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Rieseberg TP, Holzhausen A, Bierenbroodspot MJ, Zhang W, Abreu IN, de Vries J. Conserved carotenoid pigmentation in reproductive organs of Charophyceae. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230372. [PMID: 39343025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in Charophyceae abounds in complex traits. Their gametangia develop as intricate structures, with oogonia spirally surrounded by envelope cells and richly pigmented antheridia. The red-probably protectant-pigmentation of antheridia is conserved across Charophyceae. Chara tomentosa is, however, unique in exhibiting this pigmentation and also in vegetative tissue. Here, we investigated the two sympatric species, C. tomentosa and Chara baltica, and compared their molecular chassis for pigmentation. Using reversed phase C30 high performance liquid chromatography (RP-C30-HPLC), we uncover that the major pigments are β-carotene, δ-carotene and γ-carotene; using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer (HS-SPME-GC-MS), we pinpoint that the unusually large carotenoid pool in C. tomentosa gives rise to diverse volatile apocarotenoids, including abundant 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Based on transcriptome analyses, we uncover signatures of the unique biology of Charophycaee and genes for pigment production, including monocyclized carotenoids. The rich carotenoid pool probably serves as a substrate for diverse carotenoid-derived metabolites, signified not only by (i) the volatile apocarotenoids we detected but (ii) the high expression of a gene coding for a cytochrome P450 enzyme related to land plant proteins involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoid-derived hormones. Overall, our data shed light on a key protection strategy of sexual reproduction in the widespread group of macroalgae. The genetic underpinnings of this are shared across hundreds of millions of years of plant and algal evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Rieseberg
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Anja Holzhausen
- Department of Crop Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Betty Heimann-Str. 5 , Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Maaike J Bierenbroodspot
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Wanchen Zhang
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht Haller Institute of Plant Science, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goldschmidtstr. 1, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Campus Institute Data Science, University of Goettingen , Goettingen 37077, Germany
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Kayani SI, -Rahman SU, Shen Q, Cui Y, Liu W, Hu X, Zhu F, Huo S. Molecular approaches to enhance astaxanthin biosynthesis; future outlook: engineering of transcription factors in Haematococcus pluvialis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:514-529. [PMID: 37380353 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2208284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the preferred species for producing astaxanthin because they pose a low toxicity risk than chemical synthesis. Astaxanthin has multiple health benefits and is being used in: medicines, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Haematococcus pluvialis is a model microalga for astaxanthin biosynthesis; however, its natural astaxanthin content is low. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to improve the biosynthesis of astaxanthin to meet industrial demands, making its commercialization cost-effective. Several strategies related to cultivation conditions are employed to enhance the biosynthesis of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis. However, the mechanism of its regulation by transcription factors is unknown. For the first time, this study critically reviewed the studies on identifying transcription factors, progress in H. pluvialis genetic transformation, and use of phytohormones that increase the gene expression related to astaxanthin biosynthesis. In addition, we propose future approaches, including (i) Cloning and characterization of transcription factors, (ii) Transcriptional engineering through overexpression of positive regulators or downregulation/silencing of negative regulators, (iii) Gene editing for enrichment or deletion of transcription factors binding sites, (iv) Hormonal modulation of transcription factors. This review provides considerable knowledge about the molecular regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis and the existing research gap. Besides, it provides the basis for transcription factors mediated metabolic engineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf-Ilyas Kayani
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed-Ur -Rahman
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xinjuan Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Rempel A, Choudhary N, Pucker B. KIPEs3: Automatic annotation of biosynthesis pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294342. [PMID: 37972102 PMCID: PMC10653506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and carotenoids are pigments involved in stress mitigation and numerous other processes. Both pigment classes can contribute to flower and fruit coloration. Flavonoid aglycones and carotenoids are produced by a pathway that is largely conserved across land plants. Glycosylations, acylations, and methylations of the flavonoid aglycones can be species-specific and lead to a plethora of biochemically diverse flavonoids. We previously developed KIPEs for the automatic annotation of biosynthesis pathways and presented an application on the flavonoid aglycone biosynthesis. KIPEs3 is an improved version with additional features and the potential to identify not just the core biosynthesis players, but also candidates involved in the decoration steps and in the transport of flavonoids. Functionality of KIPEs3 is demonstrated through the analysis of the flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Nd-1, Capsella grandiflora, and Dioscorea dumetorum. We demonstrate the applicability of KIPEs to other pathways by adding the carotenoid biosynthesis to the repertoire. As a technical proof of concept, the carotenoid biosynthesis was analyzed in the same species and Daucus carota. KIPEs3 is available as an online service to enable access without prior bioinformatics experience. KIPEs3 facilitates the automatic annotation and analysis of biosynthesis pathways with a consistent and high quality in a large number of plant species. Numerous genome sequencing projects are generating a huge amount of data sets that can be analyzed to identify evolutionary patterns and promising candidate genes for biotechnological and breeding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rempel
- Genome Informatics, Faculty of Technology & Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Graduate School “Digital Infrastructure for the Life Sciences” (DILS), Bielefeld Institute for Bioinformatics Infrastructure (BIBI), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nancy Choudhary
- Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Biology & BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boas Pucker
- Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Biology & BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Brychkova G, de Oliveira CL, Gomes LAA, de Souza Gomes M, Fort A, Esteves-Ferreira AA, Sulpice R, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Degradation in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) from Seedlings to Harvest. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10310. [PMID: 37373458 PMCID: PMC10298985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the commercially important leafy vegetables worldwide. However, lettuce cultivars vary widely in their carotenoid concentrations at the time of harvest. While the carotenoid content of lettuce can depend on transcript levels of key biosynthetic enzymes, genes that can act as biomarkers for carotenoid accumulation at early stages of plant growth have not been identified. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was performed on the inner and outer leaves of the six cultivars at different developmental stages to identify gene-to-metabolite networks affecting the accumulation of two key carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein. Statistical analysis, including principal component analysis, was used to better understand variations in carotenoid concentration between leaf age and cultivars. Our results demonstrate that key enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway can alter lutein and β-carotene biosynthesis across commercial cultivars. To ensure high carotenoids content in leaves, the metabolites sink from β-carotene and lutein to zeaxanthin, and subsequently, abscisic acid needs to be regulated. Based on 2-3-fold carotenoids increase at 40 days after sowing (DAS) as compared to the seedling stage, and 1.5-2-fold decline at commercial stage (60 DAS) compared to the 40 DAS stage, we conclude that the value of lettuce for human nutrition would be improved by use of less mature plants, as the widely-used commercial stage is already at plant senescence stage where carotenoids and other essential metabolites are undergoing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Brychkova
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
| | - Cleiton Lourenço de Oliveira
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
- Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras (DAG/ESAL), Aquenta Sol, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Patos de Minas, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Patos de Minas 38700-103, MG, Brazil
| | - Antoine Fort
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Alberto Abrantes Esteves-Ferreira
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter C. McKeown
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
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Chen HH, Liang MH, Ye ZW, Zhu YH, Jiang JG. Engineering the β-Carotene Metabolic Pathway of Microalgae Dunaliella To Confirm Its Carotenoid Synthesis Pattern in Comparison To Bacteria and Plants. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0436122. [PMID: 36719233 PMCID: PMC10100976 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04361-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dunaliella salina is the most salt-tolerant eukaryote and has the highest β-carotene content, but its carotenoid synthesis pathway is still unclear, especially the synthesis of lycopene, the upstream product of β-carotene. In this study, DsGGPS, DsPSY, DsPDS, DsZISO, DsZDS, DsCRTISO, and DsLYCB genes were cloned from D. salina and expressed in Escherichia coli. A series of carotenoid engineering E. coli strains from phytoene to β-carotene were obtained. ZISO was first identified from Chlorophyta, while CRTISO was first isolated from algae. It was found that DsZISO and DsCRTISO were essential for isomerization of carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms and could not be replaced by photoisomerization, unlike some plants. DsZDS was found to have weak beta cyclization abilities, and DsLYCB was able to catalyze 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene to generate 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-β-carotene, which had not been reported before. A new carotenoid 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-β-carotene, the beta cyclization product of prolycopene, was discovered. Compared with the bacterial-derived carotenoid synthesis pathway, there is higher specificity and greater efficiency of the carotenoid synthesis pathway in algae. This research experimentally confirmed that the conversion of phytoene to lycopene in D. salina was similar to that of plants and different from bacteria and provided a new possibility for the metabolic engineering of β-carotene. IMPORTANCE The synthesis mode of all trans-lycopene in bacteria and plants is clear, but there are still doubts in microalgae. Dunaliella is the organism with the highest β-carotene content, and plant-type and bacterial-type enzyme genes have been found in its carotenoid metabolism pathway. In this study, the entire plant-type enzyme gene was completely cloned into Escherichia coli, and high-efficiency expression was obtained, which proved that carotenoid synthesis of algae is similar to that of plants. In bacteria, CRT can directly catalyze 4-step continuous dehydrogenation to produce all trans-lycopene. In plants, four enzymes (PDS, ZISO, ZDS, and CRTISO) are involved in this process. Although a carotenoid synthetase similar to that of bacteria has been found in algae, it does not play a major role. This research reveals the evolutionary relationship of carotenoid metabolism in bacteria, algae, and plants and is of methodologically innovative significance for molecular evolution research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Hui Zhu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Beltrán J, Wurtzel ET. Enzymatic isomerization of ζ-carotene mediated by the heme-containing isomerase Z-ISO. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:153-170. [PMID: 35878976 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large and diverse class of isoprenoid compounds synthesized by plants, algae, some bacteria, arthropods, and fungi. These pigments contribute to plant growth and survival by protecting plants from photooxidative stress and serving as precursors of plant hormones and other signaling compounds. In humans, carotenoids are essential components of the diet and contribute anti-oxidant and provitamin A activities. Carotenoids are synthesized in the membranes of plant plastids where phytoene is converted into all trans lycopene by a biosynthetic pathway that was only recently completed by the discovery of the new enzyme, 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which controls carotenoid pathway flux to products necessary for plant development and function. Z-ISO catalysis of the cis to trans isomerization of the 15-cis double bond in 15-cis-ζ-carotene is mediated by a unique mechanism dependent on the redox-state of a heme b cofactor. This chapter describe methods for the functional analysis of Z-ISO, including complementation of Z-ISO in engineered E. coli, separation of Z-ISO enzyme substrate and products, ζ-carotene isomers, by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), expression and purification of Z-ISO and in vitro enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Beltrán
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY), Bronx, NY, United States; Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY), Bronx, NY, United States; Graduate School and University Center, CUNY, New York, NY, United States.
