mg · kg(-1) of body mass) twice daily through oral gavage. For markers related to muscle degradation, the HS-V group had significantly higher protein expression compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. Moreover, protein expression for myosin heavy chain type I was significantly reduced by approximately 45% in the HS-V group compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. In addition, capillarity contact and capillary-to-fiber ratio were significantly higher in the HS-(-)-Epi group compared with the HS-V group. Furthermore, protein expression for thrombospondin-1 was significantly higher in HS-V group compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. Hindlimb suspension also significantly reduced protein expression for mitochondrial signaling compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. These findings suggest that (-)-epicatechin supplementation attenuates degradation in oxidative muscles after HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icksoo Lee
- 1College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea; 2Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; 3Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and 4Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The use of cacao for health benefits dates back at least 3000 years. Our understanding of cacao has evolved with modern science. It is now felt based on extensive research the main health benefits of cacao stem from epicatechin, a flavanol found in cacao. The process of manufacturing dark chocolate retains epicatechin, whereas milk chocolate does not contain significant amounts of epicatechin. Thus, most of the current research studies are focused on dark chocolate. Both epidemiological and clinical studies suggest a beneficial effect of dark chocolate on blood pressure, lipids, and inflammation. Proposed mechanisms underlying these benefits include enhanced nitric oxide bioavailability and improved mitochondrial structure/function. Ultimately, further studies of this promising compound are needed to elucidate its potential for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as other diseases that have underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and nitric oxide deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Higginbotham
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA
| | - Pam R Taub
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9444 Medical Center DR MC 7411, 3rd FL RM 3-089D, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
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Reddy VS, Reddy GB. Role of crystallins in diabetic complications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:269-77. [PMID: 25988654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystallins are the major structural proteins of vertebrate eye lens responsible for maintaining the refractive index of the lens. However, recent studies suggest that they also have a functional significance in non-lenticular tissues. Prolonged uncontrolled diabetes results in the development of macro and microvascular complications that are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients all over the world. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent studies have shown that crystallins play an instrumental role in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, this review highlights the current data on the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on expression, distribution, glycation, phosphorylation, chaperone-like function and, anti-apoptotic activity of crystallins. Furthermore, we discussed the insights for developing therapeutic strategies for diabetic complications including natural agents, peptides, and pharmacological chaperones that modulate or mimic chaperone activity of α-crystallins. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of crystallins appears to be a common feature of chronic diabetes. Further, chronic hyperglycemia induces the glycation and phosphorylation of crystallins, mainly α-crystallins and thereby alters their properties. The disturbed interaction of αB-crystallin with various apoptotic mediators including Bax and caspases is also an important factor for increased cell death in diabetes. Numerous dietary agents, peptides, and chemical chaperones prevent apoptosis and the loss of chaperone activity in diabetes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the role of crystallins will aid in developing therapeutic strategies for alleviating pathophysiological conditions such as protein aggregation, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with chronic complications of diabetes including cataract, retinopathy, and cardiomyopathy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Crystallin Biochemistry in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadde Sudhakar Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Reddy VS, Jakhotia S, Reddy PY, Reddy GB. Hyperglycemia induced expression, phosphorylation, and translocation of αB-crystallin in rat skeletal muscle. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:291-9. [PMID: 25900025 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
