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Rochowski MT, Jayathilake K, Balcerak JM, Tamil Selvan M, Gunasekara S, Rudd J, Miller C, Lacombe VA. Alterations of whole body glucose metabolism in a feline SARS-CoV-2 infection model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R499-R506. [PMID: 38574344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00228.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been especially devastating to patients with comorbidities, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Elevated blood glucose during SARS-CoV-2 infection increased mortality of patients with COVID-19, although the mechanisms are not well understood. It has been previously demonstrated that glucose transport and utilization is a crucial pathway for other highly infectious RNA viruses. Thus, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to alterations in cellular and whole body glucose metabolism. Specific pathogen-free domestic cats were intratracheally inoculated with USA-WA1/2020 (wild-type) SARS-CoV-2 or vehicle-inoculated, then euthanized at 4- and 8-days postinoculation (dpi). Blood glucose and cortisol concentrations were elevated at 4 and 8 dpi. Blood ketones, insulin, and angiotensin II concentrations remained unchanged throughout the experimental timeline. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the lung and heart, without changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) RNA expression. In the lung, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) protein levels at 4 and 8 dpi, whereas GLUT4 level was only upregulated at 8 dpi. In the heart, GLUT-1 and -4 protein levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, GLUT1 level was upregulated in the skeletal muscle at 8 dpi, and AMPK was activated in the hearts of infected cats. SARS-CoV-2 infection increased blood glucose concentration and pulmonary GLUT protein levels. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces metabolic reprogramming primarily in the lung to support viral replication. Furthermore, this translational feline model mimicked human COVID-19 and could be used to explore novel therapeutic targets to treat metabolic disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study on a feline model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, mirroring human COVID-19, revealed alterations in whole body and cellular glucose metabolism. Infected cats developed mild hyperglycemia, increased protein levels of glucose transporters in the lung, and AMPK activation in the heart. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces metabolic reprogramming in the cardiorespiratory system to support viral replication. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to novel antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rochowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Kaushalya Jayathilake
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - John-Michael Balcerak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Sachithra Gunasekara
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Jennifer Rudd
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Véronique A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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Su Y, Lu N, Wang P, Li Q, Wen H, Zhang J, Fan L, Li J, Yu Z, Cui M, Zhang M. The Relationship Between Psychological Conditions and Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:937-946. [PMID: 38751379 PMCID: PMC11094540 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s455418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore the nexus between students' psychological well-being and the manifestation of gastrointestinal symptoms (GISs) amid the health lockdown enforced in Xi'an, focusing on the student populace of Xi'an Medical College and Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Materials and methods A survey encompassing psychological parameters and GISs was administered to a randomized cohort of 1327 college students drawn from Xi'an Medical College and Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The survey instrument was developed utilizing the Questionnaire Star platform. Subsequent to data collection, analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 9 and SPSS 22.0. Results Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant disparities (P < 0.05) in various GISs between the periods during and preceding the health lockdown, encompassing symptoms such as nausea/vomiting, acid reflux, postprandial fullness/early satiety, anorexia, decreased appetite, bloating, abdominal discomfort, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. Notably, the mean score for Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) was 3.31±3.92, indicating mild anxiety, while the mean score for Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) was 1.15±1.28, suggesting mild depression. Detailed evaluation of anxiety revealed prevalence rates of 34% among respondents, with 34.2% of these individuals reporting concurrent GISs, while among those evaluated for depression (38.8% of the sample), 44.2% reported concurrent GISs. Furthermore, multiple linear regression analysis unveiled a negative correlation between GISs during the health lockdown and lifestyle scores, while positive correlations were observed with GISs preceding the lockdown, anxiety, and depression. The formulated multiple linear regression equation for GISs during the health lockdown is delineated as follows: 14.693-0.342 life style + 0.725GISs before health lockdown + 0.218anxiety + 0.564 depression. Conclusion This investigation underscores the substantial impact of anxiety and depression on the student body, accentuating their role in precipitating GISs during health lockdown situations. The psychological well-being of medical students during exigent circumstances such as natural disasters warrants heightened attention, necessitating proactive measures aimed at emotional regulation to mitigate the onset of GISs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Su
- Department of General Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manli Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Rochowski MT, Jayathilake K, Balcerak JM, Selvan MT, Gunasekara S, Miller C, Rudd JM, Lacombe VA. Impact of Delta SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Glucose Metabolism: Insights on Host Metabolism and Virus Crosstalk in a Feline Model. Viruses 2024; 16:295. [PMID: 38400070 PMCID: PMC10893195 DOI: 10.3390/v16020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes enhanced mortality in people with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Other highly infectious RNA viruses have demonstrated dependence on glucose transport and utilization, so we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to alterations in cellular and whole-body glucose metabolism. Twenty-four healthy domestic cats were intratracheally inoculated with B.1.617.2 (delta) SARS-CoV-2 and samples were collected at 4- and 12-days post-inoculation (dpi). Blood glucose and circulating cortisol concentrations were elevated at 4 and 12 dpi. Serum insulin concentration was statistically significantly decreased, while angiotensin 2 concentration was elevated at 12 dpi. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the pancreas and skeletal muscle at low levels; however, no change in the number of insulin-producing cells or proinflammatory cytokines was observed in the pancreas of infected cats through 12 dpi. SARS-CoV-2 infection statistically significantly increased GLUT protein expression in both the heart and lungs, correlating with increased AMPK expression. In brief, SARS-CoV-2 increased blood glucose concentration and cardio-pulmonary GLUT expression through an AMPK-dependent mechanism, without affecting the pancreas, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 induces the reprogramming of host glucose metabolism. A better understanding of host cell metabolism and virus crosstalk could lead to the discovery of novel metabolic therapeutic targets for patients affected by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Rochowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.R.)
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kaushalya Jayathilake
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.R.)
| | - John-Michael Balcerak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.R.)
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.S.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Sachithra Gunasekara
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.S.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.S.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.S.); (S.G.); (C.M.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Véronique A. Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (M.T.R.)
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Ugurlu A, Agcayazi SB, Icel E, Budakoglu O, Unver E, Barkay O, Karakeçili F, Bayrakceken K. Assessment of the optic nerve, macular, and retinal vascular effects of COVID-19. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 58:570-576. [PMID: 35868440 PMCID: PMC9242884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the optic nerve, macula, and retinal vascular structures. METHODS This study included 129 participants recovering from COVID-19 and 130 healthy control subjects aged 18 to 55 years. The study was designed as observational and cross-sectional and was conducted between June 2020 and February 2021. The average thicknesses of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and macula also were measured using a spectral domain optical coherence tomography analysis. The vessel densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses of the macula, foveal avascular zone, and radial peripapillary capillary plexus of the optic disc were quantified by optical coherence tomography angiography. RESULTS In all quadrants, the RNFL and GCC were thinner in patients with neurologic symptoms of COVID-19 (p < 0.05). None of the measurements of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study regions significantly differed between patients with and without COVID-19 symptoms (p > 0.05). The foveal avascular zone area, perimeter, circularity index, and vessel densities (%) of the global and inner and outer circles of superficial capillary plexuses and deep capillary plexus and global and superior and inferior halves of the radial peripapillary capillary plexus measurements were found to significantly differ between the symptomatic COVID-19 group and the asymptomatic COVID-19 and control groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION RNFL and GCC thickness evaluation with optical coherence tomography and vessel density evaluation with optical coherence tomography angiography can be considered remarkable diagnostic methods for retinal neurovascular abnormalities and a biomarker for microvascular abnormalities after infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Ugurlu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Sümeyye Burcu Agcayazi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Erel Icel
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Budakoglu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Edhem Unver
- Department of Pulmonology, and Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Orçun Barkay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Faruk Karakeçili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Kemal Bayrakceken
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
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Zakynthinos GE, Tsolaki V, Oikonomou E, Vavouranakis M, Siasos G, Zakynthinos E. New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6989. [PMID: 38002603 PMCID: PMC10672690 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12226989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia observed in patients with COVID-19 infection, particularly in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. The purpose of the present review is to delve into the occurrence of NOAF in COVID-19 and thoroughly review recent, pertinent data. However, the causality behind this connection has yet to be thoroughly explored. The proposed mechanisms that could contribute to the development of AF in these patients include myocardial damage resulting from direct virus-induced cardiac injury, potentially leading to perimyocarditis; a cytokine crisis and heightened inflammatory response; hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress; disturbances in acid-base and electrolyte levels; as well as the frequent use of adrenergic drugs in critically ill patients. Additionally, secondary bacterial sepsis and septic shock have been suggested as primary causes of NOAF in ICU patients. This notion gains strength from the observation of a similar prevalence of NOAF in septic non-COVID ICU patients with ARDS. It is plausible that both myocardial involvement from SARS-CoV-2 and secondary sepsis play pivotal roles in the onset of arrhythmia in ICU patients. Nonetheless, there exists a significant variation in the prevalence of NOAF among studies focused on severe COVID-19 cases with ARDS. This discrepancy could be attributed to the inclusion of mixed populations with varying degrees of illness severity, encompassing not only patients in general wards but also those admitted to the ICU, whether intubated or not. Furthermore, the occurrence of NOAF is linked to increased morbidity and mortality. However, it remains to be determined whether NOAF independently influences outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients or if it merely reflects the disease's severity. Lastly, the management of NOAF in these patients has not been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the current guidelines for NOAF in non-COVID ICU patients appear to be effective, while accounting for the specific drugs used in COVID-19 treatment that may prolong the QT interval (although drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, hydrochlorothiazide, and azithromycin have been discontinued) or induce bradycardia (e.g., remdesivir).
