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Muralidharan C, Huang F, Enriquez JR, Wang JE, Nelson JB, Nargis T, May SC, Chakraborty A, Figatner KT, Navitskaya S, Anderson CM, Calvo V, Surguladze D, Mulvihill MJ, Yi X, Sarkar S, Oakes SA, Webb-Robertson BJM, Sims EK, Staschke KA, Eizirik DL, Nakayasu ES, Stokes ME, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Inhibition of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2α kinase PERK decreases risk of autoimmune diabetes in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176136. [PMID: 38889047 PMCID: PMC11324307 DOI: 10.1172/jci176136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Preventing the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is feasible through pharmacological interventions that target molecular stress-responsive mechanisms. Cellular stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, viral infection, or unfolded proteins, trigger the integrated stress response (ISR), which curtails protein synthesis by phosphorylating eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2α). In T1D, maladaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) in insulin-producing β cells renders these cells susceptible to autoimmunity. We found that inhibition of the eIF2α kinase PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), a common component of the UPR and ISR, reversed the mRNA translation block in stressed human islets and delayed the onset of diabetes, reduced islet inflammation, and preserved β cell mass in T1D-susceptible mice. Single-cell RNA-Seq of islets from PERK-inhibited mice showed reductions in the UPR and PERK signaling pathways and alterations in antigen-processing and presentation pathways in β cells. Spatial proteomics of islets from these mice showed an increase in the immune checkpoint protein programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in β cells. Golgi membrane protein 1, whose levels increased following PERK inhibition in human islets and EndoC-βH1 human β cells, interacted with and stabilized PD-L1. Collectively, our studies show that PERK activity enhances β cell immunogenicity and that inhibition of PERK may offer a strategy for preventing or delaying the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob R. Enriquez
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiayi E. Wang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Nelson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah C. May
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Advaita Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kayla T. Figatner
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Svetlana Navitskaya
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cara M. Anderson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Yi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Emily K. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and
| | - Kirk A. Staschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | | | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Figueiredo ID, Lima TFO, Carlstrom PF, Assis RP, Brunetti IL, Baviera AM. Lycopene in Combination with Insulin Triggers Antioxidant Defenses and Increases the Expression of Components That Detoxify Advanced Glycation Products in Kidneys of Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:1580. [PMID: 38892513 PMCID: PMC11173891 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical events provoked by oxidative stress and advanced glycation may be inhibited by combining natural bioactives with classic therapeutic agents, which arise as strategies to mitigate diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lycopene combined with a reduced insulin dose is able to control glycemia and to oppose glycoxidative stress in kidneys of diabetic rats. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 45 mg/kg lycopene + 1 U/day insulin for 30 days. The study assessed glycemia, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity in plasma. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and the protein levels of advanced glycation end-product receptor 1 (AGE-R1) and glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1) in the kidneys were also investigated. RESULTS An effective glycemic control was achieved with lycopene plus insulin, which may be attributed to improvements in insulin sensitivity. The combined therapy decreased the dyslipidemia and increased the PON-1 activity. In the kidneys, lycopene plus insulin increased the activities of SOD and CAT and the levels of AGE-R1 and GLO-1, which may be contributing to the antialbuminuric effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that lycopene may aggregate favorable effects to insulin against diabetic complications resulting from glycoxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Delbone Figueiredo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (I.D.F.); (T.F.O.L.); (P.F.C.); (R.P.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Tayra Ferreira Oliveira Lima
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (I.D.F.); (T.F.O.L.); (P.F.C.); (R.P.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Paulo Fernando Carlstrom
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (I.D.F.); (T.F.O.L.); (P.F.C.); (R.P.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Renata Pires Assis
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (I.D.F.); (T.F.O.L.); (P.F.C.); (R.P.A.); (I.L.B.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University (Unip), Araraquara 14804-300, SP, Brazil
| | - Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (I.D.F.); (T.F.O.L.); (P.F.C.); (R.P.A.); (I.L.B.)
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (I.D.F.); (T.F.O.L.); (P.F.C.); (R.P.A.); (I.L.B.)
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Funsten MC, Yurkovetskiy LA, Kuznetsov A, Reiman D, Hansen CHF, Senter KI, Lee J, Ratiu J, Dahal-Koirala S, Antonopoulos DA, Dunny GM, Sollid LM, Serreze D, Khan AA, Chervonsky AV. Microbiota-dependent proteolysis of gluten subverts diet-mediated protection against type 1 diabetes. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:213-227.e9. [PMID: 36603588 PMCID: PMC9911364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet and commensals can affect the development of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, whether dietary interventions are microbe-mediated was unclear. We found that a diet based on hydrolyzed casein (HC) as a protein source protects non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice in conventional and germ-free (GF) conditions via improvement in the physiology of insulin-producing cells to reduce autoimmune activation. The addition of gluten (a cereal protein complex associated with celiac disease) facilitates autoimmunity dependent on microbial proteolysis of gluten: T1D develops in GF animals monocolonized with Enterococcus faecalis harboring secreted gluten-digesting proteases but not in mice colonized with protease deficient bacteria. Gluten digestion by E. faecalis generates T cell-activating peptides and promotes innate immunity by enhancing macrophage reactivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Gnotobiotic NOD Toll4-negative mice monocolonized with E. faecalis on an HC + gluten diet are resistant to T1D. These findings provide insights into strategies to develop dietary interventions to help protect humans against autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Funsten
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leonid A Yurkovetskiy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrey Kuznetsov
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Derek Reiman
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Camilla H F Hansen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Katharine I Senter
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jean Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeremy Ratiu
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Shiva Dahal-Koirala
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and University of Oslo Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gary M Dunny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and University of Oslo Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Aly A Khan
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Population and Precision Health, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Family Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander V Chervonsky
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Sinioja T, Bodin J, Duberg D, Dirven H, Berntsen HF, Zimmer K, Nygaard UC, Orešič M, Hyötyläinen T. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants alters the serum metabolome in non-obese diabetic mice. Metabolomics 2022; 18:87. [PMID: 36329300 PMCID: PMC9633531 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) are believed to be caused by the interplay between several genetic and environmental factors. Elucidation of the role of environmental factors in metabolic and immune dysfunction leading to autoimmune disease is not yet well characterized. OBJECTIVES Here we investigated the impact of exposure to a mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on the metabolome in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, an experimental model of T1D. The mixture contained organochlorides, organobromides, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). METHODS Analysis of molecular lipids (lipidomics) and bile acids in serum samples was performed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, while polar metabolites were analyzed by GC-Q-TOF/MS. RESULTS Experimental exposure to the POP mixture in these mice led to several metabolic changes, which were similar to those previously reported as associated with PFAS exposure, as well as risk of T1D in human studies. This included an increase in the levels of sugar derivatives, triacylglycerols and lithocholic acid, and a decrease in long chain fatty acids and several lipid classes, including phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study demonstrates that exposure to POPs results in an altered metabolic signature previously associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sinioja
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bodin
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Duberg
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Friis Berntsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
- National Institute of Occupational Health, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin Zimmer
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Unni C Nygaard
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matej Orešič
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81, Örebro, Sweden
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81, Örebro, Sweden.
