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Lin M, Wu S, Deng X, Chen Y, Tan X. Visceral fat and its dynamic change are associated with renal damage: Evidence from two cohorts. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45:2271187. [PMID: 37871163 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2271187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To evaluate the association of Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and its dynamic trends with risk of renal damage, and to compare its prediction performance with that of other obesity indices. METHODS AND RESULTS A community-based population with 23 905 participants from Shantou city was included in the cross-sectional analysis. A total of 9,778 individuals from two separated cohort were included in the longitudinal portion. Five patterns of CVAI change were predefined (low-stable, decreasing, moderate, increasing, and persistent-high). Logistic and Cox regressions were used to evaluate the association between CVAI and renal damage. We explored potential mechanisms using the mediating effect method, and the prediction performance was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results from both cross-sectional and longitudinal data revealed a positive and linear association between CVAI and risk of renal damage. Pooled analysis of the two cohorts showed that per unit increase in Z score of CVAI induced 18% increased risk of renal damage (P = .008). Longitudinal trends of CVAI were also associated with renal damage, and the moderate, increasing, and persistent-high patterns showing a higher risk. Blood pressure and glucose had a mediating effect on renal damage induced by CVAI. Among several obesity indices, CVAI was the optimal for predicting renal damage. CONCLUSION A higher level of immediate CVAI and longitudinal increasing and persistent-high patterns of CVAI were independently associated with increased risk of renal damage. Monitoring immediate level and long-term trend of CVAI may contribute to the prevention of renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Lin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shiwan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiulian Deng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yequn Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Pan S, Worker CJ, Feng Earley Y. The hypothalamus as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis: emerging roles of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C141-C154. [PMID: 37273237 PMCID: PMC10312332 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00533.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Understanding the precise mechanisms and circuits employed by the central nervous system to control glucose is critical to resolving the diabetes epidemic. The hypothalamus, a key integrative center within the central nervous system, has recently emerged as a critical site in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in regulating glucose homeostasis, with an emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamus in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic rate, as well as its potential importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Caleb J Worker
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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3
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The Molecular Mechanisms of Panax ginseng in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Docking Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3082109. [PMID: 36159557 PMCID: PMC9507733 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3082109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high global incidence. Panax ginseng has been used to treat T2DM in traditional medicine, with previous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial studies demonstrating its efficacy. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of P. ginseng in treating T2DM by network pharmacology. Methods The bioactive compounds of P. ginseng and corresponding targets of P. ginseng-T2DM were retrieved across multiple databases. The protein-protein interaction network was established using the STRING database and topological analysis helped identify the core target. Using the DAVID tool, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Finally, we checked the binding of core targets and bioactive compounds using molecular docking. Results The P. ginseng-T2DM networks mainly contained 22 bioactive compounds and 314 overlapping targets. The five most significant core targets were SRC, STAT3, MAPK1, AKT1, and PIK3R1. There were 244 GO terms and 95 KEGG pathways (adjusted p < 0.01) that were strongly correlated with diabetes-related signaling pathways, such as insulin resistance, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the prolactin signaling pathway, the Rap1 signaling pathway, the Ras signaling pathway, the calcium signaling pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway. Molecular docking results revealed that the top five core targets had a high binding affinity with the bioactive compounds of P. ginseng. Conclusion The bioactive compounds and targets in P. ginseng ameliorate T2DM by regulating insulin resistance and multiple signaling pathways.
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de Ligt M, Hesselink MKC, Jorgensen J, Hoebers N, Blaak EE, Goossens GH. Resveratrol supplementation reduces ACE2 expression in human adipose tissue. Adipocyte 2021; 10:408-411. [PMID: 34402717 PMCID: PMC8381800 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1965315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is the cell-surface receptor enabling cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is highly expressed in adipose tissue (AT), rendering AT a potential SARS-CoV-2 reservoir contributing to massive viral spread in COVID-19 patients with obesity. Although rodent and cell studies suggest that the polyphenol resveratrol alters ACE2, human studies are lacking. Here, we investigated the effects of 30-days resveratrol supplementation on RAS components in AT and skeletal muscle in men with obesity in a placebo-controlled cross-over study. Resveratrol markedly decreased ACE2 (~40%) and leptin (~30%), but did neither alter angiotensinogen, ACE and AT1R expression in AT nor skeletal muscle RAS components. These findings demonstrate that resveratrol supplementation reduces ACE2 in AT, which might dampen SARS-CoV-2 spread in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies de Ligt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Jorgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Hoebers
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Betzler BK, Sultana R, Banu R, Tham YC, Lim CC, Wang YX, Nangia V, Tai ES, Rim TH, Bikbov MM, Jonas JB, Cheng CY, Sabanayagam C. Association between Body Mass Index and Chronic Kidney Disease in Asian Populations: A Participant-level Meta-Analysis. Maturitas 2021; 154:46-54. [PMID: 34736579 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major public health problems worldwide. However, the association between body mass index (BMI) and CKD is inconclusive in Asians. In this meta-analysis, eight population-based studies, from China, India, Russia (Asian), Singapore and South Korea, provided individual-level data (n=50037). CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. BMI was analyzed both as a continuous variable and in three categories: <25kg/m2, normal; 25-29.9kg/m2, overweight; and ≥30kg/m2, obese. The association between BMI and CKD was evaluated in each study using multivariable logistic regression models and individual estimates were pooled using random-effect meta-analysis to obtain the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Associations were also evaluated in subgroups of age, gender, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension status. Of 50037 adults, 4258 (8.5%) had CKD. 13328 (26.6%) individuals were overweight while 4440 (8.9%) were obese. The prevalence of any CKD ranged from 3.5% to 29.1% across studies. In pooled analysis, both overweight and obesity were associated with increased odds of CKD, with pooled OR (95% CI) of 1.15 (1.03-1.29) and 1.23 (1.06-1.42), respectively. In subgroup analyses, significant associations between BMI and CKD were observed in adult males, non-smokers, and those with diabetes and arterial hypertension (all p<0.05). When evaluated as a continuous variable, BMI was not significantly associated with CKD. If confirmed in longitudinal studies, these results may have clinical implications in risk stratification and preventive measures, given that obesity and CKD are two major chronic diseases with substantial public health burden worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Kaijun Betzler
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Rehena Sultana
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Riswana Banu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tyler Hyungtaek Rim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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Butler AE, Moin ASM, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL. Vitamin D association with the renin angiotensin system in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105965. [PMID: 34619249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a negative endocrine renin-angiotensin system (RAS) modulator and PCOS women are often vitamin D deficient, leading to RAS overactivation in PCOS. A cross-sectional study was performed in 99 PCOS and 68 control women who presented sequentially. Circulating plasma levels of RAS proteins (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), renin and angiotensinogen) were measured by Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMA)-scan and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by tandem mass spectroscopy. The RAS system was found to be overactivated in the PCOS women compared to non-PCOS control women with increased renin and decreased angiotensinogen (p < 0.05); 25-hydroxyvitamin D was also significantly lower in the PCOS group (p < 0.0001). In PCOS women, plasma renin was increased in vitamin D deficient and insufficient groups compared with the vitamin D sufficient group (p < 0.005), but did not differ across non-PCOS control subgroups. In non-PCOS controls, plasma ACE2 decreased from vitamin D insufficiency to deficiency (p < 0.05). Angiotensinogen was not different across the vitamin D sufficiency, insufficiency and deficiency strata for either PCOS or non-PCOS controls. These data show that RAS activation through increased plasma renin levels was seen in vitamin D insufficient and deficient PCOS subjects compared to non-PCOS control women. In addition, decreased plasma ACE2 levels were seen in vitamin D deficiency in non-PCOS controls, which may predispose these vitamin D deficient subjects to increased cardiovascular risk and susceptibility to infectious agents such as COVID-19 where this is a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK.
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain.