αB-Crystallin (αBC) is a member of the small heat shock protein family that responds to a variety of stress and prevents the aggregation of partially unfolded proteins. Chronic hyperglycemia created during diabetes results in skeletal muscle atrophy and leads to diabetic myopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of αBC under chronic hyperglycemia in rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by a single i.p injection of streptozotocin and maintained for a period of 12 weeks at the end of which the animals were sacrificed and the muscle was collected. The protein levels of αBC and its phosphorylation status in gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed by immunoblotting. The translocation of phosphorylated αBC was analyzed by detergent solubility assay, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and immunohistochemistry. The cell death was analyzed by TUNEL assay and by apoptotic markers. The interaction of αBC with Bax was analyzed by Co-IP. Chronic hyperglycemia significantly increased the protein levels of αBC and its phosphorylation at S59 by activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and at S45 by activation of the extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Further, phosphorylated αBC translocated and interacted with desmin indicating that phosphorylated αBC forms might be involved in protection of sarcomere structures from disruption in chronic hyperglycemia. Further, Co-IP studies showed an impaired interaction of αBC with Bax which could be one of the possible factors for increased cell death as evidenced by TUNEL assay in diabetic muscle. These results suggest that an increased expression, phosphorylation, translocation of αBC, and its involvement in apoptosis might play a significant role in maintenance of cytoskeletal architecture and protection of cells from apoptosis in diabetic skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadde Sudhakar Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sneha Jakhotia
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P Yadagiri Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Ramirez-Sanchez I, De los Santos S, Gonzalez-Basurto S, Canto P, Mendoza-Lorenzo P, Palma-Flores C, Ceballos-Reyes G, Villarreal F, Zentella-Dehesa A, Coral-Vazquez R. (-)-Epicatechin improves mitochondrial-related protein levels and ameliorates oxidative stress in dystrophic δ-sarcoglycan null mouse striated muscle. FEBS J 2014; 281:5567-80. [PMID: 25284161 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of heterogeneous genetic disorders characterized by progressive striated muscle wasting and degeneration. Although the genetic basis for many of these disorders has been identified, the exact mechanism of disease pathogenesis remains unclear. The presence of oxidative stress (OS) is known to contribute to the pathophysiology and severity of the MD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in MD, and probably represents an important determinant of increased OS. Experimental antioxidant therapies have been implemented with the aim of protecting against disease progression, but results from clinical trials have been disappointing. In this study, we explored the capacity of the cacao flavonoid (-)-epicatechin (Epi) to mitigate OS by acting as a positive regulator of mitochondrial structure/function endpoints and redox balance control systems in skeletal and cardiac muscles of dystrophic, δ-sarcoglycan (δ-SG) null mice. Wild-type or δ-SG null 2.5-month-old male mice were treated via oral gavage with either water (controls) or Epi (1 mg·kg(-1) , twice daily) for 2 weeks. The results showed significant normalization of total protein carbonylation, recovery of the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and enhanced superoxide dismutase 2, catalase and citrate synthase activities with Epi treatment. These effects were accompanied by increases in the protein levels of thioredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase 2, catalase, and mitochondrial endpoints. Furthermore, we found decreases in heart and skeletal muscle fibrosis, accompanied by an improvement in skeletal muscle function, with treatment. These results warrant further investigation of Epi as a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate MD-associated muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, D.F., México; School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Expression and induction of small heat shock proteins in rat heart under chronic hyperglycemic conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 558:1-9. [PMID: 24950024 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The induction of small heat shock proteins (sHsp) is observed under various stress conditions to protect the cells and organisms from adverse events including diabetes. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a common complication of diabetes. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression of sHsp under chronic hyperglycemic conditions in rat heart. Hyperglycemia was induced in WNIN rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and maintained for a period of 12weeks. Expression of sHsp, phosphorylation and translocation of phosphoforms of Hsp27 and αB-crystallin (αBC) from cytosolic fraction to cytoskeletal fraction was analyzed. While the expression of MKBP, HspB3, αBC was found to be increased in diabetic heart, expression of Hsp20 was decreased. Chronic hyperglycemia further induced phosphorylation of αBC at S59, S45, Hsp27 at S82, p38MAPK and p44/42MAPK. However, pS59-αBC and pS82-Hsp27 were translocated from detergent-soluble to detergent-insoluble fraction under hyperglycemic conditions. Furthermore, the interaction of pS82-Hsp27 and pS59-αBC with desmin was increased under hyperglycemia. However, the interaction of αBC and pS59-αBC with Bax was impaired by chronic hyperglycemia. These results suggest up regulation of sHsp (MKBP, HspB3 and αBC), phosphorylation and translocation of Hsp27 and αBC to striated sarcomeres and impaired interaction of αBC and pS59-αBC with Bax under chronic hyperglycemia.
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