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Hansen CH, Larsen CS, Zachariassen LF, Mentzel CM, Laigaard A, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Gobbi A, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Buschard K, Hansen AK. Gluten-free diet reduces autoimmune diabetes mellitus in mice across multiple generations in a microbiota-independent manner. J Autoimmun 2022; 127:102795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Borg DJ, Faridi P, Giam KL, Reeves P, Fotheringham AK, McCarthy DA, Leung S, Ward MS, Harcourt BE, Ayala R, Scheijen JL, Briskey D, Dudek NL, Schalkwijk CG, Steptoe R, Purcell AW, Forbes JM. Short Duration Alagebrium Chloride Therapy Prediabetes Does Not Inhibit Progression to Autoimmune Diabetes in an Experimental Model. Metabolites 2021; 11:426. [PMID: 34203471 PMCID: PMC8305727 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms by which advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contribute to type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis are poorly understood. Since life-long pharmacotherapy with alagebrium chloride (ALT) slows progression to experimental T1D, we hypothesized that acute ALT therapy delivered prediabetes, may be effective. However, in female, non-obese diabetic (NODShiLt) mice, ALT administered prediabetes (day 50-100) did not protect against experimental T1D. ALT did not decrease circulating AGEs or their precursors. Despite this, pancreatic β-cell function was improved, and insulitis and pancreatic CD45.1+ cell infiltration was reduced. Lymphoid tissues were unaffected. ALT pre-treatment, prior to transfer of primed GC98 CD8+ T cell receptor transgenic T cells, reduced blood glucose concentrations and delayed diabetes, suggesting islet effects rather than immune modulation by ALT. Indeed, ALT did not reduce interferon-γ production by leukocytes from ovalbumin-pre-immunised NODShiLt mice and NODscid recipients given diabetogenic ALT treated NOD splenocytes were not protected against T1D. To elucidate β-cell effects, NOD-derived MIN6N8 β-cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class Ia surface antigens were examined using immunopeptidomics. Overall, no major changes in the immunopeptidome were observed during the various treatments with all peptides exhibiting allele specific consensus binding motifs. As expected, longer MHC Class Ia peptides were captured bound to H-2Db than H-2Kb under all conditions. Moreover, more 10-12 mer peptides were isolated from H-2Db after AGE modified bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) treatment, compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or AGE-BSA+ALT treatment. Proteomics of MIN6N8 cells showed enrichment of processes associated with catabolism, the immune system, cell cycling and presynaptic endocytosis with AGE-BSA compared with BSA treatments. These data show that short-term ALT intervention, given prediabetes, does not arrest experimental T1D but transiently impacts β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Borg
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (D.J.B.); (A.K.F.); (D.A.M.); (S.L.); (M.S.W.); (B.E.H.)
- Pregnancy and Development, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.F.); (K.L.G.); (R.A.); (N.L.D.); (A.W.P.)
| | - Kai Lin Giam
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.F.); (K.L.G.); (R.A.); (N.L.D.); (A.W.P.)
| | - Peta Reeves
- Tolerance and Autoimmunity Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (P.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Amelia K. Fotheringham
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (D.J.B.); (A.K.F.); (D.A.M.); (S.L.); (M.S.W.); (B.E.H.)
| | - Domenica A. McCarthy
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (D.J.B.); (A.K.F.); (D.A.M.); (S.L.); (M.S.W.); (B.E.H.)
| | - Sherman Leung
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (D.J.B.); (A.K.F.); (D.A.M.); (S.L.); (M.S.W.); (B.E.H.)
| | - Micheal S. Ward
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (D.J.B.); (A.K.F.); (D.A.M.); (S.L.); (M.S.W.); (B.E.H.)
| | - Brooke E. Harcourt
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rochelle Ayala
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.F.); (K.L.G.); (R.A.); (N.L.D.); (A.W.P.)
| | - Jean L. Scheijen
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.L.S.); (C.G.S.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Briskey
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Nadine L. Dudek
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.F.); (K.L.G.); (R.A.); (N.L.D.); (A.W.P.)
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.L.S.); (C.G.S.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, 6211 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Steptoe
- Tolerance and Autoimmunity Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (P.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.F.); (K.L.G.); (R.A.); (N.L.D.); (A.W.P.)
| | - Josephine M. Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (D.J.B.); (A.K.F.); (D.A.M.); (S.L.); (M.S.W.); (B.E.H.)
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
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Enhanced insulin receptor interaction by a bifunctional insulin-transferrin fusion protein: an approach to overcome insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7724. [PMID: 32382087 PMCID: PMC7206000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional fusion protein design has been widely utilized as a strategy to increase the efficacy of protein therapeutics. Previously, we proposed a novel application of the bifunctional fusion protein design through the introduction of proinsulin-transferrin (ProINS-Tf) fusion protein as a liver-specific protein prodrug to achieve a glucose-lowering effect in type 1 diabetic mice. In this report, we studied the binding characteristics of this activated fusion protein to the insulin receptor to elucidate its mechanism in eliciting insulin receptor-mediated signaling. We found that, with the assistance of the transferrin moiety binding to the transferrin receptor, the activated ProINS-Tf exhibited significantly higher binding affinity to the insulin receptor compared with the native insulin, resulting in a prolonged and stronger Akt phosphorylation. This enhanced induction by activated ProINS-Tf overcame insulin resistance in palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. ProINS-Tf also demonstrated a better glucose-lowering effect than native insulin, even with a much lower dose and less frequent injections, in non-obese diabetic mice with insulin resistance symptoms. The activated ProINS-Tf, serving as a bivalent protein molecule, could be a new insulin analog to overcome insulin resistance, which is associated with several diseases, including type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated hypercholesterolemia: involvement of proprotein-convertase-subtilisin-kexin type-9 (PCSK9). Cancer Metab 2018; 6:16. [PMID: 30386595 PMCID: PMC6201570 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PCSK9 regulates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) level and has been implicated in hypercholesterolemia. Aberrant plasma lipid profile is often associated with various cancers. Clinically, the relationship between altered serum lipid level and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been documented; however, the underlying cause and implications of such dyslipidemia remain unclear. Methods The present study includes the use of HepG2 tumor xenograft model to study the potential role of glucose (by providing 15% glucose via drinking water) in regulating PCSK9 expression and associated hypercholesterolemia. To support in vivo findings, in vitro approaches were used by incubating HCC cells in culture medium with different glucose concentrations or treating the cells with glucose uptake inhibitors. Impact of hypercholesterolemia on chemotherapy was demonstrated by exogenously providing LDLc followed by appropriate in vitro assays. Results We observed that serum and hepatic PCSK9 level is decreased in mice which were provided with glucose containing water. Interestingly, serum and tumor PCSK9 level was upregulated in HepG2-tumor-bearing mice having access to water containing glucose. Additionally, elevated LDLc is detected in sera of these mice. In vitro studies indicated that PCSK9 expression was increased by high glucose availability with potential involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that pre-treatment of cells with LDLc diminishes cytotoxicity of sorafenib in HCC cells. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest a regulation of PCSK9 by high glucose which could contribute, at least partly, towards understanding the cause of hypercholesterolemia in HCC and its accompanied upshots in terms of altered response of HCC cells towards cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40170-018-0187-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Valitsky M, Hoffman A, Unterman T, Bar-Tana J. Insulin sensitizer prevents and ameliorates experimental type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E672-E680. [PMID: 28270441 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00329.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent type-1 diabetes (T1D) is driven by autoimmune β-cell failure, whereas systemic resistance to insulin is considered the hallmark of insulin-independent type-2 diabetes (T2D). In contrast to this canonical dichotomy, insulin resistance appears to precede the overt diabetic stage of T1D and predict its progression, implying that insulin sensitizers may change the course of T1D. However, previous attempts to ameliorate T1D in animal models or patients by insulin sensitizers have largely failed. Sensitization to insulin by MEthyl-substituted long-chain DICArboxylic acid (MEDICA) analogs in T2D animal models surpasses that of current insulin sensitizers, thus prompting our interest in probing MEDICA in the T1D context. MEDICA efficacy in modulating the course of T1D was verified in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats and autoimmune nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. MEDICA treatment normalizes overt diabetes in STZ diabetic rats when added on to subtherapeutic insulin, and prevents/delays autoimmune T1D in NOD mice. MEDICA treatment does not improve β-cell insulin content or insulitis score, but its efficacy is accounted for by pronounced total body sensitization to insulin. In conclusion, potent insulin sensitizers may counteract genetic predisposition to autoimmune T1D and amplify subtherapeutic insulin into an effective therapeutic measure for the treatment of overt T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Valitsky
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Terry Unterman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob Bar-Tana
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel;
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10
