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Bernoud-Hubac N, Lo Van A, Lazar AN, Lagarde M. Ischemic Brain Injury: Involvement of Lipids in the Pathophysiology of Stroke and Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:634. [PMID: 38929073 PMCID: PMC11200865 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating neurological disorder that is characterized by the sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain. Lipids are essential components of brain structure and function and play pivotal roles in stroke pathophysiology. Dysregulation of lipid signaling pathways modulates key cellular processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, exacerbating ischemic brain injury. In the present review, we summarize the roles of lipids in stroke pathology in different models (cell cultures, animal, and human studies). Additionally, the potential of lipids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, to promote neuroprotection and their use as biomarkers in stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, LAMCOS, UMR5259, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.L.V.); (A.-N.L.); (M.L.)
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2
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Ahmmed MK, Hachem M, Ahmmed F, Rashidinejad A, Oz F, Bekhit AA, Carne A, Bekhit AEDA. Marine Fish-Derived Lysophosphatidylcholine: Properties, Extraction, Quantification, and Brain Health Application. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073088. [PMID: 37049852 PMCID: PMC10095705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids esterified in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-omega-3) are the most bioavailable omega-3 fatty acid form and are considered important for brain health. Lysophosphatidylcholine is a hydrolyzed phospholipid that is generated from the action of either phospholipase PLA1 or PLA2. There are two types of LPC; 1-LPC (where the omega-3 fatty acid at the sn-2 position is acylated) and 2-LPC (where the omega-3 fatty acid at the sn-1 position is acylated). The 2-LPC type is more highly bioavailable to the brain than the 1-LPC type. Given the biological and health aspects of LPC types, it is important to understand the structure, properties, extraction, quantification, functional role, and effect of the processing of LPC. This review examines various aspects involved in the extraction, characterization, and quantification of LPC. Further, the effects of processing methods on LPC and the potential biological roles of LPC in health and wellbeing are discussed. DHA-rich-LysoPLs, including LPC, can be enzymatically produced using lipases and phospholipases from wide microbial strains, and the highest yields were obtained by Lipozyme RM-IM®, Lipozyme TL-IM®, and Novozym 435®. Terrestrial-based phospholipids generally contain lower levels of long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, and therefore, they are considered less effective in providing the same health benefits as marine-based LPC. Processing (e.g., thermal, fermentation, and freezing) reduces the PL in fish. LPC containing omega-3 PUFA, mainly DHA (C22:6 omega-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid EPA (C20:5 omega-3) play important role in brain development and neuronal cell growth. Additionally, they have been implicated in supporting treatment programs for depression and Alzheimer’s. These activities appear to be facilitated by the acute function of a major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2 (Mfsd2a), expressed in BBB endothelium, as a chief transporter for LPC-DHA uptake to the brain. LPC-based delivery systems also provide the opportunity to improve the properties of some bioactive compounds during storage and absorption. Overall, LPCs have great potential for improving brain health, but their safety and potentially negative effects should also be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Department of Chemistry and Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ali Rashidinejad
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Ataturk University, Yakutiye 25030, Turkey
| | - Adnan A. Bekhit
- Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Alan Carne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-479-4994
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3
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Emerging Role of Phospholipids and Lysophospholipids for Improving Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid as Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073969. [PMID: 35409331 PMCID: PMC9000073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) essential for neural development, learning, and vision. Although DHA can be provided to humans through nutrition and synthesized in vivo from its precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), deficiencies in cerebral DHA level were associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The aim of this review was to develop a complete understanding of previous and current approaches and suggest future approaches to target the brain with DHA in different lipids’ forms for potential prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Since glycerophospholipids (GPs) play a crucial role in DHA transport to the brain, we explored their biosynthesis and remodeling pathways with a focus on cerebral PUFA remodeling. Following this, we discussed the brain content and biological properties of phospholipids (PLs) and Lyso-PLs with omega-3 PUFA focusing on DHA’s beneficial effects in healthy conditions and brain disorders. We emphasized the cerebral accretion of DHA when esterified at sn-2 position of PLs and Lyso-PLs. Finally, we highlighted the importance of DHA-rich Lyso-PLs’ development for pharmaceutical applications since most commercially available DHA formulations are in the form of PLs or triglycerides, which are not the preferred transporter of DHA to the brain.
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Heath RJ, Wood TR. Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11826. [PMID: 34769257 PMCID: PMC8584218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer's Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer's Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer's Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J. Heath
- Emergency Medicine Department, Derriford Hospital, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK;
| | - Thomas R. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL 32502, USA
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Samson F, Fabunmi TE, Patrick AT, Jee D, Gutsaeva DR, Jahng WJ. Fatty Acid Composition and Stoichiometry Determine the Angiogenesis Microenvironment. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5953-5961. [PMID: 33681633 PMCID: PMC7931378 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study tested the hypothesis of whether specific lipids may control angiogenic reactions. Using the chorioallantoic membrane assay of the chick embryo, new vessel formation was analyzed quantitatively by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as well as bioinformatics tools including an angiogenesis analyzer. Our biochemical experiments showed that a specific lipid composition and stoichiometry determine the angiogenesis microenvironment to accelerate or inhibit vessel formation. Specific lipids of angiogenesis determinants in the vessel area and the non-vessel area were identified as nitrooleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, epoxyoleic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), cholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, and docosahexaenoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC). Vessel formation happens on the surface area of the hydrophilic membrane of the yolk. Our biochemical data demonstrated that angiogenesis was followed in the white lipid complex area to generate more branches, junctions, segments, and extremities. We analyzed lipid fragments in the vessel, non-vessel, and albumen area to show that each area contains a specific lipid composition and stoichiometry. Mass spectrometry data demonstrated that the vessel area has higher concentrations of nitrooleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, LPC, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, 7-ketocholesterol, and DHA-LPC; however, DHA and EPA were abundant in the hydrophobic non-vessel area. The purpose of vessel formation is to wrap up the yolk area to transport nutrients including specific fatty acids. Besides, angiogenesis requires aqueous albumen shown by distance-dependent vessel formation from albumen and oxygen. Higher concentrations of fatty acids are required for energy and carbon structure from the carbon-carbon bond, membrane building blocks, and amphiphilic detergent to solubilize a hydrophobic environment in the aqueous blood layer. The current study may guide that the uncovered hydrophobic or zwitterionic molecules such as DHA and DHA-LPC may control angiogenesis as antiangiogenic or proangiogenic molecules as potential drug targets for treating uncontrolled angiogenesis-related diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tosin Esther Fabunmi
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Ambrose Teru Patrick
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Donghyun Jee
- Department
of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, St. Vincent’s Hospital,
College of Medicine, The Catholic University
of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea
| | - Diana R. Gutsaeva
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Wan Jin Jahng
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
- . Phone: +234-805-550-1032