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Mkhize BC, Mosili P, Ngubane PS, Sibiya NH, Khathi A. Diet-induced prediabetes: Effects on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in selected organs. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:768-780. [PMID: 34619025 PMCID: PMC9077724 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Derangements often observed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with disturbances in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity. A positive correlation between local RAAS activity and the complications observed in T2D has been noted. However, the detrimental ramifications due to moderate hyperglycemia noted in prediabetes and the affected organ system and mechanistic pathways are not elucidated. Hence, this study investigated the effects of diet-induced prediabetes on RAAS in various organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into two groups: non-pre-diabetic (NPD) through exposure to standard rat chow and diet-induced prediabetic (PD) group by exposure to a high-fat high carbohydrate diet for 32 weeks. RAAS activity in the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas and heart was determined through the analysis of RAAS components such as; renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) via PCR as well as the quantification of angiotensin II and aldosterone concentration. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase, SOD and GPx1 concentrations were determined in the skeletal muscle, pancreas and heart in addition to the hepatic triglycerides. RESULTS The RAAS components were elevated in the PD group when compared to the NPD. This was further accompanied by increased NADPH oxidase and reduced SOD and GPx1 concentrations in the selected organs, in addition to the elevated hepatic triglycerides concentration in the PD by comparison to NPD. CONCLUSION Due to these observed changes, we suggest that local RAAS activity in the prediabetic state in selected organs elicits the derangements noted in T2D.
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de Ligt M, Hesselink MKC, Jorgensen J, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE, Goossens GH. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan in the battle against COVID-19. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1423-1426. [PMID: 33955183 PMCID: PMC8242711 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses the host's angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular entry point. Therefore, modulating ACE2 might impact SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, shedding, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Here, it was investigated whether the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan alters the expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, including ACE2, in human adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed, in which 36 participants (BMI 31.0 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ) with impaired glucose metabolism received either valsartan or placebo for 26 weeks. Before and after 26 weeks' treatment, abdominal subcutaneous AT and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained, and gene expression of RAS components was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Valsartan treatment did not significantly impact the expression of RAS components, including ACE2, in AT and skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS Given the pivotal role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 spread and the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, the data suggest that the putative beneficial effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 may not be mediated through altered ACE2 expression in abdominal subcutaneous AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies de Ligt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Johanna Jorgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Johan W. E. Jocken
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human BiologyNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in MetabolismMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Rabizadeh S, Gholami B, Mahmoudzadeh Kani S, Rajab A, Farrokhpour H, Esteghamati A, Nakhjavani M. Uncontrolled hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes: What are the correlates? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:1776-1785. [PMID: 34418281 PMCID: PMC8678846 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control in patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with adverse micro‐ and macrovascular complications. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of uncontrolled hypertension in an Iranian population with type 2 diabetes. This is a cross‐sectional study of 2612 patients with type 2 diabetes, including 944 patients with hypertension. Controlled and uncontrolled hypertension were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to determined independent predictors of uncontrolled hypertension. Of 2612 patients with type 2 diabetes, 944 (36.1%) patients had hypertension. Of all patients with hypertension, 580 (61.4%) were still on monotherapy. Uncontrolled hypertension was detected in 536 participants (56.8%). Patients with uncontrolled hypertension had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (29.8±4.8 vs. 28.6±4.6), waist circumference (99.11±10.95 vs. 96.68±10.92), pulse pressure (67.3±17.3 vs. 48.4±10.7), total cholesterol (177.1±45.5 vs. 164.3±40.5), non‐HDL cholesterol (133.0±43.5 vs. 120.1±38.7), triglycerides (175.7±80.3 vs. 157.4±76.7), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) (0.57±0.23 vs. 0.52±0.24) (p < .05 for all of them) compared to patients with controlled hypertension. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that uncontrolled hypertension was significantly associated with BMI (p = .001), pulse pressure (p = .001), total cholesterol (p = .006), and non‐HDL cholesterol (p = .009). In patients with triglycerides levels > 200 mg/dl non‐HDL cholesterol had a significant correlation with uncontrolled hypertension (OR = 4.635, CI95%:1.781–12.064, p = .002). In conclusion, BMI, pulse pressure, total cholesterol, and non‐HDL cholesterol are significant predictors of uncontrolled hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes. Also, ineffective monotherapy, medical inertia and patients’ non‐compliance were other contributors to the uncontrolled hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Rabizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Gholami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Mahmoudzadeh Kani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Rajab
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farrokhpour
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mitchell CS, Premaratna SD, Bennett G, Lambrou M, Stahl LA, Jois M, Barber E, Antoniadis CP, Woods SC, Cameron-Smith D, Weisinger RS, Begg DP. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System Reduces Gene Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Adipose Tissue Independent of Energy Balance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:682726. [PMID: 34149621 PMCID: PMC8206808 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.682726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health problem worldwide. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is present in adipose tissue, and evidence suggests that it is involved in both diet-induced obesity and the inflammation associated with obesity. The present experiments determined the effect of (1) different angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (captopril, perindopril, enalapril) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs: telmisartan, losartan) on adiposity of mice fed a high-fat diet for 28 days (2); acute treatment with the ACE-inhibitor captopril on gene expression of inflammatory markers in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD); and (3) short-term (2 days) and chronic (28 days) treatment of ACE-inhibition on energy expenditure (EE) and energy balance in mice fed HFD ad libitum (AL), as well as receiving HFD limited to the amount of calories eaten by controls (pair-fed (PF) group). Body weight, food intake, adiposity and plasma leptin were lower in ACE inhibitor or ARB-treated groups over 28 days compared with HFD untreated mice. Short-term treatment with captopril led to increased EE relative to the level in the PF group. After 28 days, EE was lower in both captopril-treated and PF mice compared with AL, but the effect was greater in the captopril-treated group. Adiponectin was elevated in captopril-treated mice, but not in PF mice, after both 2 and 28 days. Additionally, acute RAS blockade in HFD-fed mice reduced mRNA expression for MCP-1, IL-6, TLR4, and leptin in adipose tissue relative to values in untreated groups. These data demonstrate that ACE inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade reduce food intake to produce weight loss and suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of ACE inhibition may be independent of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirmila D. Premaratna
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garth Bennett
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Lambrou
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Stahl
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Markandeya Jois
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Barber
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Giannouli A, Tsinopoulou VR, Tsitsika A, Deligeoroglou E, Bacopoulou F. Vulvar Varicosities in an Adolescent Girl with Morbid Obesity: A Case Report. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8030202. [PMID: 33800092 PMCID: PMC7998964 DOI: 10.3390/children8030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vulvar varicosities in nonpregnant females, either isolated or as a part of the pelvic congestion syndrome, are rare. We present a case of an adolescent girl with morbid obesity with bilateral bluish protrusions on the labia minora, as an incidental finding, that coincided with her excessive weight gain. The adolescent underwent thorough clinical examination, doppler ultrasound, contrast venography and varicography, and magnetic resonance angiography to rule out alternative diagnoses. Imaging results confirmed the presence of large venous lakes. Venous drainage to the internal iliac vein and connections with the long saphenous vein were delineated. Incompetence, dilatation, or reflux of ovarian or internal iliac veins, or their main tributaries, were not noted. Since the adolescent was asymptomatic and other pathologies, such as vascular malformations or hemangiomas were excluded, she was managed conservatively with counseling about lifestyle modification and weight reduction. This is only the third reported case of vulvar venous varicosities in adolescents. Female sex, along with obesity, are known risk factors for varicose vein formation; however, the pathogenesis is not fully understood. Additional research is needed to elucidate the role of excess adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of vulvar varicose veins and to optimize diagnostic workup and management in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Giannouli
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Rengina Tsinopoulou
- Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- Adolescent Health Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Efthimios Deligeoroglou
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, Mitera Children’s Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6973208208
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12
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Abboud M, Al Anouti F, Papandreou D, Rizk R, Mahboub N, Haidar S. Vitamin D status and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review of observational studies. Syst Rev 2021; 10:60. [PMID: 33618764 PMCID: PMC7898425 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood hypertension is a growing public health problem. Simultaneously, hypovitaminosis D is widespread in this population and could be associated with hypertension. This study systematically reviewed the literature on the relationship between vitamin D status and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov and the gray literature without language or time restrictions were searched. We included observational studies, assessed their risk of bias, and extracted data on population characteristics, vitamin D status and BP measurements, and the association between the two variables. A narrative analysis of the studies was performed. RESULTS In total, 85 studies were included. Prospective cohort studies showed no association between vitamin D and BP, and generally, they were flawed. Also, the majority of non-prospective cohort studies (cross-sectional, retrospective, case-control) did not report an association between vitamin D and BP. They were mostly flawed regarding BP measurement and adjusting to potential confounders. CONCLUSION The results on the relationship between vitamin D status and BP in children and adolescents varied between the studies, and mainly pointed towards lack of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Abboud
- Department of Health, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatme Al Anouti
