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Chen J, Hu J, Guo X, Yang Y, Qin D, Tang X, Huang Z, Wang F, Hu D, Peng D, Yu B. Apolipoprotein O modulates cholesterol metabolism via NRF2/CYB5R3 independent of LDL receptor. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:389. [PMID: 38830896 PMCID: PMC11148037 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein O (APOO) plays a critical intracellular role in regulating lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the roles of APOO in metabolism and atherogenesis in mice. Hepatic APOO expression was increased in response to hyperlipidemia but was inhibited after simvastatin treatment. Using a novel APOO global knockout (Apoo-/-) model, it was found that APOO depletion aggravated diet-induced obesity and elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Upon crossing with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) knockout hyperlipidemic mouse models, Apoo-/- Apoe-/- and Apoo-/- Ldlr-/- mice exhibited elevated plasma cholesterol levels, with more severe atherosclerotic lesions than littermate controls. This indicated the effects of APOO on cholesterol metabolism independent of LDLR and APOE. Moreover, APOO deficiency reduced cholesterol excretion through bile and feces while decreasing phospholipid unsaturation by inhibiting NRF2 and CYB5R3. Restoration of CYB5R3 expression in vivo by adeno-associated virus (AAV) injection reversed the reduced degree of phospholipid unsaturation while decreasing blood cholesterol levels. This represents the first in vivo experimental validation of the role of APOO in plasma cholesterol metabolism independent of LDLR and elucidates a previously unrecognized cholesterol metabolism pathway involving NRF2/CYB5R3. APOO may be a metabolic regulator of total-body cholesterol homeostasis and a target for atherosclerosis management. Apolipoprotein O (APOO) regulates plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis through a pathway involving CYB5R3 that regulates biliary and fecal cholesterol excretion, independently of the LDL receptor. In addition, down-regulation of APOO may lead to impaired mitochondrial function, which in turn aggravates diet-induced obesity and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiarui Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, NO.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Donglu Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Die Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, No.139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Medicine, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- FuRong Laboratory, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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Guo Y, Liu B, Geng Y, Chen K, Li J, Yin X, Zhang S. Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, promotes transintestinal cholesterol excretion through the activation of PPARδ. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113783. [PMID: 38129008 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin, a dietary polyphenol abundantly found in strawberries, exhibits a broad spectrum of health-promoting activities, including antihyperlipidemic effects. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of fisetin on cholesterol elimination through novel transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway. A hypercholesterolemic mouse model and human colon epithelial cancer cell line Caco-2 were utilized to conduct the study. In hypercholesterolemic mice, fisetin (25 mg/kg) treatment reduced serum total cholesterol by 46.48% and significantly decreased lipid accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, fisetin administration led to a substantial increase in the fecal neutral sterol contents, including coprostanol, coprostanone, dihydrocholesterol, and cholesterol. Specifically, these sterol contents increased by approximately 224.20%, 151.40%, 70.40% and 50.72% respectively. The fluorescence intensity of 22-NBD-cholesterol in intestinal perfusion increased by 95.94% in fisetin group (25 mg/kg), indicating that fisetin stimulated TICE. In high cholesterol-induced Caco-2 cells, fisetin at a concentration of 30 μM reduced total cholesterol and free cholesterol by 37.21% and 45.30% respectively, stimulated cholesterol excretion, and inhibited cholesterol accumulation. Additionally, fisetin upregulated the gene and protein expression of cholesterol efflux transporters ABCG5/G8 and ABCB1, while downregulating the cholesterol uptake regulator NPC1L1. Furthermore, fisetin increased LDLR protein expression and decreased PCSK9 expression. Notably, fisetin significantly activated nuclear receptor PPARδ in Caco-2 cells. PPARδ antagonist pretreatment counteracted the regulatory effects of fisetin on TICE regulators, suggesting fisetin lowered cholesterol through enhancing TICE by activation of intestinal PPARδ. Fisetin could be used as functional dietarysupplement for eliminating cholesterol and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, China
| | - Yaping Geng
- Division of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Binzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyan Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangju Yin
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, China; Nutrition and Health Food Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Xu H, Xin Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Cao Y, Li W, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu P. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:653-662. [PMID: 37736845 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a non-biliary pathway that excretes excess cholesterol from the body through feces. This article focuses on the research progress of the TICE pathway in the last few years, including the discovery process of the TICE pathway, its molecular mechanism, and potential clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond the cholesterol excretion via hepatobiliary pathway, TICE contributes significantly to reverse cholesterol transport ex vivo and in vivo. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR) activated, respectively, by oxysterols and bile acids promote intestinal cholesterol secretion through ABCG5/G8. Nutrient regulators and intestinal flora also modulate cholesterol secretion through the TICE pathway. TICE allows direct elimination of plasma cholesterol, which may provide an attractive therapeutic targets. TICE pathway may provide a potential target to stimulate cholesterol elimination and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yutong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China.
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China.
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Bell AS, Wagner J, Rosoff DB, Lohoff FW. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105155. [PMID: 37019248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and its protein product have been widely studied for their role in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. PCSK9 increases the rate of metabolic degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors, preventing the diffusion of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from plasma into cells and contributes to high lipoprotein-bound cholesterol levels in the plasma. While most research has focused on the regulation and disease relevance of PCSK9 to the cardiovascular system and lipid metabolism, there is a growing body of evidence that PCSK9 plays a crucial role in pathogenic processes in other organ systems, including the central nervous system. PCSK9's impact on the brain is not yet fully understood, though several recent studies have sought to illuminate its impact on various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, as well as its connection with ischemic stroke. Cerebral PCSK9 expression is low but is highly upregulated during disease states. Among others, PCSK9 is known to play a role in neurogenesis, neural cell differentiation, central LDL receptor metabolism, neural cell apoptosis, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's Disease, Alcohol Use Disorder, and stroke. The PCSK9 gene contains several polymorphisms, including both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations which profoundly impact normal PCSK9 signaling and cholesterol metabolism. Gain-of-function mutations lead to persistent hypercholesterolemia and poor health outcomes, while loss-of-function mutations generally lead to hypocholesterolemia and may serve as a protective factor against diseases of the liver, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. Recent genomic studies have sought to identify the end-organ effects of such mutations and continue to identify evidence of a much broader role for PCSK9 in extrahepatic organ systems. Despite this, there remain large gaps in our understanding of PCSK9, its regulation, and its effects on disease risk outside the liver. This review, which incorporates data from a wide range of scientific disciplines and experimental paradigms, is intended to describe PCSK9's role in the central nervous system as it relates to cerebral disease and neuropsychiatric disorders, and to examine the clinical potential of PCSK9 inhibitors and genetic variation in the PCSK9 gene on disease outcomes, including neurological and neuropsychiatric disease.
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5
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Hazra R, Roy D. Free energy landscape of wrapping of lipid nanocluster by polysaccharides. Biophys Chem 2023; 294:106956. [PMID: 36630748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wrapping of a 20-mer cholesterol nano-cluster (CHL-nanoC) by two widely different types of β-glucan polysaccharides (23-25 mers) having significantly varying glycosidic linkage patterns and side chains is studied by Well-Tempered MetaDynamics (WT-MetaD) simulations. The problem has its relevance in the faecal sterol and bile acid excretion in humans and the role of dietary fibres in aiding the process and combating dyslipidemia. Additionally, the distinctive collective variables studied here can be extended for modeling of polymer wrapped soft clusters/nano-particles in general. The wrapping ability is observed to be significantly correlated to the bending of the polysaccharide chain, an attribute of the glycosidic linkage type. By biasing two unique collective variables, the radius of gyration of the polysaccharide (Rg, poly) and the second order Legendre polynomial of the segment orientation parameter, θ, we could successfully observe the wrapping process. This work compares in detail the physical properties of the polysaccharide encapsulated CHL-nanoC by probing the radius of curvature (Rcurv, poly) of the polysaccharides, their coordination number with respect to the CHL-nanoC (CN), fractional CHL-nanoC surface coverage and the electrostatic surface potentials of the complex assembly. Results indicate that the β-glucan having 1-4 glycosidic linked monomers with intermittent 1-3 linkage is able to wrap the CHL-nanoC more effectively. The 1-3 glycosidic linked β-glucan with 1-6 glycosidic bonds in side chains is significantly curled up and appears to be less efficient in wrapping the nanoC. This work provides a comparative molecular level picture of mutual interaction between two major dietary polysaccharide variants and lipid globules as indicated by numerous clinical level studies involving mice and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Durba Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India.