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Fonteh AN, Chiang AJ, Arakaki X, Edminster SP, Harrington MG. Accumulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids in Cognitively Healthy Participants With Alzheimer's Biomarkers Precedes Lipolysis in the Dementia Stage. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:611393. [PMID: 33390893 PMCID: PMC7772205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.611393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into lipids' roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology is limited because brain membrane lipids have not been characterized in cognitively healthy (CH) individuals. Since age is a significant risk factor of AD, we hypothesize that aging renders the amyloid precursor protein (APP) more susceptible to abnormal processing because of deteriorating membrane lipids. To reflect brain membranes, we studied their lipid components in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain-derived CSF nanoparticle membranes. Based on CSF Aβ42/Tau levels established biomarkers of AD, we define a subset of CH participants with normal Aβ42/Tau (CH-NAT) and another group with abnormal or pathological Aβ42/Tau (CH-PAT). We report that glycerophospholipids are differentially metabolized in the CSF supernatant fluid and nanoparticle membrane fractions from CH-NAT, CH-PAT, and AD participants. Phosphatidylcholine molecular species from the supernatant fraction of CH-PAT were higher than in the CH-NAT and AD participants. Sphingomyelin levels in the supernatant fraction were lower in the CH-PAT and AD than in the CH-NAT group. The decrease in sphingomyelin corresponded with an increase in ceramide and dihydroceramide and an increase in the ceramide to sphingomyelin ratio in AD. In contrast to the supernatant fraction, sphingomyelin is higher in the nanoparticle fraction from the CH-PAT group, accompanied by lower ceramide and dihydroceramide and a decrease in the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin in CH-PAT compared with CH-NAT. On investigating the mechanism for the lipid changes in AD, we observed that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was higher in the AD group than the CH groups. Paradoxically, acid and neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) activities were lower in AD compared to the CH groups. Considering external influences on lipids, the clinical groups did not differ in their fasting blood lipids or dietary lipids, consistent with the CSF lipid changes originating from brain pathophysiology. The lipid accumulation in a prodromal AD biomarker positive stage identifies perturbation of lipid metabolism and disturbances in APP/Amyloid beta (Aβ) as early events in AD pathophysiology. Our results identify increased lipid turnover in CH participants with AD biomarkers, switching to a predominantly lipolytic state in dementia. This knowledge may be useful for targeting and testing new AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Balakrishnan J, Kannan S, Govindasamy A. Structured form of DHA prevents neurodegenerative disorders: A better insight into the pathophysiology and the mechanism of DHA transport to the brain. Nutr Res 2020; 85:119-134. [PMID: 33482601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important fatty acids that plays a critical role in maintaining proper brain function and cognitive development. Deficiency of DHA leads to several neurodegenerative disorders and, therefore, dietary supplementations of these fatty acids are essential to maintain cognitive health. However, the complete picture of how DHA is incorporated into the brain is yet to be explored. In general, the de novo synthesis of DHA is poor, and targeting the brain with specific phospholipid carriers provides novel insights into the process of reduction of disease progression. Recent studies have suggested that compared to triacylglycerol form of DHA, esterified form of DHA (i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine [lysoPC]) is better incorporated into the brain. Free DHA is transported across the outer membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via APOE4 receptors, whereas DHA-lysoPC is transported across the inner membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via a specific protein called Mfsd2a. Dietary supplementation of this lysoPC specific form of DHA is a novel therapy and is used to decrease the risk of various neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, structured glycerides of DHA - novel nutraceutical agents - are being widely used for the prevention and treatment of various neurological diseases. However, it is important to fully understand their metabolic regulation and mechanism of transportation to the brain. This article comprehensively reviews various studies that have evaluated the bioavailability of DHA, mechanisms of DHA transport, and role of DHA in preventing neurodegenerative disorders, which provides better insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders and use of structured DHA in improving neurological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyakumar Balakrishnan
- Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal, Puducherry, India.
| | - Suganya Kannan
- Central Research Laboratory, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal, Puducherry, India
| | - Ambujam Govindasamy
- Department of General Surgery, Vinayaka Mission's Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Karaikal. Puducherry, India
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Semba RD. Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:760-772. [PMID: 32190891 PMCID: PMC7360459 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive disorder involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory, and neurodegeneration affecting wide areas of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AD is characterized by altered lipid metabolism in the brain. Lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs have been described in the frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus in the brain in AD. The brain can synthesize only a few fatty acids; thus, most fatty acids must enter the brain from the blood. Recent studies show that PUFAs such as DHA (22:6) are transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a specific LPC receptor at the BBB known as the sodium-dependent LPC symporter 1 (MFSD2A). Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia in observational studies; however, PUFA supplementation, with fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerols did not prevent cognitive decline in clinical trials. Recent studies show that LPC is the preferred carrier of PUFAs across the BBB into the brain. An insufficient pool of circulating LPC containing long-chain fatty acids could potentially limit the supply of long-chain fatty acids to the brain, including PUFAs such as DHA, and play a role in the pathobiology of AD. Whether adults with low serum LPC concentrations are at greater risk of developing cognitive decline and AD remains a major gap in knowledge. Preventing and treating cognitive decline and the development of AD remain a major challenge. The LPC pathway is a promising area for future investigators to identify modifiable risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hachem M, Belkouch M, Lo Van A, Picq M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M. Brain targeting with docosahexaenoic acid as a prospective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and its passage across blood brain barrier. Biochimie 2020; 170:203-211. [PMID: 32014503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the main omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain tissues necessary for common brain growth and function. DHA can be provided to the body through two origins: an exogenous origin, from direct dietary intakes and an endogenous one, from the bioconversion of the essential α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) in the liver. In humans, the biosynthesis of DHA from its precursor ALA is very low. A reduction in the cerebral amount of DHA is detected in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Considering the vital functions of DHA for the brain, new methodologies to target the brain with DHA offers encouraging perceptions in the improvement of precautionary and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review was to provide better understanding of the cerebral uptake of DHA in different form including free fatty acids, Lysophosphatidylcholines LysoPC-DHA as well as structured phospholipids. First, we explored the special structure of the blood-brain barrier BBB, BBB being a physical and metabolic barrier with restrictive properties. Then, we discussed the incorporation of DHA into the membrane phospholipids of the brain, the neuroprotective and therapeutic effect of DHA for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Hachem
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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Hachem M, Nacir H, Picq M, Belkouch M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Windust A, Meiller L, Sauvinet V, Feugier N, Lambert-Porcheron S, Laville M, Lagarde M. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Bioavailability in Humans after Oral Intake of DHA-Containing Triacylglycerol or the Structured Phospholipid AceDoPC ®. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010251. [PMID: 31963708 PMCID: PMC7020088 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AceDoPC® is a structured glycerophospholipid that targets the brain with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and is neuroprotective in the experimental ischemic stroke. AceDoPC® is a stabilized form of the physiological 2-DHA-LysoPC with an acetyl group at the sn1 position; preventing the migration of DHA from the sn2 to sn1 position. In this study we aimed to know the bioavailability of 13C-labeled DHA after oral intake of a single dose of 13C-AceDoPC®, in comparison with 13C-DHA in triglycerides (TAG), using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) to assess the 13C enrichment of DHA-containing lipids. 13C-DHA enrichment in plasma phospholipids was significantly higher after intake of AceDoPC® compared with TAG-DHA, peaking after 24 h in both cases. In red cells, 13C-DHA enrichment in choline phospholipids was comparable from both sources of DHA, with a maximum after 72 h, whereas the 13C-DHA enrichment in ethanolamine phospholipids was higher from AceDoPC® compared to TAG-DHA, and continued to increase after 144 h. Overall, our study indicates that DHA from AceDoPC® is more efficient than from TAG-DHA for a sustained accumulation in red cell ethanolamine phospholipids, which has been associated with increased brain accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Hachem
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Houda Nacir
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Anthony Windust
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Laure Meiller
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Valerie Sauvinet
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Nathalie Feugier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (N.F.); (S.L.-P.)