- Department of Health, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dimitrios Papandreou
- Department of Health, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rana Rizk
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie (INSPECT-Lb), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Mahboub
- Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Haidar
- Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
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13
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Moin ASM, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL, Butler AE. The relationship of soluble neuropilin-1 to severe COVID-19 risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabol Open 2021; 9:100079. [PMID: 33521617 PMCID: PMC7834728 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Stephen L Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
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14
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Wang G, Foney DM, DiBari J, Hong X, Showell N, Kim KS, Ji H, Pearson C, Mirolli G, Rusk S, Sharfstein J, Cheng TL, Zuckerman B, Wang X. A prospective cohort study on the intersectionality of obesity, chronic disease, social factors, and incident risk of COVID-19 in US low-income minority middle-age mothers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2577-2584. [PMID: 34413468 PMCID: PMC8374030 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionally affected communities of color. We aimed to determine what factors are associated with COVID-19 testing and test positivity in an underrepresented, understudied, and underreported (U3) population of mothers. METHODS This study included 2996 middle-aged mothers of the Boston Birth Cohort (a sample of predominantly urban, low-income, Black and Hispanic mothers) who were enrolled shortly after they gave birth and followed onward at the Boston Medical Center. COVID-19 testing and test positivity were defined by the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test. Two-probit Heckman selection models were performed to identify factors associated with test positivity while accounting for potential selection associated with COVID testing. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of study mothers was 41.9 (±7.7) years. In the sample, 1741 (58.1%) and 667 (22.3%) mothers were self-identified as Black and Hispanic, respectively. A total of 396 mothers had COVID-19 testing and of those, 95 mothers tested positive from March 2020 to February 2021. Among a multitude of factors examined, factors associated with the probability of being tested were obesity (RR = 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.49); and presence of preexisting chronic medical conditions including hypertension, asthma, stroke, and other comorbidities (coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and sickle cell disease) with a corresponding RR = 1.40 (95% CI: 1.23-1.60); 1.29 (95% CI: 1.11-1.50); 1.44 (95% CI: 1.23-1.68); and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.12-1.67), respectively. Factors associated with higher incident risk of a positive COVID-19 test were body mass index, birthplace outside of the USA, and being without a college-level education. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the intersectionality of obesity and social factors in modulating incident risk of COVID-19 in this sample of US Black and Hispanic middle-aged mothers. Methodologically, our findings underscore the importance of accounting for potential selection bias in COVID-19 testing in order to obtain unbiased estimates of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Wang
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Dana M. Foney
- grid.454842.b0000 0004 0405 7557Division of Research, Office of Epidemiology and Research, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Jessica DiBari
- grid.454842.b0000 0004 0405 7557Division of Research, Office of Epidemiology and Research, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Nakiya Showell
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Colleen Pearson
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Gabrielle Mirolli
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Serena Rusk
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Josh Sharfstein
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Tina L. Cheng
- grid.239573.90000 0000 9025 8099Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Barry Zuckerman
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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15
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Kim DY, Choi MJ, Ko TK, Lee NH, Kim OH, Cheon HG. Angiotensin AT 1 receptor antagonism by losartan stimulates adipocyte browning via induction of apelin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14878-14892. [PMID: 32839272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte browning appears to be a potential therapeutic strategy to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recent studies have shown that apelin, an adipokine, stimulates adipocyte browning and has negative cross-talk with angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1 receptor) signaling. Here, we report that losartan, a selective AT1 receptor antagonist, induces browning, as evidenced by an increase in browning marker expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and oxygen consumption in murine adipocytes. In parallel, losartan up-regulated apelin expression, concomitant with increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase. However, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of apelin expression attenuated losartan-induced browning. Angiotensin II cotreatment also inhibited losartan-induced browning, suggesting that AT1 receptor antagonism-induced activation of apelin signaling may be responsible for adipocyte browning induced by losartan. The in vivo browning effects of losartan were confirmed using both C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice. Furthermore, in vivo apelin knockdown by adeno-associated virus carrying-apelin shRNA significantly inhibited losartan-induced adipocyte browning. In summary, these data suggested that AT1 receptor antagonism by losartan promotes the browning of white adipocytes via the induction of apelin expression. Therefore, apelin modulation may be an effective strategy for the treatment of obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Gyeong Cheon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Moin ASM, Al-Qaissi A, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL, Butler AE. Renin-Angiotensin System Overactivation in Type 2 Diabetes: A Risk for SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Diabetes Care 2020; 43:e131-e133. [PMID: 32616611 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Al-Qaissi
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull, U.K.,Leeds Medical School, Leeds, U.K
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Hull, U.K
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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17
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Moin ASM, Sathyapalan T, Atkin SL, Butler AE. Renin-Angiotensin System overactivation in polycystic ovary syndrome, a risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection? Metabol Open 2020; 7:100052. [PMID: 32838280 PMCID: PMC7434315 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus gains entry to target cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor present on cells in blood vessels, lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) overactivity has also been described in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, conditions shared by women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) We hypothesized that RAS overactivity may be present in PCOS. Methods We determined plasma levels of RAS-related proteins in a cohort of age matched control women (n = 97) and women with PCOS (n = 146). Plasma levels of RAS-related proteins (ACE2, Renin and Angiotensinogen (AGT)) were determined by Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMA)-scan plasma protein measurement. Results PCOS women had a higher BMI (p < 0.001), systolic (p < 0.0001) and diastolic (p < 0.05) blood pressure, waist circumference (p < 0.0001), testosterone (p < 0.0001), free androgen index (p < 0.0001) and CRP (p < 0.0001). Renin was elevated in PCOS (p < 0.05) and angiotensinogen was lower in PCOS (p < 0.05), indicating overactivity of the RAS system in PCOS. ACE2 levels were lower in PCOS (p < 0.05), suggesting that PCOS women are at risk for development of hypertension. Conclusion RAS proteins levels differed between PCOS and control women, suggesting that the insulin resistance inherent in PCOS may predispose these women to more severe COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Saleh Md Moin
- Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Alexandra E. Butler
- Diabetes Research Center (DRC), Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Goossens GH, Dicker D, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Frühbeck G, Mullerova D, Woodward E, Holm JC. Obesity and COVID-19: A Perspective from the European Association for the Study of Obesity on Immunological Perturbations, Therapeutic Challenges, and Opportunities in Obesity. Obes Facts 2020; 13:439-452. [PMID: 32791497 PMCID: PMC7490508 DOI: 10.1159/000510719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that obesity is a major risk factor for the initiation, progression, and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), as a scientific and medical society dedicated to the promotion of health and well-being, is greatly concerned about the concomitant obesity and COVID-19 pandemics and their impact on health and society at large. In this perspective, we will address the inherent immunological perturbations and alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with obesity and COVID-19, and discuss how these impairments may underlie the increased susceptibility and more detrimental outcomes of COVID-19 in people with obesity. Clearly, this has important implications for preventive measures, vaccination, and future therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19. Furthermore, we will highlight important knowledge gaps and provide suggestions for future research and recommendations for policy actions. Since many new reports on COVID-19 rapidly appear, the present perspective should be seen as a focus for discussion to drive forward further understanding, research initiatives, and clinical management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs H Goossens
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom,
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Dror Dicker
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine D and Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nathalie J Farpour-Lambert
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom
- Obesity Prevention and Care Program Contrepoids, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition, and Therapeutic Patient Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEROBN, Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dana Mullerova
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Euan Woodward
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom
- European Association for the Study of Obesity Secretariat, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- European Association for the Study of Obesity, Teddington, United Kingdom
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
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19
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Dugail I, Amri EZ, Vitale N. High prevalence for obesity in severe COVID-19: Possible links and perspectives towards patient stratification. Biochimie 2020; 179:257-265. [PMID: 32649962 PMCID: PMC7340594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming obvious that in addition to aging and various hearth pathologies, excess of body weight, especially obesity is a major risk factor for severity of COVID-19 infection. Intriguingly the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is ACE2, a member of the angiotensin receptor family that has a relatively large tissue distribution. This observation likely explains the multitude of symptoms that have been described from human patients. The adipose tissue also expresses ACE2, suggesting that adipocytes are potentially infected by SARS-CoV-2. Here we discuss some of the potential contribution of the adipose tissue to the severity of the infection and propose some aspects of obese patients metabolic phenotyping to help stratification of individuals with high risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dugail
- UMRS 1269 INSERM/Sorbonne University, Nutriomics, Faculté de médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France; Member of the scientific council of the Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en Lipidomique (GERLI), France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France; Member of the scientific council of the Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en Lipidomique (GERLI), France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000, Strasbourg, France; Member of the scientific council of the Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche en Lipidomique (GERLI), France.