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Yu J, Tu X, Huang AC. Functions and biosynthesis of plant signaling metabolites mediating plant-microbe interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1393-1422. [PMID: 35766105 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015-2022Plants and microbes have coevolved since their appearance, and their interactions, to some extent, define plant health. A reasonable fraction of small molecules plants produced are involved in mediating plant-microbe interactions, yet their functions and biosynthesis remain fragmented. The identification of these compounds and their biosynthetic genes will open up avenues for plant fitness improvement by manipulating metabolite-mediated plant-microbe interactions. Herein, we integrate the current knowledge on their chemical structures, bioactivities, and biosynthesis with the view of providing a high-level overview on their biosynthetic origins and evolutionary trajectory, and pinpointing the yet unknown and key enzymatic steps in diverse biosynthetic pathways. We further discuss the theoretical basis and prospects for directing plant signaling metabolite biosynthesis for microbe-aided plant health improvement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xingzhao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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Zhang J, Sun H, Guo S, Ren Y, Li M, Wang J, Yu Y, Zhang H, Gong G, He H, Zhang C, Xu Y. ClZISO mutation leads to photosensitive flesh in watermelon. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1565-1578. [PMID: 35187585 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mutation of ClZISO identified in EMS-induced watermelon leads to photosensitive flesh in watermelon. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) has a colorful flesh that attracts consumers and benefits human health. We developed an ethyl-methanesulfonate mutation library in red-fleshed line '302' to create new flesh color lines and found a yellow-fleshed mutant which accumulated ζ-carotene. The initial yellow color of this mutant can be photobleached within 10 min under intense sunlight. A long-term light-emitting diode (LED) light treatment turned flesh color from yellow to pink. We identified this unique variation as photosensitive flesh mutant ('psf'). Using bulked segregant analysis, we fine-mapped an EMS-induced G-A transversion in 'psf' which leads to a premature stop codon in 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase (ClZISO) gene. We detected that wild-type ClZISO is expressed in chromoplasts to catalyze the conversion of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene to 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene. The truncated ClZISOmu protein in psf lost this catalytic function. Light treatment can partially compensate ClZISOmu isomerase activity via photoisomerization in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome analysis showed that most carotenoid biosynthesis genes in psf were downregulated. The dramatic increase of ABA content in flesh with fruit development was blocked in psf. This study explores the molecular mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelon and provides a theoretical and technical basis for breeding different flesh color lines in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Honghe Sun
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shaogui Guo
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Maoying Li
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jinfang Wang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yongtao Yu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Guoyi Gong
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongju He
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Welsch R, Li L. Golden Rice—Lessons learned for inspiring future metabolic engineering strategies and synthetic biology solutions. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hot Spots of Phytoene Desaturase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides Influencing the Desaturation of Phytoene. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (CrtI, E.C. 1.3.99.31) shows variable desaturation activity, thereby introducing different numbers of conjugated double bonds (CDB) into the substrate phytoene. In particular, Rhodobacter sphaeroides CrtI is known to introduce additional 6 CDBs into the phytoene with 3 CDBs, generating neurosporene with 9 CDBs. Although in-depth studies have been conducted on the function and phylogenetic evolution of CrtI, little information exists on its range of CDB-introducing capabilities. We investigated the relationship between the structure and CDB-introducing capability of CrtI. CrtI of R. sphaeroides KCTC 12085 was randomly mutagenized to produce carotenoids of different CDBs (neurosporene for 9 CDBs, lycopene for 11 CDBs, and 3,4-didehydrolycopene for 13 CDBs). From six CrtI mutants producing different ratios of neurosporene/lycopene/3,4-didehydrolycopene, three amino acids (Leu163, Ala171, and Ile454) were identified that significantly determined carotenoid profiles. While the L163P mutation was responsible for producing neurosporene as a major carotenoid, A171P and I454T produced lycopene as the major product. Finally, according to the in silico model, the mutated amino acids are gathered in the membrane-binding domain of CrtI, which could distantly influence the FAD binding region and consequently the degree of desaturation in phytoene.
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Killiny N, Nehela Y, George J, Rashidi M, Stelinski LL, Lapointe SL. Phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus as a trap crop with multiple cues to attract Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 308:110930. [PMID: 34034878 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases in citrus worldwide. Unfortunately, HLB has no cure and management relies on insecticides to reduce populations of the vector, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). We propose an attract-and-kill strategy using a trap crop as an alternative to vector control to reduce transmission of the pathogen, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. We evaluated vector response to phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus trees using virus-induced gene silencing technology. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was used to produce a phytoene desaturase-silenced citrus (CTV-tPDS) that expresses visual, olfactory, and gustatory cues to attract D. citri. We found that D. citri were more attracted to CTV-tPDS plants with noticeably better fecundity and overall population fitness than on control plants. Moreover, rearing D. citri on CTV-tPDS plants significantly increased their survival probability compared with those reared on control plants. CTV-tPDS plants possessed reduced content of both carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments resulting in a consistent photobleached phenotype on citrus leaves which provided a sufficient close-range visual attractant to stimulate D. citri landing. Additionally, CTV-tPDS plants exhibited an enriched profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which offered adequate olfactory cues to attract psyllid from long-range. Finally, CTV-tPDS plants exhibited an enriched metabolite content of phloem sap and leaves which offered appropriate gustatory cues that influenced probing/feeding behavior. We believe that introducing CTV-tPDS plants (as a trap crop) to D. citri-infested orchards will attract and congregate psyllids to facilitate their removal from the target crop with insecticides or by other means. This new strategy could be deployed relatively quickly and economically to HLB-impacted citrus industries. Moreover, it is an eco-friendly strategy because it should partially reduce the input of chemical insecticides ameliorating the indirect cost of HLB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA.
| | - Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA; Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31512 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Justin George
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Mahnaz Rashidi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Stephen L Lapointe
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
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12
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Chattopadhyay T, Hazra P, Akhtar S, Maurya D, Mukherjee A, Roy S. Skin colour, carotenogenesis and chlorophyll degradation mutant alleles: genetic orchestration behind the fruit colour variation in tomato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:767-782. [PMID: 33388894 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The genetics underlying the fruit colour variation in tomato is an interesting area of both basic and applied research in plant biology. There are several factors, like phytohormones, environmental signals and epistatic interactions between genes, which modulate the ripe fruit colour in tomato. However, three aspects: genetic regulation of skin pigmentation, carotenoid biosynthesis and ripening-associated chlorophyll degradation in tomato fruits are of pivotal importance. Different genes along with their mutant alleles governing the aforementioned characters have been characterized in detail. Moreover, the interaction of these mutant alleles has been explored, which has paved the way for developing novel tomato genotypes with unique fruit colour and beneficial phytonutrient composition. In this article, we review the genes and the corresponding mutant alleles underlying the variation in tomato skin pigmentation, carotenoid biosynthesis and ripening-associated chlorophyll degradation. The possibility of generating novel fruit colour-variants using different combinations of these mutant alleles is documented. Furthermore, the involvement of some other mutant alleles (like those governing purple fruit colour and high fruit pigmentation), not belonging to the aforementioned three categories, are discussed in brief. The simplified representation of the assembled information in this article should not only help a broad range of readers in their basic understanding of this complex phenomenon but also trigger them for further exploration of the same. The article would be useful for genetic characterization of fruit colour-variants and molecular breeding for fruit colour improvement in tomato using the well-characterized mutant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthartha Chattopadhyay
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India.
| | - Pranab Hazra
- Department of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India
| | - Shirin Akhtar
- Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
| | - Deepak Maurya
- Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
| | - Sheuli Roy
- Alumna, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- Bihar Agricultural College, Bihar Agricultural University, Qtr. No. C1/14, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813210, India
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13
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Moreno JC, Mi J, Alagoz Y, Al‐Babili S. Plant apocarotenoids: from retrograde signaling to interspecific communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:351-375. [PMID: 33258195 PMCID: PMC7898548 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic and some non-photosynthetic organisms. They are essential for photosynthesis and contribute to many other aspects of a plant's life. The oxidative breakdown of carotenoids gives rise to the formation of a diverse family of essential metabolites called apocarotenoids. This metabolic process either takes place spontaneously through reactive oxygen species or is catalyzed by enzymes generally belonging to the CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE family. Apocarotenoids include the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones (SLs), signaling molecules and growth regulators. Abscisic acid and SLs are vital in regulating plant growth, development and stress response. SLs are also an essential component in plants' rhizospheric communication with symbionts and parasites. Other apocarotenoid small molecules, such as blumenols, mycorradicins, zaxinone, anchorene, β-cyclocitral, β-cyclogeranic acid, β-ionone and loliolide, are involved in plant growth and development, and/or contribute to different processes, including arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis, abiotic stress response, plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions and plastid retrograde signaling. There are also indications for the presence of structurally unidentified linear cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoids, which are presumed to modulate plastid biogenesis and leaf morphology, among other developmental processes. Here, we provide an overview on the biology of old, recently discovered and supposed plant apocarotenoid signaling molecules, describing their biosynthesis, developmental and physiological functions, and role as a messenger in plant communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologieAm Mühlenberg 1Potsdam14476Germany
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Salim Al‐Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Flores-Ortiz C, Alvarez LM, Undurraga A, Arias D, Durán F, Wegener G, Stange C. Differential role of the two ζ-carotene desaturase paralogs in carrot (Daucus carota): ZDS1 is a functional gene essential for plant development and carotenoid synthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110327. [PMID: 31928663 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Daucus carota is a biennale crop that develops an edible storage root. Orange carrots, the most consumed cultivar worldwide, accumulate high levels of β-carotene and α-carotene in the storage root during secondary growth. Genes involved in β-carotene synthesis have been identified in carrots and unlike most species, D. carota has two ζ-carotene desaturase genes, named ZDS1 and ZDS2, that share 91.3 % identity in their coding regions. ZDS1 expression falls during leaf, but not root development, while ZDS2 is induced in leaves and storage roots of a mature plant. In this work, by means of post-transcriptional gene silencing, we determined that ZDS1 is essential for initial carrot development. The suppression of the expression of this gene by RNAi triggered a reduction in the transcript levels of ZDS2 and PSY2 genes, with a concomitant decrease in the carotenoid content in both, leaves and storage roots. On the contrary, transgenic lines with reduced ZDS2 transcript abundance maintain the same levels of expression of endogenous ZDS1 and PSY2 and carotenoid profile as wild-type plants. The simultaneous silencing of ZDS1 and ZDS2 resulted in lines with a negligible leaf and root development, as well as significantly lower endogenous PSY2 expression. Further functional analyses, such as a plastidial subcellular localization of ZDS1:GFP and the increment in carotenoid content in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the carrot ZDS1, confirmed that ZDS1 codifies for a functional enzyme. Overall, these results lead us to propose that the main ζ-carotene desaturase activity in carrot is encoded by the ZDS1 gene and ZDS2 gene has a complementary and non essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Flores-Ortiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Lilia M Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Alejandro Undurraga
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Daniela Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Felipe Durán
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Guillermo Wegener
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Ñuñoa, Chile.
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Cazzonelli CI, Hou X, Alagoz Y, Rivers J, Dhami N, Lee J, Marri S, Pogson BJ. A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development. eLife 2020; 9:45310. [PMID: 32003746 PMCID: PMC6994220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are a core plastid component and yet their regulatory function during plastid biogenesis remains enigmatic. A unique carotenoid biosynthesis mutant, carotenoid chloroplast regulation 2 (ccr2), that has no prolamellar body (PLB) and normal PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR) levels, was used to demonstrate a regulatory function for carotenoids and their derivatives under varied dark-light regimes. A forward genetics approach revealed how an epistatic interaction between a ζ-carotene isomerase mutant (ziso-155) and ccr2 blocked the biosynthesis of specific cis-carotenes and restored PLB formation in etioplasts. We attributed this to a novel apocarotenoid retrograde signal, as chemical inhibition of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase activity restored PLB formation in ccr2 etioplasts during skotomorphogenesis. The apocarotenoid acted in parallel to the repressor of photomorphogenesis, DEETIOLATED1 (DET1), to transcriptionally regulate PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). The unknown apocarotenoid signal restored POR protein levels and PLB formation in det1, thereby controlling plastid development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Hou
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - John Rivers
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shashikanth Marri
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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16
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cis-carotene biosynthesis, evolution and regulation in plants: The emergence of novel signaling metabolites. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 654:172-184. [PMID: 30030998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments synthesised by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi and insects. Abundant carotenoids found in nature are synthesised via a linear route from phytoene to lycopene after which the pathway bifurcates into cyclised α- and β-carotenes. Plants evolved additional steps to generate a diversity of cis-carotene intermediates, which can accumulate in fruits or tissues exposed to an extended period of darkness. Enzymatic or oxidative cleavage, light-mediated photoisomerization and histone modifications can affect cis-carotene accumulation. cis-carotene accumulation has been linked to the production of signaling metabolites that feedback and forward to regulate nuclear gene expression. When cis-carotenes accumulate, plastid biogenesis and operational control can become impaired. Carotenoid derived metabolites and phytohormones such as abscisic acid and strigolactones can fine-tune cellular homeostasis. There is a hunt to identify a novel cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid signal and to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which it facilitates communication between the plastid and nucleus. In this review, we describe the biosynthesis and evolution of cis-carotenes and their links to regulatory switches, as well as highlight how cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid signals might control organelle communication, physiological and developmental processes in response to environmental change.