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Zakynthinos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsolaki
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Manolis Vavouranakis
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, “Sotiria” Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.E.Z.); (E.O.); (M.V.); (G.S.)
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Epaminondas Zakynthinos
- Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
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Teaima T, Shoura S, Gajjar RA, Khalil C, Atluri R, Aziz I, Shilbayeh AR, Battikh N, Huang HD. Impact of Co-existing Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation on Different Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis (2020) With Propensity Score Matching. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101992. [PMID: 37487852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Various studies in the medical literature reported significant cardiovascular involvement in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was identified as the most commonly observed arrhythmia complicating COVID-19 infection with an increased risk of short-term mortality. We used the National Inpatient Sample Database (NIS) of 2020 to conduct this retrospective cohort study. Our study's population consisted of adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 Pneumonia with or without the presence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Encounters with COVID-19 and co-existing PAF had higher adjusted odds of inpatient mortality (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.11-1.28, P < 0.001), longer mean length of hospital stay (LOS) of 1.17 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.38, P < 0.001), and higher odds of different in-hospital complications. Based on these results, conducting more prospective/retrospective cohort studies with an emphasis on long-term follow-up on patients who develop PAF following COVID-19 infection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Teaima
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Sami Shoura
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Rohan A Gajjar
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Charl Khalil
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Ramtej Atluri
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Imran Aziz
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Naim Battikh
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Henry D Huang
- Section of Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Rush medical center, Chicago, IL.
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Ortega-Paz L, Talasaz AH, Sadeghipour P, Potpara TS, Aronow HD, Jara-Palomares L, Sholzberg M, Angiolillo DJ, Lip GYH, Bikdeli B. COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Embolism: Review of the Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:816-832. [PMID: 36223804 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with endothelial activation in the setting of a potent inflammatory reaction and a hypercoagulable state. The end result of this thromboinflammatory state is an excess in thrombotic events, in particular venous thromboembolism. Pulmonary embolism (PE) has been of special interest in patients with COVID-19 given its association with respiratory deterioration, increased risk of intensive care unit admission, and prolonged hospital stay. The pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19-associated PE may differ from the conventional non-COVID-19-associated PE. In addition to embolic events from deep vein thrombi, in situ pulmonary thrombosis, particularly in smaller vascular beds, may be relevant in patients with COVID-19. Appropriate prevention of thrombotic events in COVID-19 has therefore become of critical interest. Several changes in viral biology, vaccination, and treatment management during the pandemic may have resulted in changes in incidence trends. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of COVID-19-associated PE. Furthermore, we briefly summarize the results from randomized controlled trials of preventive antithrombotic therapies in COVID-19, focusing on their findings related to PE. We discuss the acute treatment of COVID-19-associated PE, which is substantially similar to the management of conventional non-COVID-19 PE. Ultimately, we comment on the current knowledge gaps in the evidence and the future directions in the treatment and follow-up of COVID-19-associated PE, including long-term management, and its possible association with long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ortega-Paz
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Azita H Talasaz
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Sadeghipour
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Trial Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tatjana S Potpara
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Intensive Arrhythmia Care, Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Herbert D Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Cardiology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Luis Jara-Palomares
- Respiratory Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelle Sholzberg
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Behnood Bikdeli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Thrombosis Research Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Yale/YNHH Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), New Haven, Connecticut
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF), New York, New York
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Schieppati F, Russo L, Gamba S, Galimberti E, Giaccherini C, Tartari CJ, Bolognini S, Verzeroli C, Ticozzi C, Barcella L, Marchetti M, Falanga A. Hemostatic Profile and Serological Response of Patients with Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura after Receiving BNT162b2 Vaccine: A Prospective Study. Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:945-954. [PMID: 37172940 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease is a clinical challenge for patients with autoimmune conditions. Patients affected by immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) are particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protecting these patients with vaccination is therefore mandatory, although concerns may exist on a possible increased thrombotic risk or risk of disease relapse after vaccine exposure. So far, there is no information on serological response and hemostatic activation in iTTP patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, in April 2021, we enrolled iTTP patients in clinical remission and on regular outpatient follow-up to receive the first and second dose BNT162b2 vaccine as a part of a prospective trial aimed at monitoring for 6 months after vaccination the occurrence of subclinical laboratory signs of clotting activation, as well as overt thrombotic complications or disease relapse. The seroconversion response was monitored in parallel. The results were compared with those of control non-iTTP subjects. RESULTS A moderate decrease of ADAMTS-13 activity was recorded at 3 and 6 months in five patients with normal values at baseline, while an ADAMTS-13 relapse occurred at 6 months in one patient. Abnormalities in the endothelium activation biomarkers postvaccination were observed in iTTP patients compared with controls. The immunological response to vaccine was overall positive. No clinical iTTP relapses or thrombotic events manifested in the 6 month-follow-up after vaccination. CONCLUSION The results of this study are in favor of efficacy and safety of mRNA vaccines in patients with iTTP, and highlight the importance of long-term monitoring of iTTP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schieppati
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Gamba
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elisa Galimberti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giaccherini
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Carmen J Tartari
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Bolognini
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cristina Verzeroli
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara Ticozzi
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luca Barcella
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marina Marchetti
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Falanga
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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Foidart JM, Simon K, Utian WH, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Douxfils J, Dixon G, Barrington P. Estetrol Is Safe and Well Tolerated during Treatment of Hospitalized Men and Women with Moderate COVID-19 in a Randomized, Double-Blind Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3928. [PMID: 37373625 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate is higher in women than in men, but the death rate is lower, while women (>50 years) on menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) have a higher survival rate than those not on MHT. Classical oral estrogen enhances the synthesis of coagulation markers and may increase the risk of thromboembolic events that are common in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The favorable hemostatic profile of estetrol (E4) might be suitable for use in women who are receiving estrogen treatment and contract COVID-19. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study (NCT04801836) investigated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of E4 versus placebo in hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19. Eligible postmenopausal women and men (aged ≥ 18 years old) were randomized to E4 15 mg or placebo, once daily for 21 days, in addition to the standard of care (SoC). The primary efficacy endpoint of improvement in COVID-19 (percentage of patients recovered at day 28) between the placebo and E4 arms was not met. E4 was well tolerated, with no safety signals or thromboembolic events, suggesting that postmenopausal women can safely continue E4-based therapy in cases of moderate COVID-19 managed with SoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michel Foidart
- Mithra Pharmaceuticals, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University, 51149 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wulf H Utian
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve Medical School, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
- QUALIblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium
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10