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, CENS, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Stephanie Lambert-Porcheron
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (N.F.); (S.L.-P.)
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, CENS, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Martine Laville
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (N.F.); (S.L.-P.)
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes, CENS, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (M.H.); (H.N.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (N.B.-H.); (L.M.); (V.S.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Ang X, Chen H, Xiang JQ, Wei F, Quek SY. Preparation and functionality of lipase-catalysed structured phospholipid – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Murota K, Takagi M, Watanabe Y, Tokumura A, Ohkubo T. Roe-derived phospholipid administration enhances lymphatic docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid absorption in unanesthetized rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 139:40-48. [PMID: 28684067 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasma n-3 fatty acids are important as the supplying pool of n-3 fatty acids to various tissues including the brain, although the relationship between dietary n-3 fatty acids and their molecular species in the plasma are not fully clarified. We investigated the intestinal absorption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived from fish roe phospholipid (Roe-PL) and compared it with fish oil triacylglycerol and free DHA using unanesthetized lymph-cannulated rats. The DHA absorption from intraduodenally administered three samples were not significantly different, whereas Roe-PL administration resulted in a significantly higher level of DHA in the phospholipid fraction than the other two samples administrations. DHA in Roe-PL at the sn-2 position was less hydrolyzed by pancreatin than by purified phospholipase A2 in vitro and simultaneous administration of free DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine did not produce the same results as the Roe-PL administration. Our results indicate that dietary DHA-containing phospholipid is effective to increase the systemic DHA incorporated into phospholipids via intestinal absorption and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaeko Murota
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Japan.
| | - Mika Takagi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Japan
| | - Yomi Watanabe
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology Morinomiya Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkubo
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences, Sendai Shirayuri Women's College, Miyagi, Japan
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13
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Lo Van A, Sakayori N, Hachem M, Belkouch M, Picq M, Fourmaux B, Lagarde M, Osumi N, Bernoud-Hubac N. Targeting the Brain with a Neuroprotective Omega-3 Fatty Acid to Enhance Neurogenesis in Hypoxic Condition in Culture. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:986-999. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Brain docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:109-134. [PMID: 29305120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain where it serves to regulate several important processes and, in addition, serves as a precursor to bioactive mediators. Given that the capacity of the brain to synthesize DHA locally is appreciably low, the uptake of DHA from circulating lipid pools is essential to maintaining homeostatic levels. Although, several plasma pools have been proposed to supply the brain with DHA, recent evidence suggests non-esterified-DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA are the primary sources. The uptake of DHA into the brain appears to be regulated by a number of complementary pathways associated with the activation and metabolism of DHA, and may provide mechanisms for enrichment of DHA within the brain. Following entry into the brain, DHA is esterified into and recycled amongst membrane phospholipids contributing the distribution of DHA in brain phospholipids. During neurotransmission and following brain injury, DHA is released from membrane phospholipids and converted to bioactive mediators which regulate signaling pathways important to synaptogenesis, cell survival, and neuroinflammation, and may be relevant to treating neurological diseases. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of brain DHA metabolism, encompassing many of the pathways and key enzymatic regulators governing brain DHA uptake and metabolism. In addition, we focus on the release of non-esterified DHA and subsequent production of bioactive mediators and the evidence of their proposed activity within the brain. We also provide a brief review of the evidence from post-mortem brain analyses investigating DHA levels in the context of neurological disease and mood disorder, highlighting the current disparities within the field.