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20
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Tejpal S, Sanghera N, Manoharan V, Planas-Iglesias J, Bastie CC, Klein-Seetharaman J. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE): A Marker for Personalized Feedback on Dieting. Nutrients 2020; 12:E660. [PMID: 32121233 PMCID: PMC7146434 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) expression and activity is associated with obesity. ACE is a circulating factor that predicts sustained weight loss over a time frame of months. Here, we evaluate whether ACE might also be an early marker (over a 24-hour period) for weight loss. 32 participants (78% females; BMI 28.47 ± 4.87kg/m2) followed a 1200KCal diet with an optional daily (<250KCal) snack and were asked to use an in-house generated health platform to provide recordings of food intake, physical activity and urine collection time and volume. Following a day of dieting, ACE levels in urine negatively correlated with weight loss (p = 0.015 ). This reduction in ACE levels was significantly more robust in individuals with a BMI > 25 (p = 0.0025 ). This study demonstrated that ACE levels correlate with BMI and weight loss as early as after 1 day of dieting, and thus ACE could be a potential early "biofeedback" marker for weight loss and diet efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Tejpal
- Systems Biology and Biomedicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (S.T.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (J.P.-I.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Narinder Sanghera
- Systems Biology and Biomedicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (S.T.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (J.P.-I.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Vijayalaxmi Manoharan
- Systems Biology and Biomedicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (S.T.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (J.P.-I.); (C.C.B.)
- Institute for Digital Healthcare, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7A, UK
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Systems Biology and Biomedicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (S.T.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (J.P.-I.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Claire C Bastie
- Systems Biology and Biomedicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (S.T.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (J.P.-I.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Systems Biology and Biomedicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (S.T.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (J.P.-I.); (C.C.B.)
- Institute for Digital Healthcare, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7A, UK
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21
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Lempesis IG, Meijel RLJ, Manolopoulos KN, Goossens GH. Oxygenation of adipose tissue: A human perspective. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13298. [PMID: 31077538 PMCID: PMC6916558 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder of excessive adiposity, and is associated with adverse health effects such as cardiometabolic complications, which are to a large extent attributable to dysfunctional white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue dysfunction is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, impaired adipokine secretion, a chronic low‐grade inflammatory status, hormonal resistance and altered metabolic responses, together contributing to insulin resistance and related chronic diseases. Adipose tissue hypoxia, defined as a relative oxygen deficit, in obesity has been proposed as a potential contributor to adipose tissue dysfunction, but studies in humans have yielded conflicting results. Here, we will review the role of adipose tissue oxygenation in the pathophysiology of obesity‐related complications, with a specific focus on human studies. We will provide an overview of the determinants of adipose tissue oxygenation, as well as the role of adipose tissue oxygenation in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Finally, we will discuss the putative effects of physiological and experimental hypoxia on adipose tissue biology and whole‐body metabolism in humans. We conclude that several lines of evidence suggest that alteration of adipose tissue oxygenation may impact metabolic homeostasis, thereby providing a novel strategy to combat chronic metabolic diseases in obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G. Lempesis
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Birmingham Health Partners Birmingham UK
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Rens L. J. Meijel
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos N. Manolopoulos
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Birmingham Health Partners Birmingham UK
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Medical Centre Maastricht the Netherlands
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Cho KI, Kim BH, Park YH, Ahn JC, Kim SH, Chung WJ, Kim W, Sohn IS, Shin JH, Kim YJ, Chang K, Yu CW, Ahn SH, Kim SY, Ryu JK, Lee JY, Hong BK, Hong TJ, Gyu Park C. Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Candesartan and Rosuvastatin on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol in Patients With Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Phase III Clinical Study. Clin Ther 2019; 41:1508-1521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Telmisartan induces browning of fully differentiated white adipocytes via M2 macrophage polarization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1236. [PMID: 30718686 PMCID: PMC6362091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan is a well-known anti-hypertensive drug acting as an angiotensin 2 receptor blocker (ARB), but it also possesses partial PPARγ agonistic activity and induces insulin sensitivity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of telmisartan on macrophage polarization in association with its browning capacity, because PPARγ plays a key role in M2 polarization and in the browning of white adipocytes. Telmisartan induced M2 marker expression in murine macrophages concentration dependently, which was confirmed by flow cytometry. Both PPARγ and PPARδ activations appear to be responsible for telmisartan-induced M2 polarization. Telmisartan-treated conditioned medium (Tel-CM) of RAW264.7 cells and of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) induced the expressions of browning markers in fully differentiated white adipocytes with reduced lipid droplets, and increased oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial biogenesis. Levels of catecholamines (CA) released into the conditioned medium as well as intracellular tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNAs were found to be increased by telmisartan, and browning effects of Tel-CM were lessened by β3 receptor antagonist (L-748,337), suggesting CA secreted into CM play a role in Tel-CM-induced adipocyte browning. Acute administration of telmisartan (2 weeks, p.o.) to C57BL/6J mice increased the expressions of browning markers and M2 markers in white adipose tissues, whereas macrophage depletion by clodronate liposome pretreatment attenuated the telmisartan-induced expressions of browning markers. Together, telmisartan was observed to induce the browning of fully differentiated white adipocytes, at least in part, via PPAR activation-mediated M2 polarization.
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BMI is associated with the development of chronic kidney diseases in hypertensive patients with normal renal function. J Hypertens 2018; 36:2085-2091. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lefranc C, Friederich-Persson M, Palacios-Ramirez R, Nguyen Dinh Cat A. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in obesity: role of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R143-R159. [PMID: 29875164 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifaceted, chronic, low-grade inflammation disease characterized by excess accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissue. It is often associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disorders, insulin resistance and diabetes. Under pathological conditions like in obesity, adipose tissue secretes bioactive molecules called 'adipokines', including cytokines, hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is evidence suggesting that oxidative stress, in particular, the ROS imbalance in adipose tissue, may be the mechanistic link between obesity and its associated CV and metabolic complications. Mitochondria in adipose tissue are an important source of ROS and their dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-related type 2 diabetes. Mitochondrial function is regulated by several factors in order to preserve mitochondria integrity and dynamics. Moreover, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is over-activated in obesity. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the adipose tissue and its contribution to obesity-associated metabolic and CV complications. More specifically, we discuss whether dysregulation of the mineralocorticoid system within the adipose tissue may be the upstream mechanism and one of the early events in the development of obesity, via induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus impacting on systemic metabolism and the CV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lefranc
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat
- INSERMUMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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MESH Headings
- Adipokines/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiopathology
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Comorbidity
- Energy Metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Obesity/epidemiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Obesity/therapy
- Obesity, Metabolically Benign/epidemiology
- Obesity, Metabolically Benign/metabolism
- Obesity, Metabolically Benign/physiopathology
- Obesity, Metabolically Benign/therapy
- Prognosis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay I Lakkis
- University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, 95 Maui Lani Pkwy, Wailuku, HI 96793-2416
| | - Mathew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Room N3W143, Baltimore, MD 21201.