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Heubner L, Trautmann-Grill K, Tiebel O, Mirus M, Güldner A, Rand A, Spieth PM. Treatment of Acquired von Willebrand Disease due to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Pediatric COVID-19 Patient with Vonicog Alfa: A Case Report and Literature Review. TH OPEN 2023; 7:e76-e81. [PMID: 36846831 PMCID: PMC9949976 DOI: 10.1055/a-2008-4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired von Willebrand disease (aVWD) is frequently observed in patients with the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). aVWD can be treated by plasma-derived concentrates containing factor VIII (FVIII) and/or von Willebrand factor (VWF) and recombinant VWF concentrate as well as adjuvant therapies such as tranexamic acid and desmopressin. However, all of these therapeutic options possibly cause thromboembolism. Therefore, the optimal treatment remains uncertain. This report presents a case of a 16-year-old patient suffering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019 with the need of ECMO support. Our patient developed aVWD under ECMO therapy characterized by loss of high-molecular-weight multimers (HMWM) and severe bleeding symptoms following endoscopic papillotomy due to sclerosing cholangitis. At the same time standard laboratory parameters showed hypercoagulability with increased fibrinogen level and platelet count. The patient was successfully treated with recombinant VWF concentrate (rVWF; vonicog alfa; Veyvondi) combined with topic tranexamic acid application and cortisone therapy. rVWF concentrate vonicog alfa is characterized by ultra-large multimers and absence of FVIII. Patient could be successfully weaned from ECMO support after 72 days. Multimer analysis 1 week after ECMO decannulation showed an adequate reappearance of HMWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Heubner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Address for correspondence Lars Heubner, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Karolin Trautmann-Grill
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden. Germany
| | - Oliver Tiebel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden. Germany
| | - Martin Mirus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Güldner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Rand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Markus Spieth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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11
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Yusharyahya SN, Japranata VV, Jonlean R, Legiawati L, Astriningrum R. Cutaneous manifestations in elderly patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 and the disease outcomes: A systematic review. J Dermatol 2023; 50:679-691. [PMID: 36680396 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients may possess prognostic value for identifying potentially severe cases. This systematic review investigated whether dermatological features are associated with COVID-19 outcomes in elderly patients. Literature retrieval was conducted on May 11, 2022, from databases, hand-searching, and tracing citations. Following selection against eligibility criteria, the remaining records were evaluated utilizing the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Quality Assessment Tool or Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The pooled individual data were subsequently analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to calculate the odds ratio (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for the severity and mortality of each skin lesion type. We incorporated 70 articles, including 180 and 117 entries, with information regarding disease severity and mortality. Further analysis revealed that vascular type was the skin lesion most frequently noticed in confirmed COVID-19 elderly patients (46.2%) and was associated with an increased risk of developing advanced disease (OR 7.32, 95% CI 3.39-15.81) and the ensuing termination (OR 5.73, 95% CI 2.46-13.36). The converse phenomenon was observed in maculopapular type (severity OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.14-0.52; mortality OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.03-0.36). In conclusion, skin manifestations may predict COVID-19 severity and mortality in the senior group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannaz Nadia Yusharyahya
- Division of Geriatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Lili Legiawati
- Division of Geriatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rinadewi Astriningrum
- Division of Geriatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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12
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Myroshnychenko MS, Pasiyeshvili NM, Kapustnyk NV, Markovskiy VD, Kalashnyk-Vakulenko YM, Zaytseva OV, Bondarenko MA, Morozov OV, Molodan DV. MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LUNGS IN POST-COVID-19 SYNDROME: ANALYSIS OF AUTOPSY MATERIAL. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:1014-1021. [PMID: 37326084 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202305120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to reveal the morphological features of the lungs in post-COVID-19 syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The material of the study was autopsy material - fragments of the lung tissue from 96 deceased (59 men and 37 women). During the lifetime, all patients had in anamnesis COVID-19 of varying severity, and after the treatment of this infection, they had various manifestations of respiratory failure until death. The average duration of the post-COVID-19 period was 148.6±9.5 days. Based on the severity of COVID-19 in anamnesis, all cases were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 39 cases with mild COVID-19 in anamnesis. Group 2 included 24 cases with moderate severity of COVID-19 in an-amnesis. Group 3 included 33 cases with severe COVID-19 in anamnesis. Histological, histochemical, morphometric and statistical research methods were used. RESULTS Results: Morphological features of the lungs in post-COVID-19 syndrome were the presence of pneumosclerosis; focal-diffuse immune cells infiltration; emphysematous and atelectatic changes; degenerative-desquamatic changes in the alveolar epithelium; metaplastic changes of connective tissue; dystrophic calcification; dystrophic, metaplastic and dysplastic changes in the epithelial layer of bronchial tree; hemodynamic disorders. Pneumosclerosis, focal-diffuse immune cells infiltration, alterative changes in the alveolar epithelium, emphysematous and atelectatic changes, hemodynamic disorders increased with an increase the severity of COVID-19. Metaplastic changes of connective tissue, dystrophic calcification, dystrophic, metaplastic and dysplastic changes in epithelial layer of bronchial tree did not depend on the severity of the infection. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The changes identified by the authors help to explain pulmonary manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome. They should be the basis for the oncological alertness formation among doctors, the development of rehabilitation and treatment measures for such category of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nana M Pasiyeshvili
- PUBLIC NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION OF THE KHARKIV DISTRICT COUNCIL «REGIONAL CLINICAL PERINATAL CENTRE», KHARKIV, UKRAINE
| | - Nataliia V Kapustnyk
- PUBLIC NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION OF THE KHARKIV DISTRICT COUNCIL «REGIONAL CLINICAL PERINATAL CENTRE», KHARKIV, UKRAINE
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13
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Corrà A, Verdelli A, Mariotti EB, Ruffo di Calabria V, Quintarelli L, Aimo C, Sunderkötter CH, Caproni M. Cutaneous vasculitis: Lessons from COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1013846. [PMID: 36569148 PMCID: PMC9780506 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1013846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous vasculitis (CV) is an inflammatory skin-limited vascular disease affecting the dermal and/or hypodermal vessel wall. From the pathogenetic point of view, idiopathic forms are described as well as the induction from various triggers, such as drugs, infections, and vaccines. Following SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak, cases of CV induced by both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccinations have been reported in literature. The aim of our work was to collect multiple cases available in the literature and analyze the frequency of the different forms of induced vasculitis, as well as their histological and immunopathological features. Although rare, CV induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccines may provide interesting insights into the pathogenesis of these inflammatory processes that may in the future be useful to understand the mechanisms underlying cutaneous and systemic vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corrà
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Verdelli
- Immunopathology and Rare Skin Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Azienda USL Toscana Centro (ERN-SKIN), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Lavinia Quintarelli
- Immunopathology and Rare Skin Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Azienda USL Toscana Centro (ERN-SKIN), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Aimo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cord H. Sunderkötter
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marzia Caproni
- Immunopathology and Rare Skin Diseases Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Azienda USL Toscana Centro (ERN-SKIN), University of Florence, Florence, Italy,*Correspondence: Marzia Caproni ;
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14
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Umakanthan S, Senthil S, John S, Madhavan MK, Das J, Patil S, Rameshwaram R, Cintham A, Subramaniam V, Yogi M, Bansal A, Achutham S, Shekar C, Murthy V, Selvaraj R. The Effect of Statins on Clinical Outcome Among Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Multi-Centric Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:742273. [PMID: 35865966 PMCID: PMC9294274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.742273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thrombotic complications, and myocardial injury. Statins, prescribed for lipid reduction, have anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and immunomodulatory properties and are associated with reduced mortality rates in COVID-19 patients. Our goal was to investigate the beneficial effects of statins in hospitalized COVID-19 patients admitted to three multi-specialty hospitals in India from 1 June 2020, to 30 April 2021. This retrospective study included 1,626 patients, of which 524 (32.2%) were antecedent statin users among 768 patients (384 statin users, 384 non-statin users) identified with 1:1 propensity-score matching. We established a multivariable logistic regression model to identify the patients’ demographics and adjust the baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics and co-morbidities. Statin users showed a lower mean of white blood cell count (7.6 × 103/µL vs. 8.1 × 103/µL, p < 0.01), and C-reactive protein (100 mg/L vs. 120.7 mg/L, p < 0.001) compared to non-statin COVID-19 patients. The same positive results followed in lipid profiles for patients on statins. Cox proportional-hazards regression models evaluated the association between statin use and mortality rate. The primary endpoint involved mortality during the hospital stay. Statin use was associated with lower odds of mortality in the propensity-matched cohort (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33-0.64, p < 0.001). These results support the previous evidence of the beneficial effects of statins in reducing mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Umakanthan