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17
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Koschmieder J, Fehling-Kaschek M, Schaub P, Ghisla S, Brausemann A, Timmer J, Beyer P. Plant-type phytoene desaturase: Functional evaluation of structural implications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187628. [PMID: 29176862 PMCID: PMC5703498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is an essential plant carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme and a prominent target of certain inhibitors, such as norflurazon, acting as bleaching herbicides. PDS catalyzes the introduction of two double bonds into 15-cis-phytoene, yielding 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene via the intermediate 9,15-di-cis-phytofluene. We present the necessary data to scrutinize functional implications inferred from the recently resolved crystal structure of Oryza sativa PDS in a complex with norflurazon. Using dynamic mathematical modeling of reaction time courses, we support the relevance of homotetrameric assembly of the enzyme observed in crystallo by providing evidence for substrate channeling of the intermediate phytofluene between individual subunits at membrane surfaces. Kinetic investigations are compatible with an ordered ping-pong bi-bi kinetic mechanism in which the carotene and the quinone electron acceptor successively occupy the same catalytic site. The mutagenesis of a conserved arginine that forms a hydrogen bond with norflurazon, the latter competing with plastoquinone, corroborates the possibility of engineering herbicide resistance, however, at the expense of diminished catalytic activity. This mutagenesis also supports a "flavin only" mechanism of carotene desaturation not requiring charged residues in the active site. Evidence for the role of the central 15-cis double bond of phytoene in determining regio-specificity of carotene desaturation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Schaub
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anton Brausemann
- University of Freiburg, Institute for Biochemistry, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PB); (JT)
| | - Peter Beyer
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PB); (JT)
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18
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Liang MH, Zhu J, Jiang JG. Carotenoids biosynthesis and cleavage related genes from bacteria to plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2314-2333. [PMID: 28609133 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1322552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms and beneficial for human health. Apocarotenoids derived from carotenoid degradation can serve critical functions including hormones, volatiles, and signals. They have been used commercially as food colorants, animal feed supplements, and nutraceuticals for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. This review focuses on the molecular evolution of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) from bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The diversity of carotenoids and apocarotenoids as well as their complicated biosynthetic pathway in different species can shed light on the history of early molecular evolution. Some carotenogenic genes (such as phytoene synthases) have high protein sequence similarity from bacteria to land plants, but some (such as phytoene desaturases, lycopene cyclases, carotenoid hydroxylases, and CCOs) have low similarity. The broad diversity of apocarotenoid volatile compounds can be attributed to large numbers of carotenoid precursors and the various cleavage sites catalyzed by CCOs enzymes. A variety of carotenogenic enzymes and CCOs indicate the functional diversification of carotenoids and apocrotenoids in different species. New carotenoids, new apocarotenoids, new carotenogenic enzymes, new CCOs, and new pathways still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA.,c College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China.,d School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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19
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Brausemann A, Gemmecker S, Koschmieder J, Ghisla S, Beyer P, Einsle O. Structure of Phytoene Desaturase Provides Insights into Herbicide Binding and Reaction Mechanisms Involved in Carotene Desaturation. Structure 2017; 25:1222-1232.e3. [PMID: 28669634 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and plants synthesize carotenoids via a poly-cis pathway starting with phytoene, a membrane-bound C40 hydrocarbon. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) introduces two double bonds and concomitantly isomerizes two neighboring double bonds from trans to cis. PDS assembles into homo-tetramers that interact monotopically with membranes. A long hydrophobic tunnel is proposed to function in the sequential binding of phytoene and the electron acceptor plastoquinone. The herbicidal inhibitor norflurazon binds at a plastoquinone site thereby blocking reoxidation of FADred. Comparison with the sequence-dissimilar bacterial carotene desaturase CRTI reveals substantial similarities in the overall protein fold, defining both as members of the GR2 family of flavoproteins. However, the PDS active center architecture is unprecedented: no functional groups are found in the immediate flavin vicinity that might participate in dehydrogenation and isomerization. This suggests that the isoalloxazine moiety is sufficient for catalysis. Despite mechanistic differences, an ancient evolutionary relation of PDS and CRTI is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Brausemann
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gemmecker
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway: Molecular phylogenies and evolutionary behaviour of Crt genes in eubacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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de Lera ÁR, Krezel W, Rühl R. An Endogenous Mammalian Retinoid X Receptor Ligand, At Last! ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1027-37. [PMID: 27151148 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
9-cis-Retinoic acid was identified and claimed to be the endogenous ligand of the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in 1992. Since then, the endogenous presence of this compound has never been rigorously confirmed. Instead, concerns have been raised by other groups that have reported that 9-cis-retinoic acid is undetectable or that its presence occurs at very low levels. Furthermore, these low levels could not satisfactorily explain the physiological activation of RXR. Alternative ligands, among them various lipids, have also been identified, but also did not fulfill criteria for rigorous endogenous relevance, and their consideration as bona fide endogenous mammalian RXR ligand has likewise been questioned. Recently, novel studies claim that the saturated analogue 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid functions as an endogenous physiologically relevant mammalian RXR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE, Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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22
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Sagawa JM, Stanley LE, LaFountain AM, Frank HA, Liu C, Yuan YW. An R2R3-MYB transcription factor regulates carotenoid pigmentation in Mimulus lewisii flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1049-57. [PMID: 26377817 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments that contribute to the beautiful colors and nutritive value of many flowers and fruits. The structural genes in the highly conserved carotenoid biosynthetic pathway have been well characterized in multiple plant systems, but little is known about the transcription factors that control the expression of these structural genes. By analyzing a chemically induced mutant of Mimulus lewisii through bulk segregant analysis and transgenic experiments, we have identified an R2R3-MYB, Reduced Carotenoid Pigmentation 1 (RCP1), as the first transcription factor that positively regulates carotenoid biosynthesis during flower development. Loss-of-function mutations in RCP1 lead to down-regulation of all carotenoid biosynthetic genes and reduced carotenoid content in M. lewisii flowers, a phenotype recapitulated by RNA interference in the wild-type background. Overexpression of this gene in the rcp1 mutant background restores carotenoid production and, unexpectedly, results in simultaneous decrease of anthocyanin production in some transgenic lines by down-regulating the expression of an activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Identification of transcriptional regulators of carotenoid biosynthesis provides the 'toolbox' genes for understanding the molecular basis of flower color diversification in nature and for potential enhancement of carotenoid production in crop plants via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Sagawa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Lauren E Stanley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Amy M LaFountain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Harry A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important biocolor isoprenoids responsible for yellow, orange and red colors found in nature. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids of photosynthetic and sink organs and are essential molecules for photosynthesis, photo-oxidative damage protection and phytohormone synthesis. Carotenoids also play important roles in human health and nutrition acting as vitamin A precursors and antioxidants. Biochemical and biophysical approaches in different plants models have provided significant advances in understanding the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in plants as well as the key points of regulation in their biosynthesis. To date, different plant models have been used to characterize the key genes and their regulation, which has increased the knowledge of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants. In this chapter a description of each step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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Song X, Diao J, Ji J, Wang G, Li Z, Wu J, Josine TL, Wang Y. Overexpression of lycopene ε-cyclase gene from lycium chinense confers tolerance to chilling stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2016; 576:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gemmecker S, Schaub P, Koschmieder J, Brausemann A, Drepper F, Rodriguez-Franco M, Ghisla S, Warscheid B, Einsle O, Beyer P. Phytoene Desaturase from Oryza sativa: Oligomeric Assembly, Membrane Association and Preliminary 3D-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131717. [PMID: 26147209 PMCID: PMC4492965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant phytoene desaturase (PDS-His6) from rice was purified to near-homogeneity and shown to be enzymatically active in a biphasic, liposome-based assay system. The protein contains FAD as the sole protein-bound redox-cofactor. Benzoquinones, not replaceable by molecular oxygen, serve as a final electron acceptor defining PDS as a 15-cis-phytoene (donor):plastoquinone oxidoreductase. The herbicidal PDS-inhibitor norflurazon is capable of arresting the reaction by stabilizing the intermediary FADred, while an excess of the quinone acceptor relieves this blockage, indicating competition. The enzyme requires its homo-oligomeric association for activity. The sum of data collected through gel permeation chromatography, non-denaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis, chemical cross-linking, mass spectrometry and electron microscopy techniques indicate that the high-order oligomers formed in solution are the basis for an active preparation. Of these, a tetramer consisting of dimers represents the active unit. This is corroborated by our preliminary X-ray structural analysis that also revealed similarities of the protein fold with the sequence-inhomologous bacterial phytoene desaturase CRTI and other oxidoreductases of the GR2-family of flavoproteins. This points to an evolutionary relatedness of CRTI and PDS yielding different carotene desaturation sequences based on homologous protein folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemmecker
