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Chai S, Wang K, Wang H, Tian J, Huang Y, Wang T, Li D. Genome-wide identification of the EIN3/EIL gene family in Ginkgo biloba and functional study of a GbEIL in the ethylene signaling pathway. Gene 2024; 928:148800. [PMID: 39067545 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) or EIN3-Like (EIL) proteins, play critical roles in integrating ethylene signaling and physiological regulation in plants by modulating the expression of various downstream genes, such as ethylene-response factors (ERFs). However, little is known about the characteristics of EIN3/EILs in the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba. In the present study, a genome-wide comparative analysis of Ginkgo EIN3/EIL gene family was performed with those from an array of species, including bryophytes (Physcomitrella patens), gymnosperms (Cycas panzhihuaensis), and angiosperms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium hirsutum, Oryza sativa, and Brachypodium distachyon). Within the constructed phylogenetic tree for the 53 EIN3/EILs identified, 5 GbEILs from G. biloba, 2 PpEILs from P. patens, and 3 CpEILs from C. panzhihuaensis were assigned to one cluster, suggesting that their derivation occurred after the split of their ancestors and angiosperms. Although considerable divergence accumulated in amino acid sequences along with the evolutionary process, the specific EIN3_DNA-binding domains were evolutionarily conserved among the 53 EIN3/EILs. Collinearity analysis indicated that whole-genome or segmental duplication and subsequent purifying selection might have prompted the generation and evolution of EIN3/EIL multigene families. Based on the expression patterns of five GbEILs at the four developmental stages of Ginkgo ovules, one GbEIL gene (Gb_03292) was further investigated for its role in mediating ethylene signaling. The functional activity of Gb_03292 was closely related to ethylene signaling, as it complemented the triple response via ectopic expression in ein3eil1 double mutant Arabidopsis. Additionally, GbEIL likely modulates the expression of a Ginkgo ERF (Gb_15517) by directly binding to its promoter. These results demonstrated that the GbEIL gene could have participated in mediating ethylene signal transduction during ovule development in G. biloba. The present study also provides insights into the conservation of ethylene signaling across the gymnosperm G. biloba and angiosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kangmei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Juan Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yating Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dahui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Zhang S, Wu S, Jia Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Ma X, Fan B, Wang P, Gao Y, Ye Z, Wang W. Exploring the influence of a single-nucleotide mutation in EIN4 on tomato fruit firmness diversity through fruit pericarp microstructure. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2379-2394. [PMID: 38623687 PMCID: PMC11331787 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stands as one of the most valuable vegetable crops globally, and fruit firmness significantly impacts storage and transportation. To identify genes governing tomato firmness, we scrutinized the firmness of 266 accessions from core collections. Our study pinpointed an ethylene receptor gene, SlEIN4, located on chromosome 4 through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of fruit firmness in the 266 tomato core accessions. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A → G) of SlEIN4 distinguished lower (AA) and higher (GG) fruit firmness genotypes. Through experiments, we observed that overexpression of SlEIN4AA significantly delayed tomato fruit ripening and dramatically reduced fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Conversely, gene editing of SlEIN4AA with CRISPR/Cas9 notably accelerated fruit ripening and significantly increased fruit firmness at the red ripe stage compared with the control. Further investigations revealed that fruit firmness is associated with alterations in the microstructure of the fruit pericarp. Additionally, SlEIN4AA positively regulates pectinase activity. The transient transformation assay verified that the SNP (A → G) on SlEIN4 caused different genetic effects, as overexpression of SlEIN4GG increased fruit firmness. Moreover, SlEIN4 exerts a negative regulatory role in tomato ripening by impacting ethylene evolution through the abundant expression of ethylene pathway regulatory genes. This study presents the first evidence of the role of ethylene receptor genes in regulating fruit firmness. These significant findings will facilitate the effective utilization of firmness and ripening traits in tomato improvement, offering promising opportunities for enhancing tomato storage and transportation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhang
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengqing Wu
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiqi Jia
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Li
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xingyun Ma
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Bingli Fan
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Panqiao Wang
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanna Gao
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wei Wang
- College of HorticultureHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
- International Joint Laboratory of Henan Horticultural Crop BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouChina
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3
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Hu J, Wang J, Muhammad T, Yang T, Li N, Yang H, Yu Q, Wang B. Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome of Carotenoid Biosynthesis Reveals the Mechanism of Fruit Color Change in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6493. [PMID: 38928199 PMCID: PMC11204166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato fruit ripening is accompanied by carotenoid accumulation and color changes. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid synthesis during fruit ripening, a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was conducted on red-fruited tomato (WP190) and orange-fruited tomato (ZH108). A total of twenty-nine (29) different carotenoid compounds were identified in tomato fruits at six different stages. The abundance of the majority of the carotenoids was enhanced significantly with fruit ripening, with higher levels of lycopene; (E/Z)-lycopene; and α-, β- and γ-carotenoids detected in the fruits of WP190 at 50 and 60 days post anthesis (DPA). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the fruits of two varieties exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 50 DPA, and a module of co-expressed genes related to the fruit carotenoid content was established by WGCNA. qRT-PCR analysis validated the transcriptome result with a significantly elevated transcript level of lycopene biosynthesis genes (including SlPSY2, SlZCIS, SlPDS, SlZDS and SlCRTSO2) observed in WP190 at 50 DPA in comparison to ZH108. In addition, during the ripening process, the expression of ethylene biosynthesis (SlACSs and SlACOs) and signaling (SlEIN3 and SlERF1) genes was also increased, and these mechanisms may regulate carotenoid accumulation and fruit ripening in tomato. Differential expression of several key genes in the fruit of two tomato varieties at different stages regulates the accumulation of carotenoids and leads to differences in color between the two varieties of tomato. The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of carotenoid accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway regulatory mechanisms during tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Tayeb Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Qinghui Yu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
| | - Baike Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; (J.W.)
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4
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Ma X, He Z, Yuan Y, Liang Z, Zhang H, Lalun VO, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Huang Y, Li J, Zhao M. The transcriptional control of LcIDL1-LcHSL2 complex by LcARF5 integrates auxin and ethylene signaling for litchi fruitlet abscission. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1206-1226. [PMID: 38517216 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
At the physiological level, the interplay between auxin and ethylene has long been recognized as crucial for the regulation of organ abscission in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we identified transcription factors involved in indoleacetic acid (IAA) and ethylene (ET) signaling that directly regulate the expression of INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) and its receptor HAESA (HAE), which are key components initiating abscission. Specifically, litchi IDA-like 1 (LcIDL1) interacts with the receptor HAESA-like 2 (LcHSL2). Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we determined that the auxin response factor LcARF5 directly binds and activates both LcIDL1 and LcHSL2. Furthermore, we found that the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like transcription factor LcEIL3 directly binds and activates LcIDL1. The expression of IDA and HSL2 homologs was enhanced in LcARF5 and LcEIL3 transgenic Arabidopsis plants, but reduced in ein3 eil1 mutants. Consistently, the expressions of LcIDL1 and LcHSL2 were significantly decreased in LcARF5- and LcEIL3-silenced fruitlet abscission zones (FAZ), which correlated with a lower rate of fruitlet abscission. Depletion of auxin led to an increase in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (the precursor of ethylene) levels in the litchi FAZ, followed by abscission activation. Throughout this process, LcARF5 and LcEIL3 were induced in the FAZ. Collectively, our findings suggest that the molecular interactions between litchi AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 (LcARF5)-LcIDL1/LcHSL2 and LcEIL3-LcIDL1 signaling modules play a role in regulating fruitlet abscission in litchi and provide a long-sought mechanistic explanation for how the interplay between auxin and ethylene is translated into the molecular events that initiate abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zidi He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Dongguan Botanical Garden, Dongguan, 523128, China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Vilde Olsson Lalun
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Zhuoyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yulian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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5
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Mohorović P, Geldhof B, Holsteens K, Rinia M, Daems S, Reijnders T, Ceusters J, Van den Ende W, Van de Poel B. Ethylene inhibits photosynthesis via temporally distinct responses in tomato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:762-784. [PMID: 38146839 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a volatile plant hormone that regulates many developmental processes and responses toward (a)biotic stress. Studies have shown that high levels of ethylene repress vegetative growth in many important crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), possibly by inhibiting photosynthesis. We investigated the temporal effects of ethylene on young tomato plants using an automated ethylene gassing system to monitor the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses through time course RNA-seq of a photosynthetically active source leaf. We found that ethylene evokes a dose-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis, which can be characterized by 3 temporally distinct phases. The earliest ethylene responses that marked the first phase and occurred a few hours after the start of the treatment were leaf epinasty and a decline in stomatal conductance, which led to lower light perception and CO2 uptake, respectively, resulting in a rapid decline of soluble sugar levels (glucose, fructose). The second phase of the ethylene effect was marked by low carbohydrate availability, which modulated plant energy metabolism to adapt by using alternative substrates (lipids and proteins) to fuel the TCA cycle. Long-term continuous exposure to ethylene led to the third phase, characterized by starch and chlorophyll breakdown, which further inhibited photosynthesis, leading to premature leaf senescence. To reveal early (3 h) ethylene-dependent regulators of photosynthesis, we performed a ChIP-seq experiment using anti-ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like 1 (EIL1) antibodies and found several candidate transcriptional regulators. Collectively, our study revealed a temporal sequence of events that led to the inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene and identified potential transcriptional regulators responsible for this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Mohorović
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Batist Geldhof
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Holsteens
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marilien Rinia
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Daems
- Research Group for Sustainable Plant Production and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Timmy Reijnders
- Molecular Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms Lab, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Ceusters
- Research Group for Sustainable Plant Production and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Molecular Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms Lab, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Li X, Xu M, Zhou K, Hao S, Li L, Wang L, Zhou W, Kai G. SmEIL1 transcription factor inhibits tanshinone accumulation in response to ethylene signaling in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1356922. [PMID: 38628367 PMCID: PMC11018959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1356922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Among the bioactive compounds, lipid-soluble tanshinone is present in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a medicinal plant species. While it is known that ethephon has the ability to inhibit the tanshinones biosynthesis in the S. miltiorrhiza hairy root, however the underlying regulatory mechanism remains obscure. In this study, using the transcriptome dataset of the S. miltiorrhiza hairy root induced by ethephon, an ethylene-responsive transcriptional factor EIN3-like 1 (SmEIL1) was identified. The SmEIL1 protein was found to be localized in the nuclei, and confirmed by the transient transformation observed in tobacco leaves. The overexpression of SmEIL1 was able to inhibit the tanshinones accumulation to a large degree, as well as down-regulate tanshinones biosynthetic genes including SmGGPPS1, SmHMGR1, SmHMGS1, SmCPS1, SmKSL1 and SmCYP76AH1. These are well recognized participants in the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway. Further investigation on the SmEIL1 was observed to inhibit the transcription of the CPS1 gene by the Dual-Luciferase (Dual-LUC) and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays. The data in this work will be of value regarding the involvement of EILs in regulating the biosynthesis of tanshinones and lay the foundation for the metabolic engineering of bioactive ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Dermatology department, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyu Hao
- Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Development and Clinical Transformation of Immunomodulatory Traditional Chinese Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leran Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource Innovation and Transformation, Zhejiang Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Holme IB, Ingvardsen CR, Dionisio G, Podzimska‐Sroka D, Kristiansen K, Feilberg A, Brinch‐Pedersen H. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of Eil1 transcription factor genes affects exogenous ethylene tolerance and early flower senescence in Campanula portenschlagiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:484-496. [PMID: 37823527 PMCID: PMC10826993 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Improving tolerance to ethylene-induced early senescence of flowers and fruits is of major economic importance for the ornamental and food industry. Genetic modifications of genes in the ethylene-signalling pathway have frequently resulted in increased tolerance but often with unwanted side effects. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the function of two CpEil1 genes expressed in flowers of the diploid ornamental plant Campanula portenschlagiana. The ethylene tolerance in flowers of the primary mutants with knockout of only one or all four alleles clearly showed increased tolerance to exogenous ethylene, although lower tolerance was obtained with one compared to four mutated alleles. The allele dosage effect was confirmed in progenies where flowers of plants with zero, one, two, three and four mutated alleles showed increasing ethylene tolerance. Mutation of the Cpeil1 alleles had no significant effect on flower longevity and endogenous flower ethylene level, indicating that CpEil1 is not involved in age-dependent senescence of flowers. The study suggests focus on EIN3/Eils expressed in the organs subjected to early senescence for obtaining tolerance towards exogenous ethylene. Furthermore, the observed allelic dosage effect constitutes a key handle for a gradual regulation of sensitivity towards exogenous ethylene, simultaneously monitoring possibly unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger B. Holme
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
| | | | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
| | | | | | - Anders Feilberg
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Henrik Brinch‐Pedersen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
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8
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Zhang J, Li L, Zhang Z, Han L, Xu L. The Effect of Ethephon on Ethylene and Chlorophyll in Zoysia japonica Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1663. [PMID: 38338942 PMCID: PMC10855035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zoysia japonica (Zoysia japonica Steud.) is a kind of warm-season turfgrass with many excellent characteristics. However, the shorter green period and longer dormancy caused by cold stress in late autumn and winter are the most limiting factors affecting its application. A previous transcriptome analysis revealed that ethephon regulated genes in chlorophyll metabolism in Zoysia japonica under cold stress. Further experimental data are necessary to understand the effect and underlying mechanism of ethephon in regulating the cold tolerance of Zoysia japonica. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethephon by measuring the enzyme activity, intermediates content, and gene expression related to ethylene biosynthesis, signaling, and chlorophyll metabolism. In addition, the ethylene production rate, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll a/b ratio were analyzed. The results showed that ethephon application in a proper concentration inhibited endogenous ethylene biosynthesis, but eventually promoted the ethylene production rate due to its ethylene-releasing nature. Ethephon could promote chlorophyll content and improve plant growth in Zoysia japonica under cold-stressed conditions. In conclusion, ethephon plays a positive role in releasing ethylene and maintaining the chlorophyll content in Zoysia japonica both under non-stressed and cold-stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liebao Han
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.Z.)
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9
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He Z, Ma X, Wang F, Li J, Zhao M. LcERF10 functions as a positive regulator of litchi fruitlet abscission. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126264. [PMID: 37572813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone ethylene is well-known in positive modulation of plant organ abscission. However, the molecular mechanism underlying ethylene-induced abscission remains largely unknown. Here, we identified an ethylene-responsive factor, LcERF10, as a key regulatory gene in litchi fruitlet abscission. LcERF10 was strongly induced in the fruitlet abscission zone (FAZ) during the ethylene-activated abscission. Silencing of LcERF10 in litchi weakened the cytosolic alkalization of the FAZ and reduced fruitlet abscission. Moreover, LcERF10 directly bound the promoter and repressed the expression of LcNHX7, a Na+/H+ exchanger that was down-regulated in FAZ following the ethylene-activated abscission and up-regulated after LcERF10 silencing. Additionally, ectopic expression of LcERF10 in Arabidopsis promoted the cytosolic alkalization of the floral organ AZ and accelerated the floral organ abscission. Collectively, our results suggest that the transcription factor LcERF10 plays a positive role in litchi fruitlet abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidi He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Zang Y, Chen J, Feng S, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zhang T. A truncated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-like protein, GhLYI, regulates senescence in cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1177-1196. [PMID: 37430389 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous endogenous and environmental signals regulate the intricate and highly orchestrated process of plant senescence. Ethylene (ET), which accumulates as senescence progresses, is a major promoter of leaf senescence. The master transcription activator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) activates the expression of a wide range of downstream genes during leaf senescence. Here, we found that a unique EIN3-LIKE 1 (EIL1) gene, cotton LINT YIELD INCREASING (GhLYI), encodes a truncated EIN3 protein in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that functions as an ET signal response factor and a positive regulator of senescence. Ectopic expression or overexpression of GhLYI accelerated leaf senescence in both Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cotton. Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag) analyses revealed that SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE 20 (SAG20) was a target of GhLYI. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), yeast 1-hybrid (Y1H), and dual-luciferase transient expression assay confirmed that GhLYI directly bound the promoter of SAG20 to activate its expression. Transcriptome analysis revealed that transcript levels of a series of senescence-related genes, SAG12, NAC-LIKE, ACTIVATED by APETALA 3/PISTILLATA (NAP/ANAC029), and WRKY53, are substantially induced in GhLYI overexpression plants compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) preliminarily confirmed that knockdown of GhSAG20 delayed leaf senescence. Collectively, our findings provide a regulatory module involving GhLYI-GhSAG20 in controlling senescence in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayao Zhang
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yihao Zang
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shouli Feng
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 310012, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 310012, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Advanced Seed Science Institute, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
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11
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Chen C, Zhang M, Zhang M, Yang M, Dai S, Meng Q, Lv W, Zhuang K. ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 2 regulates β-carotene and ascorbic acid accumulation in tomatoes during ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2067-2080. [PMID: 36891812 PMCID: PMC10315317 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3/ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3-LIKEs (EIN3/EILs) are important ethylene response factors during fruit ripening. Here, we discovered that EIL2 controls carotenoid metabolism and ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In contrast to the red fruits presented in the wild type (WT) 45 d after pollination, the fruits of CRISPR/Cas9 eil2 mutants and SlEIL2 RNA interference lines (ERIs) showed yellow or orange fruits. Correlation analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data for the ERI and WT ripe fruits revealed that SlEIL2 is involved in β-carotene and AsA accumulation. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFs) are the typical components downstream of EIN3 in the ethylene response pathway. Through a comprehensive screening of ERF family members, we determined that SlEIL2 directly regulates the expression of 4 SlERFs. Two of these, SlERF.H30 and SlERF.G6, encode proteins that participate in the regulation of LYCOPENE-β-CYCLASE 2 (SlLCYB2), encoding an enzyme that mediates the conversion of lycopene to carotene in fruits. In addition, SlEIL2 transcriptionally repressed L-GALACTOSE 1-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE 3 (SlGPP3) and MYO-INOSITOL OXYGENASE 1 (SlMIOX1) expression, which resulted in a 1.62-fold increase of AsA via both the L-galactose and myoinositol pathways. Overall, we demonstrated that SlEIL2 functions in controlling β-carotene and AsA levels, providing a potential strategy for genetic engineering to improve the nutritional value and quality of tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Minmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
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12
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Pirona R, Frugis G, Locatelli F, Mattana M, Genga A, Baldoni E. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the gene regulatory networks involved in leaf and root response to osmotic stress in tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155797. [PMID: 37332696 PMCID: PMC10272567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major horticultural crop that is cultivated worldwide and is characteristic of the Mediterranean agricultural system. It represents a key component of the diet of billion people and an important source of vitamins and carotenoids. Tomato cultivation in open field often experiences drought episodes, leading to severe yield losses, since most modern cultivars are sensitive to water deficit. Water stress leads to changes in the expression of stress-responsive genes in different plant tissues, and transcriptomics can support the identification of genes and pathways regulating this response. Methods Here, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of two tomato genotypes, M82 and Tondo, in response to a PEG-mediated osmotic treatment. The analysis was conducted separately on leaves and roots to characterize the specific response of these two organs. Results A total of 6,267 differentially expressed transcripts related to stress response was detected. The construction of gene co-expression networks defined the molecular pathways of the common and specific responses of leaf and root. The common response was characterized by ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways, and by the interconnection between ABA and JA signaling. The root-specific response concerned genes involved in cell wall metabolism and remodeling, whereas the leaf-specific response was principally related to leaf senescence and ethylene signaling. The transcription factors representing the hubs of these regulatory networks were identified. Some of them have not yet been characterized and can represent novel candidates for tolerance. Discussion This work shed new light on the regulatory networks occurring in tomato leaf and root under osmotic stress and set the base for an in-depth characterization of novel stress-related genes that may represent potential candidates for improving tolerance to abiotic stress in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Pirona
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Rome Unit, Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Locatelli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Mattana
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Genga
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Baldoni
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Milano, Italy
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13