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Dai YD, Sheng H, Dias P, Jubayer Rahman M, Bashratyan R, Regn D, Marquardt K. Autoimmune Responses to Exosomes and Candidate Antigens Contribute to Type 1 Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:130. [PMID: 29080983 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The initial autoimmune trigger of type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unclear. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, islet inflammation starts early in life, suggesting the presence of an endogenous trigger for the spontaneous autoimmune response in this T1D mouse model. In this review, we argue that abnormal release of exosomes might be the trigger of the early inflammatory and autoimmune responses in the islets. RECENT FINDINGS Exosomes are nano-sized membrane complexes that are secreted by cells following fusion of late endosomes and/or multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. They are known extracellular messengers, communicating among neighboring cells via transporting large molecules from parent cells to recipient cells. Recent evidence demonstrates that these extracellular vesicles can modulate immune responses. It has been shown that insulinoma and islet mesenchymal stem cell-released exosomes are potent immune stimuli that can induce autoreactive B and T cells. Searching for candidate antigens in the exosomes identified endogenous retrovirus (ERV) Env and Gag antigens, which are homologous to an endogenous murine leukemia retrovirus. Autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells spontaneously developed in NOD mice can react to these retroviral antigens. More importantly, expression of the retroviral antigens in the islet mesenchymal stem cells is associated with disease susceptibility, and the expression is restricted to T1D-susceptible but not resistant mouse strains. Exosomes are novel autoimmune targets, carrying autoantigens that can stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. An abnormal or excess release of exosomes, particularly those ones containing endogenous retroviral antigens might be responsible for triggering tissue-specific inflammatory and autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang D Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
- Tongren Hospital Affiliated to SJTU, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Dias
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roman Bashratyan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Regn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Arous C, Wehrle-Haller B. Role and impact of the extracellular matrix on integrin-mediated pancreatic β-cell functions. Biol Cell 2017; 109:223-237. [PMID: 28266044 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the organisation and role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in islets of Langerhans is critical for maintaining pancreatic β-cells, and to recognise and revert the physiopathology of diabetes. Indeed, integrin-mediated adhesion signalling in response to the pancreatic ECM plays crucial roles in β-cell survival and insulin secretion, two major functions, which are affected in diabetes. Here, we would like to present an update on the major components of the pancreatic ECM, their role during integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions and how they are affected during diabetes. To treat diabetes, a promising approach consists in replacing β-cells by transplantation. However, efficiency is low, because β-cells suffer of anoikis, due to enzymatic digestion of the pancreatic ECM, which affects the survival of insulin-secreting β-cells. The strategy of adding ECM components during transplantation, to reproduce the pancreatic microenvironment, is a challenging task, as many of the regulatory mechanisms that control ECM deposition and turnover are not sufficiently understood. A better comprehension of the impact of the ECM on the adhesion and integrin-dependent signalling in β-cells is primordial to improve the healthy state of islets to prevent the onset of diabetes as well as for enhancing the efficiency of the islet transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arous
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wehrle-Haller
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Dooley J, Tian L, Schonefeldt S, Delghingaro-Augusto V, Garcia-Perez JE, Pasciuto E, Di Marino D, Carr EJ, Oskolkov N, Lyssenko V, Franckaert D, Lagou V, Overbergh L, Vandenbussche J, Allemeersch J, Chabot-Roy G, Dahlstrom JE, Laybutt DR, Petrovsky N, Socha L, Gevaert K, Jetten AM, Lambrechts D, Linterman MA, Goodnow CC, Nolan CJ, Lesage S, Schlenner SM, Liston A. Genetic predisposition for beta cell fragility underlies type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2016; 48:519-27. [PMID: 26998692 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes share pathophysiological characteristics, yet mechanistic links have remained elusive. T1D results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, whereas beta cell failure in T2D is delayed and progressive. Here we find a new genetic component of diabetes susceptibility in T1D non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, identifying immune-independent beta cell fragility. Genetic variation in Xrcc4 and Glis3 alters the response of NOD beta cells to unfolded protein stress, enhancing the apoptotic and senescent fates. The same transcriptional relationships were observed in human islets, demonstrating the role of beta cell fragility in genetic predisposition to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lei Tian
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susann Schonefeldt
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Josselyn E Garcia-Perez
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Informatics, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Edward J Carr
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development Institute Strategic Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nikolay Oskolkov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Translational Pathophysiology, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Dean Franckaert
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Vandenbussche
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Genevieve Chabot-Roy
- Immunology-Oncology Section, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luis Socha
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signaling and Development Institute Strategic Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Nolan
- Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Section, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Malek Abrahimians E, Vander Elst L, Carlier VA, Saint-Remy JM. Thioreductase-Containing Epitopes Inhibit the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26973647 PMCID: PMC4773585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4+ T cells recognizing islet-derived antigens play a primary role in type 1 diabetes. Specific suppression of such cells therefore represents a strategic target for the cure of the disease. We have developed a methodology by which CD4+ T cells acquire apoptosis-inducing properties on antigen-presenting cells after cognate recognition of natural sequence epitopes. We describe here that inclusion of a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase (thioreductase) motif within the flanking residues of a single MHC class II-restricted GAD65 epitope induces GAD65-specific cytolytic CD4+ T cells (cCD4+ T). The latter, obtained either in vitro or by active immunization, acquire an effector memory phenotype and lyse APCs by a Fas–FasL interaction. Furthermore, cCD4+ T cells eliminate by apoptosis activated bystander CD4+ T cells recognizing alternative epitopes processed by the same APC. Active immunization with a GAD65 class II-restricted thioreductase-containing T cell epitope protects mice from diabetes and abrogates insulitis. Passive transfer of in vitro-elicited cCD4+ T cells establishes that such cells are efficient in suppressing autoimmunity. These findings provide strong evidence for a new vaccination strategy to prevent type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Malek Abrahimians
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ImCyse SA, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Vander Elst
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ImCyse SA, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent A Carlier
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ImCyse SA, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Saint-Remy
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ImCyse SA, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Klement RJ, Fink MK. Dietary and pharmacological modification of the insulin/IGF-1 system: exploiting the full repertoire against cancer. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e193. [PMID: 26878387 PMCID: PMC5154349 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As more and more links between cancer and metabolism are discovered, new approaches to treat cancer using these mechanisms are considered. Dietary restriction of either calories or macronutrients has shown great potential in animal studies to both reduce the incidence and growth of cancer, and to act synergistically with other treatment strategies. These studies have also shown that dietary restriction simultaneously targets many of the molecular pathways that are targeted individually by anticancer drugs. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system has thereby emerged as a key regulator of cancer growth pathways. Although lowering of insulin levels with diet or drugs such as metformin and diazoxide seems generally beneficial, some practitioners also utilize strategic elevations of insulin levels in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. This indicates a broad spectrum of possibilities for modulating the insulin/IGF-1 system in cancer treatment. With a specific focus on dietary restriction, insulin administration and the insulin-lowering drug diazoxide, such modifications of the insulin/IGF-1 system are the topic of this review. Although preclinical data are promising, we point out that insulin regulation and the metabolic response to a certain diet often differ between mice and humans. Thus, the need for collecting more human data has to be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Klement
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - M K Fink
- Onkologische Praxis, Fürth, Germany
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15
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Abstract
In the nearly 100 years since the discovery of therapeutic insulin, significant research efforts have been directed at finding the underlying cause of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and developing a "cure" for the disease. While progress has clearly been made toward each of these goals, neither vision has been fulfilled. With increasing pressure from both public and private funders of diabetes research, growing impatience of those with T1D at the lack of practical discoveries, increased competition for research funds, uncertainties on the reproducibility of published scientific data, and questions regarding the value of animal models, the current research environment has become extraordinarily difficult to traverse from the perspective of investigators. As a result, there is an increasing pressure toward performance of what might be considered "safe" research, where the aim is to affirm existing dogmas rather than to pioneer efforts involving unconventional thought. Psychologists refer to this practice as "observational bias" while cartoonists label the process the "streetlight effect." In this Perspective, we consider notions in T1D research that should be subject to bold question and provide additional concepts, many somewhat orphan to research efforts, whose investigation could lead to a means for truly identifying the cause of and a cure for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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16