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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7
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Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Abe RJ, Abe JI, Nguyen MTH, Olmsted-Davis EA, Mamun A, Banerjee P, Cooke JP, Fang L, Pownall H, Le NT. Free Cholesterol Bioavailability and Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:323-336. [PMID: 35332444 PMCID: PMC9050774 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As both a cholesterol acceptor and carrier in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is putatively atheroprotective. However, current pharmacological therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration have paradoxically failed to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given that free cholesterol (FC) transfer between surfaces of lipoproteins and cells is reversible, excess plasma FC can be transferred to the cells of peripheral tissue sites resulting in atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize potential mechanisms contributing to this paradox and highlight the role of excess free cholesterol (FC) bioavailability in atherosclerosis vs. atheroprotection. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have established a complex relationship between HDL-c concentration and atherosclerosis. Systemic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) knock out (KO) mice exhibit with increased diet-induced atherosclerosis despite having an elevated plasma HDL-c concentration compared to wild type (WT) mice. The greater bioavailability of HDL-FC in SR-B1 vs. WT mice is associated with a higher FC content in multiple cell types and tissue sites. These results suggest that dysfunctional HDL with high FC bioavailability is atheroprone despite high HDL-c concentration. Past oversimplification of HDL-c involvement in cholesterol transport has led to the failures in HDL targeted therapy. Evidence suggests that FC-mediated functionality of HDL is of higher importance than its quantity; as a result, deciphering the regulatory mechanisms by which HDL-FC bioavailability can induce atherosclerosis can have far-reaching clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minh T H Nguyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Abrar Mamun
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Pownall
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) pathway is the second described route for plasma cholesterol fecal elimination. This article summarizes recent TICE research progresses, involving TICE inducers, molecular determinants of this pathway, and its role in lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS TICE is an active pathway in mice, rats, and humans. Kinetic measurements showed that under basal conditions, the relative contribution of TICE in fecal elimination of plasma cholesterol is quantitatively less important than the hepatobiliary pathway. However, the amplitude of TICE can be induced by numerous nutritional factors and pharmacological drugs. More importantly, by contrast with the stimulation of biliary cholesterol excretion that is associated with an increased risk of gallstone formation, TICE appears as a safer therapeutical target. Finally, several independent studies have demonstrated that TICE is actively contributing to the anti-atherogenic reverse cholesterol pathway reinforcing the interest to better understand its mode of action. The discovery of TICE and the understanding of its mode of action open new therapeutical perspectives for patients at high risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Lee H, Shin E, Kang H, Youn H, Youn B. Soybean-Derived Peptides Attenuate Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Trans-Intestinal Cholesterol Excretion and Bile Acid Synthesis. Nutrients 2021; 14:95. [PMID: 35010970 PMCID: PMC8747086 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels cause hyperlipidemia. Despite the availability of statin-based drugs to reduce LDL levels, additional effective treatments for reducing blood lipid concentrations are required. Herein, soybean hydrolysate prepared via peptic and tryptic hydrolysis promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by increasing ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5) and ABCG8 expression. The peptide sequence capable of promoting TICE was determined via HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Based on this, pure artificial peptides were synthesized, and the efficacy of the selected peptides was verified using cellular and hyperlipidemic mouse models. Soybean hydrolysates, including two bioactive peptides (ALEPDHRVESEGGL and SLVNNDDRDSYRLQSGDAL), promoted TICE via the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in enterocytes. They downregulated expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and CYP8B1 via expression of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in a liver X receptor α (LXRa)-dependent pathway. Administration of bioactive peptides to hyperlipidemic mouse models by oral gavage reduced cholesterol levels in serum via upregulation of ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression in the proximal intestine and through fecal cholesterol excretion, upregulated FGF 15/19 expression, and suppressed hepatic bile acid synthesis. Oral administration of soybean-derived bioactive peptides elicited hypolipidemic effects by increasing TICE and decreasing hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haksoo Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.L.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Eunguk Shin
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.L.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Hyunkoo Kang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.L.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.L.); (E.S.); (H.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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11
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E. Linking liver metabolic and vascular disease via bile acid signaling. Trends Mol Med 2021; 28:51-66. [PMID: 34815180 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder affecting over one quarter of the global population. Liver fat accumulation in NAFLD is promoted by increased de novo lipogenesis leading to the development of a proatherosclerotic lipid profile and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The CVD component of NAFLD is the main determinant of patient outcome. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein bile acid-activated receptor 1 (GPBAR1) are bile acid-activated receptors that modulate inflammation and lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver and CV system, and are thus potential therapeutic targets. We review bile acid signaling in liver, metabolic tissues, and the CV system, and we propose the development of dual FXR/GPBAR1 ligands, intestine-restricted FXR ligands, or statin combinations to limit side effects and effectively manage the liver and CV components of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- Struttura Complessa di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Groenen AG, Halmos B, Tall AR, Westerterp M. Cholesterol efflux pathways, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:426-439. [PMID: 34182846 PMCID: PMC9007272 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1925217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) inversely correlate with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The causal relationship between plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and CVD has been called into question by Mendelian randomization studies and the majority of clinical trials not showing any benefit of plasma HDL-cholesterol raising drugs on CVD. Nonetheless, recent Mendelian randomization studies including an increased number of CVD cases compared to earlier studies have confirmed that HDL-cholesterol levels and CVD are causally linked. Moreover, several studies in large population cohorts have shown that the cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL inversely correlates with CVD. Cholesterol efflux pathways exert anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects by suppressing proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and inflammation and inflammasome activation in macrophages. Cholesterol efflux pathways also suppress the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages, i.e. macrophage foam cell formation. Recent single-cell RNASeq studies on atherosclerotic plaques have suggested that macrophage foam cells have lower expression of inflammatory genes than non-foam cells, probably reflecting liver X receptor activation, upregulation of ATP Binding Cassette A1 and G1 cholesterol transporters and suppression of inflammation. However, when these pathways are defective lesional foam cells may become pro-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk G. Groenen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedek Halmos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan R. Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Papotti B, Escolà-Gil JC, Julve J, Potì F, Zanotti I. Impact of Dietary Lipids on the Reverse Cholesterol Transport: What We Learned from Animal Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082643. [PMID: 34444804 PMCID: PMC8401548 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a physiological mechanism protecting cells from an excessive accumulation of cholesterol. When this process begins in vascular macrophages, it acquires antiatherogenic properties, as has been widely demonstrated in animal models. Dietary lipids, despite representing a fundamental source of energy and exerting multiple biological functions, may induce detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of the most relevant classes of dietary lipids, such as fatty acids, sterols and liposoluble vitamins, with effects on different steps of RCT. We also provide a critical analysis of data obtained from experimental models which can serve as a valuable tool to clarify the effects of dietary lipids on cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Papotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.E.-G.); (J.J.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (J.C.E.-G.); (J.J.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Potì
- Unità di Neuroscienze, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39/F, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521905040
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14