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Zhang M, Zhang M, Wang J, Dai S, Zhang M, Meng Q, Ma N, Zhuang K. Salicylic acid regulates two photosystem II protection pathways in tomato under chilling stress mediated by ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1385-1404. [PMID: 36948885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chilling stress seriously impairs photosynthesis and activates a series of molecular responses in plants. Previous studies have shown that ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3) and EIN3-like (SlEIL) proteins mediate ethylene signaling and reduce plant tolerance to freezing in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying an EIN3/EILs-mediated photoprotection pathway under chilling stress are unclear. Here, we discovered that salicylic acid (SA) participates in photosystem II (PSII) protection via SlEIL2 and SlEIL7. Under chilling stress, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene SlPAL5 plays an important role in the production of SA, which also induces WHIRLY1 (SlWHY1) transcription. The resulting accumulation of SlWHY1 activates SlEIL7 expression under chilling stress. SlEIL7 then binds to and blocks the repression domain of the heat shock factor SlHSFB-2B, releasing its inhibition of HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 21 (HSP21) expression to maintain PSII stability. In addition, SlWHY1 indirectly represses SlEIL2 expression, allowing the expression of l-GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE3 (SlGPP3). The ensuing higher SlGPP3 abundance promotes the accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA), which scavenges reactive oxygen species produced upon chilling stress and thus protects PSII. Our study demonstrates that SlEIL2 and SlEIL7 protect PSII under chilling stress via two different SA response mechanisms: one involving the antioxidant AsA and the other involving the photoprotective chaperone protein HSP21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shanshan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Kunyang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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14
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Deng L, Yang T, Li Q, Chang Z, Sun C, Jiang H, Meng X, Huang T, Li CB, Zhong S, Li C. Tomato MED25 regulates fruit ripening by interacting with EIN3-like transcription factors. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1038-1057. [PMID: 36471914 PMCID: PMC10015170 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening relies on the precise spatiotemporal control of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent gene transcription, and the evolutionarily conserved Mediator (MED) coactivator complex plays an essential role in this process. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a model climacteric fruit, ripening is tightly coordinated by ethylene and several key transcription factors. However, the mechanism underlying the transmission of context-specific regulatory signals from these ripening-related transcription factors to the Pol II transcription machinery remains unknown. Here, we report the mechanistic function of MED25, a subunit of the plant Mediator transcriptional coactivator complex, in controlling the ethylene-mediated transcriptional program during fruit ripening. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that MED25 physically interacts with the master transcription factors of the ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3)/EIN3-LIKE (EIL) family, thereby playing an essential role in pre-initiation complex formation during ethylene-induced gene transcription. We also show that MED25 forms a transcriptional module with EIL1 to regulate the expression of ripening-related regulatory as well as structural genes through promoter binding. Furthermore, the EIL1-MED25 module orchestrates both positive and negative feedback transcriptional circuits, along with its downstream regulators, to fine-tune ethylene homeostasis during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zeqian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanlong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianwen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Institute of Vegetable, Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chang-Bao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Silin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Huang W, Hu N, Xiao Z, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Mao X, Wang Y, Li Z, Guo H. A molecular framework of ethylene-mediated fruit growth and ripening processes in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3280-3300. [PMID: 35604102 PMCID: PMC9421474 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of ethylene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening has been intensively studied, its role in tomato fruit growth remains poorly understood. In addition, the relationship between ethylene and the developmental factors NON-RIPENING (NOR) and RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) during ripening is under debate. Here, we carried out comprehensive genetic analyses of genome-edited mutants of tomato ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (SlEIN2), four EIN3-like genes (SlEIL1-4), and three EIN3 BINDING F-box protein genes (SlEBF1-3). Both slein2-1 and the high-order sleil mutant (sleil1 sleil2 sleil3/SlEIL3 sleil4) showed reduced fruit size, mainly due to decreased auxin biosynthesis. During fruit maturation, slein2 mutants displayed the complete cessation of ripening, which was partially rescued by slebf1 but not slebf2 or slebf3. We also discovered that ethylene directly activates the expression of the developmental genes NOR, RIN, and FRUITFULL1 (FUL1) via SlEIL proteins. Indeed, overexpressing these genes partially rescued the ripening defects of slein2-1. Finally, the signal intensity of the ethylene burst during fruit maturation was intimately connected with the progression of full ripeness. Collectively, our work uncovers a critical role of ethylene in fruit growth and supports a molecular framework of ripening control in which the developmental factors NOR, RIN, and FUL1 act downstream of ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhina Xiao
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuping Qiu
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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16
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Sirohi U, Kumar M, Sharma VR, Teotia S, Singh D, Chaudhary V, Yadav MK. CRISPR/Cas9 System: A Potential Tool for Genetic Improvement in Floricultural Crops. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1303-1318. [PMID: 35751797 PMCID: PMC9244459 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Demand of flowers is increasing with time worldwide. Floriculture has become one of the most important commercial trades in agriculture. Although traditional breeding methods like hybridization and mutation breeding have contributed significantly to the development of important flower varieties, flower production and quality of flowers can be significantly improved by employing modern breeding approaches. Novel traits of significance have interest to consumers and producers, such as fragrance, new floral color, change in floral architecture and morphology, vase life, aroma, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, have been introduced by genetic manipulation. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has recently emerged as a powerful genome-editing tool for accurately changing DNA sequences at specific locations. It provides excellent means of genetically improving floricultural crops. CRISPR/Cas system has been utilized in gene editing in horticultural cops. There are few reports on the utilization of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in flowers. The current review summarizes the research work done by employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system in floricultural crops including improvement in flowering traits such as color modification, prolonging the shelf life of flowers, flower initiation, and development, changes in color of ornamental foliage by genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing could be useful in developing novel cultivars with higher fragrance and enhanced essential oil and many other useful traits. The present review also highlights the basic mechanism and key components involved in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Sirohi
- Present Address: National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
| | - Vinukonda Rakesh Sharma
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Sachin Teotia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306 India
| | - Deepali Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201308 India
| | - Veena Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250003 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
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17
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Mao K, Zhang M, Kong Y, Dai S, Wang Y, Meng Q, Ma N, Lv W. Origin, Expansion, and Divergence of ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3)/EIN3-LIKE Transcription Factors During Streptophytes Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:858477. [PMID: 35645995 PMCID: PMC9136324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.858477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transition of plants to land required several regulatory adaptive mechanisms. Little is known about these mechanisms, but they no doubt involved the evolution of transcription factor (TF) families. ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3)/EIN3-LIKE (EIL) transcription factors (TFs) are core components of the ethylene signaling pathway that play important roles in almost every aspect of plant development and environmental responses by regulating the transcription of numerous genes. However, the evolutionary history of EIN3/EIL TFs, which are present in a wide range of streptophytes, is still not clear. Here, to explore the evolution and functions of EIN3/EIL TFs, we performed phylogenetic analysis of these TFs and investigated their gene and protein structures as well as sequence features. Our results suggest that the EIN3/EIL TF family was already was already present in the ancestor of streptophyte algae. Phylogenetic analysis divided the EIN3/EIL TFs into three groups (Group A-C). Analysis of gene and protein structure revealed that most of the structural features of these TFs had already formed in ancient lineages. Further investigation suggested that all groups have undergone several duplication events related to whole-genome duplications in plants, generating multiple, functionally diverse gene copies. Therefore, as plants colonized terrestrial habitats and evolved key traits, the EIN3/EIL TF family expanded broadly via multiple duplication events, which could have promoted their fundamental neo- and sub-functionalization to help plants adapt to terrestrial life. Our findings shed light on the functional evolution of the EIN3/EIL TF family in the streptophytes.
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Neris D, Mattiello L, Zuñiga G, Purgatto E, Menossi M. Reduction of ethylene biosynthesis in sugarcane induces growth and investment in the non-enzymatic antioxidant apparatus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:979-993. [PMID: 35226115 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lower ethylene production in sugarcane results in plants with higher stature, expression of growth-promoting genes, higher photosynthetic rate, and increased antioxidant compounds. The hormone ethylene is involved in critical processes in sugarcane, such as the growth and accumulation of sucrose. The lack of mutants for ethylene biosynthesis or signaling genes makes it difficult to understand the role of this phytohormone throughout sugarcane development. This study aimed to evaluate the physiology and development of sugarcane plants with low ethylene production. To achieve this goal, we used RNA interference to silence three genes, ScACS1, ScACS2, and ScACS3, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthases (ACS), responsible for a limiting step of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. Sugarcane plants with reduced ethylene levels presented increased growth, faster germination of lateral gems, and activation of non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. We observed an augmentation in the expression of ScACO5, which encodes the final enzyme regulating ethylene biosynthesis, and ScERF1, encoding a transcription factor, linked to the ethylene response. The increase in plant height was correlated with higher expression of ScPIF3, ScPIF4, and ScPIF5, which encode for transcription factors related to growth induction. Interestingly, there was also an increase in the expression of the ScGAI gene, which encodes a DELLA protein, a growth repressor. The final content of sucrose in the stems was not affected by the low levels of ethylene, although the rate of CO2 assimilation was reduced. This study reports for the first time the impacts of low endogenous production of ethylene in sugarcane and provides helpful insights on the molecular mechanisms behind ethylene responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Neris
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mattiello
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Zuñiga
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Li F, Wu Q, Liao B, Yu K, Huo Y, Meng L, Wang S, Wang B, Du M, Tian X, Li Z. Thidiazuron Promotes Leaf Abscission by Regulating the Crosstalk Complexities between Ethylene, Auxin, and Cytokinin in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052696. [PMID: 35269837 PMCID: PMC8910847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thidiazuron (TDZ) is widely used as a defoliant to induce leaf abscission in cotton. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to reveal the dynamic transcriptome profiling and the change of endogenous phytohormones upon TDZ treatment in leaf, petiole, and abscission zone (AZ). We found that TDZ induced the gene expression of ethylene biosynthesis and signal, and promoted ethylene accumulation earlier in leaf than that in AZ. While TDZ down-regulated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis genes mainly in leaf and IAA signal and transport genes. Furthermore, the IAA content reduced more sharply in the leaf than that in AZ to change the auxin gradient for abscission. TDZ suppressed CTK biosynthesis genes and induced CTK metabolic genes to reduce the IPA accumulation for the reduction of ethylene sensitivity. Furthermore, TDZ regulated the gene expression of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signal and induced ABA accumulation between 12-48 h, which could up-regulate ABA response factor genes and inhibit IAA transporter genes. Our data suggest that TDZ orchestrates metabolism and signal of ethylene, auxin, and cytokinin, and also the transport of auxin in leaf, petiole, and AZ, to control leaf abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qian Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Baopeng Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Keke Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yini Huo
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lu Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
- High Latitude Crops Institute, Shanxi Agriculture University, Datong 037008, China
| | - Songman Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Baomin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Mingwei Du
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3049
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhaohu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.L.); (B.L.); (K.Y.); (Y.H.); (L.M.); (S.W.); (B.W.); (X.T.); (Z.L.)