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15
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Lo Van A, Fourmaux B, Picq M, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N. Synthesis and Identification of AceDoxyPC, a Protectin-Containing Structured Phospholipid, Using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2017; 52:751-761. [PMID: 28776175 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids have many health benefits in a great variety of diseases ranging from cardiovascular to cerebral diseases. For instance, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is highly enriched in brain phospholipids, plays a major role in anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective pathways. Its effects are thought to be due, in part, to its conversion into derived mediators such as protectins. 1-Lyso,2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine (LysoPtdCho-DHA) is one of the physiological carrier of DHA to the brain. We previously synthesized a structured phosphatidylcholine to mimic 1-lyso,2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine, named AceDoPC® (1-acetyl,2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine), that is considered as a stabilized form of the physiological LysoPtdCho-DHA and that is neuroprotective in experimental ischemic stroke. Considering these, the current study aimed at enzymatically oxygenate DHA contained within AceDoPC® to synthesize a readily structured oxidized phospholipid containing protectin DX (PDX), thereafter named AceDoxyPC (1-acetyl,2-PDX-glycerophosphocholine). Identification of this product was performed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Such molecule could be used as a bioactive mediator for therapy against neurodegenerative diseases and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA, Bâtiment IMBL, 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Baptiste Fourmaux
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA, Bâtiment IMBL, 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA, Bâtiment IMBL, 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA, Bâtiment IMBL, 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA, Bâtiment IMBL, 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, INSA, Bâtiment IMBL, 11 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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16
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Fourrier C, Remus-Borel J, Greenhalgh AD, Guichardant M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M, Joffre C, Layé S. Docosahexaenoic acid-containing choline phospholipid modulates LPS-induced neuroinflammation in vivo and in microglia in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:170. [PMID: 28838312 PMCID: PMC5571638 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammatory processes are considered a double-edged sword, having both protective and detrimental effects in the brain. Microglia, the brain’s resident innate immune cells, are a key component of neuroinflammatory response. There is a growing interest in developing drugs to target microglia and control neuroinflammatory processes. In this regard, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the brain’s n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is a promising molecule to regulate pro-inflammatory microglia and cytokine production. Several works reported that the bioavailability of DHA to the brain is higher when DHA is acylated to phospholipid. In this work, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory activity of DHA-phospholipid, either acetylated at the sn-1 position (AceDoPC, a stable form thought to have superior access to the brain) or acylated with palmitic acid at the sn-1 position (PC-DHA) using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model both in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vivo, adult C57Bl6/J mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) with either AceDoPC or PC-DHA 24 h prior to LPS (i.p.). For in vitro studies, immortalized murine microglia cells BV-2 were co-incubated with DHA forms and LPS. AceDoPC and PC-DHA effect on brain or BV-2 PUFA content was assessed by gas chromatography. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α production were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or multiplex. IL-6 receptors and associated signaling pathway STAT3 were assessed by FACS analysis and western-blot in vitro. Results In vivo, a single injection of AceDoPC or PC-DHA decreased LPS-induced IL-6 production in the hippocampus of mice. This effect could be linked to their direct effect on microglia, as revealed in vitro. In addition, AceDoPC or PC-DHA reduced IL-6 receptor while only AceDoPC decreased IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Conclusions These results highlight the potency of administered DHA—acetylated to phospholipids—to rapidly regulate LPS-induced neuroinflammatory processes through their effect on microglia. In particular, both IL-6 production and signaling are targeted by AceDoPC in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Fourrier
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Remus-Borel
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrew D Greenhalgh
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- CarMeN laboratory, INSERM UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- CarMeN laboratory, INSERM UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- CarMeN laboratory, INSERM UMR 1060, INRA UMR 1397, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France. .,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France. .,Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
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17
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Ferchaud-Roucher V, Rudolph MC, Jansson T, Powell TL. Fatty acid and lipid profiles in primary human trophoblast over 90h in culture. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:14-20. [PMID: 28651693 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the preferential transport of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to the fetus by the syncytiotrophoblast and the role of cytotrophoblasts in placental lipid metabolism and transport. We studied primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells cultured for 90h to determine the fatty acid and lipid composition of cytotrophoblast (18h culture) and syncytiotrophoblast (90h culture) cells. In cultured PHT total lipid fatty acids were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at 90h compared to 18h in culture including lower levels of palmitic acid (PA, 16:0, -37%), palmitoleic acid (POA, 16:1n-7, -30%), oleic acid (OA, 18:1n-9, -31%), LCPUFA arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6, -28%) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3, -55%). In major lipid classes, OA and most of the n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA were markedly lower at 90h in TG (-57 to -76%; p < 0.05). In the cellular NEFA, n-6 LCPUFA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and AA were both reduced by -51% and DHA was -55% lower (p < 0.05) at 90h. In contrast, phospholipid FA content did not change between cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast except for OA, which decreased by -62% (p < 0.05). Decreasing PHT TG and NEFA lipid content at 90h in culture is likely due to processes related to differentiation such as alterations in lipase activity that occur as cytotrophoblast cells differentiate. We speculate that syncytiotrophoblast prioritizes PL containing AA and DHA for transfer to the fetus by mobilizing FA from storage lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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Lo Van A, Sakayori N, Hachem M, Belkouch M, Picq M, Lagarde M, Osumi N, Bernoud-Hubac N. Mechanisms of DHA transport to the brain and potential therapy to neurodegenerative diseases. Biochimie 2016; 130:163-167. [PMID: 27496085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3) is highly enriched in the brain and is required for proper brain development and function. Its deficiency has been shown to be linked with the emergence of neurological diseases. Dietary ω-3 fatty acid supplements including DHA have been suggested to improve neuronal development and enhance cognitive functions. However, mechanisms of DHA incorporation in the brain remain to be fully understood. Findings suggested that DHA is better incorporated when esterified within lysophospholipid rather than under its non-esterified form. Furthermore, DHA has the potential to be converted into diverse oxylipins with potential neuroprotective effects. Since DHA is poorly synthesized de novo, targeting the brain with specific carriers of DHA might provide novel therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lo Van
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France; Tohoku University Grad. Sch. of Med., Center for Neuroscience, ART, Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakayori
- Tohoku University Grad. Sch. of Med., Center for Neuroscience, ART, Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Tohoku University Grad. Sch. of Med., Center for Neuroscience, ART, Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060, Inra UMR 1397, CarMeN Laboratory, IMBL, Villeurbanne F-69621, France.
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19
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Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Phospholipase A₂-Generated Lipid Mediators in the Brain: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Neuroscientist 2016; 12:245-60. [PMID: 16684969 DOI: 10.1177/1073858405285923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. These metabolites have a variety of physiological effects by themselves and also are substrates for the synthesis of more potent lipid mediators such as eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). At low concentrations, these mediators act as second messengers. They affect and modulate several cell functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, and cell proliferation, but at high concentrations, these lipid mediators cause neurotoxicity. Among the metabolites generated by PLA2, 4-HNE is the most cytotoxic metabolite and is associated with the apoptotic type of neural cell death. Levels of 4-HNE are markedly increased in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, ischemia, spinal cord trauma, and head injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate the vast literature on metabolites generated by PLA2 for a wider audience. The authors hope that this discussion will jump-start more studies not only on the involvement of PLA2 in neurological disorders but also on the importance of PLA2-generated lipid mediators in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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20