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Febbraio MA. Role of interleukins in obesity: implications for metabolic disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:312-9. [PMID: 24698032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been two decades since the discovery that pro-inflammatory cytokines are expressed in obesity. This initial work was the catalyst for the now-accepted paradigm that nutrient overload promotes inflammation and links the metabolic and immune systems, where inflammation may be pathological. However, inflammation is an adaptive and, importantly, an energy-consuming process. Indeed, the rapid mobilization of stored energy reserves by cytokines such as the interleukins, is critical to mounting any successful inflammatory response. Thus, the role of the interleukins in metabolism and energy homeostasis is more complex than first thought and recent evidence is mounting that, for several interleukins, although excess production is negative, blockade or insufficiency is equally undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Rahman MJ, Regn D, Bashratyan R, Dai YD. Exosomes released by islet-derived mesenchymal stem cells trigger autoimmune responses in NOD mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:1008-20. [PMID: 24170696 PMCID: PMC3931393 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are secreted, nano-sized membrane vesicles that contain potent immunostimulatory materials. We have recently demonstrated that insulinoma-released EXOs can stimulate the autoimmune responses in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a spontaneous disease model for type 1 diabetes. To investigate whether primary islet cells can produce EXOs, we isolated cells from the islet of Langerhans of NOD mice and cultured them in vitro. Interestingly, cultured islets release fibroblast-like, fast-replicating cells that express mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, including CD105 and stem-cell antigen-1. These islet MSC-like cells release highly immunostimulatory EXOs that could activate autoreactive B and T cells endogenously primed in NOD mice. Serum EXO levels and EXO-induced interferon-γ production were positively correlated with disease progression at the early prediabetic stage. Consistent with these observations, immunohistological analysis of pancreata showed that CD105(+) cells are restricted to the peri-islet area in normal islets but penetrate into the β-cell area as lymphocyte infiltration occurs. Immunization with EXOs promoted expansion of transferred diabetogenic T cells and accelerated the effector T cell-mediated destruction of islets. Thus, EXOs could be the autoantigen carrier with potent adjuvant activities and may function as the autoimmune trigger in NOD mice.
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18
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Seyfried TN, Flores RE, Poff AM, D'Agostino DP. Cancer as a metabolic disease: implications for novel therapeutics. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:515-27. [PMID: 24343361 PMCID: PMC3941741 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease involving disturbances in energy production through respiration and fermentation. The genomic instability observed in tumor cells and all other recognized hallmarks of cancer are considered downstream epiphenomena of the initial disturbance of cellular energy metabolism. The disturbances in tumor cell energy metabolism can be linked to abnormalities in the structure and function of the mitochondria. When viewed as a mitochondrial metabolic disease, the evolutionary theory of Lamarck can better explain cancer progression than can the evolutionary theory of Darwin. Cancer growth and progression can be managed following a whole body transition from fermentable metabolites, primarily glucose and glutamine, to respiratory metabolites, primarily ketone bodies. As each individual is a unique metabolic entity, personalization of metabolic therapy as a broad-based cancer treatment strategy will require fine-tuning to match the therapy to an individual’s unique physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA and
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19
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Diaz-de-Durana Y, Lau J, Knee D, Filippi C, Londei M, McNamara P, Nasoff M, DiDonato M, Glynne R, Herman AE. IL-2 immunotherapy reveals potential for innate beta cell regeneration in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78483. [PMID: 24205242 PMCID: PMC3813455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease targeting insulin-producing beta cells, resulting in dependence on exogenous insulin. To date, significant efforts have been invested to develop immune-modulatory therapies for T1D treatment. Previously, IL-2 immunotherapy was demonstrated to prevent and reverse T1D at onset in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, revealing potential as a therapy in early disease stage in humans. In the NOD model, IL-2 deficiency contributes to a loss of regulatory T cell function. This deficiency can be augmented with IL-2 or antibody bound to IL-2 (Ab/IL-2) therapy, resulting in regulatory T cell expansion and potentiation. However, an understanding of the mechanism by which reconstituted regulatory T cell function allows for reversal of diabetes after onset is not clearly understood. Here, we describe that Ab/IL-2 immunotherapy treatment, given at the time of diabetes onset in NOD mice, not only correlated with reversal of diabetes and expansion of Treg cells, but also demonstrated the ability to significantly increase beta cell proliferation. Proliferation appeared specific to Ab/IL-2 immunotherapy, as anti-CD3 therapy did not have a similar effect. Furthermore, to assess the effect of Ab/IL-2 immunotherapy well after the development of diabetes, we tested the effect of delaying treatment for 4 weeks after diabetes onset, when beta cells were virtually absent. At this late stage after diabetes onset, Ab/IL-2 treatment was not sufficient to reverse hyperglycemia. However, it did promote survival in the absence of exogenous insulin. Proliferation of beta cells could not account for this improvement as few beta cells remained. Rather, abnormal insulin and glucagon dual-expressing cells were the only insulin-expressing cells observed in islets from mice with established disease. Thus, these data suggest that in diabetic NOD mice, beta cells have an innate capacity for regeneration both early and late in disease, which is revealed through IL-2 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Diaz-de-Durana
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Janet Lau
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Deborah Knee
- Biotherapeutics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christophe Filippi
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marco Londei
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Peter McNamara
- Pharmacology Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Nasoff
- Biotherapeutics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Structural Biology Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann E. Herman
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
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20
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Villalta SA, Lang J, Kubeck S, Kabre B, Szot GL, Calderon B, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA, Brekken RA, Pullen N, Arch RH, Bluestone JA. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 reverses type 1 diabetes in NOD mice by abrogating insulitis and restoring islet function. Diabetes 2013; 62:2870-8. [PMID: 23835340 PMCID: PMC3717875 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in multiple cell types during chronic inflammation is indicative of their pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. Among the many RTKs, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) stands out for its multiple effects on immunity, vascularization, and cell migration. Herein, we examined whether VEGFR participated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. We found that RTK inhibitors (RTKIs) and VEGF or VEGFR-2 antibodies reversed diabetes when administered at the onset of hyperglycemia. Increased VEGF expression promoted islet vascular remodeling in NOD mice, and inhibition of VEGFR activity with RTKIs abrogated the increase in islet vascularity, impairing T-cell migration into the islet and improving glucose control. Metabolic studies confirmed that RTKIs worked by preserving islet function, as treated mice had improved glucose tolerance without affecting insulin sensitivity. Finally, examination of human pancreata from patients with T1D revealed that VEGFR-2 was confined to the islet vascularity, which was increased in inflamed islets. Collectively, this work reveals a previously unappreciated role for VEGFR-2 signaling in the pathogenesis of T1D by controlling T-cell accessibility to the pancreatic islets and highlights a novel application of VEGFR-2 antagonists for the therapeutic treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Armando Villalta
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jiena Lang
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Samantha Kubeck
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Beniwende Kabre
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Gregory L. Szot
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Boris Calderon
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and Department of Pharmacology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nick Pullen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robert H. Arch
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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21
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Caloric restriction reduces edema and prolongs survival in a mouse glioma model. J Neurooncol 2013; 114:25-32. [PMID: 23703297 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of their cell type of origin, all aggressive brain tumors, such as malignant gliomas and metastatic tumors produce brain edema, which is an important cause of patient morbidity and mortality. Caloric restriction (CR) has long been recognized as a natural therapy that improves health, promotes longevity, and significantly reduces both the incidence and growth of many tumor types. The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of CR on edema and survival in the mice implanted with U87 gliomas. We found that CR significantly inhibited the intracerebral tumor growth, attenuated brain edema, and ultimately prolonged survival of mice with U87 gliomas. Plasma corticosterone level was found higher and serum VEGF and IGF-1 levels were found lower in CR, when compared to AL group. CR upregulated tight junction proteins including claudin-1, claudin-5 and ZO-1, downregulated VEGF and VEGFR2, enhanced α-SMA expression, and reduced AQP1 expression in U87 gliomas. In addition, CR suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) formation in U87 gliomas. In conclusion, CR attenuated edema in U87 orthotopic mouse glioma model associated with elevation of corticosterone, suppression of VEGF/VEGFR2, improvement of tight junctions, and suppression of iNOS expression and NO formation. Our results suggested that CR might be an effective therapy for recurrent malignant brain cancers through alleviating associated edema.