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Tanaka Y, Kamisako T. Regulation of the expression of cholesterol transporters by lipid-lowering drugs ezetimibe and pemafibrate in rat liver and intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166215. [PMID: 34265370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ezetimibe and pemafibrate are lipid-lowering drugs and promote reverse cholesterol transport. However, it is unknown whether cholesterol is mainly excreted by hepatobiliary excretion or by non-biliary transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We evaluated the effects of ezetimibe and pemafibrate on hepatic and intestinal cholesterol transporter regulation in Sham-operated rats, and examined the effects of these drugs on TICE in bile duct-ligated rats. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated as follows for two weeks: 1) Sham, Sham operation; 2) BDL, bile duct ligation; 3) E-Sham, Sham + ezetimibe; 4) E-BDL, BDL + ezetimibe; 5) P-Sham, Sham + pemafibrate; and 6) P-BDL, BDL + pemafibrate. Blood, liver, jejunum, and feces were collected 72 h post-surgery. Hepatic cholesterol levels were decreased in P-Sham and E-Sham, and were lower in E-BDL and P-BDL than in BDL. Fecal cholesterol levels increased in E-Sham and P-Sham compared with Sham, and were higher in E-BDL and P-BDL than in BDL. In liver, Abcg5 mRNA showed induction in E-Sham, Abcg5 and Abca1 mRNA were induced in P-Sham, Abcg5 mRNA was reduced in E-BDL, and Abca1 mRNA was increased in P-BDL. In jejunum, Abcg5 mRNA was induced in E-Sham. Abcg8 mRNA was induced in E-Sham and P-Sham. NPC1L1 mRNA showed reduced expression in P-Sham and P-BDL. SR-B1 mRNA was reduced in P-Sham, and the expression decreased in P-BDL. LDL receptor mRNA was induced in BDL and P-BDL. Ezetimibe and pemafibrate may promote TICE by increasing Abcg5/g8, while pemafibrate may inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption by decreasing SR-B1 and NPC1L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Kamisako
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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15
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Zhang D, Wei C, Hop CECA, Wright MR, Hu M, Lai Y, Khojasteh SC, Humphreys WG. Intestinal Excretion, Intestinal Recirculation, and Renal Tubule Reabsorption Are Underappreciated Mechanisms That Drive the Distribution and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Small Molecule Drugs. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7045-7059. [PMID: 34010555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug reabsorption following biliary excretion is well-known as enterohepatic recirculation (EHR). Renal tubular reabsorption (RTR) following renal excretion is also common but not easily assessed. Intestinal excretion (IE) and enteroenteric recirculation (EER) have not been recognized as common disposition mechanisms for metabolically stable and permeable drugs. IE and intestinal reabsorption (IR:EHR/EER), as well as RTR, are governed by dug concentration gradients, passive diffusion, active transport, and metabolism, and together they markedly impact disposition and pharmacokinetics (PK) of small molecule drugs. Disruption of IE, IR, or RTR through applications of active charcoal (AC), transporter knockout (KO), and transporter inhibitors can lead to changes in PK parameters. The impacts of intestinal and renal reabsorption on PK are under-appreciated. Although IE and EER/RTR can be an intrinsic drug property, there is no apparent strategy to optimize compounds based on this property. This review seeks to improve understanding and applications of IE, IR, and RTR mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- University of Houston College of Pharmacy, 4849 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - W Griff Humphreys
- Aranmore Pharma Consulting, 11 Andrew Drive, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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16
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Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Baldoni M, Ricci P, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E. The identification of farnesoid X receptor modulators as treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1193-1208. [PMID: 33849361 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1916465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear receptor selectively activated by primary bile acids. AREA COVERED FXR is a validated pharmacological target. Herein, the authors review preclinical and clinical data supporting the development of FXR agonists in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. EXPERT OPINION Development of systemic FXR agonists to treat the metabolic liver disease has been proven challenging because the side effects associated with these agents including increased levels of cholesterol and LDL-c and reduced HDL-c raising concerns over their long-term cardiovascular safety. Additionally, pruritus has emerged as a common, although poorly explained, dose-related side effect with all FXR ligands, but is especially common with OCA. FXR agonists that are currently undergoing phase 2/3 trials are cilofexor, tropifexor, nidufexor and MET409. Some of these agents are currently being developed as combination therapies with other agents including cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor, or firsocostat an acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the beneficial effects of combination of these agents with statins. It is expected that in the coming years, FXR agonists will be developed as a combination therapy to minimize side effects and increase likelihood of success by targeting different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monia Baldoni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC Di Gastroenterologia Ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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17
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Williams K, Segard A, Graf GA. Sitosterolemia: Twenty Years of Discovery of the Function of ABCG5ABCG8. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2641. [PMID: 33807969 PMCID: PMC7961684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a lipid disorder characterized by the accumulation of dietary xenosterols in plasma and tissues caused by mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8. ABCG5 ABCG8 encodes a pair of ABC half transporters that form a heterodimer (G5G8), which then traffics to the surface of hepatocytes and enterocytes and promotes the secretion of cholesterol and xenosterols into the bile and the intestinal lumen. We review the literature from the initial description of the disease, the discovery of its genetic basis, current therapy, and what has been learned from animal, cellular, and molecular investigations of the transporter in the twenty years since its discovery. The genomic era has revealed that there are far more carriers of loss of function mutations and likely pathogenic variants of ABCG5 ABCG8 than previously thought. The impact of these variants on G5G8 structure and activity are largely unknown. We propose a classification system for ABCG5 ABCG8 mutants based on previously published systems for diseases caused by defects in ABC transporters. This system establishes a framework for the comprehensive analysis of disease-associated variants and their impact on G5G8 structure-function.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/history
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/history
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/metabolism
- Animals
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Enterocytes/metabolism
- Enterocytes/pathology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/history
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Intestinal Diseases/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases/history
- Intestinal Diseases/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/history
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Lipoproteins/genetics
- Lipoproteins/history
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phytosterols/adverse effects
- Phytosterols/genetics
- Phytosterols/history
- Phytosterols/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kori Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Allison Segard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Gregory A. Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.W.); (A.S.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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18
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Pang J, Xu H, Wang X, Chen X, Li Q, Liu Q, You Y, Zhang H, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ling W. Resveratrol enhances trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion through selective activation of intestinal liver X receptor alpha. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114481. [PMID: 33631191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a dietary polyphenol with well-documented cardio-protective activity, but its effects on blood cholesterol levels remain to be established. Due to its poor bioavailability, tissue accumulation of RSV is extremely low except for that in the small intestine. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of RSV on blood cholesterol levels and the involvement of small intestine in the cholesterol-lowering impacts of RSV. Mice were administrated with RSV at various doses with high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. The fecal neutral sterol contents were analyzed, and intestinal perfusion test was performed. An enteric barrier model using Caco-2 cells was established. We observed that RSV reduced blood cholesterol levels in a dose-dependent manner in mice fed with HFD or HCD. Further investigation revealed that RSV administration increased the bile acid pool size but did not affect cholesterol consumption or de novo cholesterol synthesis. Interestingly, RSV promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by 2-fold in the intestinal perfusion test. In addition, RSV upregulated the expressions of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 or 8 (Abcg5/8) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1a or 1b (Abcb1a/b) by up to 8 times in the duodenum mucosa but not in the liver. RSV also significantly downregulated the expression of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1). Knock-down of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) but not Sirt1 by siRNA significantly blocked RSV-induced cholesterol excretion in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, RSV could decrease circulating cholesterol levels through enhancing TICE and limiting cholesterol absorption via selective activation of intestinal LXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yiran You
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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19