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Koizumi M, Niimura F, Fukagawa M, Matsusaka T. Adipocytes do not significantly contribute to plasma angiotensinogen. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2018; 17:1470320316672348. [PMID: 28952396 PMCID: PMC5843855 DOI: 10.1177/1470320316672348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that 25% of plasma angiotensinogen (Agt) is derived from fat. Meanwhile, liver-specific Agt knockout (KO) mice have markedly low plasma Agt, which may be due to reduced fat mass. To study the contribution of the fat to plasma Agt, we tested whether increasing fat mass can elevate plasma Agt and blood pressure in liver-Agt KO mice. Epididymal fat mass in liver-Agt KO mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) was 4.1-fold larger than that in liver-Agt KO mice on a normal-fat diet (NFD). The liver-Agt KO mice on NFD were hypotensive with low levels of plasma Agt (on average, 0.11 vs 2.38 μg/ml). HFD slightly increased plasma Agt (0.17 μg/ml) without increase in blood pressure. To further increase fat mass, liver-Agt KO mice were fed HFD and simultaneously supplemented with low-dose angiotensin II and compared with control mice. Fat mass was comparable between the two groups. However, liver-Agt KO mice had uniformly low plasma Agt (0.09 vs 2.07 μg/ml) and systolic blood pressure (78±12 vs 111±6 mm Hg). In conclusion, adipocyte-derived Agt has essentially no contribution to the plasma concentration and no impact on blood pressure compared to liver-derived Agt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Koizumi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Fumio Niimura
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- 3 Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Japan.,4 Department of Molecular Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
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Nanavati R, Jasinski P, Adrahtas D, Gasparis A, Labropoulos N. Correlation between pelvic congestion syndrome and body mass index. J Vasc Surg 2017; 67:536-541. [PMID: 28943005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies of men suggested that patients with varicocele may be leaner than the normal population. No such work exists in women with pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). This study evaluated the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and PCS. METHODS A case-control study at a single institution was performed of women who had the objective diagnosis of PCS. Data were prospectively collected for 100 consecutive patients with PCS. BMI was calculated for every patient and categorized into normal weight (BMI <25), overweight (BMI 25-29.9), and obese (BMI >30). Diagnosis of PCS was made by ultrasound and venography. Mean BMI was compared with that of the general female population of the United States from 1999 to 2002. Furthermore, analyses included comparison of patients with and without ovarian vein dilation and pelvic varices. RESULTS There were 100 women with a median age of 44 years (range, 24-73 years). The mean BMI of the study group was 25 ± 5.6 kg/m2. The cohort was categorized into 59 women with normal BMI, 23 overweight women, and 18 obese women. The study cohort's BMI was less than that of the general U.S. female population (P = .02). The majority of the study group were white with lower BMI (P < .0001). Leg varicosities were more prevalent in obese patients (100% obese vs 81% normal BMI; P = .01). Patients with ovarian vein dilation had significantly lower BMI (24.1 ± 5.6 kg/m2 and 26.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2; P = .036). No differences were identified for pelvic varices or reflux. CONCLUSIONS Women with PCS are more likely to have a normal BMI with ovarian vein dilation compared with obese women, who are more frequently affected by leg varicosities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhani Nanavati
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Patrick Jasinski
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Demetri Adrahtas
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Antonios Gasparis
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Nicos Labropoulos
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.
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Haithem H, Ons A, Salma N, Jihène R, Mariam A, Mariem M, Mariem N, Nabila BR, Asma O, Sana BA, Sofien B, Ali B. Association between dementia and vascular disease-associated polymorphisms in a Tunisian population. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:32-41. [PMID: 28657841 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1348353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dementia is a multifactorial idiopathic pathology caused by clinical, eDementia is a multifactorial idiopathic pathology caused by clinical, environmental and genetic factors. Hence, its etiology is still unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between five genetic risk factors for vascular diseases and dementia individually and when gathered in haplotypes. MATERIALS AND METHOD We enrolled 200 dementia patients and 300 controls. All subjects were genotyped for vascular diseaseassociated polymorphisms in the genes coding for Apolipoprotein-E (ApoE), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and Paraoxonase-1 (PON1). RESULTS The association between dementia risk and all the studied polymorphisms except of PON1-Q192R was found to be significant. Carrying the ApoE e4 allele seems to increase dementia risk by 4.32 fold (p = 0.001). The risk associated with ACE I and PON1-L55M T alleles were lower (2.58 and 2.11 fold, p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively). When combined in haplotypes, these polymorphisms showed a cumulative and synergetic effect. GTICC haplotype appears to be associated with 9-fold dementia risk (p < 0.001), whereas AADTT seems to reduce dementia risk by 80% (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that, ApoE ε4, ACE I and PON1-L55M T alleles are associated with dementia risk whether these polymorphisms were studied separately or gathered in haplotypes. Still, the contribution of each gene to the pathophysiological development of dementia must be more investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdouni Haithem
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Achour Ons
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Naija Salma
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Rejeb Jihène
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Aounallah Mariam
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Mhiri Mariem
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Mariem
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ben Rejeb Nabila
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,c Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Omezzine Asma
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,c Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Ben Amor Sana
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Benammou Sofien
- b Neurology Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Bouslama Ali
- a Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,c Biochemistry Department , Sahloul University Hospital , Sousse , Tunisia.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia
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30
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Garofalo C, Borrelli S, Minutolo R, Chiodini P, De Nicola L, Conte G. A systematic review and meta-analysis suggests obesity predicts onset of chronic kidney disease in the general population. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1224-1235. [PMID: 28187985 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are public health priorities that share core pathophysiological mechanisms. However, whether high body mass index (BMI) increases risk of CKD de novo remains ill-defined. To evaluate the role of BMI in predicting CKD onset in the general adult population, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases articles published between January 2000 and August 2016 without language restriction. We selected studies in adult individuals from a general population with normal renal function at baseline that reported the risk of low estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) (under 60 mL/min/1.73m2) and/or albuminuria (1+ at dipstick or an albumin creatinine ratio of 3.4 mg/mmol or more) as hazard ratio, odds ratio or relative risk related to obesity, overweight, or BMI as continuous value. A total of 39 cohorts covering 630, 677 participants with a mean follow-up of 6.8 years were selected. Obesity increased the relative risk, 95% confidence interval and heterogeneity (I2) of developing low eGFR (1.28, 1.07-1.54, [I2: 95.0%]) and albuminuria (1.51, 1.36-1.67, [I2: 62.7%]). Increase of BMI unit was also associated with higher risk of low eGFR (1.02, 1.01-1.03, [I2: 24.3%]) and albuminuria (1.02, 1.00-1.04, [I2: 0%]). Conversely, overweight did not predict onset of either low eGFR (1.06, 0.94-1.21, [I2: 50.0%]) or albuminuria (1.24, 0.98-1.58, [I2: 49.4%]). Thus, a high BMI predicts onset of albuminuria without kidney failure (CKD stages 1-2) as well as CKD stages 3 and higher, the effect being significant only in obese individuals. Hence, our findings may have implications to improve risk stratification and recommendations on body weight control in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Garofalo
- Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvio Borrelli
- Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Minutolo
- Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Medical Statistics Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca De Nicola
- Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Division of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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31
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Motawi TK, Shaker OG, Shahin NN, Ahmed NM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism association with obesity and some related disorders in Egyptian females: a case-control observational study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:68. [PMID: 27777603 PMCID: PMC5062892 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the WHO report in 2015, obesity is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide, and the prevalence of Egyptian female obesity is 37.5 %. Since obesity is highly influenced by genetics, and adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system is over-activated in obesity, the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on obesity and related disorders was studied in several populations, because of its effect on ACE activity. Our objective was to study the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with obesity and certain related disorders, namely hypertension, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, in Egyptian females. METHODS Eighty female volunteers were recruited, blood pressure and body measurements were recorded and a fasting blood sample was obtained for the quantitation of glucose, lipid profile, insulin, leptin and identification of ACE I/D polymorphs. Subjects were grouped based on hypertension and obesity states. Comparisons of continuous parameters were made with independent sample t-test between two groups. The frequencies of ACE genotypes and alleles, and the association between gene polymorphism and metabolic parameters were assessed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all groups. Genotype distribution did not differ significantly between controls and cases of all the studied disorders. Although DD carriers had apparently higher parameters of blood pressure, lipid profile and insulin resistance, only diastolic blood pressure was almost significant (p = 0.057). I-carriers were significantly less susceptible to hypertension than DD carriers having normal waist/hip ratio (p = 0.007, OR = 17.29, CI = 1.81-164.96) and normal conicity index (p = 0.024, OR = 7.00, CI = 1.36-35.93). In DD genotype carriers, a significant association was found between insulin resistance and high body mass index (p = 0.004, OR = 8.89, CI = 1.94-40.71), waist circumference (p = 0.003, OR = 9.63, CI = 2.14-43.36) and waist/height ratio (p = 0.034, OR = 6.86, CI = 1.25-37.61), although the variations in percentages between DD and I-carriers were not high enough to conclude an effect of ACE I/D on such an association. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of Egyptian females, ACE I/D polymorphism was not significantly associated with obesity nor with any of its related disorders studied. The I allele seemed protective against hypertension in subjects with normal, not high, waist/hip ratio and conicity index compared to DD genotype carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat G Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy N Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy M Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Manikkam V, Vasiljevic T, Donkor ON, Mathai ML. A Review of Potential Marine-derived Hypotensive and Anti-obesity Peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:92-112. [PMID: 25569557 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.753866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are food derived components, usually consisting of 3-20 amino acids, which are inactive when incorporated within their parent protein. Once liberated by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, during food processing and gastrointestinal transit, they can potentially provide an array of health benefits to the human body. Owing to an unprecedented increase in the worldwide incidence of obesity and hypertension, medical researchers are focusing on the hypotensive and anti-obesity properties of nutritionally derived bioactive peptides. The role of the renin-angiotensin system has long been established in the aetiology of metabolic diseases and hypertension. Targeting the renin-angiotensin system by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and preventing the formation of angiotensin II can be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of hypertension and obesity. Fish-derived proteins and peptides can potentially be excellent sources of bioactive components, mainly as a source of ACE inhibitors. However, increased use of marine sources, poses an unsustainable burden on particular fish stocks, so, the underutilized fish species and by-products can be exploited for this purpose. This paper provides an overview of the techniques involved in the production, isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive peptides from marine sources, as well as the evaluation of the ACE inhibitory (ACE-I) activity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manikkam
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - T Vasiljevic
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - O N Donkor
- a Centre of Chronic Disease Prevention, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Yokoi Y, Kondo T, Okumura N, Shimokata K, Osugi S, Maeda K, Murohara T. Serum uric acid as a predictor of future hypertension: Stratified analysis based on body mass index and age. Prev Med 2016; 90:201-6. [PMID: 27404578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum uric acid level is a predictor of future hypertension. However, its dependence on body mass index or age is unclear. METHODS We examined 26,442 Japanese males aged 18-60years free from hypertension or diagnosed cardiovascular disease at baseline followed up between 2000 and 2010. Participants were categorized into three groups according to the tertile of serum uric acid levels [mg/dL; 1st (reference): 0.1-5.3; 2nd: 5.4-6.2; 3rd: 6.3-11.6]. Incident hypertension was defined as newly detected blood pressure≥140/90mmHg and/or antihypertensive drugs initiation. Body mass index (<25kg/m(2) vs. ≥25kg/m(2)) and age (<40years vs. ≥40years) were stratified into two groups. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 7.2years, there were 11,361 (43%) hypertension cases. Mean serum uric acid levels (mg/dL) at baseline in each group were 1st tertile, 4.6; 2nd tertile, 5.8; and 3rd tertile, 7.0. The cumulative incident hypertension rate was significantly higher in the 3rd tertile (50.8%) than in the 1st (37.4%). Multiple-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for incident hypertension compared with 1st tertile were 1.01 (0.96-1.05) and 1.15 (1.10-1.21) in the 2nd and 3rd tertile, respectively. There was a significant interaction between age and serum uric acid level (p for interaction=0.035). In subjects aged ≥40years, the 3rd serum uric acid group showed higher hazard ratios [1.48 (1.38-1.59)]. CONCLUSION High serum uric acid level was associated with future hypertension in young and middle-aged Japanese males. This association was stronger among subjects ≥40years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yokoi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kondo
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Cardiopulmonary Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Naoki Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimokata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeki Osugi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kengo Maeda
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Littlejohn NK, Keen HL, Weidemann BJ, Claflin KE, Tobin KV, Markan KR, Park S, Naber MC, Gourronc FA, Pearson NA, Liu X, Morgan DA, Klingelhutz AJ, Potthoff MJ, Rahmouni K, Sigmund CD, Grobe JL. Suppression of Resting Metabolism by the Angiotensin AT2 Receptor. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1548-1560. [PMID: 27477281 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) stimulates energy expenditure through increasing of the resting metabolic rate (RMR), and this effect requires simultaneous suppression of the circulating and/or adipose RAS. To identify the mechanism by which the peripheral RAS opposes RMR control by the brain RAS, we examined mice with transgenic activation of the brain RAS (sRA mice). sRA mice exhibit increased RMR through increased energy flux in the inguinal adipose tissue, and this effect is attenuated by angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) activation. AT2 activation in inguinal adipocytes opposes norepinephrine-induced uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) production and aspects of cellular respiration, but not lipolysis. AT2 activation also opposes inguinal adipocyte function and differentiation responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF). These results highlight a major, multifaceted role for AT2 within inguinal adipocytes in the control of RMR. The AT2 receptor may therefore contribute to body fat distribution and adipose depot-specific effects upon cardio-metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry L Keen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin V Tobin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen R Markan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sungmi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Meghan C Naber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Nicole A Pearson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Milionis HJ, Kostapanos MS, Vakalis K, Theodorou I, Bouba I, Kalaitzidis R, Georgiou I, Elisaf MS, Siamopoulos KC. Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genes on the treatment response of patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 8:181-9. [PMID: 18205097 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2007.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate the influence of clinical, biochemical and genetic markers on the response to antihypertensive treatment in patients with essential hypertension and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods. Measurements of anthropometric indices, blood pressure (BP), and metabolic parameters were obtained from the medical records of 132 (77 women) newly diagnosed, untreated hypertensive patients. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) genes polymorphisms (including ACE I/D, angiotensinogen M235T, angiotensin II type 1 receptor [AT1-receptor] A1166C) were determined. Response to treatment was defined as BP less than 140/90 mmHg. Results. Patients with MetS (n=60) had higher systolic BP and pulse pressure and a more atherogenic lipid profile than patients without MetS.The frequencies of the ACE and the AT1-receptor gene polymorphisms were similar between patients with and without MetS. Response to treatment was positively associated with pulse pressure, and the presence of the C allele as well as the AC genotype of the AT1-receptor gene and inversely with age after adjustment for confounding factors. Conclusions. RAAS genes distribution does not differ between hypertensive patients with and without the MetS. Higher baseline pulse pressure levels, the presence of the C allele and/or the AC genotype may be in favour of a better response to structured antihypertensive treatment in patients with MetS. However, these findings need to be evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haralampos J Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michael S Kostapanos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vakalis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioanna Theodorou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioanna Bouba
- Laboratory of Human Reproductive Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Rigas Kalaitzidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Georgiou
- Laboratory of Human Reproductive Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Moses S Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Kostas C Siamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Outpatient Hypertension Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Faubert J, Battista MC, Baillargeon JP. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Insulin action and lipotoxicity in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome: A review1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1803-11. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yan WH, Pan CY, Dou JT, Meng JH, Wang BA, Mu YM. Candesartan cilexetil prevents diet-induced insulin resistance via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation in an obese rat model. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:272-278. [PMID: 27347049 PMCID: PMC4906785 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) have been shown to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the central regulator of insulin and glucose metabolism, which improves insulin sensitivity. Whether candesartan cilexetil, as a prodrug of the AT1R blocker candesartan, has PPARγ-activating properties remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of candesartan cilexetil on glucose tolerance and the actions of PPARγ on liver and adipose tissue in the insulin-resistant obese rat induced by high-fat diet. Animals treated with candesartan cilexetil showed an improved glucose tolerance after oral glucose challenge. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was evaluated using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. During high-fat feeding in high-fat diet (HF) rats, the glucose infusion rate (GIR) was 52.3% lower than that in normal chow (NC) rats. However, the GIR was significantly enhanced following candesartan cilexetil treatment. Angiotensin II receptor antagonism also resulted in significant increases in PPARγ protein expression in adipose and liver tissue. These results indicate that PPARγ activation by candesartan cilexetil may provide novel therapeutic options in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yu Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Bao-An Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Claflin KE, Grobe JL. Control of energy balance by the brain renin-angiotensin system. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 17:38. [PMID: 25833461 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-015-0549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists as a circulating hormone system but it is also used by various tissues of the body, including the brain, as a paracrine signaling mechanism. The local brain version of the RAS is mechanistically involved in fluid balance and blood pressure control, and there is growing appreciation for a role of the brain RAS in the control of energy balance. Here, we review major evidence for the control of energy balance by the brain RAS; outline the current understanding of the RAS components, targets, and mechanisms involved; and highlight some major questions that currently face the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Obesity Research & Education Initiative, François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, and Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd., 2-307 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Shvangiradze TA, Bondarenko IZ, Troshina EA, Shestakova MV. [MiRNAs in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016. [PMID: 28635856 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201688687-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continues to increase steadily. Despite long-term studies of obesity and concomitant diseases, the molecular genetic bases for the development of these pathological conditions have remained the subject of numerous investigations so far. Recent investigations point to the involvement of miRNAs as dynamic modifiers of the pathogenesis of various pathological conditions, including obesity, T2DM, and CVD. MicroRNAs are involved in various biological processes underlying the development of CVDs, including endothelial dysfunction, cell adhesion, and atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Some of them are considered as potential sensitive diagnostic markers of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Approximately 1,000 microRNAs are found in the human body. It has been determined that miRNAs regulate 30% of all human genes. Among them there are about 50 circulating miRNAs presumably associated with cardiovascular diseases. This review provides recent data on the participation of some miRNAs in various pathological and physiological states associated with CVD in DM and obesity. An extended and exact understanding of the function of miRNAs in the gene regulatory networks associated with cardiovascular risk in obesity will be able to reveal new mechanisms for the progression of disease, to predict its development, and to elaborate innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Shvangiradze