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22
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Grant CW, Duclos SK, Moran-Paul CM, Yahalom B, Tirabassi RS, Arreaza-Rubin G, Spain LM, Guberski DL. Development of standardized insulin treatment protocols for spontaneous rodent models of type 1 diabetes. Comp Med 2012; 62:381-90. [PMID: 23114041 PMCID: PMC3472602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Standardized protocols for maintaining near-normal glycemic levels in diabetic rodent models for testing therapeutic agents to treat disease are unavailable. We developed protocols for 2 common models of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, the BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) rat and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Insulin formulation, dose level, timing of dose administration, and delivery method were examined and adjusted so that glycemic levels remained within a normal range and fluctuation throughout feeding and resting cycles was minimized. Protamine zinc formulations provided the longest activity, regardless of the source of insulin. Glycemic control with few fluctuations was achieved in diabetic BBDP rats through twice-daily administration of protamine zinc insulin, and results were similar regardless of whether BBDP rats were acutely or chronically diabetic at initiation of treatment. In contrast, glycemic control could not be attained in NOD mice through administration of insulin twice daily. However, glycemic control was achieved in mice through daily administration of 0.25 U insulin through osmotic pumps. Whereas twice-daily injections of protamine zinc insulin provided glycemic control with only minor fluctuations in BBDP rats, mice required continuous delivery of insulin to prevent wide glycemic excursions. Use of these standard protocols likely will aid in the testing of agents to prevent or reverse diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barak Yahalom
- Biomedical Research Models, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Guillermo Arreaza-Rubin
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa M Spain
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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23
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Koulmanda M, Bhasin M, Awdeh Z, Qipo A, Fan Z, Hanidziar D, Putheti P, Shi H, Csizuadia E, Libermann TA, Strom TB. The role of TNF-α in mice with type 1- and 2- diabetes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33254. [PMID: 22606220 PMCID: PMC3350520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we have demonstrated that short-term treatment of new onset diabetic Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, mice that are afflicted with both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes with either Power Mix (PM) regimen or alpha1 antitrypsin (AAT) permanently restores euglycemia, immune tolerance to self-islets and normal insulin signaling. Methodology and Principal Findings To search for relevant therapeutic targets, we have applied genome wide transcriptional profiling and systems biology oriented bioinformatics analysis to examine the impact of the PM and AAT regimens upon pancreatic lymph node (PLN) and fat, a crucial tissue for insulin dependent glucose disposal, in new onset diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Systems biology analysis identified tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as the top focus gene hub, as determined by the highest degree of connectivity, in both tissues. In PLNs and fat, TNF-α interacted with 53% and 32% of genes, respectively, associated with reversal of diabetes by previous treatments and was thereby selected as a therapeutic target. Short-term anti-TNF-α treatment ablated a T cell-rich islet-invasive and beta cell-destructive process, thereby enhancing beta cell viability. Indeed anti-TNF-α treatment induces immune tolerance selective to syngeneic beta cells. In addition to these curative effects on T1D anti-TNF-α treatment restored in vivo insulin signaling resulting in restoration of insulin sensitivity. Conclusions In short, our molecular analysis suggested that PM and AAT both may act in part by quenching a detrimental TNF-α dependent effect in both fat and PLNs. Indeed, short-term anti-TNF-α mAb treatment restored enduring euglycemia, self-tolerance, and normal insulin signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Female
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Immune Tolerance
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/physiology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Systems Biology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Koulmanda
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MK); (TS)
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zuheir Awdeh
- Pulsar Clinical Technologies Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andi Qipo
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Fan
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dusan Hanidziar
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Prabhakar Putheti
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eva Csizuadia
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MK); (TS)
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24
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Arnold IC, Hitzler I, Müller A. The immunomodulatory properties of Helicobacter pylori confer protection against allergic and chronic inflammatory disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:10. [PMID: 22919602 PMCID: PMC3417532 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and predisposes carriers to a high risk of developing gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric cancer, and gastric lymphoma, but has also recently been shown to protect against certain allergic and chronic inflammatory disorders. The immunomodulatory properties that allow the bacteria to persist for decades in infected individuals in the face of a vigorous, yet ultimately non-protective, innate, and adaptive immune response may at the same time confer protection against allergies, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that H. pylori has evolved to skew the adaptive immune response toward immune tolerance rather than immunity, which promotes persistent infection on the one hand, and inhibits auto-aggressive and allergic T-cell responses on the other. Regulatory T-cells mediating peripheral immune tolerance have emerged as key cellular players in facilitating persistent infection as well as protection from allergies, in both observational studies in humans and experimental work in mice. Recent data suggest that H. pylori actively targets dendritic cells to promote tolerance induction. The findings discussed in this review raise the possibility of harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of H. pylori for the prevention and treatment of allergic and auto-immune diseases, and also provide new insights relevant for H. pylori-specific vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Tsui H, Paltser G, Chan Y, Dorfman R, Dosch HM. 'Sensing' the link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:913-8. [PMID: 22069284 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a core element of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Notably, insulin resistance is also a feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D), where findings in the non-obese diabetic mouse model have implicated transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1+) sensory neurons in local islet inflammation and glucose metabolism. Here, we briefly review the role of TRPV1 in non-obese diabetic (NOD) T1D pathogenesis, highlighting commonalities that suggest TRPV1 may contribute to obesity and T2D as well. With the recently discovered importance of adipose infiltrating lymphocytes in the metabolic disturbances of obesity and T2D, sensory innervation of fat may thus play an analogous role to sensory neurons in the islet--modulating neuroendocrine homeostasis and inflammation. In such a scenario, TRPV1+ sensory nerves would provide the pathoaetiological link connecting the shared metabolic and immunologic features of type 1 diabetes and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Tsui
- The Research Institute, Hospital For Sick Children, University of Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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26
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Sysi-Aho M, Ermolov A, Gopalacharyulu PV, Tripathi A, Seppänen-Laakso T, Maukonen J, Mattila I, Ruohonen ST, Vähätalo L, Yetukuri L, Härkönen T, Lindfors E, Nikkilä J, Ilonen J, Simell O, Saarela M, Knip M, Kaski S, Savontaus E, Orešič M. Metabolic regulation in progression to autoimmune diabetes. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002257. [PMID: 22046124 PMCID: PMC3203065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence from serum metabolomics indicates that specific metabolic disturbances precede β-cell autoimmunity in humans and can be used to identify those children who subsequently progress to type 1 diabetes. The mechanisms behind these disturbances are unknown. Here we show the specificity of the pre-autoimmune metabolic changes, as indicated by their conservation in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. We performed a study in non-obese prediabetic (NOD) mice which recapitulated the design of the human study and derived the metabolic states from longitudinal lipidomics data. We show that female NOD mice who later progress to autoimmune diabetes exhibit the same lipidomic pattern as prediabetic children. These metabolic changes are accompanied by enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, normoglycemia, upregulation of insulinotropic amino acids in islets, elevated plasma leptin and adiponectin, and diminished gut microbial diversity of the Clostridium leptum group. Together, the findings indicate that autoimmune diabetes is preceded by a state of increased metabolic demands on the islets resulting in elevated insulin secretion and suggest alternative metabolic related pathways as therapeutic targets to prevent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Sysi-Aho
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andrey Ermolov
- Aalto University School of Science, Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Abhishek Tripathi
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Ismo Mattila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Suvi T. Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Vähätalo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Taina Härkönen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erno Lindfors
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Saarela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel Kaski