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anton Brausemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Faculty of Biology, Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Sandro Ghisla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Faculty of Biology, Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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LI ZHAODI, WU GUANGXIA, JI JING, WANG GANG, TIAN XIAOWEI, GAO HAILING. Cloning and expression of a ζ-carotene desaturase gene from Lycium chinense. J Genet 2015; 94:287-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Gandhi SG, Mahajan V, Bedi YS. Changing trends in biotechnology of secondary metabolism in medicinal and aromatic plants. PLANTA 2015; 241:303-17. [PMID: 25549846 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants are known to produce secondary metabolites that find uses as flavoring agents, fragrances, insecticides, dyes and drugs. Biotechnology offers several choices through which secondary metabolism in medicinal plants can be altered in innovative ways, to overproduce phytochemicals of interest, to reduce the content of toxic compounds or even to produce novel chemicals. Detailed investigation of chromatin organization and microRNAs affecting biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as well as exploring cryptic biosynthetic clusters and synthetic biology options, may provide additional ways to harness this resource. Plant secondary metabolites are a fascinating class of phytochemicals exhibiting immense chemical diversity. Considerable enigma regarding their natural biological functions and the vast array of pharmacological activities, amongst other uses, make secondary metabolites interesting and important candidates for research. Here, we present an update on changing trends in the biotechnological approaches that are used to understand and exploit the secondary metabolism in medicinal and aromatic plants. Bioprocessing in the form of suspension culture, organ culture or transformed hairy roots has been successful in scaling up secondary metabolite production in many cases. Pathway elucidation and metabolic engineering have been useful to get enhanced yield of the metabolite of interest; or, for producing novel metabolites. Heterologous expression of putative plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes in a microbe is useful to validate their functions, and in some cases, also, to produce plant metabolites in microbes. Endophytes, the microbes that normally colonize plant tissues, may also produce the phytochemicals produced by the host plant. The review also provides perspectives on future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit G Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India,
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Lao YM, Xiao L, Luo LX, Jiang JG. Hypoosmotic expression of Dunaliella bardawil ζ-carotene desaturase is attributed to a hypoosmolarity-responsive element different from other key carotenogenic genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:359-72. [PMID: 24632600 PMCID: PMC4012594 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.235390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Some key carotenogenic genes (crts) in Dunaliella bardawil are regulated in response to salt stress partly due to salt-inducible cis-acting elements in their promoters. Thus, we isolated and compared the ζ-carotene desaturase (Dbzds) promoter with other crts promoters including phytoene synthase (Dbpsy), phytoene desaturase (Dbpds), and lycopene β-cyclase1 (DblycB1) to identify salt-inducible element(s) in the Dbzds promoter. In silico analysis of the Dbzds promoter found several potential cis-acting elements, such as abscisic acid response element-like sequence, myelocytomatosis oncogene1 recognition motif, AGC box, anaerobic motif2, and activation sequence factor1 binding site. Remarkably, instead of salt-inducible elements, we found a unique regulatory sequence architecture in the Dbzds promoter: a hypoosmolarity-responsive element (HRE) candidate followed by a potential hypoosmolarity-inducible factor GBF5 binding site. Deletion experiments demonstrated that only HRE, but not the GBF5 binding site, is responsible for hypoosmotic expression of the fusion of Zeocin resistance gene (ble) to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) chimeric gene under salt stress. Dbzds transcripts were in accordance with those of ble-egfp driven by the wild-type Dbzds promoter. Consequently, Dbzds is hypoosmotically regulated by its promoter, and HRE is responsible for this hypoosmotic response. Finally, the hypoosmolarity mechanism of Dbzds was studied by comparing transcript profiles and regulatory elements of Dbzds with those of Dbpsy, Dbpds, DblycB1, and DblycB2, revealing that different induction characteristics of crts may correlate with regulatory sequence architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Min Lao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Y.-M.L., J.-G.J.); and
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (Y.-M.L., L.X., L.-X.L.)
| | - Lan Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Y.-M.L., J.-G.J.); and
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (Y.-M.L., L.X., L.-X.L.)
| | - Li-Xin Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China (Y.-M.L., J.-G.J.); and
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China (Y.-M.L., L.X., L.-X.L.)
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29
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eleanore T. Wurtzel
- The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
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30
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Lee S, Lee SC, Byun DH, Lee DY, Park JY, Lee JH, Lee HO, Sung SH, Yang TJ. Association of molecular markers derived from the BrCRTISO1 gene with prolycopene-enriched orange-colored leaves in Brassica rapa [corrected]. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:179-191. [PMID: 24121567 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sequence polymorphism in BrCRTISO1, encoding carotenoid isomerase, is identified in orange-colored B. rapa , and three resulting gene-based markers will be useful for marker-assisted breeding of OC cultivars. Carotenoids are color pigments that are important for protection against excess light in plants and essential sources of retinols and vitamin A for animals. We identified a single recessive gene that might cause orange-colored (OC) inner leaves in Brassica rapa. The inner leaves of the OC cultivar were enriched in lycopene-like compounds, specifically prolycopene and its isomers, which can be a useful functional trait for Kimchi cabbage. We used a candidate gene approach based on the 21 genes in the carotenoid pathway to identify a candidate gene responsible for the orange color. Among them, we focused on two carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) genes, BrCRTISO1 and BrCRTISO2. The expression of BrCRTISO1 was higher than that of BrCRTISO2 in a normal yellow-colored (YE) cultivar, but full-length BrCRTISO1 transcripts were not detected in the OC cultivar. Genomic sequence analysis revealed that BrCRTISO1 of the OC cultivar had many sequence variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (InDels), compared to that of the YE cultivar. We developed molecular makers for the identification of OC phenotype based on the polymorphic regions within BrCRTISO1 in B. rapa breeding. The BrCRTISO1 gene and its markers identified in this study are novel genetic resources and will be useful for studying the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway as well as developing new cultivars with unique carotenoid contents in Brassica species.
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31
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Kachanovsky DE, Filler S, Isaacson T, Hirschberg J. Epistasis in tomato color mutations involves regulation of phytoene synthase 1 expression by cis-carotenoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19021-6. [PMID: 23112190 PMCID: PMC3503155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214808109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit accumulate the red carotenoid pigment lycopene. The recessive mutation yellow-flesh (locus r) in tomato eliminates fruit carotenoids by disrupting the activity of the fruit-specific phytoene synthase (PSY1), the first committed step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Fruits of the recessive mutation tangerine (t) appear orange due to accumulation of 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene (prolycopene) as a result of a mutation in the carotenoid cis-trans isomerase. It was established 60 y ago that tangerine is epistatic to yellow-flesh. This uncharacteristic epistasis interaction defies a paradigm in biochemical genetics arguing that mutations that disrupt enzymes acting early in a biosynthetic pathway are epistatic to other mutations that block downstream steps in the same pathway. To explain this conundrum, we have investigated the interaction between tangerine and yellow-flesh at the molecular level. Results presented here indicate that allele r(2997) of yellow-flesh eliminates transcription of PSY1 in fruits. In a genetic background of tangerine, transcription of PSY1 is partially restored to a level sufficient for producing phytoene and downstream carotenoids. Our results revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the epistasis of t over r and suggest the involvement of cis-carotenoid metabolites in a feedback regulation of PSY1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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32
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Schaub P, Yu Q, Gemmecker S, Poussin-Courmontagne P, Mailliot J, McEwen AG, Ghisla S, Al-Babili S, Cavarelli J, Beyer P. On the structure and function of the phytoene desaturase CRTI from Pantoea ananatis, a membrane-peripheral and FAD-dependent oxidase/isomerase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39550. [PMID: 22745782 PMCID: PMC3382138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRTI-type phytoene desaturases prevailing in bacteria and fungi can form lycopene directly from phytoene while plants employ two distinct desaturases and two cis-tans isomerases for the same purpose. This property renders CRTI a valuable gene to engineer provitamin A-formation to help combat vitamin A malnutrition, such as with Golden Rice. To understand the biochemical processes involved, recombinant CRTI was produced and obtained in homogeneous form that shows high enzymatic activity with the lipophilic substrate phytoene contained in phosphatidyl-choline (PC) liposome membranes. The first crystal structure of apo-CRTI reveals that CRTI belongs to the flavoprotein superfamily comprising protoporphyrinogen IX oxidoreductase and monoamine oxidase. CRTI is a membrane-peripheral oxidoreductase which utilizes FAD as the sole redox-active cofactor. Oxygen, replaceable by quinones in its absence, is needed as the terminal electron acceptor. FAD, besides its catalytic role also displays a structural function by enabling the formation of enzymatically active CRTI membrane associates. Under anaerobic conditions the enzyme can act as a carotene cis-trans isomerase. In silico-docking experiments yielded information on substrate binding sites, potential catalytic residues and is in favor of single half-site recognition of the symmetrical C(40) hydrocarbon substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schaub
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qiuju Yu
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gemmecker
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Poussin-Courmontagne
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UDS, CNRS, INSERM, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Mailliot
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UDS, CNRS, INSERM, Illkirch, France
| | - Alastair G. McEwen
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UDS, CNRS, INSERM, Illkirch, France
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean Cavarelli