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20
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Identification and Analysis of the EIN3/EIL Gene Family in Populus × xiaohei T. S. Hwang et Liang: Expression Profiling during Stress. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ethylene-insensitive 3-like (EIN3/EIL) gene family, as a transcriptional activator in plants, not only plays an important role in the ethylene-signaling pathway in regulating plant growth and development but also participates in the defense against various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there are few studies on the functions of EIN3/EIL genes in woody plants. Populus × xiaohei is a kind of tree species with strong drought resistance and salt-alkali tolerance and, thus, is an ideal subject for studying abiotic stress mechanisms in trees. Eight EIN3/EIL genes were cloned from Populus × xiaohei. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the PsnEIN3/EIL gene contained a highly conserved EIN3 domain, N-terminal sites rich in proline and glutamine, and other EIN3/EIL family structural characteristics. The results of a multi-species phylogenetic analysis showed that the family EIN3/EIL proteins were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). EIL3 and EIL4 belonged to groups A and B, while EIL2 and EIN3 generally belonged to group C. Analysis of tissue expression characteristics showed that PsnEIN3/EIL was expressed in different tissues and was involved in the development of stem nodes and leaves. The response analysis of the expression of PsnEIN3/EIL under abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stresses (salts, heavy metals, alkaline conditions, and drought) showed changes in expression, suggesting that PsnEIN3/EIL may be involved in the processes of plant hormone responses to salts, heavy metals, alkaline conditions, and drought. This study provides a foundation for further elucidation of the functions of EIN3/EIL genes in forest growth and development and abiotic stress responses.
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Ma X, Ying P, He Z, Wu H, Li J, Zhao M. The LcKNAT1-LcEIL2/3 Regulatory Module Is Involved in Fruitlet Abscission in Litchi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802016. [PMID: 35126427 PMCID: PMC8813966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large and premature organ abscission may limit the industrial development of fruit crops by causing serious economic losses. It is well accepted that ethylene (ET) is a strong inducer of organ abscission in plants. However, the mechanisms underlying the control of organ abscission by ET are largely unknown. We previously revealed that LcKNAT1, a KNOTTED-LIKE FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA1 (KNAT1)-like protein, acted as a negative regulator in control of fruitlet abscission through suppressing the expression of ET biosynthetic genes in litchi. In this study, we further reported that LcKNAT1 could also directly repress the transcription of LcEIL2 and LcEIL3, two ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like (EIL) homologs in litchi, which functioned as positive regulators in ET-activated fruitlet abscission by directly promoting the expression of genes responsible for ET biosynthesis and cell wall degradation. The expression level of LcKNAT1 was downregulated, while LcEIL2/3 was upregulated at the abscission zone (AZ) accompanying the fruitlet abscission in litchi. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and transient expression showed that LcKNAT1 could directly bind to the promoters of LcEIL2 and LcEIL3 and repress their expression. Furthermore, the genetic cross demonstrated that the β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression driven by the promoters of LcEIL2 or LcEIL3 at the floral AZ was obviously suppressed by LcKNAT1 under stable transformation in Arabidopsis. Taken together, our findings suggest that the LcKNAT1-LcEIL2/3 regulatory module is likely involved in the fruitlet abscission in litchi, and we propose that LcKNAT1 could suppress both ET biosynthesis and signaling to regulate litchi fruit abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyuan Ying
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zidi He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Sriskantharajah K, El Kayal W, Torkamaneh D, Ayyanath MM, Saxena PK, Sullivan AJ, Paliyath G, Subramanian J. Transcriptomics of Improved Fruit Retention by Hexanal in 'Honeycrisp' Reveals Hormonal Crosstalk and Reduced Cell Wall Degradation in the Fruit Abscission Zone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168830. [PMID: 34445535 PMCID: PMC8396267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are prone to preharvest fruit drop, which is more pronounced in 'Honeycrisp'. Hexanal is known to improve fruit retention in several economically important crops. The effects of hexanal on the fruit retention of 'Honeycrisp' apples were assessed using physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic approaches. Fruit retention and fruit firmness were significantly improved by hexanal, while sugars and fresh weight did not show a significant change in response to hexanal treatment. At commercial maturity, abscisic acid and melatonin levels were significantly lower in the treated fruit abscission zone (FAZ) compared to control. At this stage, a total of 726 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between treated and control FAZ. Functional classification of the DEGs showed that hexanal downregulated ethylene biosynthesis genes, such as S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAM2) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidases (ACO3, ACO4, and ACO4-like), while it upregulated the receptor genes ETR2 and ERS1. Genes related to ABA biosynthesis (FDPS and CLE25) were also downregulated. On the contrary, key genes involved in gibberellic acid biosynthesis (GA20OX-like and KO) were upregulated. Further, hexanal downregulated the expression of genes related to cell wall degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonase (PG1), glucanases (endo-β-1,4-glucanase), and expansins (EXPA1-like, EXPA6, EXPA8, EXPA10-like, EXPA16-like). Our findings reveal that hexanal reduced the sensitivity of FAZ cells to ethylene and ABA. Simultaneously, hexanal maintained the cell wall integrity of FAZ cells by regulating genes involved in cell wall modifications. Thus, delayed fruit abscission by hexanal is most likely achieved by minimizing ABA through an ethylene-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Sriskantharajah
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.S.); (D.T.); (M.M.A.); (P.K.S.); (A.J.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Vineland Station, 4890 Victoria Ave N, Vineland, ON L0R2E0, Canada;
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.S.); (D.T.); (M.M.A.); (P.K.S.); (A.J.S.); (G.P.)
- Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’alimentation, Universite Laval, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, 2425, rue de l’Agriculture, Local 1122, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Murali M. Ayyanath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.S.); (D.T.); (M.M.A.); (P.K.S.); (A.J.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Praveen K. Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.S.); (D.T.); (M.M.A.); (P.K.S.); (A.J.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Alan J. Sullivan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.S.); (D.T.); (M.M.A.); (P.K.S.); (A.J.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Gopinadhan Paliyath
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.S.); (D.T.); (M.M.A.); (P.K.S.); (A.J.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Jayasankar Subramanian
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Vineland Station, 4890 Victoria Ave N, Vineland, ON L0R2E0, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-562-4141 (ext. 134)
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23
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Singh P, Bharti N, Singh AP, Tripathi SK, Pandey SP, Chauhan AS, Kulkarni A, Sane AP. Petal abscission in fragrant roses is associated with large scale differential regulation of the abscission zone transcriptome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17196. [PMID: 33057097 PMCID: PMC7566604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowers of fragrant roses such as Rosa bourboniana are ethylene-sensitive and undergo rapid petal abscission while hybrid roses show reduced ethylene sensitivity and delayed abscission. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying these differences, a comparative transcriptome of petal abscission zones (AZ) of 0 h and 8 h ethylene-treated flowers from R. bourboniana was performed. Differential regulation of 3700 genes (1518 up, 2182 down) representing 8.5% of the AZ transcriptome was observed between 0 and 8 h ethylene-treated R. bourboniana petal AZ. Abscission was associated with large scale up-regulation of the ethylene pathway but prominent suppression of the JA, auxin and light-regulated pathways. Regulatory genes encoding kinases/phosphatases/F-box proteins and transcription factors formed the major group undergoing differential regulation besides genes for transporters, wall modification, defense and phenylpropanoid pathways. Further comparisons with ethylene-treated petals of R. bourboniana and 8 h ethylene-treated AZ (R. hybrida) identified a core set of 255 genes uniquely regulated by ethylene in R. bourboniana AZ. Almost 23% of these encoded regulatory proteins largely conserved with Arabidopsis AZ components. Most of these were up-regulated while an entire set of photosystem genes was prominently down-regulated. The studies provide important information on regulation of petal abscission in roses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Neeraj Bharti
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.,High Performance Computing-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Amar Pal Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,National Institute for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Siddharth Kaushal Tripathi
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,National Centre for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Saurabh Prakash Pandey
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhishek Singh Chauhan
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Pu H, Shan S, Wang Z, Duan W, Tian J, Zhang L, Li J, Song H, Xu X. Dynamic Changes of DNA Methylation Induced by Heat Treatment Were Involved in Ethylene Signal Transmission and Delayed the Postharvest Ripening of Tomato Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8976-8986. [PMID: 32686929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation plays an important role in fruit ripening and senescence. Here, the role of DNA methylation of the CpG island of SlACS10, LeCTR1, LeEIN3, LeERT10, and SlERF-A1 genes induced by heat treatment (37 °C) in postharvest ripening of tomato fruit was studied. After heat treatment, the firmness and vitamin C content showed higher levels, the loss of aldehydes in volatile components was delayed, and the activities of methylase and demethylase decreased in tomato fruit. Moreover, in heat-treated fruit, significant changes in DNA methylation of SlACS10, LeCTR1, LeEIN3, LeERT10, and SlERF-A1 were induced, the expression of LeERT10 and LeEIN3 was inhibited, the expression of SlERF-A1 was increased, by which ethylene signal transmission might be suppressed and the postharvest ripening of tomato fruit was delayed. The present study provided valuable information for understanding the essential role of DNA methylation in the postharvest ripening of tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Pu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuangshuang Shan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenhui Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jixin Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiangkuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products, National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Hongmiao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiangbin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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25
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Ma X, Yuan Y, Wu Q, Wang J, Li J, Zhao M. LcEIL2/3 are involved in fruitlet abscission via activating genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall remodeling in litchi. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1338-1350. [PMID: 32391616 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fruit crops are subject to precocious fruit abscission, during which the phytohormone ethylene (ET) acts as a major positive regulator. However, the molecular basis of ET-induced fruit abscission remains poorly understood. Here, we show that two ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like (EIL) homologs in litchi, LcEIL2 and LcEIL3, play a role in ET-activated fruitlet abscission. LcEIL2/3 were significantly upregulated in the fruit abscission zone (AZ) during the ET-induced fruitlet abscission in litchi. The presence of LcEIL2/3 in wild-type Arabidopsis and ein3 eil1 mutants can accelerate the floral organ abscission. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual luciferase reporter analysis illustrated that LcEIL2/3 directly interacted with the gene promoters to activate the expression of cell wall remodeling genes LcCEL2/8 and LcPG1/2, and ET biosynthetic genes LcACS1/4/7 and LcACO2/3. Furthermore, we showed that LcPG1/2 were expressed in the floral abscission zone of Arabidopsis, and constitutive expression of LcPG2 in Arabidopsis promoted the floral organ abscission. In conclusion, we propose that LcEIL2/3 are involved in ET-induced fruitlet abscission via controlling expression of genes related to ET biosynthesis and cell wall remodeling in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Identification of EIL and ERF Genes Related to Fruit Ripening in Peach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082846. [PMID: 32325835 PMCID: PMC7216043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica) is a climacteric fruit with a relatively short shelf life due to its fast ripening or softening process. Here, we report the association of gene families encoding ethylene insensitive-3 like (EIL) and ethylene response factor (ERF) with fruit ripening in peach. In total, 3 PpEILs and 12 PpERFs were highly expressed in fruit, with the majority showing a peak of expression at different stages. All three EILs could activate ethylene biosynthesis genes PpACS1 and PpACO1. One out of the 12 PpERFs, termed PpERF.E2, is a homolog of ripening-associated ERFs in tomato, with a consistently high expression throughout fruit development and an ability to activate PpACS1 and PpACO1. Additionally, four subgroup F PpERFs harboring the EAR repressive motif were able to repress the PpACO1 promoter but could also activate the PpACS1 promoter. Promoter deletion assay revealed that PpEILs and PpERFs could participate in transcriptional regulation of PpACS1 through either direct or indirect interaction with various cis-elements. Taken together, these results suggested that all three PpEILs and PpERF.E2 are candidates involved in ethylene biosynthesis, and EAR motif-containing PpERFs may function as activator or repressor of ethylene biosynthesis genes in peach. Our study provides an insight into the roles of EILs and ERFs in the fruit ripening process.