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Belkouch M, Hachem M, Elgot A, Lo Van A, Picq M, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N. The pleiotropic effects of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid on the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:1-11. [PMID: 27825512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is important for adequate brain development and cognition. DHA is highly concentrated in the brain and plays an essential role in brain functioning. DHA, one of the major constituents in fish fats, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier from blood to the brain. Its critical role was further supported by its reduced levels in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. This agrees with a potential role of DHA in memory, learning and cognitive processes. Since there is yet no cure for dementia such as AD, there is growing interest in the role of DHA-supplemented diet in the prevention of AD pathogenesis. Accordingly, animal, epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies indicated that DHA has neuroprotective effects in a number of neurodegenerative conditions including AD. The beneficial effects of this key omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may depend on the stage of disease progression, other dietary mediators and the apolipoprotein ApoE genotype. Herein, our review investigates, from animal and cell culture studies, the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective potential of DHA with emphasis on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Belkouch
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mayssa Hachem
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdeljalil Elgot
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Technologies de la Santé, Unité des Sciences Biomédicales, Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Hassan 1er, Settat, Morocco
| | - Amanda Lo Van
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Madeleine Picq
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Guichardant
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1060, UMR INRA 1397, IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition Laboratory, Bât Louis Pasteur, INSA, Villeurbanne, France
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21
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Miller LR, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Seeds MC, Rahbar E, Morgan TM, Welborn A, Chilton SM, Gillis J, Hester A, Rukstalis M, Sergeant S, Chilton FH. Alterations in levels and ratios of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the temporal cortex and liver of vervet monkeys from birth to early adulthood. Physiol Behav 2015; 156:71-8. [PMID: 26705667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and increases in the ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to n-3 LC-PUFAs in brain tissues and blood components have been associated with psychiatric and developmental disorders. Most studies have focused on n-3 LC-PUFA accumulation in the brain from birth until 2years of age, well before the symptomatic onset of such disorders. The current study addresses changes that occur in childhood and adolescence. Postmortem brain (cortical gray matter, inferior temporal lobe; n=50) and liver (n=60) from vervet monkeys fed a uniform diet from birth through young adulthood were collected from archived tissues. Lipids were extracted and fatty acid levels determined. There was a marked reduction in the ratio of n-6 LC-PUFAs, arachidonic acid (ARA) and adrenic acid (ADR), relative to the n-3 LC-PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in temporal cortex lipids from birth to puberty and then a more gradual decrease though adulthood. This decrease in ratio resulted from a 3-fold accumulation of DHA levels while concentrations of ARA remained constant. Early childhood through adolescence appears to be a critical period for DHA accretion in the cortex of vervet monkeys and may represent a vulnerable stage where lack of dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs impacts development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Miller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael C Seeds
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Timothy M Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Andrea Welborn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sarah M Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julianne Gillis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Austin Hester
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mae Rukstalis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Susan Sergeant
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human milk provides a complex mixture of animal lipids, whereas the fat supply of most modern infant formula is based on vegetable oils. We studied the effects of breast-feeding and of feeding infant formula either without or with dairy goat lipids on the composition of infant plasma glycerophospholipids. METHODS Healthy-term infants were randomized double blind to feeding with infant formula based on whole goats' milk (GIF, approximately 60% milk fat and 40% vegetable oils) or a control cows' milk infant formula based on vegetable oils (VIF) from 2 weeks after birth. A reference group of fully breast-fed infants was also followed. At the age 4 months, blood samples were collected and plasma glycerophospholipids were analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS The group of breast-fed infants showed significantly higher contents of glycerophospholipid species containing sn-2 palmitic acid [PC(16:0/16:0) and PC(18:0/16:0)] and significantly higher contents of glycerophospholipid species containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than infants in both formula groups. The GIF group demonstrated significantly higher glycerophospholipid species containing myristic acid [LPC(14:0), PC(14:0/18:1), PC(16:0/14:0)] and palmitoleic acid [LPC(16:1), PC(16:0/16:1), and PC(16:1/18:1)] than the VIF group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that breast-feeding induces marked differences in infant plasma glycerophospholipid profiles compared with formula feeding, whereas the studied different sources of formula fat resulted in limited effects on plasma glycerophospholipids.
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Efficient Docosahexaenoic Acid Uptake by the Brain from a Structured Phospholipid. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3205-3215. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu JJ, Green P, John Mann J, Rapoport SI, Sublette ME. Pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acid utilization: implications for brain function in neuropsychiatric health and disease. Brain Res 2015; 1597:220-46. [PMID: 25498862 PMCID: PMC4339314 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have profound effects on brain development and function. Abnormalities of PUFA status have been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pathophysiologic mechanisms could involve not only suboptimal PUFA intake, but also metabolic and genetic abnormalities, defective hepatic metabolism, and problems with diffusion and transport. This article provides an overview of physiologic factors regulating PUFA utilization, highlighting their relevance to neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne J Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Pnina Green
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Chen CT, Bazinet RP. β-oxidation and rapid metabolism, but not uptake regulate brain eicosapentaenoic acid levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:33-40. [PMID: 24986271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, with high levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) while levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are several orders of magnitude lower. As evidence accumulated that fatty acid entry into the brain was not selective and, in fact, that DHA and EPA enter the brain at similar rates, new mechanisms were required to explain their large concentration differences in the brain. Here we summarize recent research demonstrating that EPA is rapidly and extensively β-oxidized upon entry into the brain. Although the ATP generated from the β-oxidation of EPA is low compared to the use of glucose, fatty acid β-oxidation may serve to regulate brain fatty acid levels in the absence of selective transportation. Furthermore, when β-oxidation of EPA is blocked, desaturation of EPA increases and Land׳s recycling decreases to maintain low EPA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Fitzgerald Building, 150 College St. Room 306, Ontario, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Canada.
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Lagarde M, Hachem M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Picq M, Véricel E, Guichardant M. Biological properties of a DHA-containing structured phospholipid (AceDoPC) to target the brain. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:63-5. [PMID: 24582148 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1-acetyl,2-docosahexaenoyl-glycerophosphocholine (AceDoPC) has been made to prevent docosahexaenoyl (DHA) to move to the sn-1 position as it rapidly does when present in 1-lyso,2-docosahexaenoyl-GPC (lysoPC-DHA), an efficient DHA transporter to the brain. When incubated with human blood, AceDoPC behaves closer to lysoPC-DHA than PC-DHA in terms of binding to plasma albumin and lipoproteins, and DHA incorporation into platelets and red cells. In addition, AceDoPC prevents more efficiently the deleterious effects of the experimental stroke in rats than does unesterified DHA. Also, AceDoPC inhibits platelet-activating factor-induced human blood platelet aggregation. Overall, AceDoPC might act as an efficient DHA transporter to the brain, and as a neuro-protective agent by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060 (CarMeN), IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - M Hachem
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060 (CarMeN), IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - N Bernoud-Hubac
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060 (CarMeN), IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Picq
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060 (CarMeN), IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - E Véricel
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060 (CarMeN), IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Guichardant
- Université de Lyon, Inserm UMR 1060 (CarMeN), IMBL/INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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Inhibition of endothelial lipase activity by sphingomyelin in the lipoproteins. Lipids 2014; 49:987-96. [PMID: 25167836 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) is a major determinant of plasma HDL concentration, its activity being inversely proportional to HDL levels. Although it is known that it preferentially acts on HDL compared to LDL and VLDL, the basis for this specificity is not known. Here we tested the hypothesis that sphingomyelin, a major phospholipid in lipoproteins is a physiological inhibitor of EL, and that the preference of the enzyme for HDL may be due to low sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) ratio in HDL, compared to other lipoproteins. Using recombinant human EL, we showed that sphingomyelin inhibits the hydrolysis of PtdCho in the liposomes in a concentration-dependent manner. While the enzyme showed lower hydrolysis of LDL PtdCho, compared to HDL PtdCho, this difference disappeared after the degradation of lipoprotein sphingomyelin by bacterial sphingomyelinase. Analysis of molecular species of PtdCho hydrolyzed by EL in the lipoproteins showed that the enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed PtdCho containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as 22:6, 20:5, 20:4 at the sn-2 position, generating the corresponding PUFA-lyso PtdCho. This specificity for PUFA-PtdCho species was not observed after depletion of sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinase. These results show that sphingomyelin not only plays a role in regulating EL activity, but also influences its specificity towards PtdCho species.