- Aalto University School of Science, Department of Information and Computer Science, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Espoo, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eriika Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Brezar V, Carel JC, Boitard C, Mallone R. Beyond the hormone: insulin as an autoimmune target in type 1 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:623-69. [PMID: 21700723 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is not only the hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells but also a key target antigen of the autoimmune islet destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. Despite cultural biases between the fields of endocrinology and immunology, these two facets should not be regarded separately, but rather harmonized in a unifying picture of diabetes pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence suggesting that metabolic factors (β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance) and immunological components (inflammation and β-cell-directed adaptive immune responses) may synergize toward islet destruction, with insulin standing at the crossroad of these pathways. This concept further calls for a revision of the classical dichotomy between type 1 and type 2 diabetes because metabolic and immune mechanisms may both contribute to different extents to the development of different forms of diabetes. After providing a background on the mechanisms of β-cell autoimmunity, we will explain the role of insulin and its precursors as target antigens expressed not only by β-cells but also in the thymus. Available knowledge on the autoimmune antibody and T-cell responses against insulin will be summarized. A unifying scheme will be proposed to show how different aspects of insulin biology may lead to β-cell destruction and may be therapeutically exploited. We will argue about possible reasons why insulin remains the mainstay of metabolic control in type 1 diabetes but has so far failed to prevent or halt β-cell autoimmunity as an immune modulatory reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, 82 avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
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28
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Sheng H, Hassanali S, Nugent C, Wen L, Hamilton-Williams E, Dias P, Dai YD. Insulinoma-released exosomes or microparticles are immunostimulatory and can activate autoreactive T cells spontaneously developed in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1591-600. [PMID: 21734072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXO) are secreted intracellular microparticles that can trigger inflammation and induce Ag-specific immune responses. To test possible roles of EXO in autoimmunity, we isolated small microparticles, mainly EXO, from mouse insulinoma and examined their activities to stimulate the autoimmune responses in NOD mice, a model for human type 1 diabetes. We demonstrate that the EXO contains strong innate stimuli and expresses candidate diabetes autoantigens. They can induce secretion of inflammatory cytokines through a MyD88-dependent pathway, and activate purified APC and result in T cell proliferation. To address whether EXO or the secreted microparticles are possible autoimmune targets causing islet-specific inflammation, we monitored the T cell responses spontaneously developed in prediabetic NOD mice for their reactivity to the EXO, and compared this reactivity between diabetes-susceptible and -resistant congenic mouse strains. We found that older NOD females, which have advanced islet destruction, accumulated more EXO-reactive, IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes than younger females or age-matched males, and that pancreatic lymph nodes from the prediabetic NOD, but not from the resistant mice, were also enriched with EXO-reactive Th1 cells. In vivo, immunization with the EXO accelerates insulitis development in nonobese diabetes-resistant mice. Thus, EXO or small microparticles can be recognized by the diabetes-associated autoreactive T cells, supporting that EXO might be a possible autoimmune target and/or insulitis trigger in NOD or congenic mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Sheng
- Division of Immune Regulation, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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29
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Koulmanda M, Strom TB. T-cell-directed treatment strategies for Type 1 diabetes and the confounding role of inflammation. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:431-6. [PMID: 20635995 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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30
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Seyfried TN, Kiebish MA, Marsh J, Shelton LM, Huysentruyt LC, Mukherjee P. Metabolic management of brain cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:577-94. [PMID: 20804725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are a significant health problem in children and adults. Conventional therapeutic approaches have been largely unsuccessful in providing long-term management. As primarily a metabolic disease, malignant brain cancer can be managed through changes in metabolic environment. In contrast to normal neurons and glia, which readily transition to ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate) for energy under reduced glucose, malignant brain tumors are strongly dependent on glycolysis for energy. The transition from glucose to ketone bodies as a major energy source is an evolutionary conserved adaptation to food deprivation that permits the survival of normal cells during extreme shifts in nutritional environment. Only those cells with a flexible genome and normal mitochondria can effectively transition from one energy state to another. Mutations restrict genomic and metabolic flexibility thus making tumor cells more vulnerable to energy stress than normal cells. We propose an alternative approach to brain cancer management that exploits the metabolic flexibility of normal cells at the expense of the genetically defective and metabolically challenged tumor cells. This approach to brain cancer management is supported from recent studies in mice and humans treated with calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet. Issues of implementation and use protocols are presented for the metabolic management of brain cancer.
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31
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Coulaud J, Durant S, Homo-Delarche F. Glucose homeostasis in pre-diabetic NOD and lymphocyte-deficient NOD/SCID mice during gestation. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:36-46. [PMID: 20703437 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike other strains, spontaneously type 1 non-obese diabetic (NOD) experience transient hyperinsulinemia after weaning. The same applies for NOD/SCID mice, which lack functional lymphocytes, and unlike NOD mice, do not develop insulitis and diabetes like NOD mice. AIMS Given that beta-cell stimulation is a natural feature of gestation, we hypothesized that glucose homeostasis is disturbed in gestate pre-diabetic NOD and non-diabetic NOD/SCID mice, which may accelerate the onset of diabetes and increase diabetes prevalence. METHODS During gestation and postpartum, mice were analyzed under basal feed conditions followed by glucose injection (1 g/kg, i.p.) after overnight fast, using glucose tolerance test (GTT). Glycemia, corticosteronemia, blood and pancreatic insulin, glucagon levels, islet size, and islet morphology were evaluated. Glycemia and mortality were assessed after successive gestations in NOD mice mated for the first time at 2 different ages. RESULTS 1. Basal glucagonemia rose markedly in first-gestation fed NOD mice. 2. beta-cell hyperactivity was present earlier in first-gestation non-diabetic fasted NOD and NOD/SCID mice than in age-matched C57BL/6 mice, assessed by increased insulin/glucose ratio after GTT. 3. Overnight fasting increased corticosteronemia rapidly and sharply in pre-diabetic gestate NOD and NOD/SCID mice. 4. Islet size increased in non-diabetic gestate NOD mice compared with C57BL/6 mice. 5. Successive gestations accelerated diabetes onset, and contributed to increased mortality in NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS First-gestation pre-diabetic NOD and non-diabetic NOD/SCID mice exhibited beta-cell hyperactivity and deregulation of glucagon and/or corticosterone secretion. This amplified normally occurring insulin resistance, further exhausted maternal beta-cells, and accelerated diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Coulaud
- Laboratoire Biologie and Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative-EAC CNRS 4413, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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Lindfors E, Gopalacharyulu PV, Halperin E, Orešič M. Detection of molecular paths associated with insulitis and type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mouse. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7323. [PMID: 19798418 PMCID: PMC2749452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical evidence suggests important role of lipid and amino acid metabolism in early pre-autoimmune stages of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. We study the molecular paths associated with the incidence of insulitis and type 1 diabetes in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model using available gene expression data from the pancreatic tissue from young pre-diabetic mice. We apply a graph-theoretic approach by using a modified color coding algorithm to detect optimal molecular paths associated with specific phenotypes in an integrated biological network encompassing heterogeneous interaction data types. In agreement with our recent clinical findings, we identified a path downregulated in early insulitis involving dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAPAT), a key regulator of ether phospholipid synthesis. The pathway involving serine/threonine-protein phosphatase (PP2A), an upstream regulator of lipid metabolism and insulin secretion, was found upregulated in early insulitis. Our findings provide further evidence for an important role of lipid metabolism in early stages of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, as well as suggest that such dysregulation of lipids and related increased oxidative stress can be tracked to beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erno Lindfors
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Eran Halperin
- International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail:
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33