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UDS, CNRS, INSERM, Illkirch, France
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Hao H, Ma L, Cong H, Li Q, Yu X. Isolation and characterization of a muskmelon cDNA encoding Lycopene Beta-cyclase. Gene 2012; 503:147-51. [PMID: 22575730 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene Beta-cyclase (LCY-B) is thought to play a critical role in Beta-carotene synthesis in fruit. A full-length cDNA clone encoding Lycopene Beta-cyclase was isolated from muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) by RT-PCR and RACE. The clone, designated CmLcyb1, contains 1871 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 1512 nucleotides. The deduced 504-amino-acid sequence showed high identities with other plant Lycopene Beta-cyclases. Real time quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that CmLcyb1 was expressed in all tissues and organs of muskmelon inbred M01-3 with white mesocarp and, 'Homoka', an orange mesocarp cultivar. The expression levels of CmLcyb1 in roots, stems, leaves and flowers in the two genotypes differed little. The expression level was highest in mature fruit of 'Homoka' and was much higher than that in mature fruit of M01-3. Moreover, the mRNA level of CmLcyb1 was very low in fruits before fruit-size fixation and increased dramatically in the size-fixed fruits of these two genotypes. The mRNA levels of CmLcyb1 during fruit development of 'Homoka' were all higher than those of M01-3. Interestingly, Beta-carotene content showed almost the same change trend as mRNA levels during fruit development in these two genotypes, suggesting that Beta-carotene accumulation may be linked to the CmLcyb1 transcript level in muskmelon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Alder A, Jamil M, Marzorati M, Bruno M, Vermathen M, Bigler P, Ghisla S, Bouwmeester H, Beyer P, Al-Babili S. The path from β-carotene to carlactone, a strigolactone-like plant hormone. Science 2012; 335:1348-51. [PMID: 22422982 DOI: 10.1126/science.1218094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones, phytohormones with diverse signaling activities, have a common structure consisting of two lactones connected by an enol-ether bridge. Strigolactones derive from carotenoids via a pathway involving the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 7 and 8 (CCD7 and CCD8) and the iron-binding protein D27. We show that D27 is a β-carotene isomerase that converts all-trans-β-carotene into 9-cis-β-carotene, which is cleaved by CCD7 into a 9-cis-configured aldehyde. CCD8 incorporates three oxygens into 9-cis-β-apo-10'-carotenal and performs molecular rearrangement, linking carotenoids with strigolactones and producing carlactone, a compound with strigolactone-like biological activities. Knowledge of the structure of carlactone will be crucial for understanding the biology of strigolactones and may have applications in combating parasitic weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Alder
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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35
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Ruiz-Sola MÁ, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0158. [PMID: 22582030 PMCID: PMC3350171 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are a family of pigments that participate in light harvesting and are essential for photoprotection against excess light. Furthermore, they act as precursors for the production of apocarotenoid hormones such as abscisic acid and strigolactones. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the genes and enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway (which is now almost completely elucidated) and on the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We also discuss the relevance of Arabidopsis as a model system for the study of carotenogenesis and how metabolic engineering approaches in this plant have taught important lessons for carotenoid biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Águila Ruiz-Sola
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Kishimoto S, Ohmiya A. Carotenoid isomerase is key determinant of petal color of Calendula officinalis. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:276-285. [PMID: 22069331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Orange petals of calendula (Calendula officinalis) accumulate red carotenoids with the cis-configuration at the C-5 or C-5' position (5-cis-carotenoids). We speculated that the orange-flowered calendula is a carotenoid isomerase (crtiso) loss-of-function mutant that impairs the cis-to-trans conversion of 5-cis-carotenoids. We compared the sequences and enzyme activities of CRTISO from orange- and yellow-flowered calendulas. Four types of CRTISO were expressed in calendula petals. The deduced amino acid sequence of one of these genes (CoCRTISO1) was different between orange- and yellow-flowered calendulas, whereas the sequences of the other three CRTISOs were identical between these plants. Analysis of the enzymatic activities of the CoCRTISO homologs showed that CoCRTISO1-Y, which was expressed in yellow petals, converted carotenoids from the cis-to-trans-configuration, whereas both CoCRTISO1-ORa and 1-ORb, which were expressed in orange petals, showed no activity with any of the cis-carotenoids we tested. Moreover, the CoCRTISO1 genotypes of the F2 progeny obtained by crossing orange and yellow lines linked closely to petal color. These data indicate that CoCRTISO1 is a key regulator of the accumulation of 5-cis-carotenoids in calendula petals. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the deletion of Cys-His-His at positions 462-464 in CoCRTISO1-ORa and a Gly-to-Glu amino acid substitution at position 450 in CoCRTISO1-ORb abolished enzyme activity completely, indicating that these amino acid residues are important for the enzymatic activity of CRTISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kishimoto
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan.
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37
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Cazzonelli CI. Carotenoids in nature: insights from plants and beyond. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:833-847. [PMID: 32480941 DOI: 10.1071/fp11192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural isoprenoid pigments that provide leaves, fruits, vegetables and flowers with distinctive yellow, orange and some reddish colours as well as several aromas in plants. Their bright colours serve as attractants for pollination and seed dispersal. Carotenoids comprise a large family of C40 polyenes and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms, aphids, some bacteria and fungi alike. In animals carotenoid derivatives promote health, improve sexual behaviour and are essential for reproduction. As such, carotenoids are commercially important in agriculture, food, health and the cosmetic industries. In plants, carotenoids are essential components required for photosynthesis, photoprotection and the production of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, including ABA and strigolactone. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied in a range of organisms providing an almost complete pathway for carotenogenesis. A new wave in carotenoid biology has revealed implications for epigenetic and metabolic feedback control of carotenogenesis. Developmental and environmental signals can regulate carotenoid gene expression thereby affecting carotenoid accumulation. This review highlights mechanisms controlling (1) the first committed step in phytoene biosynthesis, (2) flux through the branch to synthesis of α- and β-carotenes and (3) metabolic feedback signalling within and between the carotenoid, MEP and ABA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Email
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38
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Chen Y, Pang Q, Dai S, Wang Y, Chen S, Yan X. Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in Arabidopsis in response to methyl jasmonate. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:995-1008. [PMID: 21377756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are the well characterized fatty acid-derived cyclopentanone signals involved in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. JAs have been shown to regulate many aspects of plant metabolism, including glucosinolate biosynthesis. Glucosinolates are natural plant products that function in defense against herbivores and pathogens. In this study, we applied a proteomic approach to gain insight into the physiological processes, including glucosinolate metabolism, in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). We identified 194 differentially expressed protein spots that contained proteins that participated in a wide range of physiological processes. Functional classification analysis showed that photosynthesis and carbohydrate anabolism were repressed after MeJA treatment, while carbohydrate catabolism was up-regulated. Additionally, proteins related to the JA biosynthesis pathway, stress and defense, and secondary metabolism were up-regulated. Among the differentially expressed proteins, many were involved in oxidative tolerance. The results indicate that MeJA elicited a defense response at the proteome level through a mechanism of redirecting growth-related metabolism to defense-related metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Chen
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
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39
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Yu Q, Ghisla S, Hirschberg J, Mann V, Beyer P. Plant carotene cis-trans isomerase CRTISO: a new member of the FAD(RED)-dependent flavoproteins catalyzing non-redox reactions. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8666-8676. [PMID: 21209101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotene cis-trans isomerase CRTISO is a constituent of the carotene desaturation pathway as evolved in cyanobacteria and prevailing in plants, in which a tetra-cis-lycopene species, termed prolycopene, is formed. CRTISO, an evolutionary descendant of the bacterial carotene desaturase CRTI, catalyzes the cis-to-trans isomerization reactions leading to all-trans-lycopene, the substrate for the subsequent lycopene cyclization to form all-trans-α/β-carotene. CRTISO and CRTI share a dinucleotide binding motif at the N terminus. Here we report that this site is occupied by FAD in CRTISO. The reduced form of this cofactor catalyzes a reaction not involving net redox changes. Results obtained with C(1)- and C(5)-deaza-FAD suggest mechanistic similarities with type II isopentenyl diphosphate: dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI-2). CRTISO, together with lycopene cyclase CRTY and IDI-2, thus represents the third enzyme in isoprenoid metabolism belonging to the class of non-redox enzymes depending on reduced flavin for activity. The regional specificity and the kinetics of the isomerization reaction were investigated in vitro using purified enzyme and biphasic liposome-based systems carrying specific cis-configured lycopene species as substrates. The reaction proceeded from cis to trans, recognizing half-sides of the symmetrical prolycopene and was accompanied by one trans-to-cis isomerization step specific for the C(5)-C(6) double bond. Rice lycopene β-cyclase (OsLCY-b), when additionally introduced into the biphasic in vitro system used, was found to be stereospecific for all-trans-lycopene and allowed the CRTISO reaction to proceed toward completion by modifying the thermodynamics of the overall reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yu
- From the Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (Bioss), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- the Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany and
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- the Department of Genetics, the Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Varda Mann
- the Department of Genetics, the Alexander Silberman Life Science Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter Beyer
- From the Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (Bioss), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany,.