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Chen S, Subbaiah PV. Regioisomers of Phosphatidylcholine Containing DHA and Their Potential to Deliver DHA to the Brain: Role of Phospholipase Specificities. Lipids 2013; 48:675-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Andras P, Andras A. Type 2 diabetes: A side effect of the adaptation of neurons and fat cells to support increased cognitive performance. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ifuku M, Katafuchi T, Mawatari S, Noda M, Miake K, Sugiyama M, Fujino T. Anti-inflammatory/anti-amyloidogenic effects of plasmalogens in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in adult mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:197. [PMID: 22889165 PMCID: PMC3444880 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation involves the activation of glial cells in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Plasmalogens (Pls) are glycerophospholipids constituting cellular membranes and play significant roles in membrane fluidity and cellular processes such as vesicular fusion and signal transduction. METHODS In this study the preventive effects of Pls on systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation were investigated using immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR methods and analysis of brain glycerophospholipid levels in adult mice. RESULTS Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of LPS (250 μg/kg) for seven days resulted in increases in the number of Iba-1-positive microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus accompanied by the enhanced expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs. In addition, β-amyloid (Aβ3-16)-positive neurons appeared in the PFC and hippocampus of LPS-injected animals. The co-administration of Pls (i.p., 20 mg/kg) after daily LPS injections significantly attenuated both the activation of glial cells and the accumulation of Aβ proteins. Finally, the amount of Pls in the PFC and hippocampus decreased following the LPS injections and this reduction was suppressed by co-treatment with Pls. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Pls have anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic effects, thereby indicating the preventive or therapeutic application of Pls against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ifuku
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Katafuchi T, Ifuku M, Mawatari S, Noda M, Miake K, Sugiyama M, Fujino T. Effects of plasmalogens on systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced glial activation and β-amyloid accumulation in adult mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1262:85-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jim MC, Hung ND, Yoo JM, Kim MR, Sok D. Suppressive effect of docosahexaenoyl‐lysophosphatidylcholine and 17‐hydroxydocosahexaenoyl‐lysophosphatidylcholine on levels of cytokines in spleen of mice treated with lipopolysaccharide. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen Jim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Dang Hung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai‐Eun Sok
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Dyall SC. Methodological issues and inconsistencies in the field of omega-3 fatty acids research. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:281-5. [PMID: 21925854 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest into researching omega-3 fatty acids; however, there are considerable variations in the methodologies employed. Many studies add oils to animal feed and under ambient conditions omega-3 fatty acids are particularly unstable and prone to autoxidation and peroxidative damage. It is therefore important to take specific precautions with the stock preparations and when preparing the experimental diets. There is a need for clarity in the reporting of methodologies employed, such as how oil preparations are stored and handled, how experimental diets are prepared, the potential effects of adding additional antioxidants, whether there is a clear rationale for the selection of control/placebo diets, which may be situation dependent, and consistency in expressing the experimental doses. The purpose of this article is to highlight some of these issues in the hope of promoting discussion, and potentially developing guidelines as to what represents best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
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French mothers' milk deficient in DHA contains phospholipid species of potential interest for infant development. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53:206-12. [PMID: 21788764 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318216f1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An insufficient human milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level was reported worldwide, which leads to the question of the sufficiency of the DHA supply for infant development in the French Mediterranean area. Also, among milk lipids, phospholipids may be of high potential interest for infant brain development, being a specific vector of DHA and providing plasmalogens. We aimed to estimate the consumption of such milk compounds by preterm and term infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Milk samples from 22 lactating French women living in a port city, Marseille, were collected in a neonatology department from a single full-breast expression using an electric pump. Amounts of triglycerides, total phospholipids and plasmalogens, and fatty acid profile were determined by gas chromatography, and cholesterol by enzymatic assay. RESULTS Depending on the infant dietary guidelines we referred to, 46% or 82% of milk samples were below the recommended DHA level (0.4% or 0.7%), and a majority exhibited high linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid and n-6/n-3 ratios, probably resulting from high linoleic acid together with low fish and seafood products consumption. DHA carried by phospholipids in a majority of specimens met the requirements for brain development for term but not for premature infants. Milk plasmalogen levels ranged from 3.4 to 39.2 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the recommendation of DHA supplementation to French mothers living in a Mediterranean port city, and of decreased linoleic acid intake, to reach optimal milk composition for infant health. DHA-containing phospholipids including plasmalogen species may represent important bioactive human milk compounds.
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Hung ND, Kim MR, Sok DE. Oral Administration of 2-Docosahexaenoyl Lysophosphatidylcholine Displayed Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Zymosan A-Induced Peritonitis. Inflammation 2010; 34:147-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Diffusion of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids through the blood–brain barrier: An in situ cerebral perfusion study. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Discrimination of Chain Positions in Mixed Short/Long-Chain Glycerophosphocholines by NMR Chemical Shift Variations. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-008-1280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen S, Li KW. Comparison of molecular species of various transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine (PS) with bovine cortex PS by mass spectrometry. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 152:46-56. [PMID: 18230349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The exogenous introduction of a molecular species mixture of bovine cortex phosphatidylserine (BC-PS) has been claimed to improve memory function in subjects suffering from age-associated memory impairment and dementia. However, it has been also reported that oral administration of another molecular species mixture of transphosphatidylated-soybean phosphatidylserine (T-Soy-PS) showed a little effect in older individuals with memory complaints. In this study, a new type of mixture of transphosphatidylated-fish liver phosphatidylserine (T-FL-PS) species, as well as intact molecular species of the two commercial products of T-Soy-PS made in the United States and Europe, were characterized by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, and molecular species of various transphosphatidylated PSs, including T-FL-PS, T-Soy-PS and transphosphatidylated-squid skin phosphatidylserine (T-SS-PS) were then compared with those of BC-PS for the first time. The results show that (i) the presence of a relatively high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing species (more than 45%) is remarkable in T-FL-PS, (ii) DHA-ether PS species are found only in T-FL-PS, especially the species (about 17%) made from marine fish liver, rather than BC-PS and T-SS-PS, and (iii) DHA species present in both T-FL-PS and T-SS-PS are significantly enriched, compared with those in BC-PS (about 10%) and T-Soy-PS (no DHA species). We conclude that mixtures of T-FL-PS and T-SS-PS species are considered to be qualified alternatives of BC-PS supplement used as brain nutrients. It is expected that intact structural information on molecular species in current and potential transphosphatidylated PS products provided here will be useful in the further study and development of therapeutic roles of the phospholipid at molecular species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Chain on Neurotrophin Biotechnology Inc., Research and Development, 41 Bayberry Drive, Malta, NY 12020, USA.