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Z Bondarenko
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Troshina
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Shestakova
- Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Young CN, Morgan DA, Butler SD, Rahmouni K, Gurley SB, Coffman TM, Mark AL, Davisson RL. Angiotensin type 1a receptors in the forebrain subfornical organ facilitate leptin-induced weight loss through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Mol Metab 2015; 4:337-43. [PMID: 25830096 PMCID: PMC4354922 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Elevations in brain angiotensin-II cause increased energy expenditure and a lean phenotype. Interestingly, the metabolic effects of increased brain angiotensin-II mimic the actions of leptin, suggesting an interaction between the two systems. Here we demonstrate that angiotensin-type 1a receptors (AT1aR) in the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain structure emerging as an integrative metabolic center, play a key role in the body weight-reducing effects of leptin via brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Methods Cre/LoxP technology coupled with targeted viral delivery to the SFO in a mouse line bearing a conditional allele of the Agtr1a gene was utilized to determine the interaction between leptin and SFO AT1aR in metabolic regulation. Results Selective deletion of AT1aR in the SFO attenuated leptin-induced weight loss independent of changes in food intake or locomotor activity. This was associated with diminished leptin-induced increases in core body temperature, blunted upregulation of BAT thermogenic markers, and abolishment of leptin-mediated sympathetic activation to BAT. Conclusions These data identify a novel interaction between angiotensin-II and leptin in the control of BAT thermogenesis and body weight, and highlight a previously unrecognized role for the forebrain SFO in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Young
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Donald A. Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Scott D. Butler
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Susan B. Gurley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas M. Coffman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allyn L. Mark
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Robin L. Davisson
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Corresponding author. T9-014C Veterinary Research Tower, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-6401, USA. Tel.: +1 607 253 3537; fax: +1 607 253 3378.
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Kehler DS, Stammers AN, Susser SE, Hamm NC, Kimber DE, Hlynsky MW, Duhamel TA. Cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes in youth. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:496-510. [PMID: 25629355 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in youth has increased dramatically over the past decades. The literature also suggests that the progression from an impaired glucose tolerance state to established T2DM is more rapid in youth, compared to adults. The presence of significant cardiovascular complications in youth with T2DM, including cardiac, macrovascular, and microvascular remodeling, is another major issue in this younger cohort and poses a significant threat to the healthcare system. However, this issue is only now emerging as a major public health concern, with few data to support optimal treatment targets and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in youth with T2DM. Accordingly, the purpose of this minireview is to better understand the cardiovascular complications in youth with T2DM. We briefly describe the pathophysiology from youth studies, including oxidative stress, inflammation, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, and epigenetics, which link T2DM and CVD. We also describe the literature concerning the early signs of CVD in youth and potential treatment options to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Kehler
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Andrew N Stammers
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Shanel E Susser
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre.,c Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba
| | - Naomi C Hamm
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Dustin E Kimber
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Michael W Hlynsky
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre
| | - Todd A Duhamel
- a Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University Of Manitoba.,b Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre.,c Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba.,d Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Santos SHS, Andrade JMO. Angiotensin 1-7: a peptide for preventing and treating metabolic syndrome. Peptides 2014; 59:34-41. [PMID: 25017239 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) is one of the most important active peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with recognized cardiovascular relevance; however several studies have shown the potential therapeutic role of Ang-(1-7) on treating and preventing metabolic disorders as well. This peptide achieves a special importance considering that in the last few decades obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) have become a growing worldwide health problem. Angiotensin (Ang) II is the most studied component of RAS and is increased during obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia (MS); some experimental evidence has shown that Ang II modulates appetite and metabolism as well as mechanisms that induce adipose tissue growth and metabolism in peripheral organs. Recent articles demonstrated that Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis modulates lipid and glucose metabolism and counterregulates the effects of Ang II. Based on these data, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway activation have been advocated as a new tool for treating metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the new evidence from animal and human experiments indicating the use of Ang-(1-7) in prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Pharmacology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - João Marcus Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Leblanc S, Battista MC, Noll C, Hallberg A, Gallo-Payet N, Carpentier AC, Vine DF, Baillargeon JP. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor stimulation improves fatty acid ovarian uptake and hyperandrogenemia in an obese rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3684-93. [PMID: 24971613 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is mainly defined by hyperandrogenism but is also characterized by insulin resistance (IR). Studies showed that overexposure of nonadipose tissues to nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) may explain both IR and hyperandrogenism. Recent studies indicate that treatment with an angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R)-selective agonist improves diet-induced IR. We thus hypothesized that PCOS hyperandrogenism is triggered by ovarian NEFA overexposure and is improved after treatment with an AT2R agonist. Experiments were conducted in 12-week-old female JCR:LA-cp/cp rats, which are characterized by visceral obesity, IR, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Control JCR:LA +/? rats have a normal phenotype. Rats were treated for 8 days with saline or the selective AT2R agonist C21/M24 and then assessed for: 1) fasting testosterone, NEFA, and insulin levels; and 2) an iv 14(R,S)-[(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid test to determine NEFA ovarian tissue uptake (Km). Compared with controls, saline-treated PCOS/cp rats displayed higher insulin (100 vs 5.6 μU/mL), testosterone (0.12 vs 0.04 nmol/L), NEFA (0.98 vs 0.48 mmol/L), and Km (20.7 vs 12.9 nmol/g·min) (all P < .0001). In PCOS/cp rats, C21/M24 did not significantly improve insulin or NEFA but normalized testosterone (P = .004) and Km (P = .009), which were strongly correlated together in all PCOS/cp rats (ρ = 0.74, P = .009). In conclusion, in an obese PCOS rat model, ovarian NEFA uptake and testosterone levels are strongly associated and are both significantly reduced after short-term C21/M24 therapy. These findings provide new information on the role of NEFA in PCOS hyperandrogenemia and suggest a potential role for AT2R agonists in the treatment of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Leblanc
- Division of Endocrinology (S.L., M.-C.B., C.N., N.G.-P., A.C.C., J.-P.B.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4; Department of Medicinal Chemistry (A.H.), Biomedicinska Centrum, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 751 23; Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory (D.F.V.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1; and Centre de Recherche Étienne-Lebel (N.G.-P., A.C.C., J.-P.B.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Increased oxidative stress in obesity: implications for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 7:e330-41. [PMID: 24455761 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, especially of the abdominal type, is a health problem that constitutes metabolic syndrome and increases the incidence of various diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Various mechanisms linking obesity to these associated diseases have been postulated. One candidate is oxidative stress, which has been implicated in vascular complications of diabetes and in pancreatic -cell failure in diabetes. Notably, obese people without diabetes also display elevated levels of systemic oxidative stress. In addition, levels of oxidative stress are increased in the adipose tissue in obese mice. Treating obese mice with antioxidant agents attenuates the development of diabetes. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur with lipid accumulation; the addition of free fatty acids elevates ROS generation further. Thus, adipose tissue represents an important source of ROS; ROS may contribute to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the levels of oxidative stress present in several other types of cells or tis-sues, including those in the brain, arterial walls, and tumors, have been implicated in the pathogenesis associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cancer. The increased levels of systemic oxidative stress that occur in obesity may contribute to the obesity-associated development of these diseases.