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Turpie B, Yoshimura T, Gulati A, Rios JD, Dartt DA, Masli S. Sjögren's syndrome-like ocular surface disease in thrombospondin-1 deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1136-47. [PMID: 19700744 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a major activator of latent transforming growth factor-beta in vitro as well as in vivo. Mice deficient in TSP-1, despite appearing normal at birth, develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease that is marked by increased apoptosis and deterioration in the lacrimal gland, associated dysfunction, and development of inflammatory infiltrates that result in abnormal tears. The increase in CD4(+) T cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of the lacrimal gland, and the presence of anti-Sjögren's syndrome antigen A and anti-Sjögren's syndrome antigen B antibodies in the serum resemble autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome. These mice develop an ocular surface disorder dry eye that includes disruption of the corneal epithelial layer, corneal edema, and a significant decline in conjuctival goblet cells. Externally, several mice develop dry crusty eyes that eventually close. The inflammatory CD4(+) T cells detected in the lacrimal gland, as well as those in the periphery of older TSP-1 null mice, secrete interleukin-17A, a cytokine associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Antigen-presenting cells, derived from TSP-1 null, but not from wild-type mice, activate T cells to promote the Th17 response. Together, these results indicate that TSP-1 deficiency results in a spontaneous form of chronic dry eye and aberrant histopathology associated with Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Turpie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Sgouroudis E, Piccirillo CA. Control of type 1 diabetes by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: lessons from mouse models and implications for human disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:208-18. [PMID: 19214972 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revival of the concept of CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells as being a central control point in various immune responses, including autoimmune responses and immunity to transplants, allergens, tumours and infectious microbes. The current literature suggests that T(reg) cells are diverse in their phenotype and mechanism(s) of action, and as such, may constitute a myriad of naturally occurring and induced T cell precursors with variable degrees of regulatory potential. In this review, we summarize research from various laboratories, including our own, showing that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells are critical in the control of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mouse models and humans. In this review, we also discuss cellular and molecular determinants that impact CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cell development and function and consequential resistance to organ-specific autoimmune disease. Recent advances in the use of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cellular therapy to promote immunological tolerance in the absence of long-term generalized immunosuppression are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Sgouroudis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B4
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35
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Schmidt RE, Green KG, Snipes LL, Feng D. Neuritic dystrophy and neuronopathy in Akita (Ins2(Akita)) diabetic mouse sympathetic ganglia. Exp Neurol 2009; 216:207-18. [PMID: 19111542 PMCID: PMC2672346 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is a debilitating, poorly studied complication of diabetes. Our previous studies of non-obese diabetic (NOD) and related mouse models identified rapidly developing, dramatic pathology in prevertebral sympathetic ganglia; however, once diabetic, the mice did not survive for extended periods needed to examine the ability of therapeutic agents to correct established neuropathy. In the current manuscript we show that the Akita (Ins2(Akita)) mouse is a robust model of diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy with unambiguous, spontaneous, rapidly-developing neuropathology which corresponds closely to the characteristic pathology of other rodent models and man. Akita mice diabetic for 2, 4 or 8 months of diabetes progressively developed markedly swollen axons and dendrites ("neuritic dystrophy") in the prevertebral superior mesenteric (SMG) and celiac ganglia (CG). Comparable changes failed to develop in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of the Akita mouse or in any ganglia of non-diabetic mice. Morphometric studies demonstrate an overall increase in presynaptic axon terminal cross sectional area, including those without any ultrastructural features of dystrophy. Neurons in Akita mouse prevertebral sympathetic ganglia show an unusual perikaryal alteration characterized by the accumulation of membranous aggregates and minute mitochondria and loss of rough endoplasmic reticulum. These changes result in the loss of a third of neurons in the CG over the course of 8 months of diabetes. The extended survival of diabetic mice and robust pathologic findings provide a clinically relevant paradigm that will facilitate the analysis of novel therapeutic agents on the reversal of autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Schmidt
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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36
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Curative and beta cell regenerative effects of alpha1-antitrypsin treatment in autoimmune diabetic NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16242-7. [PMID: 18852471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808031105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive insulitis is a destructive T cell-dependent autoimmune process directed against insulin-producing beta cells that is central to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans and the clinically relevant nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Few therapies have succeeded in restoring long-term, drug-free euglycemia and immune tolerance to beta cells in overtly diabetic NOD mice, and none have demonstrably enabled enlargement of the functional beta cell mass. Recent studies have emphasized the impact of inflammatory cytokines on the commitment of antigen-activated T cells to various effector or regulatory T cell phenotypes and insulin resistance and defective insulin signaling. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that inflammatory mechanisms trigger insulitis, insulin resistance, faulty insulin signaling, and the loss of immune tolerance to islets. We demonstrate that treatment with alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), an agent that dampens inflammation, does not directly inhibit T cell activation, ablates invasive insulitis, and restores euglycemia, immune tolerance to beta cells, normal insulin signaling, and insulin responsiveness in NOD mice with recent-onset T1DM through favorable changes in the inflammation milieu. Indeed, the functional mass of beta cells expands in AAT-treated diabetic NOD mice.
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Wu J, Lenchik NI, Gerling IC. Approaches to reduce false positives and false negatives in the analysis of microarray data: applications in type 1 diabetes research. BMC Genomics 2008; 9 Suppl 2:S12. [PMID: 18831777 PMCID: PMC2559876 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-s2-s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As studies of molecular biology system attempt to achieve a comprehensive understanding of a particular system, Type 1 errors may be a significant problem. However, few investigators are inclined to accept the increase in Type 2 errors (false positives) that may result when less stringent statistical cut-off values are used. To address this dilemma, we developed an analysis strategy that used a stringent statistical analysis to create a list of differentially expressed genes that served as "bait" to "fish out" other genes with similar patterns of expression. Results Comparing two strains of mice (NOD and C57Bl/6), we identified 93 genes with statistically significant differences in their patterns of expression. Hierarchical clustering identified an additional 39 genes with similar patterns of expression differences between the two strains. Pathway analysis was then employed: 1) identify the central genes and define biological processes that may be regulated by the genes identified, and 2) identify genes on the lists that could not be connected to each other in pathways (potential false positives). For networks created by both gene lists, the most connected (central) genes were interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These two cytokines are relevant to the biological differences between the two strains of mice. Furthermore, the network created by the list of 39 genes also suggested other biological differences between the strains. Conclusion Taken together, these data demonstrate how stringent statistical analysis, combined with hierarchical clustering and pathway analysis may offer deeper insight into the biological processes reflected from a set of expression array data. This approach allows us to 'recapture" false negative genes that otherwise would have been missed by the statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Vaiserman A, Khalangot M. Similar seasonality of birth in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients: a sign for common etiology? Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:604-5. [PMID: 18650028 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harrison LC, Honeyman MC, Morahan G, Wentworth JM, Elkassaby S, Colman PG, Fourlanos S. Type 1 diabetes: lessons for other autoimmune diseases? J Autoimmun 2008; 31:306-10. [PMID: 18558477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) satisfies many of the criteria for an autoimmune disease. The impact of the environment to promote the development of T1D and the ability to identify individuals at risk for T1D years before clinical presentation afford lessons for other autoimmune diseases, in regard to gene-environment interactions and the potential for rational approaches to pre-clinical diagnosis and prevention. Public health measures aimed at the modern pro-inflammatory environment are required to stem the rising tide not only of T1D but other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, compelling evidence indicates that adaptive autoimmunity to the pancreatic beta cell is initially targeted against proinsulin. Proof-of-principle studies in the NOD mouse, which established that insulin and proinsulin peptides could be applied as tools to induce immune tolerance and protect against diabetes development, await successful translation to at-risk humans. Initial trials of insulin-specific immunotherapy in humans show promise and reveal ways of optimising this approach that are also applicable to other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard C Harrison
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3050, Victoria, Australia.