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Kai W, Wang J, Liang B, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Li Q, Leng P. PYL9 is involved in the regulation of ABA signaling during tomato fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6305-6319. [PMID: 31504753 PMCID: PMC6859720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates fruit ripening, yet little is known about the exact roles of ABA receptors in fruit. In this study, we reveal the role of SlPYL9, a tomato pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/pyrobactin resistance-like (PYL)/regulatory component of ABA receptors (RCAR) protein, as a positive regulator of ABA signaling and fruit ripening. SlPYL9 inhibits protein phosphatase-type 2C (PP2C2/6) in an ABA dose-dependent way, and it interacts physically with SlPP2C2/3/4/5 in an ABA-dependent manner. Expression of SlPYL9 was observed in the seeds, flowers, and fruits. Overexpression and suppression of SlPYL9 induced a variety of phenotypes via altered expression of ABA signaling genes (SlPP2C1/2/9, SlSnRK2.8, SlABF2), thereby affecting expression of ripening-related genes involved in ethylene release and cell wall modification. SlPYL9-OE/RNAi plants showed a typical ABA hyper-/hypo-sensitive phenotype in terms of seed germination, primary root growth, and response to drought. Fruit ripening was significantly accelerated in SlPYL9-OE by 5-7 d as a result of increased endogenous ABA accumulation and advanced release of ethylene compared with the wild-type. In the SlPYL9-RNAi lines, fruit ripening was delayed, mesocarp thickness was enhanced, and petal abscission was delayed compared with the wild-type, resulting in conical/oblong and gourd-shaped fruits. These results suggest that SlPYL9 is involved in ABA signaling, thereby playing a role in the regulation of flower abscission and fruit ripening in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Kai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bin Liang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Liang Y, Lu J, Jiang C, Fei Z, Jiang CZ, Ma C, Gao J. Rosa hybrida RhERF1 and RhERF4 mediate ethylene- and auxin-regulated petal abscission by influencing pectin degradation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:1159-1171. [PMID: 31111587 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The timing of plant organ abscission is modulated by the balance of two hormones, ethylene and auxin, while the mechanism of organ shedding depends on the loss of middle lamella pectin in the abscission zone (AZ). However, the mechanisms involved in sensing the balance of auxin and ethylene and that affect pectin degradation during abscission are not well understood. In this study, we identified two members of the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor family in rose (Rosa hybrida), RhERF1 and RhERF4 which play a role in petal abscission. The expression of RhERF1 and RhERF4 was influenced by ethylene and auxin, respectively. Reduced expression of RhERF1 or RhERF4 was observed to accelerate petal abscission. Global expression analysis and real-time PCR assays revealed that RhERF1 and RhERF4 modulate the expression of genes encoding pectin-metabolizing enzymes. A reduction in the abundance of pectin epitopes was detected in the AZs of RhERF1 and RhERF4-silenced plants by immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. In addition, RhERF1 and RhERF4 were shown to bind to the promoter of the pectin-metabolizing gene β-GALACTOSIDASE 1 (RhBGLA1), and reduced expression of RhBGLA1 delayed petal abscission. We conclude that during petal abscission, RhERF1 and RhERF4 integrate and coordinate ethylene and auxin signals to modulate pectin metabolism, in part by regulating the expression of RhBGLA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyun Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chuyan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sadali NM, Sowden RG, Ling Q, Jarvis RP. Differentiation of chromoplasts and other plastids in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:803-818. [PMID: 31079194 PMCID: PMC6584231 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are characterized by a unique group of interconvertible organelles called plastids, which are descended from prokaryotic endosymbionts. The most studied plastid type is the chloroplast, which carries out the ancestral plastid function of photosynthesis. During the course of evolution, plastid activities were increasingly integrated with cellular metabolism and functions, and plant developmental processes, and this led to the creation of new types of non-photosynthetic plastids. These include the chromoplast, a carotenoid-rich organelle typically found in flowers and fruits. Here, we provide an introduction to non-photosynthetic plastids, and then review the structures and functions of chromoplasts in detail. The role of chromoplast differentiation in fruit ripening in particular is explored, and the factors that govern plastid development are examined, including hormonal regulation, gene expression, and plastid protein import. In the latter process, nucleus-encoded preproteins must pass through two successive protein translocons in the outer and inner envelope membranes of the plastid; these are known as TOC and TIC (translocon at the outer/inner chloroplast envelope), respectively. The discovery of SP1 (suppressor of ppi1 locus1), which encodes a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase localized in the plastid outer envelope membrane, revealed that plastid protein import is regulated through the selective targeting of TOC complexes for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This suggests the possibility of engineering plastid protein import in novel crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiah M Sadali
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Robert G Sowden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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30
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Shi H, Zhang Y, Chen L. Expression and Regulation of PpEIN3b during Fruit Ripening and Senescence via Integrating SA, Glucose, and ACC Signaling in Pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai. Whangkeumbae). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060476. [PMID: 31234462 PMCID: PMC6627606 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The economic value of fruit is reduced by having a short shelf life. Whangkeumbae is a type of sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) considered a climacteric fruit. The pear is famous for its smooth surface and good flavor. However, its shelf life is very short because of senescence and disease after harvest and a burst of ethylene (ET) production prompting the onset of fruit ripening. In plants, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) and EIN3like (EIL), located in the nucleus, are important components of the ET signaling pathway and act as transcription factors. EIN3s and EILs belong to a small family involved in regulating the expression of ethylene response factor gene (ERF), whose encoding protein is the final component in the ET signaling pathway. The mutation of these components will cause defects in the ethylene pathway. In this study, one gene encoding an EIN3 was cloned and identified from Whangkeumbae and designated PpEIN3b. The deduced PpEIN3b contained a conserved EIN3 domain, a bipartite nuclear localization signal profile (NLS_BP), and an N-6 adenine-specific DNA methylase signature (N6_MTASE). PpEIN3b belongs to the EIN3 super-family by phylogenetic analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that PpEIN3b was preferentially expressed in fruit. Additionally, its expression was developmentally regulated during fruit ripening and senescence. Furthermore, PpEIN3b transcripts were obviously repressed by salicylic acid (SA) and glucose treatment in pear fruit and in diseased fruit, while it was significantly induced by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) treatment. Taken together, our results reveal the expression and regulation profiles of PpEIN3b and suggest that PpEIN3b might integrate SA, glucose, and ACC signaling to regulate fruit ripening and senescence in pear, which would provide a candidate gene for this regulation to obtain fruit with a long shelf life and improved economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shi
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China, .
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China, .