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Sublette ME, Bosetti F, DeMar JC, Ma K, Bell JM, Fagin-Jones S, Russ MJ, Rapoport SI. Plasma free polyunsaturated fatty acid levels are associated with symptom severity in acute mania. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9:759-65. [PMID: 17988367 PMCID: PMC2238693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been implicated as potentially important factors in mood disorders. For instance, n-3 PUFA supplementation is reported to improve outcomes in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. However, the role of PUFAs in acute mania has been minimally investigated. We performed a pilot study to compare plasma levels of free (non-esterified) and esterified PUFAs between patients in an acute manic episode and healthy volunteers, and to explore associations between symptom severity and levels of fatty acids and of the arachidonic acid metabolite, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). METHODS Patients (n=10) who were medication-free for at least two weeks and seeking inpatient admission for an acute manic episode were compared with healthy volunteers (n=10). Symptom severity was assessed at admission and after six weeks of naturalistic treatment. Fasting baseline free and esterified plasma levels of docosahexaneoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (AA,20:4n-6) and the AA metabolite PGE2 were determined, and PGE2 levels were tested again at six weeks. RESULTS No between-group differences were found in levels of individual or total fatty acids, or of PGE2. Among subjects, manic symptom severity correlated negatively with levels of free AA and free EPA, and positively with the free AA:EPA ratio. PGE2 levels did not differ between groups or in subjects pre- and post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest that, in susceptible persons, low plasma levels of free EPA compared with AA are related to the severity of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Chen S, Subbaiah PV. Phospholipid and fatty acid specificity of endothelial lipase: potential role of the enzyme in the delivery of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:1319-28. [PMID: 17905648 PMCID: PMC2093921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) is an essential fatty acid required for the normal function of several tissues, especially the brain. Previous studies suggested that lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) is a preferred carrier of DHA to the brain, although the pathways of the formation of DHA-containing lysophospholipids in plasma have not been delineated. We propose that endothelial lipase (EL), a phospholipase A1 that plays an important role in the metabolism of high density lipoproteins, may be responsible for the generation of DHA lysophospholipids in plasma. Here we studied the substrate specificity of EL using deuterium-labeled phospholipids with different polar head groups, as well as DHA-enriched natural phospholipids to test this hypothesis. Glycerol-stabilized phospholipids were treated with recombinant EL, and the products were analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. EL showed the polar head group specificity in the order of phosphatidylethanolamine>phosphatidylcholine>phosphatidylserine>phosphatidic acid. Within the same phospholipid class, the enzyme showed preference for the species containing DHA at the sn-2 position, and was inactive in the hydrolysis of phospholipids containing an ether linkage. Since EL is known to be secreted by the cells of blood-brain barrier, we suggest that it plays an important role in the delivery of DHA lysophospholipid carriers to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Chainon Neurotrophin Biotechnology Inc., 41 Bayberry Dr. Malta, NY 12020, USA.
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Acién Fernández FG, Fernández Sevilla JM, Egorova-Zachernyuk TA, Molina Grima E. Cost-effective production of 13C, 15N stable isotope-labelled biomass from phototrophic microalgae for various biotechnological applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:193-200. [PMID: 16257578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study outlines a process for the cost-effective production of 13C/15N-labelled biomass of microalgae on a commercial scale. The core of the process is a bubble column photobioreactor with exhaust gas recirculation by means of a low-pressure compressor. To avoid accumulation of dissolved oxygen in the culture, the exhaust gas is bubbled through a sodium sulphite solution prior to its return to the reactor. The engineered system can be used for the production of 13C, 15N, and 13C-15N stable isotope-labelled biomass as required. To produce 13C-labelled biomass, 13CO2 is injected on demand for pH control and carbon supply, whereas for 15N-labelled biomass Na15NO3 is supplied as nitrogen source at the stochiometric concentration. The reactor is operated in semicontinuous mode at different biomass concentrations, yielding a maximum mean biomass productivity of 0.3 gL(-1) day(-1). In order to maximize the uptake efficiency of the labelled substrates, the inorganic carbon is recovered from the supernatant by acidification/desorption processes, while the nitrate is delivered at stochiometric concentration and the harvesting of biomass is performed when the 15NO3- is depleted. In these conditions, elemental analysis of both biomass and supernatant shows that 89.2% of the injected carbon is assimilated into the biomass and 6.9% remains in the supernatant. Based on elemental analysis, 97.8% of the supplied nitrogen is assimilated into the biomass and 1.3% remains in the supernatant. Stable isotope-labelling enrichment has been analysed by GC-MS results showing that the biomass is highly labelled. All the fatty acids are labelled; more than 96% of the carbon present in these fatty acids is 13C. The engineered system was stably operated for 3 months, producing over 160 g of 13C and/or 15N-labelled biomass. The engineered bioreactor can be applied for the labelling of various microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Acién Fernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, E-04071 Almería, Spain
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Innis S. Chapter 10 Essential fatty acid metabolism during early development. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sovic A, Balazs Z, Hrzenjak A, Reicher H, Panzenboeck U, Malle E, Sattler W. Scavenger receptor class B, type I mediates uptake of lipoprotein-associated phosphatidylcholine by primary porcine cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:11-4. [PMID: 15342124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) mediates uptake of lipoprotein-associated cholesteryl ester and Vitamin E by porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (pBCECs). In the present study we investigated whether SR-BI is capable of mediating phosphatidylcholine (PC) uptake by pBCECs from low- and high density lipoproteins. SR-BI-overexpressing CHO cells and pBCECs showed significantly enhanced uptake rates of PC from both lipoprotein classes. In addition, preincubation of pBCECs in the presence of both lipoprotein species resulted in a significant increase of the cellular fatty acid content, particularly linoleic and arachidonic acid. Our results suggest that uptake of lipoprotein-associated PC by the cerebrovasculature via SR-BI could generate a pool of lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids available for transport into deeper regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sovic