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40
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Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most widespread groups of pigments in nature and more than 600 of these have been identified. Beside provitamin A activity, carotenoids are important as antioxidants and protective agents against various diseases. They are isoprenoids with a long polyene chain containing 3 to 15 conjugated double bonds, which determines their absorption spectrum. Cyclization at one or both ends occurs in hydrocarbon carotene, while xanthophylls are formed by the introduction of oxygen. In addition, modifications involving chain elongation, isomerization, or degradation are also found. The composition of carotenoids in food may vary depending upon production practices, post-harvest handling, processing, and storage. In higher plants they are synthesized in the plastid. Both mevalonate dependent and independent pathway for the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate are known. Isopentenyl diphosphate undergoes a series of addition and condensation reactions to form phytoene, which gets converted to lycopene. Cyclization of lycopene either leads to the formation of β-carotene and its derivative xanthophylls, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin or α-carotene and lutein. Even though most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes have been cloned and identified, some aspects of carotenoid formation and manipulation in higher plants especially remain poorly understood. In order to enhance the carotenoid content of crop plants to a level that will be required for the prevention of diseases, there is a need for research in both the basic and the applied aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Namitha
- Human Resource Development, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR), Mysore, India
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41
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Ye ZW, Jiang JG. Analysis of an essential carotenogenic enzyme: ζ-carotene desaturase from unicellular Alga Dunaliella salina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11477-11482. [PMID: 20942462 DOI: 10.1021/jf102885n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Dunaliella has become a valuable model organism for understanding the interesting mechanism of massive carotenoid accumulation. Previously, DNA sequences of several carotenogenic enzymes were obtained from Dunaliella. In this study, the cDNA of zds was isolated from Dunaliella salina using a polymerase chain reaction approach. The full-length cDNA sequence was 2178 base pairs (bp) containing a 1731 bp putative open reading frame which coded a 576 amino acid deduced polypeptide whose molecular weight was 63.9 kDa computationally. A complete homologous search displayed that the nucleotide and putative protein sequence have sequence identities of 69% and 66% with those of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, respectively. It was predicted that this ζ-carotene desaturase (Zds) may be located in the chloroplast of D. salina. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the D. salina Zds had a closer relationship with the Zds of algae and higher plants than with those of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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42
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Arango J, Wüst F, Beyer P, Welsch R. Characterization of phytoene synthases from cassava and their involvement in abiotic stress-mediated responses. PLANTA 2010; 232:1251-62. [PMID: 20737168 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress stimuli induce the increased synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), which is generated through the cleavage of xanthophyll precursors. To cope with the increased xanthophyll demand, maize and rice contain a third stress-induced gene copy, coding for phytoene synthase (PSY), which catalyzes the first carotenoid-specific reaction in the pathway. To investigate whether this specific response extends beyond the Poaceae, cassava was analyzed, an important tropical crop known for its drought tolerance. We also found three PSY genes in cassava, one of which (MePSY3) forms a separate branch with the stress-specific Poaceae homologs. However, MePSY3 transcripts were virtually absent in all tissues investigated and did not change upon abiotic stress treatment. In contrast, the two remaining PSY genes contributed differentially to carotenoid biosynthesis in leaves, roots, and flower organs and responded towards drought and salt-stress conditions. Detailed analyses of PSY and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (MeNCED) expression and resulting ABA levels revealed MePSY1 as the main stress-responsive paralog. In the presence of high carotenoid levels in leaves, MePSY1 appeared to support, but not to be rate-limiting for ABA formation; MeNCED represented the main driver. The inverse situation was found in roots where carotenoid levels are low. Moreover, ABA formation and the relative induction kinetics showed discrimination between drought and salt stress. Compared to rice as a drought-intolerant species, the drought response in cassava followed a different kinetic regime. The difference is thought to represent a component contributing to the large differences in the adaptation towards water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Arango
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr., Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Diretto G, Al-Babili S, Tavazza R, Scossa F, Papacchioli V, Migliore M, Beyer P, Giuliano G. Transcriptional-metabolic networks in beta-carotene-enriched potato tubers: the long and winding road to the Golden phenotype. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:899-912. [PMID: 20671108 PMCID: PMC2949014 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.159368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in a large number of countries. Biofortification of major staple crops (wheat [Triticum aestivum], rice [Oryza sativa], maize [Zea mays], and potato [Solanum tuberosum]) with β-carotene has the potential to alleviate this nutritional problem. Previously, we engineered transgenic "Golden" potato tubers overexpressing three bacterial genes for β-carotene synthesis (CrtB, CrtI, and CrtY, encoding phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase, respectively) and accumulating the highest amount of β-carotene in the four aforementioned crops. Here, we report the systematic quantitation of carotenoid metabolites and transcripts in 24 lines carrying six different transgene combinations under the control of the 35S and Patatin (Pat) promoters. Low levels of B-I expression are sufficient for interfering with leaf carotenogenesis, but not for β-carotene accumulation in tubers and calli, which requires high expression levels of all three genes under the control of the Pat promoter. Tubers expressing the B-I transgenes show large perturbations in the transcription of endogenous carotenoid genes, with only minor changes in carotenoid content, while the opposite phenotype (low levels of transcriptional perturbation and high carotenoid levels) is observed in Golden (Y-B-I) tubers. We used hierarchical clustering and pairwise correlation analysis, together with a new method for network correlation analysis, developed for this purpose, to assess the perturbations in transcript and metabolite levels in transgenic leaves and tubers. Through a "guilt-by-profiling" approach, we identified several endogenous genes for carotenoid biosynthesis likely to play a key regulatory role in Golden tubers, which are candidates for manipulations aimed at the further optimization of tuber carotenoid content.
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44
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Chen Y, Li F, Wurtzel ET. Isolation and characterization of the Z-ISO gene encoding a missing component of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:66-79. [PMID: 20335404 PMCID: PMC2862425 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.153916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of plant carotenoids in food crops has been a recent focus for improving human health. Pathway manipulation is predicated on comprehensive knowledge of this biosynthetic pathway, which has been extensively studied. However, there existed the possibility of an additional biosynthetic step thought to be dispensable because it could be compensated for by light. This step, mediated by a putative Z-ISO, was predicted to occur in the sequence of redox reactions that are coupled to an electron transport chain and convert the colorless 15-cis-phytoene to the red-colored all-trans-lycopene. The enigma of carotenogenesis in the absence of light (e.g. in endosperm, a target for improving nutritional content) argued for Z-ISO as a pathway requirement. Therefore, understanding of plant carotenoid biosynthesis was obviously incomplete. To prove the existence of Z-ISO, maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants were isolated and the gene identified. Functional testing of the gene product in Escherichia coli showed isomerization of the 15-cis double bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene, proving that Z-ISO encoded the missing step. Z-ISO was found to be important for both light-exposed and "dark" tissues. Comparative genomics illuminated the origin of Z-ISO found throughout higher and lower plants, algae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. Z-ISO evolved from an ancestor related to the NnrU (for nitrite and nitric oxide reductase U) gene required for bacterial denitrification, a pathway that produces nitrogen oxides as alternate electron acceptors for anaerobic growth. Therefore, plant carotenogenesis evolved by recruitment of genes from noncarotenogenic bacteria.