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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31
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Forlani S, Masiero S, Mizzotti C. Fruit ripening: the role of hormones, cell wall modifications, and their relationship with pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2993-3006. [PMID: 30854549 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruits result from complex biological processes that begin soon after fertilization. Among these processes are cell division and expansion, accumulation of secondary metabolites, and an increase in carbohydrate biosynthesis. Later fruit ripening is accomplished by chlorophyll degradation and cell wall lysis. Fruit maturation is an essential step to optimize seed dispersal, and is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors and genetic regulators that are strongly influenced by phytohormones. Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are the major regulators of ripening and senescence in both dry and fleshy fruits, as demonstrated by numerous ripening-defective mutants, effects of exogenous hormone application, and transcriptome analyses. While ethylene is the best characterized player in the final step of a fruit's life, ABA also has a key regulatory role, promoting ethylene production and acting as a stress-related hormone in response to drought and pathogen attack. In this review, we focus on the role of ABA and ethylene in relation to the interconnected biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect ripening and senescence. We integrate and discuss the most recent data available regarding these biological processes, which are crucial for post-harvest fruit conservation and for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Liu S, Yuan X, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang J, Shen Z, Gao Y, Cai J, Li D, Song F. Tomato Stress-Associated Protein 4 Contributes Positively to Immunity Against Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:566-582. [PMID: 30589365 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) are A20 and AN1 domain-containing proteins, some of which play important roles in plant stress signaling. Here, we report the involvement of tomato SlSAP family in immunity. SlSAPs responded with different expression patterns to Botrytis cinerea and defense signaling hormones. Virus-induced gene silencing of each of the SlSAP genes and disease assays revealed that SlSAP4 and SlSAP10 play roles in immunity against B. cinerea. Silencing of SlSAP4 resulted in attenuated immunity to B. cinerea, accompanying increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and downregulated expression of jasmonate and ethylene (JA/ET) signaling-responsive defense genes. Transient expression of SlSAP4 in Nicotiana benthamiana led to enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate partially restored the resistance of the SlSAP4-silenced plants against B. cinerea. SlSAP4 interacted with three of four SlRAD23 proteins. The A20 domain in SlSAP4 and the Ub-associated domains in SlRAD23d are critical for SlSAP4-SlRAD23d interaction. Silencing of SlRAD23d led to decreased resistance to B. cinerea, but silencing of each of other SlRAD23s did not affect immunity against B. cinerea. Furthermore, silencing of SlSAP4 and each of the SlRAD23s did not affect immunity to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. These data suggest that SlSAP4 contributes positively to tomato immunity against B. cinereal through affecting JA/ET signaling and may be involved in the substrate ubiquitination process via interacting with SlRAD23d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yuan
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Shen
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiating Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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Farcuh M, Toubiana D, Sade N, Rivero RM, Doron-Faigenboim A, Nambara E, Sadka A, Blumwald E. Hormone balance in a climacteric plum fruit and its non-climacteric bud mutant during ripening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:51-65. [PMID: 30824029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hormone balance plays a crucial role in the control of fruit ripening. We characterized and compared hormone balance in two Japanese plum cultivars (Prunus salicina Lindl.), namely Santa Rosa, a climacteric type, and Sweet Miriam, its non-climacteric bud-sport mutant. We assessed hormonal changes in gene expression associated with hormone biosynthesis, perception and signaling during ripening on-the tree and throughout postharvest storage and in response to ethylene treatments. Non-climacteric fruit displayed lower ethylene levels than climacteric fruit at all stages and lower auxin levels during the initiation of ripening on-the-tree and during most of post-harvest storage. Moreover, 1-MCP-induced ethylene decrease also resulted in low auxin contents in Santa Rosa, supporting the role of auxin in climacteric fruit ripening. The differences in auxin contents between Santa Rosa and Sweet Miriam fruit could be the consequence of different routed auxin biosynthesis pathways as indicated by the significant negative correlations between clusters of auxin metabolism-associated genes. Ethylene induced increased ABA levels throughout postharvest storage in both ripening types. Overall, ripening of Santa Rosa and Sweet Miriam fruit are characterized by distinct hormone accumulation pathways and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Farcuh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - David Toubiana
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Nir Sade
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | | | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis CA 95616, USA.
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Maheepala DC, Emerling CA, Rajewski A, Macon J, Strahl M, Pabón-Mora N, Litt A. Evolution and Diversification of FRUITFULL Genes in Solanaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:43. [PMID: 30846991 PMCID: PMC6394111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecologically and economically important fleshy edible fruits have evolved from dry fruit numerous times during angiosperm diversification. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these shifts are unknown. In the Solanaceae there has been a major shift to fleshy fruits in the subfamily Solanoideae. Evidence suggests that an ortholog of FRUITFULL (FUL), a transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation and limits the dehiscence zone in the silique of Arabidopsis, plays a similar role in dry-fruited Solanaceae. However, studies have shown that FUL orthologs have taken on new functions in fleshy fruit development, including regulating elements of tomato ripening such as pigment accumulation. FUL belongs to the core eudicot euFUL clade of the angiosperm AP1/FUL gene lineage. The euFUL genes fall into two paralogous clades, euFULI and euFULII. While most core eudicots have one gene in each clade, Solanaceae have two: FUL1 and FUL2 in the former, and MBP10 and MBP20 in the latter. We characterized the evolution of the euFUL genes to identify changes that might be correlated with the origin of fleshy fruit in Solanaceae. Our analyses revealed that the Solanaceae FUL1 and FUL2 clades probably originated through an early whole genome multiplication event. By contrast, the data suggest that the MBP10 and MBP20 clades are the result of a later tandem duplication event. MBP10 is expressed at weak to moderate levels, and its atypical short first intron lacks putative transcription factor binding sites, indicating possible pseudogenization. Consistent with this, our analyses show that MBP10 is evolving at a faster rate compared to MBP20. Our analyses found that Solanaceae euFUL gene duplications, evolutionary rates, and changes in protein residues and expression patterns are not correlated with the shift in fruit type. This suggests deeper analyses are needed to identify the mechanism underlying the change in FUL ortholog function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinusha C. Maheepala
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Christopher A. Emerling
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Montpellier, France
| | - Alex Rajewski
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jenna Macon
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Maya Strahl
- The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, United States
| | | | - Amy Litt
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Amy Litt,
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Mata CI, Fabre B, Parsons HT, Hertog MLATM, Van Raemdonck G, Baggerman G, Van de Poel B, Lilley KS, Nicolaï BM. Ethylene Receptors, CTRs and EIN2 Target Protein Identification and Quantification Through Parallel Reaction Monitoring During Tomato Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1626. [PMID: 30467512 PMCID: PMC6235968 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, the plant ripening hormone of climacteric fruit, is perceived by ethylene receptors which is the first step in the complex ethylene signal transduction pathway. Much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism of this pathway, but there is still a lot to be done in the proteomic quantification of the main proteins involved, particularly during fruit ripening. This work focuses on the mass spectrometry based identification and quantification of the ethylene receptors (ETRs) and the downstream components of the pathway, CTR-like proteins (CTRs) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2). We used tomato as a model fruit to study changes in protein abundance involved in the ethylene signal transduction during fruit ripening. In order to detect and quantify these low abundant proteins located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, we developed a workflow comprising sample fractionation and MS analysis using parallel reaction monitoring. This work shows the feasibility of the identification and absolute quantification of all seven ethylene receptors, three out of four CTRs and EIN2 in four ripening stages of tomato. In parallel, gene expression was analyzed through real-time qPCR. Correlation between transcriptomic and proteomic profiles during ripening was only observed for three of the studied proteins, suggesting that the other signaling proteins are likely post-transcriptionally regulated. Based on our quantification results we were able to show that the protein levels of SlETR3 and SlETR4 increased during ripening, probably to control ethylene sensitivity. The other receptors and CTRs showed either stable levels that could sustain, or decreasing levels that could promote fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara I. Mata
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet T. Parsons
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Postharvest Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Mubarok S, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Yano R, Tri MD, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Evidence of the functional role of the ethylene receptor genes SlETR4 and SlETR5 in ethylene signal transduction in tomato. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:301-313. [PMID: 30382349 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene receptors are key factors for ethylene signal transduction. In tomato, six ethylene receptor genes (SlETR1-SlETR6) have been identified. Mutations in different ethylene receptor genes result in different phenotypes that are useful for elucidating the roles of each gene. In this study, we screened mutants of two ethylene receptor genes, SLETR4 and SLETR5, from a Micro-Tom mutant library generated by TILLING. We identified two ethylene receptor mutants with altered phenotypes and named them Sletr4-1 and Sletr5-1. Sletr4-1 has a mutation between the transmembrane and GAF domains, while Sletr5-1 has a mutation within the GAF domain. Sletr4-1 showed increased hypocotyl and root lengths, compared to those of wild type plants, under ethylene exposure. Moreover, the fruit shelf life of this mutant was extended, titratable acidity was increased and total soluble solids were decreased, suggesting a reduced ethylene sensitivity. In contrast, in the absence of exogenous ethylene, the hypocotyl and root lengths of Sletr5-1 were shorter than those of the wild type, and the fruit shelf life was shorter, suggesting that these mutants have increased ethylene sensitivity. Gene expression analysis showed that SlNR was up-regulated in the Sletr5-1 mutant line, in contrast to the down-regulation observed in the Sletr4-1 mutant line, while the down-regulation of SlCTR1, SlEIN2, SlEIL1, SlEIL3, and SlERF.E4 was observed in Sletr4-1 mutant allele, suggesting that these two ethylene receptors have functional roles in ethylene signalling and demonstrating, for the first time, a function of the GAF domain of ethylene receptors. These results suggest that the Sletr4-1 and Sletr5-1 mutants are useful for elucidating the complex mechanisms of ethylene signalling through the analysis of ethylene receptors in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan. .,Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
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37
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Lü P, Yu S, Zhu N, Chen YR, Zhou B, Pan Y, Tzeng D, Fabi JP, Argyris J, Garcia-Mas J, Ye N, Zhang J, Grierson D, Xiang J, Fei Z, Giovannoni J, Zhong S. Genome encode analyses reveal the basis of convergent evolution of fleshy fruit ripening. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:784-791. [PMID: 30250279 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits using ethylene to regulate ripening have developed multiple times in the history of angiosperms, presenting a clear case of convergent evolution whose molecular basis remains largely unknown. Analysis of the fruitENCODE data consisting of 361 transcriptome, 71 accessible chromatin, 147 histone and 45 DNA methylation profiles reveals three types of transcriptional feedback circuits controlling ethylene-dependent fruit ripening. These circuits are evolved from senescence or floral organ identity pathways in the ancestral angiosperms either by neofunctionalisation or repurposing pre-existing genes. The epigenome, H3K27me3 in particular, has played a conserved role in restricting ripening genes and their orthologues in dry and ethylene-independent fleshy fruits. Our findings suggest that evolution of ripening is constrained by limited hormone molecules and genetic and epigenetic materials, and whole-genome duplications have provided opportunities for plants to successfully circumvent these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Biyan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Pan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - David Tzeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joao Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, FCF, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason Argyris