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Carino A, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Bile acids and their receptors in metabolic disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101094. [PMID: 33636214 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are a large family of atypical steroids which exert their functions by binding to a family of ubiquitous cell membrane and nuclear receptors. There are two main bile acid activated receptors, FXR and GPBAR1, that are exclusively activated by bile acids, while other receptors CAR, LXRs, PXR, RORγT, S1PR2and VDR are activated by bile acids in addition to other more selective endogenous ligands. In the intestine, activation of FXR and GPBAR1 promotes the release of FGF15/19 and GLP1 which integrate their signaling with direct effects exerted by theother receptors in target tissues. This network is tuned in a time ordered manner by circadian rhythm and is critical for the regulation of metabolic process including autophagy, fast-to-feed transition, lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance and immune responses. In the last decade FXR ligands have entered clinical trials but development of systemic FXR agonists has been proven challenging because their side effects including increased levels of cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-c) and reduced High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). In addition, pruritus has emerged as a common, dose related, side effect of FXR ligands. Intestinal-restricted FXR and GPBAR1 agonists and dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonists have been developed. Here we review the last decade in bile acids physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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20
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Khunweeraphong N, Mitchell-White J, Szöllősi D, Hussein T, Kuchler K, Kerr ID, Stockner T, Lee JY. Picky ABCG5/G8 and promiscuous ABCG2 - a tale of fatty diets and drug toxicity. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:4035-4058. [PMID: 32978801 PMCID: PMC7756502 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural data on ABCG5/G8 and ABCG2 reveal a unique molecular architecture for subfamily G ATP‐binding cassette (ABCG) transporters and disclose putative substrate‐binding sites. ABCG5/G8 and ABCG2 appear to use several unique structural motifs to execute transport, including the triple helical bundles, the membrane‐embedded polar relay, the re‐entry helices, and a hydrophobic valve. Interestingly, ABCG2 shows extreme substrate promiscuity, whereas ABCG5/G8 transports only sterol molecules. ABCG2 structures suggest a large internal cavity, serving as a binding region for substrates and inhibitors, while mutational and pharmacological analyses support the notion of multiple binding sites. By contrast, ABCG5/G8 shows a collapsed cavity of insufficient size to hold substrates. Indeed, mutational analyses indicate a sterol‐binding site at the hydrophobic interface between the transporter and the lipid bilayer. In this review, we highlight key differences and similarities between ABCG2 and ABCG5/G8 structures. We further discuss the relevance of distinct and shared structural features in the context of their physiological functions. Finally, we elaborate on how ABCG2 and ABCG5/G8 could pave the way for studies on other ABCG transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narakorn Khunweeraphong
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - James Mitchell-White
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dániel Szöllősi
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toka Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian D Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Lee S, Youn B. Hypolipidemic Roles of Casein-Derived Peptides by Regulation of Trans-Intestinal Cholesterol Excretion and Bile Acid Synthesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103058. [PMID: 33036208 PMCID: PMC7600240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, a syndrome characterized by an abnormal elevation of blood lipids, causes chronic lethal metabolic disorders. Although statins are regularly prescribed to patients, an alternative to treat the burden of excessive lipids is required for cholesterol control. In this study, it was found that the treatment of casein hydrolyzed by pepsin and trypsin induced trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) through ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 (ABCG5) expression. Next, we analyzed sequences of the peptides responsible for TICE induction, synthesized artificial peptides based on the sequences, and the hypolipidemic effects of the peptide treatments were assessed in both in vitro and in vivo models. We determined that two bioactive peptides contained in casein hydrolysates (SQSKVLPVPQK and HPHPHLSF) induced TICE through the expression of ABCG5 in enterocytes and suppressed hepatic mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and CYP8B1by ileal FGF19 expression both in an liver X receptor α (LXRα)-mediated manner. In the hyperlipidemic mouse models, the oral administration of peptides reduced serum cholesterol levels through elevation of the ABCG5 expression in proximal intestine and fecal cholesterol secretion. Besides this, peptides induced ileal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) and inhibited hepatic bile acid synthesis. We found that the oral treatment of casein-derived bioactive peptides could improve hyperlipidemia by regulating intestinal excretion and hepatic synthesis of cholesterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Lee
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2264; Fax: +82-51-581-2962
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Hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of Val-Phe-Val-Arg-Asn in C57BL/6J mice and 3T3-L1 cell models. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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23
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Nakano T, Inoue I, Takenaka Y, Ito R, Kotani N, Sato S, Nakano Y, Hirasaki M, Shimada A, Murakoshi T. Ezetimibe impairs transcellular lipid trafficking and induces large lipid droplet formation in intestinal absorptive epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158808. [PMID: 32860884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ezetimibe inhibits Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein, which mediates intracellular cholesterol trafficking from the brush border membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum, where chylomicron assembly takes place in enterocytes or in the intestinal absorptive epithelial cells. Cholesterol is a minor lipid constituent of chylomicrons; however, whether or not a shortage of cholesterol attenuates chylomicron assembly is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ezetimibe, a potent NPC1L1 inhibitor, on trans-epithelial lipid transport, and chylomicron assembly and secretion in enterocytes. Caco-2 cells, an absorptive epithelial model, grown onto culture inserts were given lipid micelles from the apical side, and chylomicron-like triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein secreted basolaterally were analyzed after a 24-h incubation period in the presence of ezetimibe up to 50 μM. The secretion of lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B48 were reduced by adding ezetimibe (30% and 34%, respectively). Although ezetimibe allowed the cells to take up cholesterol normally, the esterification was abolished. Meanwhile, oleic acid esterification was unaffected. Moreover, ezetimibe activated sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 by approximately 1.5-fold. These results suggest that ezetimibe limited cellular cholesterol mobilization required for lipoprotein assembly. In such conditions, large lipid droplet formation in Caco-2 cells and the enterocytes of mice were induced, implying that unprocessed triacylglycerol was sheltered in these compartments. Although ezetimibe did not reduce the post-prandial lipid surge appreciably in triolein-infused mice, the results of the present study indicated that pharmacological actions of ezetimibe may participate in a novel regulatory mechanism for the efficient chylomicron assembly and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenaka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sawako Sato
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakano
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Srivastava RAK, Cefalu AB, Srivastava NS, Averna M. NPC1L1 and ABCG5/8 induction explain synergistic fecal cholesterol excretion in ob/ob mice co-treated with PPAR-α and LXR agonists. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 473:247-262. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Gracia G, Cao E, Feeney OM, Johnston APR, Porter CJH, Trevaskis NL. High-Density Lipoprotein Composition Influences Lymphatic Transport after Subcutaneous Administration. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2938-2951. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Gracia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Orlagh M. Feeney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Angus P. R. Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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26
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Bourgin M, Labarthe S, Kriaa A, Lhomme M, Gérard P, Lesnik P, Laroche B, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Exploring the Bacterial Impact on Cholesterol Cycle: A Numerical Study. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1121. [PMID: 32587579 PMCID: PMC7298119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood cholesterol levels are often associated with cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic strategies, targeting different functions involved in cholesterol transport or synthesis, were developed to control cholesterolemia in human. However, the gut microbiota is also involved in cholesterol regulation by direct biotransformation of luminal cholesterol or conversion of bile salts, opening the way to the design of new strategies to manage cholesterol level. In this report, we developed for the first time a whole-body human model of cholesterol metabolism including the gut microbiota in order to investigate the relative impact of host and microbial pathways. We first used an animal model to investigate the ingested cholesterol distribution in vivo. Then, using in vitro bacterial growth experiments and metabolite measurements, we modeled the population dynamics of bacterial strains in the presence of cholesterol or bile salts, together with their bioconversion function. Next, after correct rescaling to mimic the activity of a complex microbiota, we developed a whole body model of cholesterol metabolism integrating host and microbiota mechanisms. This global model was validated with the animal experiments. Finally, the model was numerically explored to give a further insight into the different flux involved in cholesterol turn-over. According to this model, bacterial pathways appear as an important driver of cholesterol regulation, reinforcing the need for development of novel "bacteria-based" strategies for cholesterol management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourgin
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Simon Labarthe
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Lhomme
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France.,ICANalytics, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (IHU-ICAN, ANR-10-IAHU-05), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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27
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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Wang T, Cong PX, Cui J, Jiang S, Xu J, Xue CH, Huang QR, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Characteristics of EPA-Enriched Phosphoethanolamine Plasmalogens Based on Gastrointestinal Functions in Healthy Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12786-12795. [PMID: 31657926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
EPA-enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogens (EPA-pPE), widely present in marine creatures, is a unique glycerophospholipid with EPA at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. EPA-pPE has been reported to exhibit numerous distinctive bioactivities. However, the digestion, absorption, and metabolism characteristics of EPA-pPE in vivo are not clear, which restrict the molecular mechanism analysis related to its distinctive activities. The aim of the present study was to illustrate the digestion, absorption, and metabolism characteristics of EPA-pPE by lipid analysis in serum, intestinal wall, and content after oral administration of EPA-pPE emulsion. Results showed the EPA percentage of total fatty acids in serum was increasing over time, with two peaks at 5 and 10 h by 1.89 ± 0.2 and 2.58 ± 0.27, respectively, and then fell from 1.89 ± 0.17 at 10 h to 1.35 ± 0.16 at 16 h. In small intestinal content, EPA-pPE was hydrolyzed to lyso-phospholipids and EPA by phospholipases A2 and the vinyl ether bond was retained at the sn-1 position. The released EPA could be quickly taken up into the enterocytes and enter circulation. The comparison of simulated digestion in vitro showed that the distinct digestion and absorption process of EPA-pPE was a unique phenomenon. EPA could be retained in serum at a high level for a substantial period of time, which suggested that EPA-pPE was not just a short-lived circulating molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Xu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Rong Huang
- Rutgers State University , Department of Food Science , 65 Dudley Road , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , No. 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266003 , People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , Shandong 266237 , People's Republic of China
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29
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Li J, Pijut SS, Wang Y, Ji A, Kaur R, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1986-1995. [PMID: 31462090 PMCID: PMC6761010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol secretion with published methods for measuring transintestinal cholesterol elimination. Bile was diverted and biliary lipid secretion maintained by infusion of bile acid. The proximal small bowel was perfused with bile acid micelles. In high-fat, high-cholesterol-fed mice, the presence of a CETP transgene increased biliary cholesterol secretion at the expense of transintestinal cholesterol elimination. The increase in biliary cholesterol secretion was not associated with increases in hepatic SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) or ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette G5) ABCG8. The decline in intestinal cholesterol secretion was associated with an increase in intestinal Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, gene-like 1 mRNA. Finally, we followed the delivery of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesteryl esters (CE) from plasma to bile and intestinal perfusates. HDL-CE favored the biliary pathway. Following high-fat feeding, the presence of CETP directed HDL-CE away from the bile and towards the intestine. The presence of CETP increased LDL-CE delivery to bile, whereas the appearance of LDL-CE in intestinal perfusate was near the lower limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion can be simultaneously measured in mice and used as a model to examine factors that alter cholesterol elimination. Plasma factors, such as CETP, alter the route of cholesterol elimination from the body. Intestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion rates are independent of transhepatic or transintestinal delivery of HDL-CE, whereas LDL-CE was eliminated almost exclusively in the hepatobiliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sonja S Pijut
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ailing Ji
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Barnstable Brown Center for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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30
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van de Peppel IP, Bertolini A, van Dijk TH, Groen AK, Jonker JW, Verkade HJ. Efficient reabsorption of transintestinally excreted cholesterol is a strong determinant for cholesterol disposal in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1562-1572. [PMID: 31324653 PMCID: PMC6718438 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a major route for eliminating cholesterol from the body and a potential therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia. The underlying mechanism, however, is largely unclear, and its contribution to cholesterol disposal from the body is obscured by the counteracting process of intestinal cholesterol reabsorption. To determine the quantity of TICE independent from its reabsorption, we studied two models of decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. Cholesterol absorption was inhibited either by ezetimibe or, indirectly, by the genetic inactivation of the intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2). Both ezetimibe treatment and Asbt inactivation virtually abrogated fractional cholesterol absorption (from 46% to 4% and 6%, respectively). In both models, fecal neutral sterol excretion and net intestinal cholesterol balance were considerably higher than in control mice (5- and 7-fold, respectively), suggesting that, under physiological conditions, TICE is largely reabsorbed. In addition, the net intestinal cholesterol balance was increased to a similar extent but was not further increased when the models were combined, suggesting that the effect on cholesterol reabsorption was already maximal under either condition alone. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesize that the inhibition of cholesterol (re)absorption combined with stimulating TICE will be most effective in increasing cholesterol disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Rosales C, Gillard BK, Xu B, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Revisiting Reverse Cholesterol Transport in the Context of High-Density Lipoprotein Free Cholesterol Bioavailability. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:47-54. [PMID: 31049149 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated free cholesterol (FC) metabolism has been implicated in nearly all stages of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. According to a widely cited model, the burden of macrophage FC in the arterial wall is relieved by transhepatic reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which comprises three successive steps: (1) macrophage FC efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and/or its major protein, apolipoprotein AI; (2) FC esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT); and (3) HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake via the hepatic HDL-receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Recent studies have challenged the validity of this model, most notably the role of LCAT, which appears to be of minor importance. In mice, most macrophage-derived FC is rapidly cleared from plasma (t1/2 < 5 min) without esterification by hepatic uptake; the remainder is taken up by multiple tissue and cell types, especially erythrocytes. Further, some FC is cleared by the nonhepatic transintestinal pathway. Lastly, FC movement among lipid surfaces is reversible, so that a higher-than-normal level of HDL-FC bioavailability-defined by high plasma HDL levels concurrent with a high mol% HDL-FC-leads to the transfer of excess FC to cells in vivo. SR-B1-/- mice provide an animal model to study the mechanistic consequences of high HDL-FC bioavailability that provokes atherosclerosis and other metabolic abnormalities. Future efforts should aim to reduce HDL-FC bioavailability, thereby reducing FC accretion by tissues and the attendant atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Bingqing Xu
- XIANGYA HOSPITAL, CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY, CHANGSHA, CHINA
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Henry J Pownall
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
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32
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Grefhorst A, Verkade HJ, Groen AK. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Lipid-Lowering Therapies. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:70-76. [PMID: 31049152 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the well-known hepatobiliary pathway of cholesterol excretion into the feces, transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a second major pathway through which cholesterol is disposed from the body. In the process of TICE, cholesterol is taken up from lipoprotein particles at the basolateral side of the enterocyte and translocates towards the apical side of the enterocyte. At the apical side, the ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 form a heterodimer that transports cholesterol into the intestinal lumen. A substantial amount of the secreted cholesterol is likely reabsorbed by the cholesterol influx transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) since recent data indicate that inhibition of NPC1L1 increases the efficacy of TICE for disposal of cholesterol via the feces. The pathways and proteins involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking in the enterocyte have not yet been identified. Therefore, in addition to discussing known mediators of TICE, this review will also examine potential candidates involved in cholesterol translocation in the enterocyte. Both the cholesterol reuptake and efflux pathways can be influenced by pharmaceutical means; thus, the TICE pathway is a very attractive target to increase cholesterol excretion from the body and prevent or mitigate atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Grefhorst
- AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTERS, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Albert K Groen
- AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTERS, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS.,UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS
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33
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Nakano T, Inoue I, Murakoshi T. A Newly Integrated Model for Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and Efflux Reappraises How Plant Sterol Intake Reduces Circulating Cholesterol Levels. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020310. [PMID: 30717222 PMCID: PMC6412963 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through a balance of de novo synthesis, intestinal absorption, and excretion from the gut. The small intestine contributes to cholesterol homeostasis by absorbing and excreting it, the latter of which is referred to as trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). Because the excretion efficiency of endogenous cholesterol is inversely associated with the development of atherosclerosis, TICE provides an attractive therapeutic target. Thus, elucidation of the mechanism is warranted. We have shown that intestinal cholesterol absorption and TICE are inversely correlated in intestinal perfusion experiments in mice. In this review, we summarized 28 paired data sets for absorption efficiency and fecal neutral sterol excretion, a surrogate marker of TICE, obtained from 13 available publications in a figure, demonstrating the inverse correlation were nearly consistent with the assumption. We then offer a bidirectional flux model that accommodates absorption and TICE occurring in the same segment. In this model, the brush border membrane (BBM) of intestinal epithelial cells stands as the dividing ridge for cholesterol fluxes, making the opposite fluxes competitive and being coordinated by shared BBM-localized transporters, ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. Furthermore, the idea is applied to address how excess plant sterol/stanol (PS) intake reduces circulating cholesterol level, because the mechanism is still unclear. We propose that unabsorbable PS repeatedly shuttles between the BBM and lumen and promotes concomitant cholesterol efflux. Additionally, PSs, which are chemically analogous to cholesterol, may disturb the trafficking machineries that transport cholesterol to the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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Alomaim H, Griffin P, Swist E, Plouffe LJ, Vandeloo M, Demonty I, Kumar A, Bertinato J. Dietary calcium affects body composition and lipid metabolism in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210760. [PMID: 30629707 PMCID: PMC6328234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) intakes may affect cardiovascular disease risk by altering body composition (body weight and fat) and serum lipid profile, but results have been inconsistent and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of dietary Ca on body composition and lipid metabolism were examined in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high-fat, high-energy diets containing (g/kg) low (0.75Ca, 0.86 ± 0.05; 2Ca, 2.26 ± 0.02), normal (5Ca, 5.55 ± 0.08) or high (10Ca, 11.03 ± 0.17; 20Ca, 21.79 ± 0.15) Ca for 10 weeks. Rats fed the lowest Ca diet (0.75Ca) had lower (p < 0.05) body weight and fat mass compared to other groups. Rats fed the high Ca diets had lower serum total and LDL cholesterol compared to rats fed normal or low Ca. Liver total cholesterol was lower in rats fed high compared to low Ca. In general, liver mRNA expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake from the circulation (Ldlr), cholesterol synthesis (Hmgcr and Hmgcs1), fatty acid oxidation (Cpt2) and cholesterol esterification (Acat2) were higher in rats fed higher Ca. Apparent digestibility of total trans, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in rats fed the high compared to the low Ca diets, with the largest effects seen on trans and saturated fatty acids. Fecal excretion of cholesterol and total bile acids was highest in rats fed the highest Ca diet (20Ca). The results suggest little effect of dietary Ca on body composition unless Ca intakes are very low. Decreased bile acid reabsorption and reduced absorption of neutral sterols and saturated and trans fatty acids may contribute to the better serum lipid profile in rats fed higher Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Alomaim
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Hars Al Watani, Ar Rimayah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip Griffin
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonora Swist
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louise J. Plouffe
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Vandeloo
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Demonty
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse Bertinato
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Moreau F, Blanchard C, Perret C, Flet L, Douane F, Frampas E, Mirallie E, Croyal M, Aguesse A, Krempf M, Prieur X, Pichelin M, Cariou B, Le May C. In vivo evidence for transintestinal cholesterol efflux in patients with complete common bile duct obstruction. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:213-217.e1. [PMID: 30342919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond the hepatobiliary pathway, studies have demonstrated that direct transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) of plasma-derived cholesterol may contribute to reverse cholesterol transport. The clinical evidence of TICE in human remains challenged because of the difficulty to discriminate the hepatobiliary and transintestinal routes in vivo. OBJECTIVE To provide the first proof of concept that TICE exists in vivo in humans by demonstrating that plasma labeled cholesterol can be excreted in the feces of patients with complete bile duct obstruction. METHODS Plasma, bile, and fecal cholesterol excretion was measured by mass spectrometry 24, 48, and 72 hours after intravenous injection of D7-cholesterol in two patients presenting cholangiocarcinomas with a total obstruction of their primary bile duct. RESULTS No trace of bile acids was detected in the feces of the two patients. Despite this, a significant amount of plasma D7-cholesterol was quantified in the feces of the two patients 48 hours and 72 hours after the intravenous injection. CONCLUSION Our data bring a direct proof that TICE is an active pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Moreau
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Blanchard
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France; Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Frampas
- Department of Radiology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Mirallie
- Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, France
| | - Mikael Croyal
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, France; CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, France; CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, France; CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Prieur
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Pichelin
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Srivastava N, Cefalu AB, Averna M, Srivastava RAK. Lack of Correlation of Plasma HDL With Fecal Cholesterol and Plasma Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Suggests Importance of HDL Functionality in Attenuation of Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1222. [PMID: 30271349 PMCID: PMC6142045 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical findings suggested HDL-raising as a plausible approach to treat residual risk of CVD. However, lack of CVD risk reduction by elevated HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) through cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition and enhanced risk reduction in apolipoprotein A-I Milano (apoAI-M) individuals with low HDL-C shifted the focus from HDL-C level to HDL function. In the present study, we investigated correlations between HDL-C, HDL function, fecal cholesterol excretion, and ex vivo plasma cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) in animal models using two HDL modulators, LXR and PPAR-α agonists. In C57Bl mice, LXR agonist, T1317, raised HDL-C by 30%, while PPAR-α agonist, fenofibrate, reduced HDL-C by 30%, but fecal cholesterol showed twofold increase in both cases. CEC showed a 30–40% increase. Combination of LXR and PPAR-α agonists showed no changes in HDL-C, but, interestingly, fecal cholesterol increased by 4.5-fold, and CEC by 40%, suggesting existence of additional pathway for fecal cholesterol excretion. Regression analysis showed a lack of correlation between HDL-C and fecal cholesterol and CEC, while fecal cholesterol showed significant correlation with CEC, a measure of HDL function. ABCA1 and G1, the two important players in RCT showed greater induction with LXR agonist than PPAR-α agonist. HDL-C increased by 40 and 80% in LXR and PPAR-α treated apoA-I transgenic mice, respectively, with 80% increase in fecal cholesterol. A fivefold increase in fecal cholesterol with no correlation with either plasma HDL-C or CEC following co-treatment with LXR and PPAR-α agonists suggested existence of an HDL-independent pathway for body cholesterol elimination. In hyperlipidemic diabetic ob/ob mice also combination of LXR and PPAR-α agonists showed marked increases in fecal cholesterol content (10–20-fold), while HDL-C rise was only 40%, further suggesting HDL-independent elimination of body cholesterol in mice treated with combination of LXR and PPAR-α agonists. Atherosclerosis attenuation by LXR and PPAR-α agonists in LDLr-deficient mice was associated with increased fecal cholesterol, but not HDL-C. However, fecal cholesterol counts showed inverse correlation with aortic cholesteryl ester content. These data suggest: (a) lack of correlation between HDL-C and fecal or aortic cholesterol content; (b) HDL function (CEC) correlated with fecal cholesterol content; (c) association of reduced aortic lipids in LDLr−/− mice with increased fecal cholesterol, but not with HDL-C, and (d) existence of an HDL-independent pathway for fecal cholesterol excretion following co-treatment with LXR and PPAR-α agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Srivastava