- Department of Para-clinical sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad, Trinidad and Tobago
- *Correspondence: Srikanth Umakanthan,
| | - Sanjum Senthil
- Project Lead and Research Programmee Committee Member, International Research Association Unit, India
- Director and Consultant in Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, RRN Multispeciality Hospital, India
| | - Stanley John
- Project Lead and Research Programmee Committee Member, International Research Association Unit, India
- Consultant Pulmonologist, Department of Medicine, Holy Cross Hospital, Nagercoil, India
| | - Mahesh K. Madhavan
- Consultant Pulmonologist, Department of Medicine, Holy Cross Hospital, Nagercoil, India
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
| | - Jessica Das
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
| | - Sonal Patil
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
| | - Raghunath Rameshwaram
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Piramal Research Centre, Gujarat, India
| | - Ananya Cintham
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesh Subramaniam
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Madhusudan Yogi
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Abhishek Bansal
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Sumesh Achutham
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Chandini Shekar
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Vijay Murthy
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Robbin Selvaraj
- National Regional Collaboration for Medical Research Foundation, India
- Medical Residents, Swaminathan Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, India
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15
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Erogul O, Gobeka HH, Dogan M, Akdogan M, Balci A, Kasikci M. Retinal microvascular morphology versus COVID-19: What to anticipate? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102920. [PMID: 35597442 PMCID: PMC9116963 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate retinal microvascular morphological changes in previously COVID-19 infected patients using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and compare the findings to age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, OCTA findings (6.0 × 6.0 mm scan size and scan quality index ≥7/10) from previously COVID-19 infected patients (group 1, 32 patients, 64 eyes) with ≥1 month of complete recovery were compared to healthy subjects (group 2, 33 subjects, 66 eyes) with no history of COVID-19 infection. A positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test on a naso-pharyngeal swab sample confirmed the diagnosis. The AngioVueAnalytics, RTVue-XR 2017.1.0.155 software measured and recorded OCTA parameters. RESULTS Group 1 had significantly lower superficial capillary plexus vessel densities in all foveal regions than group 2 (P<0.05). Foveal deep capillary plexus vessel density in group 1 was also significantly lower than in group 2 (P=0.009); however, no significant differences were found in other regions (P>0.05). All foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters were higher in group 1 than in group 2, with significant differences in FAZ area (P=0.019) and foveal vessel density 300 μm area around FAZ (P=0.035), but not FAZ perimeter (P=0.054). The outer retina and choriocapillaris flows were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prior COVID-19 infection seems to be associated with significant changes in retinal microvascular density, as well as FAZ and flow parameters, which may be attributed to different pathogenic mechanisms that lead to SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as thrombotic microangiopathy and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Erogul
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Hamidu Hamisi Gobeka
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY.
| | - Mustafa Dogan
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Muberra Akdogan
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Aydin Balci
- Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Afyonkarahisar, TURKEY
| | - Murat Kasikci
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Education and Research Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Mugla-TURKEY
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16
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Endres M, Moro MA, Nolte CH, Dames C, Buckwalter MS, Meisel A. Immune Pathways in Etiology, Acute Phase, and Chronic Sequelae of Ischemic Stroke. Circ Res 2022; 130:1167-1186. [PMID: 35420915 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune mechanisms are crucially involved in the pathophysiology of the development, acute damage cascades, and chronic course after ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and, in addition to classical risk factors, maladaptive immune mechanisms lead to an increased risk of stroke. Accordingly, individuals with signs of inflammation or corresponding biomarkers have an increased risk of stroke. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as IL (interleukin)-1β blockers, methotrexate, or colchicine, represent attractive treatment strategies to prevent vascular events and stroke. Lately, the COVID-19 pandemic shows a clear association between SARS-CoV2 infections and increased risk of cerebrovascular events. Furthermore, mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immune systems influence cerebral damage cascades after ischemic stroke. Neutrophils, monocytes, and microglia, as well as T and B lymphocytes each play complex interdependent roles that synergize to remove dead tissue but also can cause bystander injury to intact brain cells and generate maladaptive chronic inflammation. Chronic systemic inflammation and comorbid infections may unfavorably influence both outcome after stroke and recurrence risk for further stroke. In addition, stroke triggers specific immune depression, which in turn can promote infections. Recent research is now increasingly addressing the question of the extent to which immune mechanisms may influence long-term outcome after stroke and, in particular, cause specific complications such as poststroke dementia or even poststroke depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Endres
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie (M.E., C.H.N., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (M.E., C.H.N., C.D., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Excellence Cluster NeuroCure (M.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.H.N.)
| | - Maria A Moro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (M.A.M.).,Departamento de Farmacología yToxicología, Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (M.A.M.).,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, UCM, Madrid, Spain (M.A.M.).,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (M.A.M.)
| | - Christian H Nolte
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie (M.E., C.H.N., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (M.E., C.H.N., C.D., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.H.N.)
| | - Claudia Dames
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (M.E., C.H.N., C.D., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical Immunology (C.D.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.S.B.).,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, CA (M.S.B.)
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Klinik für Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie (M.E., C.H.N., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (M.E., C.H.N., C.D., A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center (A.M.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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17
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Lip GYH, Rigby A, Weber C. A Rollercoaster Plunge into 2022. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:1-4. [PMID: 35038759 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Rigby
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Weber C, Rigby A, Lip GYH. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2021 Editors' Choice Papers. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:163-170. [PMID: 35038760 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Rigby
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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19
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20
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Immunomodulation and Reduction of Thromboembolic Risk in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225366. [PMID: 34830648 PMCID: PMC8617689 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the potential beneficial effect of immunomodulation therapy on the thromboembolic risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We searched PubMed and Scopus for randomized trials reporting the outcomes of venous thromboembolism (VTE), ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, any thromboembolic event, and all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with immunomodulatory agents. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel random effects method. Results: Among 8499 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 4638 were treated with an immunomodulatory agent, 3861—with usual care only. Among the patients prescribed immunomodulatory agents, there were 1.77 VTEs per 100 patient-months compared to 2.30 among those treated with usual care (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61–1.16; I2: 0%). Among the patients who received an interleukin 6 (IL-6) antagonist, VTEs were reported in 12 among the 1075 patients compared to 20 among the 848 receiving the usual care (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.22–1.20; I2: 6%). Immunomodulators as an add-on to usual care did not reduce the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.50–2.40; I2: 0%) or of myocardial infarction (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.47–2.39; I2: 0%) and there was a nonsignificant reduction in any thromboembolic event (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.65–1.14; I2: 0%). Conclusions: We did not identify a statistically significant effect of immunomodulation on prevention of thromboembolic events in COVID-19. However, given the large effect estimate for VTE prevention, especially in the patients treated with IL-6 antagonists, we cannot exclude a potential effect of immunomodulation.