- IRTA, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- IRTA, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- School of Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James Giovannoni
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Silin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Deng H, Pirrello J, Chen Y, Li N, Zhu S, Chirinos X, Bouzayen M, Liu Y, Liu M. A novel tomato F-box protein, SlEBF3, is involved in tuning ethylene signaling during plant development and climacteric fruit ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:648-658. [PMID: 29797363 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is instrumental to climacteric fruit ripening and EIN3 BINDING F-BOX (EBF) proteins have been assigned a central role in mediating ethylene responses by regulating EIN3/EIL degradation in Arabidopsis. However, the role and mode of action of tomato EBFs in ethylene-dependent processes like fruit ripening remains unclear. Two novel EBF genes, SlEBF3 and SlEBF4, were identified in the tomato genome, and SlEBF3 displayed a ripening-associated expression pattern suggesting its potential involvement in controlling ethylene response during fruit ripening. SlEBF3 downregulated tomato lines failed to show obvious ripening-related phenotypes likely due to functional redundancy among SlEBF family members. By contrast, SlEBF3 overexpression lines exhibited pleiotropic ethylene-related alterations, including inhibition of fruit ripening, attenuated triple-response and delayed petal abscission. Yeast-two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation approaches indicated that SlEBF3 interacts with all known tomato SlEIL proteins and, consistently, total SlEIL protein levels were decreased in SlEBF3 overexpression fruits, supporting the idea that the reduced ethylene sensitivity and defects in fruit ripening are due to the SlEBF3-mediated degradation of EIL proteins. Moreover, SlEBF3 expression is regulated by EIL1 via a feedback loop, which supposes its role in tuning ethylene signaling and responses. Overall, the study reveals the role of a novel EBF tomato gene in climacteric ripening, thus providing a new target for modulating fleshy fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
| | | | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
| | - Sihua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
| | | | | | - Yongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610014, China
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39
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Thongkum M, Imsabai W, Burns P, McAtee PA, Schaffer RJ, Allan AC, Ketsa S. The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on expression of ethylene receptor genes in durian pulp during ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 125:232-238. [PMID: 29475089 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid fruit ripening is a significant problem that limits the shelf life of durian, with ethylene having a major impact on the regulation of this event. Durian treated with ethephon ripened 3 d after treatment with increased pulp total soluble solids, ethylene production of the whole fruit and decreased pulp firmness compared to the control fruit. 1-MCP treatment delayed ripening by up to 9 d with inhibited accumulation of total soluble solids, color change, softening and ethylene production. Genes related to ethylene perception (DzETR1 and DzETR2) and the signaling pathway (DzCTR1, DzEIL1 and DzEIL2) in the pulp were investigated during this process, using qPCR to quantify changes in gene transcription. All candidate genes were significantly up-regulated in ripening durian pulp. Ethephon treatment increased the expression of DzETR1 and DzETR2 genes, while expression of DzCTR1, DzEIL1 and DzEIL2 were slightly affected. 1-MCP treatment significantly inhibited the expression of the DzETR2 and DzEIL1 genes. The promoters of DzETR2 genes were isolated and their activation by fruit transcription factors studied using transient expression in tobacco leaves. It was found that members of the kiwifruit and apple EIL1, EIL2 and EIL3 genes strongly activated the DzETR2 promoter. These results suggest that ethylene-induced ripening of durian is via the regulation of DzETR2 by EIL transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monthathip Thongkum
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wachiraya Imsabai
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Parichart Burns
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, PathumThani 12120, Thailand
| | - Peter A McAtee
- Plant and Food Research Institute, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- Plant and Food Research Institute, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- Plant and Food Research Institute, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Society, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
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40
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Wang Y, Zou W, Xiao Y, Cheng L, Liu Y, Gao S, Shi Z, Jiang Y, Qi M, Xu T, Li T. MicroRNA1917 targets CTR4 splice variants to regulate ethylene responses in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1011-1025. [PMID: 29365162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene perception is regulated by receptors, and the downstream protein CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 is a key suppressor of ethylene signalling. The non-conserved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) microRNA1917 (Sly-miR1917) mediates degradation of SlCTR4 splice variants (SlCTR4sv) but the molecular details of this pathway remain unknown. Sly-miR1917 and the targeted SlCTR4sv are ubiquitously expressed in all tomato organs. Overexpression of Sly-miR1917 enhances ethylene responses, including the triple response in etiolated seedlings, in the absence of ethylene, as well as epinastic petiole growth, accelerated pedicel abscission, and fruit ripening. Enhanced ethylene signalling in Sly-miR1917-overexpressing plants (1917-OE) is accompanied by up-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis and signalling genes, and increased ethylene emission. These phenotypes were recovered by repressing the positive ethylene regulator EIN2. Moreover, the Sly-miR1917-targeted SlCTR4 splice variant SlCTR4sv3, expressed specifically in the abscission zone, exhibited the opposite expression pattern to Sly-miR1917. Complementation of the Arabidopsis thaliana ctr-1 mutant and yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays suggested that SlCTR4sv3 functions in ethylene signalling. Co-expression of Sly-miR1917 and SlCTR4sv3 in Nicotiana benthamiana further suggested that Sly-miR1917 cleaves SlCTR4sv3 in vivo. Database homology searching revealed a Solanum tuberosum CTR-like splice variant containing a Sly-miR1917 binding sequence, and a homologue of mature Sly-miR1917 in potato, indicating a conserved function for miR1917 and the regulatory miRNA-mediated ethylene network in solanaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenxiong Zou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Gao
- Liaoning Cash Crop Institute, Liaoyang, China
| | - Zihang Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
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Cruz AB, Bianchetti RE, Alves FRR, Purgatto E, Peres LEP, Rossi M, Freschi L. Light, Ethylene and Auxin Signaling Interaction Regulates Carotenoid Biosynthesis During Tomato Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1370. [PMID: 30279694 PMCID: PMC6153336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Light signaling and plant hormones, particularly ethylene and auxins, have been identified as important regulators of carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit ripening. However, whether and how the light and hormonal signaling cascades crosstalk to control this metabolic route remain poorly elucidated. Here, the potential involvement of ethylene and auxins in the light-mediated regulation of tomato fruit carotenogenesis was investigated by comparing the impacts of light treatments and the light-hyperresponsive high pigment-2 (hp2) mutation on both carotenoid synthesis and hormonal signaling. Under either light or dark conditions, the overaccumulation of carotenoids in hp2 ripening fruits was associated with disturbed ethylene production, increased expression of genes encoding master regulators of ripening and higher ethylene sensitivity and signaling output. The increased ethylene sensitivity observed in hp2 fruits was associated with the differential expression of genes encoding ethylene receptors and downstream signaling transduction elements, including the downregulation of the transcription factor ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR.E4, a repressor of carotenoid synthesis. Accordingly, treatments with exogenous ethylene promoted carotenoid biosynthetic genes more intensively in hp2 than in wild-type fruits. Moreover, the loss of HP2 function drastically altered auxin signaling in tomato fruits, resulting in higher activation of the auxin-responsive promoter DR5, severe down-regulation of AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) genes and altered accumulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcripts. Both tomato ARF2 paralogues (Sl-ARF2a and SlARF2b) were up-regulated in hp2 fruits, which agrees with the promotive roles played by these ARFs in tomato fruit ripening and carotenoid biosynthesis. Among the genes differentially expressed in hp2 fruits, the additive effect of light treatment and loss of HP2 function was particularly evident for those encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes, ethylene-related transcription factors, Aux/IAAs and ARFs. Altogether, the data uncover the involvement of ethylene and auxin as part of the light signaling cascades controlling tomato fruit metabolism and provide a new link between light signaling, plant hormone sensitivity and carotenoid metabolism in ripening fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bertinatto Cruz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lazaro Eustaquio Pereira Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luciano Freschi,
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Filiz E, Vatansever R, Ozyigit II, Uras ME, Sen U, Anjum NA, Pereira E. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of EIL gene family in woody plant representative poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Arch Biochem Biophys 2017. [PMID: 28625764 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to improve current understanding on ethylene-insensitive 3-like (EIL) members, least explored in woody plants such as poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Grey). Herein, seven putative EIL members were identified in P. trichocarpa genome and were roughly annotated either as EIN3-like sequence associated with ethylene pathway or EIL3-like sequences related with sulfur (S)-pathway. Motif-distribution pattern of proteins also corroborated this annotation. They were distributed on six chromosomes (chr1, 3, 4 and 8-10), and were revealed to encode a protein of 509-662 residues with nuclear localization. The presence of ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3; PF04873) domain (covering first 80-280 residues from N-terminus) was confirmed by Hidden Markov Model-based search. The first half of EIL proteins (∼80-280 residues including EIN3 domain) was substantially conserved. The second half (∼300-600 residues) was considerably diverged. Additionally, first half of proteins harbored acidic, proline-rich and glutamine-rich sites, and supported the essentiality of these regions in the transcriptional-activation and protein-function. Moreover, identified six segmental and one-tandem duplications demonstrated the negative or purifying selective nature of mutations. Furthermore, expression profile analysis indicated the possibility of a crosstalk between EIN3- and EIL3-like genes, and co-expression networks implicated their interactions with very diverse panels of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertugrul Filiz
- Duzce University, Department of Crop and Animal Production, Cilimli Vocational School, 81750, Cilimli, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Recep Vatansever
- Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit
- Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Uras
- Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Sen
- Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naser A Anjum
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental & Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental & Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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43