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo B Cefalu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Averna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Parini P, Melhuish TA, Wotton D, Larsson L, Ahmed O, Eriksson M, Pramfalk C. Overexpression of transforming growth factor β induced factor homeobox 1 represses NPC1L1 and lowers markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:246-255. [PMID: 29980051 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Transforming growth factor β induced factor homeobox 1 (TGIF1) is a transcriptional repressor that limits the response to transforming growth factor ß signaling and also represses transcription independent of this pathway. Recently, we found higher serum cholesterol levels and more hepatic lipid accumulation in mice lacking Tgif1, and showed that TGIF1 can repress the expression of Soat2, the gene encoding the cholesterol esterifying enzyme acyl-Coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2. Although there is evidence that TGIF1 plays a role in lipid metabolism, its role in this metabolic pathway is not fully characterized. Here we investigate whether overexpression of TGIF1 affects intestinal cholesterol absorption. METHODS AND RESULTS TGIF1 was found to repress human and mouse Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (Npc1l1) promoter activity in intestinal Caco2 cells. We also found TGIF1 to be able to oppose the induction of the promoter activity by sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α and 4α. To validate these effects of TGIF1 in vivo, we generated transgenic mice specifically overexpressing TGIF1 in the intestine (Villin-Tgif1). We observed lower intestinal expression levels of Npc1l1 that was associated with lower expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter (Abc) a1, Abcg5, and Abcg8. Villin-Tgif1 mice fed regular chow or a high-fat diet had lower levels of markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption than wild types. CONCLUSIONS We suggest TGIF1 as a new player in intestinal cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Sweden; Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiffany A Melhuish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lilian Larsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Sweden
| | - Osman Ahmed
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Pramfalk
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Patel SB, Graf GA, Temel RE. ABCG5 and ABCG8: more than a defense against xenosterols. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1103-1113. [PMID: 29728459 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular basis of the rare disease, sitosterolemia, has revolutionized our mechanistic understanding of how dietary sterols are excreted and how cholesterol is eliminated from the body. Two proteins, ABCG5 and ABCG8, encoded by the sitosterolemia locus, work as obligate dimers to pump sterols out of hepatocytes and enterocytes. ABCG5/ABCG8 are key in regulating whole-body sterol trafficking, by eliminating sterols via the biliary tree as well as the intestinal tract. Importantly, these transporters keep xenosterols from accumulating in the body. The sitosterolemia locus has been genetically associated with lipid levels and downstream atherosclerotic disease, as well as formation of gallstones and the risk of gallbladder cancer. While polymorphic variants raise or lower the risks of these phenotypes, loss of function of this locus leads to more dramatic phenotypes, such as premature atherosclerosis, platelet dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia, and, perhaps, increased endocrine disruption and liver dysfunction. Whether small amounts of xenosterol exposure over a lifetime cause pathology in normal humans with polymorphic variants at the sitosterolemia locus remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this review will be to summarize the current state of knowledge, but also highlight key conceptual and mechanistic issues that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra B Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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Nakano T, Inoue I, Takenaka Y, Ikegami Y, Kotani N, Shimada A, Noda M, Murakoshi T. Luminal plant sterol promotes brush border membrane-to-lumen cholesterol efflux in the small intestine. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 63:102-105. [PMID: 30279620 PMCID: PMC6160726 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are used as food additives to reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption. They also increase fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion irrespective of the absorption inhibition. Intestine-mediated reverse cholesterol transport, or trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE), provides the major part of the increase of FNS excretion. However, it is unknown whether plant sterols stimulate TICE or not. We have shown previously that TICE can be evaluated by brush border membrane (BBM)-to-lumen cholesterol efflux. Thus, we examined whether luminal plant sterols stimulate BBM-to-lumen cholesterol efflux in the intestinal tract or not in mice. Cannulated upper jejunum that had been pre-labeled with orally given 3H-cholesterol, was flushed and perfused to collect 3H-cholesterol effluxed back into the lumen from the BBM to estimate the efflux efficiency. Adding 0.5 mg/ml of plant sterols, but not cholesterol, in the perfusion solution doubled the efflux. Plant sterols enter the BBM and are effluxed back to the lumen rapidly, in which process cholesterol transporters in the BBM are involved. We thus speculate that phytosterols alter cholesterol flux in the BBM; thereby, increases BBM-to-lumen cholesterol efflux, resulting in the increased TICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenaka
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikegami
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kotani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Noda
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Cholesterol Transport Revisited: A New Turbo Mechanism to Drive Cholesterol Excretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:123-133. [PMID: 29276134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fine-tuned balance between cholesterol uptake and excretion by the body is pivotal to maintain health and to remain free from the deleterious consequences of cholesterol accumulation such as cardiovascular disease. The pathways involved in intracellular and extracellular cholesterol transport are a subject of intense investigation and are being unraveled in increasing detail. In addition, insight into the complex interactions between cholesterol and bile acid metabolism has increased considerably in the last couple of years. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake and excretion, with a particular emphasis on the most recent progress in this field. Special attention is given to the transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) pathway, which was recently demonstrated to have a remarkably high transport capacity and to be sensitive to pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent insights into the measurement and cellular basis of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) in humans and to explore TICE as a therapeutic target for increasing reverse cholesterol transport. RECENT FINDINGS TICE is the net effect of cholesterol excretion by the enterocyte into the intestinal lumen and is the balance between input and output fluxes through the enterocytes. These fluxes are: cholesterol excretion into the intestinal lumen mainly via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G5/8, cholesterol absorption from the intestine by Niemann-Pick C1 like protein 1, the uptake of plasma lipoproteins by enterocytes at the basolateral membrane, and the excretion of cholesterol in chylomicrons into the lymph. Multiple studies have shown that TICE contributes to fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion in humans. TICE can be targeted with plant sterols, liver X receptor agonists, bile acids, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors. SUMMARY TICE contributes significantly to FNS excretion in humans, independently of the biliary pathway. Knowledge about its underlying cellular mechanisms surges through in-vivo and in-vitro studies in mice and humans. TICE might be an interesting therapeutic target for increasing cholesterol disposal with the feces. Albeit multiple therapeutic options are available, studies showing clinical benefit are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gil-Ramírez A, Morales D, Soler-Rivas C. Molecular actions of hypocholesterolaemic compounds from edible mushrooms. Food Funct 2018; 9:53-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms contain bioactive compounds able to modulate the expression of genes related to absorption, biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol and regulation of its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Diego Morales
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
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Abstract
Underlying mechanisms responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan have been proposed, yet have not been fully demonstrated. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of barley β-glucan lowers cholesterol by affecting the cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis or bile acid synthesis. In addition, this study was aimed to assess whether the underlying mechanisms are related to cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) SNP rs3808607 as proposed by us earlier. In a controlled, randomised, cross-over study, participants with mild hypercholesterolaemia (n 30) were randomly assigned to receive breakfast containing 3 g high-molecular weight (HMW), 5 g low-molecular weight (LMW), 3 g LMW barley β-glucan or a control diet, each for 5 weeks. Cholesterol absorption was determined by assessing the enrichment of circulating 13C-cholesterol over 96 h following oral administration; fractional rate of synthesis for cholesterol was assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of 2H derived from deuterium oxide within the body water pool into the erythrocyte cholesterol pool over 24 h; bile acid synthesis was determined by measuring serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations. Consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels (P=0·029), but did not affect cholesterol absorption (P=0·25) or cholesterol synthesis (P=0·14). Increased bile acid synthesis after consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan was observed in all participants (P=0·049), and more pronounced in individuals carrying homozygous G of rs3808607 (P=0·033). In addition, a linear relationship between log (viscosity) of β-glucan and serum 7α-HC concentration was observed in homozygous G allele carriers. Results indicate that increased bile acid synthesis rather than inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis may be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of barley β-glucan. The pronounced TC reduction in G allele carriers of rs3808607 observed in the previous study may be due to enhanced bile acid synthesis in response to high-viscosity β-glucan consumption in those individuals.