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21
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Evaluation of postmortem pathological changes in the lung in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive cases. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.997381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Gawaz A, Guenova E. Microvascular Skin Manifestations Caused by COVID-19. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:387-396. [PMID: 34695855 DOI: 10.1055/a-1581-6899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercoagulability and vascular injury, which characterize morbidity in COVID-19 disease, are frequently observed in the skin. Several pathomechanisms, such as inflammation caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mediated uptake into endothelial cells or SARS-CoV-2-initiated host immune responses, contribute to microthrombus formation and the appearance of vascular skin lesions. Besides pathophysiologic mechanisms observed in the skin, this review describes the clinical appearance of cutaneous vascular lesions and their association with COVID-19 disease, including acro-ischemia, reticular lesions, and cutaneous small vessel vasculitis. Clinicians need to be aware that skin manifestations may be the only symptom in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that inflammatory and thrombotic SARS-CoV-2-driven processes observed in multiple organs and tissues appear identically in the skin as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gawaz
- Universitätshautklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Bagnato G, La Rosa D, Ioppolo C, De Gaetano A, Chiappalone M, Zirilli N, Viapiana V, Tringali MC, Tomeo S, Aragona CO, Napoli F, Lillo S, Irrera N, Roberts WN, Imbalzano E, Micari A, Ventura Spagnolo E, Squadrito G, Gangemi S, Versace AG. The COVID-19 Assessment for Survival at Admission (CASA) Index: A 12 Months Observational Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:719976. [PMID: 34660631 PMCID: PMC8514624 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.719976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with a high rate of progression to critical illness. However, the stratification of patients at risk of mortality is not well defined. In this study, we aimed to define a mortality risk index to allocate patients to the appropriate intensity of care. Methods: This is a 12 months observational longitudinal study designed to develop and validate a pragmatic mortality risk score to stratify COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years and admitted to hospital between March 2020 and March 2021. Main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Results: 244 patients were included in the study (mortality rate 29.9%). The Covid-19 Assessment for Survival at Admission (CASA) index included seven variables readily available at admission: respiratory rate, troponin, albumin, CKD-EPI, white blood cell count, D-dimer, Pa02/Fi02. The CASA index showed high discrimination for mortality with an AUC of 0.91 (sensitivity 98.6%; specificity 69%) and a better performance compared to SOFA (AUC = 0.76), age (AUC = 0.76) and 4C mortality (AUC = 0.82). The cut-off identified (11.994) for CASA index showed a negative predictive value of 99.16% and a positive predictive value of 57.58%. Conclusions: A quick and readily available index has been identified to help clinicians stratify COVID-19 patients according to the appropriate intensity of care and minimize hospital admission to patients at high risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Bagnato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela La Rosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Ioppolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alberta De Gaetano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marianna Chiappalone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Natalia Zirilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valeria Viapiana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Simona Tomeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Lillo
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Micari
- BIOMORF Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elvira Ventura Spagnolo
- Department for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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24
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Harenberg J, Marchetti M, Falanga A. Acquired Autoimmune Hemophilia Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Dual-Drug Effects on Blood Coagulation and the Scylla and Charybdis Phenomenon. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1555-1557. [PMID: 34592779 DOI: 10.1055/a-1658-4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Job Harenberg
- Ruprecht-Kalrs University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, DOASENSE GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Marchetti
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Falanga
- Division of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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25
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Elalamy I, Gerotziafas G, Alamowitch S, Laroche JP, Van Dreden P, Ageno W, Beyer-Westendorf J, Cohen AT, Jimenez D, Brenner B, Middeldorp S, Cacoub P. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine and Thrombosis: An Expert Consensus on Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:982-991. [PMID: 33946120 PMCID: PMC8322589 DOI: 10.1055/a-1499-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the vaccination strategies developed in the second half of the 20th century have facilitated the eradication of infectious diseases. From the onset of COVID-19 pandemic to the end of April 2021, more than 150 million cases and 3 million deaths were documented worldwide with disruption of the economic and social activity, and with devastating material, physical, and psychological consequences. Reports of unusual and severe thrombotic events, including cerebral and splanchnic venous thrombosis and other autoimmune adverse reactions, such as immune thrombocytopenia or thrombotic microangiopathies in connection with some of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, have caused a great deal of concern within the population and the medical community. This report is intended to provide practical answers following an overview of our knowledge on these thrombotic events that are extremely rare but have serious consequences. Vaccine hesitancy threatens to reverse the progress made in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases. These adverse events must be put into perspective with an objective analysis of the facts and the issues of the vaccination strategy during this SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Health care professionals remain the most pertinent advisors and influencers regarding vaccination decisions; they have to be supported to provide reliable and credible information on vaccines. We need to inform, reassure, and support our patients when the prescription is made. Facing these challenges and observations, a panel of experts express their insights and propose a tracking algorithm for vaccinated patients based on a 10-point guideline for decision-making on what to do and not to do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Elalamy
- Hematology and Thrombosis Center, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Research Group “Cancer, Haemostasis and Angiogenesis,” INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigoris Gerotziafas
- Hematology and Thrombosis Center, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Research Group “Cancer, Haemostasis and Angiogenesis,” INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Alamowitch
- AP-HP, Service des Urgences cérébro-vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche de Saint Antoine, INSERM, UMRS 938, Sorbonne Université Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Laroche
- Service de médecine vasculaire, hôpital Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Médipôle, 1139, chemin du Lavarin, Avignon, France
| | - Patrick Van Dreden
- Research Group “Cancer, Haemostasis and Angiogenesis,” INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Walter Ageno
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Thrombosis Center, Ospedale di Circolo and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jan Beyer-Westendorf
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Cohen
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Jimenez
- Respiratory Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital (IRYCIS), CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et de l'Amylose inflammatoire, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM, Paris, France
- CNRS, FRE3632, Paris, France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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26
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Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 first appeared in humans, the scientific community has tried to gather as much information as possible in order to find effective strategies for the containment and treatment this pandemic coronavirus. We reviewed the current published literature on SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues and body fluids, as well as data on the expression of its input receptors on the cell surface. COVID-19 affects many organ systems in many ways. These varied manifestations are associated with viral tropism and immune responses of the infected person, but the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We emphasize the broad organotropism of SARS-CoV-2, as many studies have identified viral components (RNA, proteins) in many organs, including immune cells, pharynx, trachea, lungs, blood, heart, blood vessels, intestines, brain, kidneys, and male reproductive organs. Viral components are present in various body fluids, such as mucus, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, semen and breast milk. The main SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2, is expressed at different levels in many tissues throughout the human body, but its expression levels do not always correspond to the detection of SARS-CoV-2, indicating a complex interaction between the virus and humans. We also highlight the role of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and its inhibitors in the context of COVID-19. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has various strategies that are widely used in various tissues to evade innate antiviral immunity. Targeting immune evasion mediators of the virus can block its replication in COVID-19 patients. Together, these data shed light on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and lay the groundwork for better diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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27
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Wong KK, Lee SWH, Kua KP. N-Acetylcysteine as Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19 - A Perspective on the Current State of the Evidence. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2993-3013. [PMID: 34262324 PMCID: PMC8274825 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s306849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The looming severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a long-lasting pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the globe with substantial morbidity and mortality. N-acetylcysteine, being a nutraceutical precursor of an important antioxidant glutathione, can perform several biological functions in mammals and microbes. It has consequently garnered a growing interest as a potential adjunctive therapy for coronavirus disease. Here, we review evidence concerning the effects of N-acetylcysteine in respiratory viral infections based on currently available in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical investigations. The repurposing of a known drug such as N-acetylcysteine may significantly hasten the deployment of a novel approach for COVID-19. Since the drug candidate has already been translated into the clinic for several decades, its established pharmacological properties and safety and side-effect profiles expedite preclinical and clinical assessment for the treatment of COVID-19. In vitro data have depicted that N-acetylcysteine increases antioxidant capacity, interferes with virus replication, and suppresses expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cells infected with influenza viruses or respiratory syncytial virus. Furthermore, findings from in vivo studies have displayed that, by virtue of immune modulation and anti-inflammatory mechanism, N-acetylcysteine reduces the mortality rate in influenza-infected mice animal models. The promising in vitro and in vivo results have prompted the initiation of human subject research for the treatment of COVID-19, including severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Albeit some evidence of benefits has been observed in clinical outcomes of patients, precision nanoparticle design of N-acetylcysteine may allow for greater therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kon Ken Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation, and Clinical Outcomes (PICO), Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Gerontechnology Laboratory, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Pim Kua
- Puchong Health Clinic, Petaling District Health Office, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Petaling, Selangor, Malaysia
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28
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Sagris D, Papanikolaou A, Kvernland A, Korompoki E, Frontera JA, Troxel AB, Gavriatopoulou M, Milionis H, Lip GYH, Michel P, Yaghi S, Ntaios G. COVID-19 and ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3826-3836. [PMID: 34224187 PMCID: PMC8444875 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a substantial proportion of COVID‐19 patients had documented thrombotic complications and ischemic stroke. Several mechanisms related to immune‐mediated thrombosis, the renin angiotensin system and the effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 in cardiac and brain tissue may contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID‐19. Simultaneously, significant strains on global healthcare delivery, including ischemic stroke management, have made treatment of stroke in the setting of COVID‐19 particularly challenging. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and pathophysiology of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID‐19 to bridge the gap from bench to bedside and clinical practice during the most challenging global health crisis of the last decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Sagris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papanikolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Korompoki
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea B Troxel
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Gavriatopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Haralampos Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Patrik Michel
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shadi Yaghi
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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29