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Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Roles of adiponectin and oxidative stress in obesity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014; 15:1-10. [PMID: 24026768 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase in populations with obesity is a worldwide social problem, and the enhanced susceptibility of obese people to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases has become a growing health threat. An understanding of the molecular basis for obesity-associated disease development is required to prevent these diseases. Many studies have revealed that the mechanism involves various bioactive molecules that are released from adipose tissues and designated as adipocytokines/adipokines. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that exerts insulin-sensitizing effects in the liver and skeletal muscle via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and proliferator-activated receptor α activation. Additionally, adiponectin can suppress atherosclerosis development in vascular walls via various anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, oxidative stress is a harmful factor that systemically increases during obesity and promotes the development of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and various other diseases. In obese mice, oxidative stress is enhanced in adipose tissue before diabetes development, but not in the liver, skeletal muscle, and aorta, suggesting that in obesity, adipose tissue may be a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS suppress adiponectin production in adipocytes. Treatment of obese mice with anti-oxidative agents improves insulin resistance and restores adiponectin production. Recent studies have demonstrated that adiponectin protects against oxidative stress-induced damage in the vascular endothelium and myocardium. Thus, decreased circulating adiponectin levels and increased oxidative stress, which are closely linked to each other, should be deeply involved in obesity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Matsuda
- Institute of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center, and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan,
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Abstract
There is growing recognition that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions throughout the world. In adults, obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A series of endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic mechanisms have been responsible for the development of obesity-hypertension. These mechanisms include: a suppressed biologic activity and availability of natriuretic peptide, increased sympathetic adrenergic activity, release of angiotensin ll from adipocytes and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leptin resistance, chronic hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia. The systemic hemodynamic profile of obesity includes high intravascular volume, increased cardiac output and inappropriately normal peripheral resistance. The cardiovascular adaptations to these changes include changes in vascular responsiveness and concentric-eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, and may be responsible for increased risk of congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Morse
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Association of angiotensin II type I and type II receptor genes polymorphisms with the presence of premature coronary disease and metabolic syndrome. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1027-33. [PMID: 24385301 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is known to have a particularly strong genetic component. We aimed to investigate the association between angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ATR1) or type II (ATR2) genes polymorphisms and PCAD with or without metabolic syndrome in males. 132 male patients with PCAD and 132 controls were included in the study. ATR1 and ATR2 genes polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The present study revealed that ATR1 CC genotype and ATR2 G allele increased the risk of PCAD by 2.9 and 1.3 respectively as well as they increased susceptibility to metabolic syndrome by 4.5 and 2.3 respectively. The present study proved that diabetes, smoking, obesity, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc and HDLc were independent risk factors for the development of PCAD. We concluded that ATR1 CC genotype and ATR2 G allele increased the susceptibility of Egyptian males to have PCAD. The increased susceptibility to have metabolic syndrome could be one of the mechanisms leading to the development of PCAD in subjects carrying one or both of these polymorphisms.
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Mahmood IH, Abed MN, Merkhan MM. Effects of blocking of angiotensin system on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29:140-3. [PMID: 24353526 PMCID: PMC3809179 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.291.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate prevalence of metabolic syndrome in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients treated with antihypertensive drugs that inhibit renin angiotensin system. METHODOLOGY Two groups of patients were included in this study. The first group involved 130 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients taking enalapril, captopril (Converting Enzyme inhibitors), valsartan or telmisartan (Angiotensin II receptor blockers) as monotherapy whereas group 2 involved 92 type 2 diabetic patients with normal blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to criteria made by the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Serum glucose concentration, serum triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were measured by using special kits. RESULTS The percentage of patients having metabolic syndrome was lower in group 1 (58.47%) as compared with group 2 (73%). Waist circumferences, triglycerides and FBS were significantly lower in group 1 as compared with group 2. BP and HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in group 1 as compared with group 2. CONCLUSION Inhibition of RAS by converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers captopril, enalapril, valsartan or telmisartan produce beneficial effects on the markers of metabolic syndrome and can reduce the frequency of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isam Hamo Mahmood
- Isam Hamo Mahmood, PhD, Head of Pharmacology Department, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Najim Abed
- Mohammed Najim Abed, M.Sc, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Marwan Mohammed Merkhan
- Marwan Mohammed Merkhan, M.Sc, Lecturer, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Noma K, Toshinai K, Koshinaka K, Nakazato M. Telmisartan suppresses food intake in mice via the melanocortin pathway. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 5:e79-e156. [PMID: 24331060 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Telmisartan, an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker, is widely used for the treatment of hypertension and related cardiovascular and organ damage. We here describe the effects of telmisartan on food intake and body weight using C57BL/6N mice, KKAy mice that overexpress agouti protein (a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with obesity), and mice deficient for angiotensin II-1a receptor. Telmisartan combined with a high-fat diet significantly reduced food intake and body weight gain in the three groups of mice compared with respective control animals that were fed the high-fat diet without telmisartan. Telmisartan did not induce taste aversion or affect energy expenditure. Intracerebroventricular administration of agouti-related protein, a potent antagonist of the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3-R) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R), did not stimulate feeding in telmisartan-treated mice. Telmisartan administration enhanced the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced suppression of food intake. This study highlights a potential role for telmisartan in hypothalamic feeding regulation, including melanocortin receptors-mediated suppression of food intake and body weight gain.:
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Vatier C, Bidault G, Briand N, Guénantin AC, Teyssières L, Lascols O, Capeau J, Vigouroux C. What the genetics of lipodystrophy can teach us about insulin resistance and diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:757-67. [PMID: 24026869 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-013-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic lipodystrophic syndromes are rare diseases characterized by generalized or partial fat atrophy (lipoatrophy) associated with severe metabolic complications such as insulin resistance (IR), diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and ovarian hyperandrogenism. During the last 15 years, mutations in several genes have been shown to be responsible for monogenic forms of lipodystrophic syndromes, of autosomal dominant or recessive transmission. Although the molecular basis of lipodystrophies is heterogeneous, most mutated genes lead to impaired adipogenesis, adipocyte lipid storage, and/or formation or maintenance of the adipocyte lipid droplet (LD), showing that primary alterations of adipose tissue (AT) can result in severe systemic metabolic and endocrine consequences. The reduced expandability of AT alters its ability to buffer excess caloric intake, leading to ectopic lipid storage that impairs insulin signaling and other cellular functions ("lipotoxicity"). Genetic studies have also pointed out the close relationships between ageing, inflammatory processes, lipodystrophy, and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Vatier
- INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
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