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Blanchard C, Moreau F, Ayer A, Toque L, Garçon D, Arnaud L, Borel F, Aguesse A, Croyal M, Krempf M, Prieur X, Neunlist M, Cariou B, Le May C. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reduces plasma cholesterol in diet-induced obese mice by affecting trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion and intestinal cholesterol absorption. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:552-560. [PMID: 29135972 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery appears as the most efficient therapeutic alternative in morbidly obese patients. In addition to its efficiency to decrease body weight, it also improves metabolic complications associated to morbid obesity, including dyslipidemia. Although the cholesterol-lowering effect varies with the bariatric procedures, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. This study aims to assess the consequence of both restrictive (sleeve gastrectomy; SG) and malabsorptive (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; RYGB) procedures on cholesterol metabolism in mice. SUBJECTS Ten-week-old C57BL6/J males were fed with a high-fat diet for 8-14 weeks before sleeve or RYGB surgery. RESULTS SG has a modest and transient effect on plasma cholesterol levels, linked to a reduction in food intake. In contrast, modified RYGB led to a sustained ≈35% reduction in plasma cholesterol concentrations with a drastic increase in fecal cholesterol output. Mechanistically, RYGB exerts a synergystic effect on cholesterol metabolism by inducing the trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux and reducing the intestinal cholesterol absorption. CONCLUSIONS In mice, RYGB, but not sleeve, strongly favors plasma cholesterol elimination by concomitantly increasing trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion and by decreasing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our models open new perspective for deciphering the hypocholesterolemic effects of bariatric procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blanchard
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.,Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F Moreau
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Ayer
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Toque
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Garçon
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Arnaud
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F Borel
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.,Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Aguesse
- Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M Croyal
- Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M Krempf
- Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.,CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - X Prieur
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Neunlist
- 5 INSERM UMR 1235, Nantes France.,CHU Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - B Cariou
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.,l'institut du thorax, CHU Nantes, Department of Endocrinology, Nantes, France
| | - C Le May
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
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Brown JM, Temel RE, Graf GA. Para-bile-osis Establishes a Role for Nonbiliary Macrophage to Feces Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:738-739. [PMID: 28446467 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Brown
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (J.M.B.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (G.A.G.)
| | - Ryan E Temel
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (J.M.B.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (G.A.G.)
| | - Gregory A Graf
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, OH (J.M.B.); Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (R.E.T.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington (G.A.G.).
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de Boer JF, Schonewille M, Dikkers A, Koehorst M, Havinga R, Kuipers F, Tietge UJ, Groen AK. Transintestinal and Biliary Cholesterol Secretion Both Contribute to Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Rats—Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:643-646. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Reverse cholesterol transport comprises efflux of cholesterol from macrophages and its subsequent removal from the body with the feces and thereby protects against formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Because of lack of suitable animal models that allow for evaluation of the respective contributions of biliary cholesterol secretion and transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) to macrophage reverse cholesterol transport under physiological conditions, the relative importance of both pathways in this process has remained controversial.
Approach and Results—
To separate cholesterol traffic via the biliary route from TICE, bile flow was mutually diverted between rats, continuously, for 3 days. Groups of 2 weight-matched rats were designated as a pair, and both rats were equipped with cannulas in the bile duct and duodenum. Bile from rat 1 was diverted to the duodenum of rat 2, whereas bile from rat 2 was rerouted to the duodenum of rat 1. Next, rat 1 was injected with [
3
H]cholesterol-loaded macrophages. [
3
H]Cholesterol secreted via the biliary route was consequently diverted to rat 2 and could thus be quantified from the feces of that rat. On the other hand, [
3
H]cholesterol tracer in the feces of rat 1 reflected macrophage-derived cholesterol excreted via TICE. Using this setup, we found that 63% of the label secreted with the fecal neutral sterols had travelled via the biliary route, whereas 37% was excreted via TICE.
Conclusions—
TICE and biliary cholesterol secretion contribute to macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in rats. The majority of macrophage-derived cholesterol is however excreted via the hepatobiliary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Schonewille
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Dikkers
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J.F. Tietge
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- From the Departments of Pediatrics (J.F.d.B., M.S., A.D., M.K., R.H., F.K., U.J.F.T., A.K.G.) and Laboratory Medicine (F.K., A.K.G.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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de Boer JF, Schonewille M, Boesjes M, Wolters H, Bloks VW, Bos T, van Dijk TH, Jurdzinski A, Boverhof R, Wolters JC, Kuivenhoven JA, van Deursen JM, Oude Elferink RPJ, Moschetta A, Kremoser C, Verkade HJ, Kuipers F, Groen AK. Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Controls Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1126-1138.e6. [PMID: 28065787 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The role of the intestine in the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis increasingly is recognized. Fecal excretion of cholesterol is the last step in the atheroprotective reverse cholesterol transport pathway, to which biliary and transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) contribute. The mechanisms controlling the flux of cholesterol through the TICE pathway, however, are poorly understood. We aimed to identify mechanisms that regulate and stimulate TICE. METHODS We performed studies with C57Bl/6J mice, as well as with mice with intestine-specific knockout of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), mice that express an FXR transgene specifically in the intestine, and ABCG8-knockout mice. Mice were fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with the FXR agonist PX20606, with or without the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. Some mice with intestine-specific knockout of FXR were given daily injections of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19. To determine fractional cholesterol absorption, mice were given intravenous injections of cholesterol D5 and oral cholesterol D7. Mice were given 13C-acetate in drinking water for measurement of cholesterol synthesis. Bile cannulations were performed and biliary cholesterol secretion rates were assessed. In a separate set of experiments, bile ducts of male Wistar rats were exteriorized, allowing replacement of endogenous bile by a model bile. RESULTS In mice, we found TICE to be regulated by intestinal FXR via induction of its target gene Fgf15 (FGF19 in rats and human beings). Stimulation of this pathway caused mice to excrete up to 60% of their total cholesterol content each day. PX20606 and FGF19 each increased the ratio of muricholate:cholate in bile, inducing a more hydrophilic bile salt pool. The altered bile salt pool stimulated robust secretion of cholesterol into the intestinal lumen via the sterol-exporting heterodimer adenosine triphosphate binding cassette subfamily G member 5/8 (ABCG5/G8). Of note, the increase in TICE induced by PX20606 was independent of changes in cholesterol absorption. CONCLUSIONS Hydrophilicity of the bile salt pool, controlled by FXR and FGF15/19, is an important determinant of cholesterol removal via TICE. Strategies that alter bile salt pool composition might be developed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Transcript profiling: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=irsrayeohfcntqx&acc=GSE74101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen Schonewille
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Boesjes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Jurdzinski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II," Bari, Italy
| | | | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Hepatitis C virus may have an entero-hepatic cycle which could be blocked with ezetimibe. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:51-55. [PMID: 28478831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus can lead to chronic infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With more than 170 million people infected worldwide, eradication remains a challenge even with the revolutionary current direct antiviral agents (DAAs). The risk of resistance, the safety profile in some populations, the genotype specificity and the high price of current DAAs explain why there is still interest in developing host targeting agents (HTA) that may help overcome some of these difficulties. Specifically, targeting the entry of HCV to the cell seems like a promising strategy. Recently it has been shown that the cholesterol transporter NPC1L1, a protein located in the small bowel epithelium and in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocyte is also an HCV receptor. Just as this protein is key in the entero-hepatic cycle of cholesterol, we hypothesize that there is an entero-hepatic cycle of HCV that could be disrupted by blocking NPC1L1 with ezetimibe, an already approved and readily available safe drug. Ezetimibe, either alone or in combination with DAAs, could decrease relapse rates, reduce resistance and even make treatments cheaper.
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50
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He NY, Li Q, Wu CY, Ren Z, Gao Y, Pan LH, Wang MM, Wen HY, Jiang ZS, Tang ZH, Liu LS. Lowering serum lipids via PCSK9-targeting drugs: current advances and future perspectives. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:301-311. [PMID: 28112180 PMCID: PMC5342665 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), also known as neural apoptosis regulated convertase (NARC1), is a key modulator of cholesterol metabolism. PCSK9 increases the serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by escorting low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) from the membrane of hepatic cells into lysosomes, where the LDLRs are degraded. Owing to the importance of PCSK9 in lipid metabolism, considerable effort has been made over the past decade in developing drugs targeting PCSK9 to lower serum lipid levels. Nevertheless, some problems and challenges remain. In this review we first describes the structure and function of PCSK9 and its gene polymorphisms. We then discuss the various designs of pharmacological targets of PCSK9, including those that block the binding of PCSK9 to hepatic LDLRs (mimetic peptides, adnectins, and monoclonal antibodies), inhibit PCSK9 expression (the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 platform, small molecules, antisense oligonucleotides, and small interfering RNAs), and interfere with PCSK9 secretion. Finally, this review highlights future challenges in this field, including safety concerns associated with PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, the limited utility of PCSK9 inhibitors in the central nervous system, and the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-ya He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chun-yan Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Li-hong Pan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Mei-mei Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hong-yan Wen
- Medical College, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zhi-sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhi-han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lu-shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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