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Cennamo G, Reibaldi M, Montorio D, D'Andrea L, Fallico M, Triassi M. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features in Post-COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients: A Pilot Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 227:182-190. [PMID: 33781767 PMCID: PMC7997850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated changes in retinal vessel density in macular and papillary regions in post-SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Design Prospective, observational, cohort study. Methods Forty eyes of 40 patients (mean age: 49.7 ± 12.6 years old) post-SARS-CoV-2 infection and 40 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. COVID-19 patients had to be fully recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia and were evaluated 6 months after COVID-19 infection. The primary outcome resulted from OCTA studies of the following vascular structures: vessel density (VD) in the retinal superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC) compared to those of controls. Structural spectral domain (SD)-OCT parameters were also evaluated: ganglion cell complex (GCC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Results The patients showed a significant reduction in VD of the SCP in whole images and in the DCP in all sectors compared to those in healthy subjects (P <.05). COVID-19 patients featured a reduced VD of the RPC compared to that in controls (P <.001). No differences were found in the GCC, whereas the RNFL was reduced in the COVID-19 group compared to that in controls (P = .012). Significant correlations were found between the RNFL and VD of the SCP, DCP, RPC, and FAZ area in the COVID-19 group (P <.05). Conclusions OCTA showed retinal vascular changes in subjects fully recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia. These findings could be a consequence of a thrombotic microangiopathy that affected retinal structures as well as other systemic organs. OCTA could represent a valid, noninvasive biomarker of early vascular dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Cennamo
- From the Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Montorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luca D'Andrea
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Fallico
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- From the Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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30
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Laneri S, Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, De Biasi MG, Pero ME, Pisanelli G, Scudiero O, Pero R. Antimicrobial Peptides and Physical Activity: A Great Hope against COVID 19. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1415. [PMID: 34209064 PMCID: PMC8304224 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), α- and β-defensins, possess antiviral properties. These AMPs achieve viral inhibition through different mechanisms of action. For example, they can: (i) bind directly to virions; (ii) bind to and modulate host cell-surface receptors, disrupting intracellular signaling; (iii) function as chemokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses. Given their antiviral properties and the fact that the development of an effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment is an urgent public health priority, they and their derivatives are being explored as potential therapies against COVID-19. These explorations using various strategies, range from their direct interaction with the virus to using them as vaccine adjuvants. However, AMPs do not work in isolation, specifically in their role as potent immune modulators, where they interact with toll-like receptors (TLRs) and chemokine receptors. Both of these receptors have been shown to play roles in COVID-19 pathogenesis. In addition, it is known that a healthy lifestyle accompanied by controlled physical activity can represent a natural weapon against COVID-19. In competitive athletes, an increase in serum defensins has been shown to function as self-protection from the attack of microorganisms, consequently a controlled physical activity could act as a support to any therapies in fighting COVID-19. Therefore, including information on all these players' interactions would produce a complete picture of AMP-based therapies' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Margherita G. De Biasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (M.E.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Pisanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (M.E.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.aR.L., 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.aR.L., 80131 Naples, Italy
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Gerotziafas GT, Catalano M, Theodorou Y, Dreden PV, Marechal V, Spyropoulos AC, Carter C, Jabeen N, Harenberg J, Elalamy I, Falanga A, Fareed J, Agathaggelou P, Antic D, Antignani PL, Bosch MM, Brenner B, Chekhonin V, Colgan MP, Dimopoulos MA, Douketis J, Elnazar EA, Farkas K, Fazeli B, Fowkes G, Gu Y, Gligorov J, Ligocki MA, Indran T, Kannan M, Kantarcioglu B, Kasse AA, Konstantinidis K, Leivano F, Lewis J, Makatsariya A, Mbaye PM, Mahé I, Panovska-Stavridis I, Olinic DM, Papageorgiou C, Pecsvarady Z, Pillon S, Ramacciotti E, Abdel-Razeq H, Sabbah M, Sassi M, Schernthaner G, Siddiqui F, Shiomura J, Slama-Schwok A, Wautrecht JC, Tafur A, Taher A, Klein-Wegel P, Zhai Z, Zoubida TM. The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for an Integrated and Equitable Approach: An International Expert Consensus Paper. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:992-1007. [PMID: 34169495 PMCID: PMC8322591 DOI: 10.1055/a-1535-8807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One year after the declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and despite the implementation of mandatory physical barriers and social distancing, humanity remains challenged by a long-lasting and devastating public health crisis. MANAGEMENT Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are efficient mitigation strategies. The success of these NPIs is dependent on the approval and commitment of the population. The launch of a mass vaccination program in many countries in late December 2020 with mRNA vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines has generated hope for the end of the pandemic. CURRENT ISSUES The continuous appearance of new pathogenic viral strains and the ability of vaccines to prevent infection and transmission raise important concerns as we try to achieve community immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. The need of a second and even third generation of vaccines has already been acknowledged by the WHO and governments. PERSPECTIVES There is a critical and urgent need for a balanced and integrated strategy for the management of the COVID-19 outbreaks organized on three axes: (1) Prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, (2) Detection and early diagnosis of patients at risk of disease worsening, and (3) Anticipation of medical care (PDA). CONCLUSION The "PDA strategy" integrated into state policy for the support and expansion of health systems and introduction of digital organizations (i.e., telemedicine, e-Health, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning technology) is of major importance for the preservation of citizens' health and life world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigoris T Gerotziafas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France.,Thrombosis Center, Tenon-Saint Antoine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France
| | - Mariella Catalano
- Research Center on Vascular Disease & Angiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, L Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Yiannis Theodorou
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses UPMC UMRS CR7, Inserm U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Van Dreden
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Marechal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Alex C Spyropoulos
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Charles Carter
- Department of Clinical Research, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nusrat Jabeen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Job Harenberg
- Department for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DOASENSE GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ismail Elalamy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France.,Thrombosis Center, Tenon-Saint Antoine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Falanga
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.,School of Medicine, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Petros Agathaggelou
- Cyprus Department of Interventional Cardiology, American Heart Institute of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Darko Antic
- Clinic of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Manuel Monreal Bosch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol de Badalona, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, V. P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mary-Paula Colgan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St. James's Hospital/Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jim Douketis
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Katalin Farkas
- Department of Angiology, St. Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bahare Fazeli
- Immunology Department, Avicenna (Bu-Ali) Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Gerry Fowkes
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yongquan Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University and Institute of Vascular Surgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Joseph Gligorov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France.,Medical Oncology Department, CLIP(2) Galilée, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), France
| | - Mark A Ligocki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Tishya Indran
- Australia Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Division of Blood and Vascular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Bulent Kantarcioglu
- Department of Hematology, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdoul Aziz Kasse
- Institut du Cancer UCAD, Centre International de Cancérologie de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Kostantinos Konstantinidis
- 5th Surgical Department, Group of Vascular Surgery, Hippokrateio General University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fabio Leivano
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Division, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Joseph Lewis
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, New York, United States
| | - Alexander Makatsariya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Isabelle Mahé
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Colombes, Université de Paris, INSERM, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Dan-Mircea Olinic
- Medical Clinic No. 1, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Chryssa Papageorgiou
- Service Anesthésie, Réanimation et Médecine Périopératoire, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Pecsvarady
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Flor Ferenc Teaching Hospital, Kistarcsa, Hungary
| | - Sergio Pillon
- UOSD Angiology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, National Health Institute ISS, AO San Camillo Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Eduardo Ramacciotti
- Hemostasis & Thrombosis Research Laboratories, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States.,Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; Science Valley Research Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hikmat Abdel-Razeq
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Michele Sabbah
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Mouna Sassi
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Centre de Maternité et de Néonatologie, Hôpital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Gerit Schernthaner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine 2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fakiha Siddiqui
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Health Sciences Divisions, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Anny Slama-Schwok
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Research Group Cancer, Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean Claude Wautrecht
- Service de Pathologie Vasculaire, Hôpital ERASME, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Tafur
- Vascular Medicine, Northshore Cardiovascular Institute, Skokie, Illinois, United States
| | - Ali Taher
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Peter Klein-Wegel
- Klinik für Angiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin II, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zenguo Zhai
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tazi Mezalek Zoubida
- Clinical Hematology - Internal Medicine, Ibn Sina hospital, Mohammed V University, -Rabat, Morocco
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Romiti GF, Corica B, Lip GYH, Proietti M. Prevalence and Impact of Atrial Fibrillation in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2490. [PMID: 34199857 PMCID: PMC8200114 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with COVID-19, cardiovascular complications are common and associated with poor prognosis. Among these, an association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and COVID-19 has been described; however, the extent of this relationship is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the epidemiology of AF in COVID-19 patients and its impact on all-cause mortality. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed and reported according to PRISMA guidelines, and a protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021227950). PubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched for relevant studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Overall, 31 studies were included in the analysis, with a total number of 187,716 COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of AF was found to be as high as 8% of patients with COVID-19 (95% CI: 6.3-10.2%, 95% prediction intervals (PI): 2.0-27.1%), with a high degree of heterogeneity between studies; a multiple meta-regression model including geographical location, age, hypertension, and diabetes showed that these factors accounted for more than a third of the heterogeneity. AF COVID-19 patients were less likely to be female but more likely older, hypertensive, and with a critical status than those without AF. Patients with AF showed a significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality (OR: 3.97, 95% CI: 2.76-5.71), with a high degree of heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis focusing on new-onset AF showed the consistency of these results. CONCLUSIONS Among COVID-19 patients, AF is found in 8% of patients. AF COVID-19 patients are older, more hypertensive, and more likely to have a critical status. In COVID-19 patients, AF is associated with a 4-fold higher risk of death. Further studies are needed to define the best treatment strategies to improve the prognosis of AF COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Francesco Romiti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza—University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.R.); (B.C.)