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Werner A, Havinga R, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ. Treatment of EFA deficiency with dietary triglycerides or phospholipids in a murine model of extrahepatic cholestasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G822-32. [PMID: 14670824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00425.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency during cholestasis is mainly due to malabsorption of dietary EFA (23). Theoretically, dietary phospholipids (PL) may have a higher bioavailability than dietary triglycerides (TG) during cholestasis. We developed murine models for EFA deficiency (EFAD) with and without extrahepatic cholestasis and compared the efficacy of oral supplementation of EFA as PL or as TG. EFAD was induced in mice by feeding a high-fat EFAD diet. After 3 wk on this diet, bile duct ligation was performed in a subgroup of mice to establish extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestatic and noncholestatic EFAD mice continued on the EFAD diet (controls) or were supplemented for 3 wk with EFA-rich TG or EFA-rich PL. Fatty acid composition was determined in plasma, erythrocytes, liver, and brain. After 4 wk of EFAD diet, induction of EFAD was confirmed by a sixfold increased triene-to-tetraene ratio (T/T ratio) in erythrocytes of noncholestatic and cholestatic mice (P < 0.001). EFA-rich TG and EFA-rich PL were equally effective in preventing further increase of the erythrocyte T/T ratio, which was observed in cholestatic and noncholestatic nonsupplemented mice (12- and 16-fold the initial value, respectively). In cholestatic mice, EFA-rich PL was superior to EFA-rich TG in decreasing T/T ratios of liver TG and PL (each P < 0.05) and in increasing brain PL concentrations of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid (each P < 0.05). We conclude that oral EFA supplementation in the form of PL is more effective than in the form of TG in increasing LCPUFA concentrations in liver and brain of cholestatic EFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniek Werner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Research Laboratory, CMC IV Rm. Y2115, P. O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Acién Fernández FG, Alías CB, García-Malea López MC, Fernández Sevilla JM, Ibáñez González MJ, Gómez RN, Molina Grima E. Assessment of the production of 13C labeled compounds from phototrophic microalgae at laboratory scale. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2003; 20:149-62. [PMID: 12919792 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(03)00041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An integrated process for the indoor production of 13C labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from Phaeodactylum tricornutum is presented. The core of the process is a bubble column photobioreactor operating with recirculation of the exhaust gas using a low-pressure compressor. Oxygen accumulation in the system is avoided by bubbling the exhaust gas from the reactor in a sodium sulfite solution before returning to it. To achieve a high 13C enrichment in the biomass obtained, the culture medium is initially stripped of carbon, and labeled 13CO(2) is automatically injected on-demand during operation for pH control and carbon supply. The reactor was operated in both batch and semicontinuous modes. In semicontinuous mode, the reactor was operated at a dilution rate of 0.01 h(-1), resulting in a biomass productivity of 0.1 g l(-1) per day. The elemental analysis of the inlet and outlet flows of the reactor showed that 64.9% of carbon was turned into microalgal biomass, 34.9% remained in the supernatant mainly as inorganic compounds. Only 3.8% of injected carbon was effectively fixed as the target labeled product (EPA). Regarding the isotopic composition of fatty acids, results showed that fatty acids were not labeled in the same proportion, the higher the number of carbons the lower the percentage of 13C. Isotopic composition of EPA ranged from 36.5 to 53.5%, as a function of the methodology used (GC-MS, EA-IRMS or gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS)). The low carbon uptake efficiency combined with the high cost of 13CO(2) make necessary to redefine the designed culture system to increase the efficiency of the conversion of 13CO(2) into the target product. Therefore, the possibility of removing 12C from the fresh medium, and recovering and recirculating the inorganic carbon in the supernatant and the organic carbon from the EPA depleted biomass was studied. The inorganic carbon of the fresh medium was removed by acidification and stripping with N(2). The inorganic carbon of the supernatant was recovered also by acidification and subsequent stripping with N(2). The operating conditions of this step were optimized for gas flow rate and type of contactor. A carbon recovery step for the depleted biomass was designed based on the catalytic oxidation to CO(2) using CuO (10 wt.%) as catalyst with an oxygen enriched atmosphere (80% O(2) partial pressure). In this way, the carbon losses reduced an 80.2% and the efficiency of the conversion of carbon in EPA was increased to 19.5%, which is close to the theoretical maximum. Further increase in 13CO(2) use efficiency is only possible by additionally recovering other labeled by-products present in the biomass: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and pigments.
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Delarue J, Matzinger O, Binnert C, Schneiter P, Chioléro R, Tappy L. Fish oil prevents the adrenal activation elicited by mental stress in healthy men. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2003; 29:289-95. [PMID: 12909818 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A diet rich in n-3 fatty acids (fish oils) is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Sympathoadrenal activation is postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and may be inhibited by n-3 fatty acids. We therefore evaluated the effects of a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids on the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and of stress hormones elicited by a mental stress. METHODS Seven human volunteers were studied on two occasions, before and after 3 weeks of supplementation with 7.2 g/day fish oil. On each occasion, the concentrations of plasma cortisol, and catecholamines, energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), and adipose tissue lipolysis (plasma non esterified fatty acid concentrations) were monitored in basal conditions followed by a 30 min mental stress (mental arithmetics and Stroop's test) and a 30 min recovery period. RESULTS In control conditions, mental stress significantly increased heart rate, mean blood pressure, and energy expenditure. It increased plasma epinephrine from 60.9 +/- 6.2 to 89.3 +/- 16.1 pg/ml (p<0.05), plasma cortisol from 291 +/- 32 to 372 +/- 37 micromol/l (p<0.05) and plasma non esterified fatty acids from 409 +/- 113 to 544 +/- 89 micromol/l (p<0.05). After 3 weeks of a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids, the stimulation by mental stress of plasma epinephrine, cortisol, energy expenditure, and plasma non esterified fatty acids concentrations, were all significantly blunted. CONCLUSION Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids inhibits the adrenal activation elicited by a mental stress, presumably through effects exerted at the level of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delarue
- Laboratoire régional de nutrition humaine, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
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Kim YA, Park MS, Kim YH, Han SY. Synthesis of 1-lyso-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine and its regioisomers and structural elucidation by NMR spectroscopy and FAB tandem mass spectrometry. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Brain is highly enriched in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which play important roles in brain structural and biologic functions. Plasma transport, in the form of free fatty acids or esterified FAs in lysophosphatidylcholine and lipoproteins, and de-novo synthesis contribute to brain accretion of long-chain PUFAs. Transport of long-chain PUFAs from plasma may play important roles because of the limited ability of brain to synthesize long-chain PUFAs, in the face of high demand for them. Although several proteins involved in facilitated fatty acid transport (e.g. fatty acid transport protein, fatty acid binding protein and very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase) have been found in brain, their roles in fatty acid accumulation in brain are poorly defined. The primary pathways that are involved in long-chain PUFA accumulation in brain may vary according to brain region and developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Qi
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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