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45
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Yu Q, Schaub P, Ghisla S, Al-Babili S, Krieger-Liszkay A, Beyer P. The lycopene cyclase CrtY from Pantoea ananatis (formerly Erwinia uredovora) catalyzes an FADred-dependent non-redox reaction. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12109-20. [PMID: 20178989 PMCID: PMC2852950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclization of lycopene generates provitamin A carotenoids such as beta-carotene and paves the way toward the formation of cyclic xanthophylls playing distinct roles in photosynthesis and as precursors for regulatory molecules in plants and animals. The biochemistry of lycopene cyclization has been enigmatic, as the previously proposed acid-base catalysis conflicted with the possibility of redox catalysis as predicted by the presence of a dinucleotide binding site. We show that reduced FAD is the essential lycopene cyclase (CrtY) cofactor. Using flavin analogs, mass spectrometry, and mutagenesis, evidence was obtained based on which a catalytic mechanism relying on cryptic (net) electron transfer can be refuted. The role of reduced FAD is proposed to reside in the stabilization of a transition state carrying a (partial) positive charge or of a positively charged intermediate via a charge transfer interaction, acid-base catalysis serving as the underlying catalytic principle. Lycopene cyclase, thus, ranks among the novel class of non-redox flavoproteins, such as isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase type 2 (IDI-2) that requires the reduced form of the cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yu
- From the Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- From the Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- the Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany, and
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- From the Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- the Commissariat á l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, CNRS Unité de Recherche Associée 2096, Service de Bioénergétique Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Peter Beyer
- From the Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Cazzonelli CI, Roberts AC, Carmody ME, Pogson BJ. Transcriptional control of SET DOMAIN GROUP 8 and CAROTENOID ISOMERASE during Arabidopsis development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:174-91. [PMID: 19952001 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are pigments required for photosynthesis, photoprotection and the production of carotenoid-derived hormones such as ABA and strigolactones. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway bifurcates after lycopene to produce epsilon- and beta-carotenoids and this branch is critical for determining carotenoid composition. Here, we show how the branch point can be regulated by the chromatin-modifying histone methyltransferase, Set Domain Group 8 (SDG8) targeting the carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO). SDG8 is required to maintain permissive expression of CRTISO during seedling development, in leaves, shoot apex, and some floral organs. The CRTISO and SDG8 promoters show overlapping tissue-specific patterns of reporter gene activity. Interestingly, CRTISO showed atypical reporter gene expression in terms of greater variability between different lines compared to the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (CaMV35s) and epsilonLCY promoters, potentially due to chromosomal position effects. Regulation of the CRTISO promoter was dependent in part upon the presence or absence of SDG8. Knockouts of SDG8 (carotenoid and chloroplast regulation (ccr1)) and CRTISO (ccr2) result in altered carotenoid composition and this could be restored in ccr2 using the CaMV35s or CRTISO promoters. In contrast, varying degrees of GUS expression and carotenoid complementation by CRTISO overexpression using CaMV35S or CRTISO promoters in the ccr1 background demonstrated that both the CRTISO promoter and open reading frame are necessary for SDG8-mediated expression of CRTISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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47
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Cong L, Wang C, Li Z, Chen L, Yang G, Wang Y, He G. cDNA cloning and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phytoene and ζ-carotene desaturase genes. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:3351-61. [PMID: 20013057 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carotene desaturation, an essential step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, is catalyzed by two carotene desaturases, phytoene desaturase (PDS) and ζ-carotene desaturase (ζ-carotene desaturase, ZDS). Full-length cDNAs designated TaPDS and TaZDS were cloned from wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring) respectively, using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach. The cDNA of TaPDS sequence was 2076 bp long, containing a 1731 bp open reading frame (ORF) which deduced protein having 576 amino acid residues with predicted molecular mass of 64.3 kDa and having a putative transit sequence for plastid targeting in the N-terminal region. While the cDNA sequence of TaZDS was 2150 bp long, contained an ORF sequence of 1707 bp, and encoded a putative protein of 568 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular mass of 62.5 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that TaPDS and TaZDS showed high homology with other PDSs and ZDSs in higher plant species, respectively. Moreover, sequences analysis also showed a high degree of conservation among plant PDSs and ZDSs. The deduced TaPDS and TaZDS protein both have the dinucleotide binding domain and conserved regions characteristic of other carotene desaturases. Analysis of the expression pattern of wheat TaPDS and TaZDS in different tissues revealed that the transcripts levels were higher in leaves and flowers petals, followed by in inflorescences, and were nearly absent in the roots and seeds. Southern analysis of genomic DNA indicated that the wheat TaPDS and TaZDS probably belong to a low-copy-number gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cong
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, China
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48
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Cazzonelli CI, Cuttriss AJ, Cossetto SB, Pye W, Crisp P, Whelan J, Finnegan EJ, Turnbull C, Pogson BJ. Regulation of carotenoid composition and shoot branching in Arabidopsis by a chromatin modifying histone methyltransferase, SDG8. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:39-53. [PMID: 19174535 PMCID: PMC2648095 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments are critical for plant survival, and carotenoid composition is tuned to the developmental stage, tissue, and to environmental stimuli. We report the cloning of the CAROTENOID CHLOROPLAST REGULATORY1 (CCR1) gene. The ccr1 mutant has increased shoot branching and altered carotenoid composition, namely, reduced lutein in leaves and accumulation of cis-carotenes in dark-grown seedlings. The CCR1 gene was previously isolated as EARLY FLOWERING IN SHORT DAYS and encodes a histone methyltransferase (SET DOMAIN GROUP 8) that methylates histone H3 on Lys 4 and/or 36 (H3K4 and H3K36). ccr1 plants show reduced trimethyl-H3K4 and increased dimethyl-H3K4 surrounding the CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO) translation start site, which correlates with low levels of CRTISO mRNA. Microarrays of ccr1 revealed the downregulation of 85 genes, including CRTISO and genes associated with signaling and development, and upregulation of just 28 genes. The reduction in CRTISO transcript abundance explains the altered carotenoid profile. The changes in shoot branching are additive with more axillary branching mutants, but the altered carotenoid profile may partially affect shoot branching, potentially by perturbed biosynthesis of the carotenoid substrates of strigolactones. These results are consistent with SDG8 regulating shoot meristem activity and carotenoid biosynthesis by modifying the chromatin surrounding key genes, including CRTISO. Thus, the level of lutein, the most abundant carotenoid in higher plants that is critical for photosynthesis and photoprotection, appears to be regulated by a chromatin modifying enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, McGhie T, Wibisono R, Montefiori M, Hellens RP, Allan AC. The kiwifruit lycopene beta-cyclase plays a significant role in carotenoid accumulation in fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3765-79. [PMID: 19574250 PMCID: PMC2736891 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The composition of carotenoids, along with anthocyanins and chlorophyll, accounts for the distinctive range of colour found in the Actinidia (kiwifruit) species. Lutein and beta-carotene are the most abundant carotenoids found during fruit development, with beta-carotene concentration increasing rapidly during fruit maturation and ripening. In addition, the accumulation of beta-carotene and lutein is influenced by the temperature at which harvested fruit are stored. Expression analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic genes among different genotypes and fruit developmental stages identified Actinidia lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-beta) as the gene whose expression pattern appeared to be associated with both total carotenoid and beta-carotene accumulation. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) expression was the least variable among the different genotypes, while zeta carotene desaturase (ZDS), beta-carotene hydroxylase (CRH-beta), and epsilon carotene hydroxylase (CRH-epsilon) showed some variation in gene expression. The LCY-beta gene was functionally tested in bacteria and shown to convert lycopene and delta-carotene to beta-carotene and alpha-carotene respectively. This indicates that the accumulation of beta-carotene, the major carotenoid in these kiwifruit species, appears to be controlled by the level of expression of LCY-beta gene.
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50
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Félix L, Rosselló F, Valiente G. Efficient reconstruction of metabolic pathways by bidirectional chemical search. Bull Math Biol 2008; 71:750-69. [PMID: 19101770 PMCID: PMC2784519 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-008-9380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in systems biology is the establishment of the metabolome: a catalogue of the metabolites and biochemical reactions present in a specific organism. Current knowledge of biochemical pathways as stored in public databases such as KEGG, is based on carefully curated genomic evidence for the presence of specific metabolites and enzymes that activate particular biochemical reactions. In this paper, we present an efficient method to build a substantial portion of the artificial chemistry defined by the metabolites and biochemical reactions in a given metabolic pathway, which is based on bidirectional chemical search. Computational results on the pathways stored in KEGG reveal novel biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Félix
- Algorithms, Bioinformatics, Complexity and Formal Methods Research Group, Technical University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Rosselló
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Research Institute of Health Science (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gabriel Valiente
- Algorithms, Bioinformatics, Complexity and Formal Methods Research Group, Technical University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute of Health Science (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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