| | - Bernadette Corica
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza—University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.R.); (B.C.)
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool 14 3PE, UK;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marco Proietti
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool 14 3PE, UK;
- Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Yang J, Wu K, Ding A, Li L, Lu H, Zhu W, Xie K, Yao Z, Fang S. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of 74 2019 novel coronavirus disease patients in Hefei: A single-center retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25645. [PMID: 34032692 PMCID: PMC8154399 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), namely 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has rapidly spread from Wuhan city to other cities across China. The present study was designed to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of 74 hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Clinical data of 74 COVID-19 patients were collected to analyze the epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data. Thirty-two patients were followed up and tested for the presence of the viral nucleic acid and by pulmonary computed tomography (CT) scan at 7 and 14 days after they were discharged.Among all COVID-19 patients, the median incubation period for patients and the median period from symptom onset to admission was all 6 days; the median length of hospitalization was 13 days. Fever symptoms were presented in 83.78% of the patients, and the second most common symptom was cough (74.32%), followed by fatigue and expectoration (27.03%). Inflammatory indicators, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) of the intensive care unit (ICU) patients were significantly higher than that of the non-ICU patients (P < .05). However, 50.00% of the ICU patients had their the ratio of T helper cells to cytotoxic T cells (CD4/CD8) ratio lower than 1.1, whose proportion is much higher than that in non-ICU patients (P < .01).Compared with patients in Wuhan, COVID-19 patients in Anhui Province seemed to have milder symptoms of infection, suggesting that there may be some regional differences in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between different cities.
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Tahtabasi M, Hosbul T, Karaman E, Akin Y, Konukoglu O, Sahiner F. Does COVID-19 cause an increase in spleen dimensions? Possible effects of immune activation, hematopoietic suppression and microthrombosis. Clin Imaging 2021; 79:104-109. [PMID: 33932872 PMCID: PMC8080509 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To radiologically examine how the spleen size, which has important functions in hematological and immunological balance, is affected in COVID-19. Methods Between July 1 and August 31, 2020, consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed. Among these patients, those who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) examination at the time of presentation, patients with follow-up CT due to clinical deterioration were included in the study. The CTs of the patients were evaluated in terms of spleen size and volume. Results A total of 160 patients (88 females, 55%) were included in the study. The mean time between the initial and follow-up CT was 7.2 ± 2.8 days. The splenic volume (244.3 ± 136.7 vs. 303.5 ± 156.3 cm3) and splenic index (421.2 ± 235.5 vs. 523.2 ± 269.4 cm3) values were significantly higher in the follow-up CT compared to the initial CT (p < 0.001). The increase in the splenic volume and splenic index values was 59.2 ± 52.4 cm3 and 101.9 ± 90.3 cm3 (p < 0.001), respectively. The COVID-19 severity score was significantly higher in the follow-up CT compared to the initial CT (3.7 ± 4.2 vs. 12.5 ± 5.7, respectively; p < 0.001). The spleen width measured separately on the initial and follow-up CTs showed a highest positive correlation (r = 0.982, p < 0.001). Conclusion Our study indicates that spleen size increases slightly-moderately in the first stages of the infection, and this increase is correlated with the COVID-19 severity score calculated on the chest CT data, and in this respect, it is similar to infections presenting with cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tahtabasi
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences- Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Tugrul Hosbul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ergin Karaman
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences- Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Yasin Akin
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences- Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Osman Konukoglu
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences- Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Fatih Sahiner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Medical Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Verma HK. Radiological and clinical spectrum of COVID-19: A major concern for public health. World J Radiol 2021; 13:53-63. [PMID: 33815683 PMCID: PMC8006056 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v13.i3.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by +ve strand RNA virus (SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) that belongs to the corona viridae family. In March, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus for the public health emergency. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with respiratory symptoms, it affects other organs such as the kidneys, liver, heart and brain. Early-stage laboratory disease testing shows many false positive or negative outcomes such as less white blood cell count and a low number of lymphocyte count. However, radiological examination and diagnosis are among the main components of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In particular, for COVID-19, chest computed tomography developed vigorous initial diagnosis and disease progression assessment. However, the accuracy is limited. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of COVID-19, sometimes it may give false-negative results. Due to the consequences of the missing diagnosis. This resulted in a discrepancy between the two means of examination. Conversely, based on currently available evidence, we summarized the possible understanding of the various patho-physiology, radio diagnostic methods in severe COVID-19 patients. As the information on COVID-19 evolves rapidly, this review will provide vital information for scientists and clinicians to consider novel perceptions for the comprehensive knowledge of the diagnostic approaches based on current experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henu Kumar Verma
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology CNR, Naples 80131, Campania, Italy
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36
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Anxiety and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Related to COVID-19 during Italian Lockdown. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061221. [PMID: 33809403 PMCID: PMC8001711 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The first case of infection by SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., COVID-19) was officially recorded by the Italian National Health Service on 21 February 2020. Respiratory tract manifestations are the most common symptoms, such as gastrointestinal symptoms (GISs) like nausea or sickness, diarrhea, and anorexia, and psychological effects may be reported in affected individuals. However, similar symptoms may be observed in healthy people as a consequence of an anxiety state. Methods: We analyzed GISs and anxiety state during the COVID-19 lockdown period; from 9 March 2020 to 4 May 2020. A web-based survey consisting of 131 items was administered to 354 students affiliated with the School of Medicine of the University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro; Italy. A set of statistical analyses was performed to analyze the relationships among the answers to assess a correlation between the topics of interest. Results: The statistical analysis showed that 54.0% of interviewed reported at least one GISs, 36.16% of which reported a positive history for familial GISs (FGISs). The 354 subjects included in our cohort may be stratified as follows: 25.99% GISs and FGISs, 27.97% GISs and no-FGISs, 10.17% no-GISs and FGISs, 35.87% no-GISs and no-FGISs. Results indicated an anxiety state for 48.9% of respondents, of which 64.74% also presented GISs. In addition, considered dietary habits, we detect the increased consumption of hypercaloric food, sweetened drinks, and alcoholic beverages. Conclusions: The increase of GISs during the lockdown period in a population of medical students, may be correlated to both dietary habits and anxiety state due to a concern for one’s health.