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Cao Y, Han Y, Meng D, Li D, Jin Q, Lin Y, Cai Y. Genome-wide analysis suggests high level of microsynteny and purifying selection affect the evolution of EIN3/EIL family in Rosaceae. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3400. [PMID: 28584725 PMCID: PMC5455322 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethylene-insensitive3/ethylene-insensitive3-like (EIN3/EIL) proteins are a type of nuclear-localized protein with DNA-binding activity in plants. Although the EIN3/EIL gene family has been studied in several plant species, little is known about comprehensive study of the EIN3/EIL gene family in Rosaceae. In this study, ten, five, four, and five EIN3/EIL genes were identified in the genomes of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri), mei (Prunus mume), peach (Prunus persica) and strawberry (Fragaria vesca), respectively. Twenty-eight chromosomal segments of EIL/EIN3 gene family were found in four Rosaceae species, and these segments could form seven orthologous or paralogous groups based on interspecies or intraspecies gene colinearity (microsynteny) analysis. Moreover, the highly conserved regions of microsynteny were found in four Rosaceae species. Subsequently it was found that both whole genome duplication and tandem duplication events significantly contributed to the EIL/EIN3 gene family expansion. Gene expression analysis of the EIL/EIN3 genes in the pear revealed subfunctionalization for several PbEIL genes derived from whole genome duplication. It is noteworthy that according to environmental selection pressure analysis, the strong purifying selection should dominate the maintenance of the EIL/EIN3 gene family in four Rosaceae species. These results provided useful information on Rosaceae EIL/EIN3 genes, as well as insights into the evolution of this gene family in four Rosaceae species. Furthermore, high level of microsynteny in the four Rosaceae plants suggested that a large-scale genome duplication event in the EIL/EIN3 gene family was predated to speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yahui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dahui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Giovannoni J, Nguyen C, Ampofo B, Zhong S, Fei Z. The Epigenome and Transcriptional Dynamics of Fruit Ripening. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:61-84. [PMID: 28226232 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit has evolved myriad forms that facilitate seed dispersal in varied environmental and ecological contexts. Because fleshy fruits become attractive and nutritious to seed-dispersing animals, the transition from unripe to ripe fruit represents a dramatic shift in survival strategy-from protecting unripe fruit against damaging animals to making it appealing to those same animals once ripened. For optimal fitness, ripening therefore must be tightly controlled and coordinated with seed development. Fruits, like many vegetative tissues of plants that contribute to human diets, are also subject to decay, which is enhanced as a consequence of the ripening transition. As such, ripening control has enormous relevance for both plant biology and food security. Here, we review the complex interactions of hormones and transcription factors during fleshy-fruit ripening, with an emphasis on the recent discovery that epigenome dynamics are a critical and early regulator of the cascade of molecular events that ultimately contribute to fruit maturation and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Giovannoni
- Robert W. Holley Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, New York 14853;
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853;
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
| | - Cuong Nguyen
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
| | - Betsy Ampofo
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
| | - Silin Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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Singh V, Weksler A, Friedman H. Different Preclimacteric Events in Apple Cultivars with Modified Ripening Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1502. [PMID: 28928755 PMCID: PMC5591845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
"Anna" is an early season apple cultivar exhibiting a fast softening and juiciness loss during storage, in comparison to two mid-late season cultivars "Galaxy" and "GD." The poor storage capacity of "Anna" was correlated with high lipid oxidation-related autoluminescence, high respiration and ethylene production rates, associated with high expression of MdACO1, 2, 4, 7, and MdACS1. All cultivars at harvest responded to exogenous ethylene by enhancing ethylene production, typical of system-II. The contribution of pre-climacteric events to the poor storage capacity of "Anna" was examined by comparing respiration and ethylene production rates, response to exogenous ethylene, expression of genes responsible for ethylene biosynthesis and response, and developmental regulators in the three cultivars throughout fruit development. In contrast to the "Galaxy" and "GD," "Anna" showed higher ethylene production and respiration rates during fruit development, and exhibited auto-stimulatory (system II-like) effect in response to exogenous ethylene. The higher ethylene production rate in "Anna" was correlated with higher expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes, MdACS3a MdACO2, 4, and 7 during early fruit development. The expression of negative regulators of ripening (AP2/ERF) and ethylene response pathway, (MdETR1,2 and MdCTR1) was lower in "Anna" in comparison to the other two cultivars throughout development and ripening. Similar pattern of gene expression was found for SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBP)-box genes, including MdCNR and for MdFUL. Taken together, this study provides new understanding on pre-climacteric events in "Anna" that might affect its ripening behavior and physiology following storage.
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Wang RH, Yuan XY, Meng LH, Zhu BZ, Zhu HL, Luo YB, Fu DQ. Transcriptome Analysis Provides a Preliminary Regulation Route of the Ethylene Signal Transduction Component, SlEIN2, during Tomato Ripening. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168287. [PMID: 27973616 PMCID: PMC5156437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is crucial in climacteric fruit ripening. The ethylene signal pathway regulates several physiological alterations such as softening, carotenoid accumulation and sugar level reduction, and production of volatile compounds. All these physiological processes are controlled by numerous genes and their expression simultaneously changes at the onset of ripening. Ethylene insensitive 2 (EIN2) is a key component for ethylene signal transduction, and its mutation causes ethylene insensitivity. In tomato, silencing SlEIN2 resulted in a non-ripening phenotype and low ethylene production. RNA sequencing of SlEIN2-silenced and wild type tomato, and differential gene expression analyses, indicated that silencing SlEIN2 caused changes in more than 4,000 genes, including those related to photosynthesis, defense, and secondary metabolism. The relative expression level of 28 genes covering ripening-associated transcription factors, ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene signal pathway, chlorophyll binding proteins, lycopene and aroma biosynthesis, and defense pathway, showed that SlEIN2 influences ripening inhibitor (RIN) in a feedback loop, thus controlling the expression of several other genes. SlEIN2 regulates many aspects of fruit ripening, and is a key factor in the ethylene signal transduction pathway. Silencing SlEIN2 ultimately results in lycopene biosynthesis inhibition, which is the reason why tomato does not turn red, and this gene also affects the expression of several defense-associated genes. Although SlEIN2-silenced and green wild type fruits are similar in appearance, their metabolism is significantly different at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Heng Wang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yuan
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Huan Meng
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu F, Hu L, Cai Y, Lin H, Liu J, Yu Y. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Two Petunia PhEILs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1606. [PMID: 27847510 PMCID: PMC5088505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays an important role in flower senescence of many plants. Arabidopsis ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) and its homolog EIL1 are the downstream component of ethylene signaling transduction. However, the function of EILs during flower senescence remains unknown. Here, a petunia EIL gene, PhEIL2, was isolated. Phylogenetic tree showed that PhEIL1, whose coding gene is previously isolated, and PhEIL2 are the homologs of Arabidopsis AtEIL3 and AtEIL1, respectively. The expression of both PhEIL1 and PhEIL2 is the highest in corollas and increased during corolla senescence. Ethylene treatment increased the mRNA level of PhEIL1 but reduced that of PhEIL2. VIGS-mediated both PhEIL1 and PhEIL2 silencing delayed flower senescence, and significantly reduced ethylene production and the expression of PhERF3 and PhCP2, two senescence-associated genes in petunia flowers. The PhEIL2 protein activating transcription domain is identified in the 353-612-amino acids at C-terminal of PhEIL2 and yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays show that PhEIL2 interacts with PhEIL1, suggesting that PhEIL1 and PhEIL2 might form heterodimers to recognize their targets. These molecular characterizations of PhEIL1 and PhEIL2 in petunia are different with those of in Vigna radiata and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yuanping Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Juanxu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yixun Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Zhu T, Deng X, Zhou X, Zhu L, Zou L, Li P, Zhang D, Lin H. Ethylene and hydrogen peroxide are involved in brassinosteroid-induced salt tolerance in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35392. [PMID: 27739520 PMCID: PMC5064326 DOI: 10.1038/srep35392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between phytohormone pathways is essential in plant growth, development and stress responses. Brassinosteroids (BRs) and ethylene are both pivotal plant growth regulators, and the interaction between these two phytohormones in the tomato response to salt stress is still unclear. Here, we explored the mechanism by which BRs affect ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in tomato seedlings under salt stress. The activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), an ethylene synthesis enzyme, and the ethylene signaling pathway were activated in plants pretreated with BRs. Scavenging of ethylene production or silencing of ethylene signaling components inhibited BR-induced salt tolerance and blocked BR-induced activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Previous studies have reported that BRs can induce plant tolerance to a variety of environmental stimuli by triggering the generation of H2O2 as a signaling molecule. We also found that H2O2 might be involved in the crosstalk between BRs and ethylene in the tomato response to salt stress. Simultaneously, BR-induced ethylene production was partially blocked by pretreated with a reactive oxygen species scavenger or synthesis inhibitor. These results strongly demonstrated that ethylene and H2O2 play important roles in BR-dependent induction of plant salt stress tolerance. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between BR signaling and ethylene signaling pathways in plant processes responding to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengxu Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang H, Li A, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Lu P, Zhang D, Liu X, Zhang ZF, Huang R. Ethylene Response Factor TERF1, Regulated by ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-like Factors, Functions in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavenging in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Sci Rep 2016; 6:29948. [PMID: 27435661 PMCID: PMC4951782 DOI: 10.1038/srep29948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene plays a crucial role in the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants under stress conditions. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) are important ethylene-signaling regulators functioning in plant defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the roles of ERFs during plant adapting to ROS stress have not yet been well documented. Our studies previously reported that a tomato ERF transcription factor TERF1 functions in the regulation of plant ethylene responses and stress tolerance. Here, we report our findings regarding the roles of TERF1 in ROS scavenging. In this study, we revealed that the transcription of TERF1 is regulated by upstream EIN3-like (EIN3, ethylene-insensitive 3) regulators LeEIL3 and LeEIL4 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and is also inducible by exogenous applied ROS-generating reagents. Ectopic expression of TERF1 in tobacco promoted the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses, including carbonic anhydrase functioning in hypersensitive defense, catalase and glutathione peroxidase catalyzing oxidative reactions, and GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase functioning in ascorbic acid biosynthesis, reduced the ROS content induced by ethylene treatment, and enhanced stress tolerance of tobacco seedlings to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cumulatively, these findings suggest that TERF1 is an ethylene inducible factor regulating ROS scavenging during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pingli Lu
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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50
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Shwartz I, Levy M, Ori N, Bar M. Hormones in tomato leaf development. Dev Biol 2016; 419:132-142. [PMID: 27339291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leaf development serves as a model for plant developmental flexibility. Flexible balancing of morphogenesis and differentiation during leaf development results in a large diversity of leaf forms, both between different species and within the same species. This diversity is particularly evident in compound leaves. Hormones are prominent regulators of leaf development. Here we discuss some of the roles of plant hormones and the cross-talk between different hormones in tomato compound-leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Shwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matan Levy
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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