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Matsuishi Y, Mathis BJ, Shimojo N, Subrina J, Okubo N, Inoue Y. Severe COVID-19 Infection Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction Induces Multiple Organ Dysfunction: A Review of Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2021; 9:279. [PMID: 33801921 PMCID: PMC7999560 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has transfixed the medical world. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild to severe and underlying chronic conditions such as pulmonary/cardiovascular disease and diabetes induce excessive inflammatory responses to COVID-19 and these underlying chronic diseases are mediated by endothelial dysfunction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common cause of death in COVID-19 patients, but coagulation induced by excessive inflammation, thrombosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also induce death by multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. These associations imply that maintaining endothelial integrity is crucial for favorable prognoses with COVID-19 and therapeutic intervention to support this may be beneficial. Here, we summarize the extent of heart injuries, ischemic stroke and hemorrhage, acute kidney injury, and liver injury caused by immune-mediated endothelial dysfunction that result in the phenomenon of multi-organ dysfunction seen in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the potential therapeutic effect of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that improve endothelial dysfunction as well as the bradykinin storm are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Matsuishi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (N.S.); (Y.I.)
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
- Health & Diseases Research Center for Rural Peoples (HDRCRP), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Bryan J. Mathis
- Medical English Communication Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan;
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (N.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Jesmin Subrina
- Health & Diseases Research Center for Rural Peoples (HDRCRP), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Nobuko Okubo
- Neuroscience Nursing, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan;
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; (N.S.); (Y.I.)
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Gonzalez-Ochoa AJ, Raffetto JD, Hernández AG, Zavala N, Gutiérrez O, Vargas A, Loustaunau J. Sulodexide in the Treatment of Patients with Early Stages of COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:944-954. [PMID: 33677827 DOI: 10.1055/a-1414-5216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may induce several vascular endothelial-dependent systemic complications, and sulodexide has pleiotropic actions on the vascular endothelium, which may prove beneficial. We aimed to assess the effect of sulodexide when used within 3 days of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical onset. We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled outpatient trial. To be included, patients must have been at high risk for severe clinical progression. Participants received sulodexide (oral 1,000 LRU/d) or placebo for 21 days. The primary endpoint was the need for hospital care. Also assessed were patients' need for supplemental oxygen as well as D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, thromboembolic events, major bleeding, and mortality. A total of 243 patients were included in the per-protocol analysis from June 5 to August 30, 2020. Of these, 124 received sulodexide and 119 received a placebo. Only 17.7% of the patients in the sulodexide group required hospitalization, compared with 29.4% in the placebo group (p = 0.03). This benefit persisted in the intention-to-treat analysis (15% in sulodexide group vs. 24% with placebo [p = 0.04]). With sulodexide, fewer patients required supplemental oxygen (30 vs. 42% [p = 0.05]). After 2 weeks, fewer patients had D-dimer levels >500 ng/dL (22 vs. 47% [p < 0.01]), and patients also had lower mean CRP levels (12.5 vs. 17.8 mg/dL [p < 0.01]). There were no between-group differences in thromboembolic events, major bleeding, or mortality. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with sulodexide, when provided within 3 days of clinical onset, improved their clinical outcomes. Although the results should be confirmed, sulodexide could be valuable in an outpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Gonzalez-Ochoa
- Department of Vascular-Endovascular Surgery, CLINEDEM, Colonia Comercial, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México.,Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital General de Zona No12 Instituto Mexicano Seguro Social, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
| | - Joseph D Raffetto
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ana G Hernández
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CLINEDEM, Colonia Comercial, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
| | - Nestor Zavala
- Hospital General de Zona No12 Instituto Mexicano Seguro Social, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
| | - Obed Gutiérrez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital General de Zona No12 Instituto Mexicano Seguro Social, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México.,Department of Emergency, Hospital General, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
| | - Arturo Vargas
- Urban Outpatient Care Center, Secretaria de Salud, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
| | - Jorge Loustaunau
- Department of Emergency, Hospital General de Zona No12 Instituto Mexicano Seguro Social, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
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39
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Ng SL, Ong YS, Khaw KY, Teh SP, Tan CS, Ming LC, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH. Focused Review: Potential Rare and Atypical Symptoms as Indicator for Targeted COVID-19 Screening. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:189. [PMID: 33672384 PMCID: PMC7927030 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 is a known consequence of infection of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has affected nations worldwide with soaring number of cases daily. Symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting are commonly presented in COVID-19 patients. This focused review aims to discuss these uncommon and atypical COVID-19 symptoms that may be presented which might affect neurological, cardiovascular, cutaneous and ocular systems and their possible mode of actions. Nonetheless, there are some cases of reported uncommon or atypical symptoms which may warrant healthcare professionals to be aware of, especially when in contact with patients. The knowledge and information concerning these symptoms might be able to provide additional cues for healthcare professional by subjecting patients to COVID-19 screening. Meanwhile, it might be able to further enhance the alertness and additional precautions being taken by healthcare personnel, which eventually lead to reduced risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Li Ng
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Siew Phooi Teh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ching Siang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group (BMEX), School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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40
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Bauer W, Galtung N, Neuwinger N, Kaufner L, Langer E, Somasundaram R, Tauber R, Kappert K. A Matter of Caution: Coagulation Parameters in COVID-19 Do Not Differ from Patients with Ruled-Out SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Emergency Department. TH OPEN 2021; 5:e43-e55. [PMID: 33564744 PMCID: PMC7867413 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients often show excessive activation of coagulation, associated with increased risk of thrombosis. However, the diagnostic value of coagulation at initial clinical evaluation is not clear. We present an in-depth analysis of coagulation in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected COVID-19. N = 58 patients with clinically suspected COVID-19 in the ED were enrolled. N = 17 subsequently tested positive using SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) swabs, while in n = 41 COVID-19 was ruled-out. We analyzed both standard and extended coagulation parameters, including thromboplastin time (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), antithrombin, plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), D-dimers, and fibrinogen at admission, as well as α2-antiplasmin, activated protein C -resistance, factor V, lupus anticoagulant, protein C, protein S, and von Willebrand diagnostics. These data, as well as mortality and further laboratory parameters, were compared across groups based on COVID-19 diagnosis and severity of disease. In patients with COVID-19, we detected frequent clotting abnormalities, including D-dimers. The comparison cohort in the ED, however, showed similarly altered coagulation. Furthermore, parameters previously shown to distinguish between severe and moderate COVID-19 courses, such as platelets, plasminogen, fibrinogen, aPTT, INR, and antithrombin, as well as multiple nonroutine coagulation analytes showed no significant differences between patients with and without COVID-19 when presenting to the ED. At admission to the ED the prevalence of coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19 is high, yet comparable to the non-COVID-19 cohort presenting with respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, coagulopathy might worsen during disease progression with the need of subsequent risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noa Galtung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nick Neuwinger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Kaufner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Langer
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajan Somasundaram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Tauber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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41
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Kwaan HC, Lindholm PF. The Central Role of Fibrinolytic Response in COVID-19-A Hematologist's Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1283. [PMID: 33525440 PMCID: PMC7919196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has many characteristics common to those in two other coronavirus acute respiratory diseases, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). They are all highly contagious and have severe pulmonary complications. Clinically, patients with COVID-19 run a rapidly progressive course of an acute respiratory tract infection with fever, sore throat, cough, headache and fatigue, complicated by severe pneumonia often leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The infection also involves other organs throughout the body. In all three viral illnesses, the fibrinolytic system plays an active role in each phase of the pathogenesis. During transmission, the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin-system (RAAS) is involved with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, attaching to its natural receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) in host cells. Both tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are closely linked to the RAAS. In lesions in the lung, kidney and other organs, the two plasminogen activators urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), along with their inhibitor, plasminogen activator 1 (PAI-1), are involved. The altered fibrinolytic balance enables the development of a hypercoagulable state. In this article, evidence for the central role of fibrinolysis is reviewed, and the possible drug targets at multiple sites in the fibrinolytic pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau C. Kwaan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul F. Lindholm
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
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