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40
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Abstract
The accelerator hypothesis was published in 2001, and proposes that that type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the same disorder of insulin resistance set against different genetic backgrounds. The different genes modulate (variably accelerate) the tempo of beta cell loss and thereby determine the age at onset and incidence of the disease. Some of the predictions made by the hypothesis have been met by data not available when the hypothesis was first proposed. Principle among these is the expectation - now born out in five independent studies - that age at onset should be inversely related to BMI, a surrogate for insulin resistance. This article updates the hypothesis, provides evidence to support the predictions and offers arguments to counter challenges that have appeared in print. Finally, it proposes a randomised controlled trial to test the principle that a reduction in blood glucose, by reducing the load on beta cells, will slow the tempo of their destruction and reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Wilkin
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, Devon, UK.
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41
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Donath MY, Størling J, Berchtold LA, Billestrup N, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Cytokines and beta-cell biology: from concept to clinical translation. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:334-50. [PMID: 18048762 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tale of cytokines and the beta-cell is a long story, starting with in vitro discovery in 1984, evolving via descriptive and phenomenological studies to detailed mapping of the signalling pathways, gene- and protein expression patterns, molecular and biochemical effector mechanisms to in vivo studies in spontaneously diabetic and transgenic animal models. Only very recently have steps been taken to translate the accumulating compelling preclinical data into clinical trials. The aim of this chapter is to present an overview of early and recent key observations from our own groups as well as other laboratories that serve to illuminate the road from concept to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- The Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fröde TS, Medeiros YS. Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:173-83. [PMID: 18068921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although medicinal plants have been historically used for diabetes treatment throughout the world, few of them have been validated by scientific criteria. Recently, a large diversity of animal models has been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and new drugs have been introduced in the market to treat this disease. The aim of this work was to review the available animal models of diabetes and some in vitro models which have been used as tools to investigate the mechanism of action of drugs with potential antidiabetic properties. In addition, a MEDLINE/PUBMED search for articles on natural products, pancreatectomy and diabetes mellitus treatment published between 1996 and 2006 was done. In the majority of the studies, natural products mainly derived from plants have been tested in diabetes models induced by chemical agents. This review contributes to the researcher in the ethnopharmacology field to designs new strategies for the development of novel drugs to treat this serious condition that constitutes a global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Fröde
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Choi MS, Jung UJ, Yeo J, Kim MJ, Lee MK. Genistein and daidzein prevent diabetes onset by elevating insulin level and altering hepatic gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzyme activities in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24:74-81. [PMID: 17932873 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are regarded as being excellent animal models of human type 1 diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM). This study investigated the beneficial effects of genistein and daidzein on IDDM, an autoimmune disease. METHODS Female NOD mice were divided into control, genistein (0.02%, w/w) and daidzein (0.02%, w/w) groups. Blood glucose level, plasma biomarkers, hepatic glucose and lipid regulating enzyme activities and pancreas immunohistochemistry analysis were examined after a 9-week experimental period. RESULTS Blood glucose levels of genistein and daidzein groups were 40 and 36% of control value at the end of study (9th week). The genistein and daidzein supplements increased insulin/glucagon ratio and C-peptide level with preservation of insulin staining beta-cell of pancreas in the NOD mice. In the liver, genistein and daidzein supplements resulted in lowering glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities, while increasing two lipogenic enzymes activities, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), compared to the control group. Significantly, genistein and daidzein supplementation lowered the activities of fatty acid beta-oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in these mice. Genistein and daidzein also improved plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genistein and daidzein play important roles in regulation of glucose homeostasis in type 1 diabetic mice by down-regulating G6Pase, PEPCK, fatty acid beta-oxidation and CPT activities, while up-regulating malic enzyme and G6PD activities in liver with preservation of pancreatic beta-cells. The supplementation of genistein and daidzein are seemingly helpful for preventing IDDM onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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45
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Diabetic modifier QTLs in F(2) intercrosses carrying homozygous transgene of TGF-beta. Mamm Genome 2007; 19:15-25. [PMID: 18160996 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
When the homozygous active form of porcine TGF-beta1 transgene (Tgf/Tgf) (under control of the rat glucagon promoter) is introduced into the nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD) genetic background, the mice develop endocrine and exocrine pancreatic hypoplasia, low serum insulin concentrations, and impaired glucose tolerance. To identify genetic modifiers of the diabetic phenotypes, we crossed hemizygous NOD-Tgf with DBA/2J mice (D2) or C3H/HeJ mice (C3H) and used the "transgenic mice" for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Genome-wide scans of F(2)-D Tgf/Tgf (D2 x NOD) and F(2)-C Tgf/Tgf (C3H x NOD), homozygous for the TGF-beta1 transgene, identified six statistically significant modifier QTLs: one QTL (Tdn1) in F(2)-D Tgf/Tgf, and five QTLs (Tcn1 to Tcn5) in F(2)-C Tgf/Tgf. Tdn1 (Chr 13, LOD = 4.39), and Tcn3 (Chr 2, LOD = 4.94) showed linkage to body weight at 8 weeks of age. Tcn2 (Chr 7, LOD = 4.38) and Tcn4 (Chr 14, LOD = 3.99 and 3.78) showed linkage to blood glucose (BG) concentrations in ipGTT at 30, 0, and 120 min, respectively. Tcn1 (Chr 1, LOD = 4.41) and Tcn5 (Chr 18, LOD = 4.99) showed linkage to serum insulin concentrations in ipGTT at 30 min. Tcn2 includes the candidate gene, uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2), and shows linkage to Ucp2 mRNA levels in the soleus muscle (LOD = 4.90). Identification of six QTLs for diabetes-related traits in F(2)-D Tgf/Tgf and F(2)-C Tgf/Tgf raises the possibility of identifying candidate susceptibility genes and new targets for drug development for human type 2 diabetes.
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Hong EG, Jung DY, Ko HJ, Zhang Z, Ma Z, Jun JY, Kim JH, Sumner AD, Vary TC, Gardner TW, Bronson SK, Kim JK. Nonobese, insulin-deficient Ins2Akita mice develop type 2 diabetes phenotypes including insulin resistance and cardiac remodeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E1687-96. [PMID: 17911348 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00256.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although insulin resistance has been traditionally associated with type 2 diabetes, recent evidence in humans and animal models indicates that insulin resistance may also develop in type 1 diabetes. A point mutation of insulin 2 gene in Ins2(Akita) mice leads to pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and hyperglycemia, and these mice are commonly used to investigate type 1 diabetes and complications. Since insulin resistance plays an important role in diabetic complications, we performed hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in awake Ins2(Akita) and wild-type mice to measure insulin action and glucose metabolism in vivo. Nonobese Ins2(Akita) mice developed insulin resistance, as indicated by an approximately 80% reduction in glucose infusion rate during clamps. Insulin resistance was due to approximately 50% decreases in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue as well as hepatic insulin action. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance was associated with a 40% reduction in total GLUT4 and a threefold increase in PKCepsilon levels in Ins2(Akita) mice. Chronic phloridzin treatment lowered systemic glucose levels and normalized muscle insulin action, GLUT4 and PKCepsilon levels in Ins2(Akita) mice, indicating that hyperglycemia plays a role in insulin resistance. Echocardiography showed significant cardiac remodeling with ventricular hypertrophy that was ameliorated following chronic phloridzin treatment in Ins2(Akita) mice. Overall, we report for the first time that nonobese, insulin-deficient Ins2(Akita) mice develop type 2 diabetes phenotypes including peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and cardiac remodeling. Our findings provide important insights into the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormalities and complications affecting type 1 diabetes and lean type 2 diabetes subjects.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Fatty Acids/blood
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Clamp Technique
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/drug therapy
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/drug therapy
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/genetics
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Insulin/deficiency
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption
- Phlorhizin/pharmacology
- Phlorhizin/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase C-epsilon/metabolism
- Triglycerides/blood
- Triglycerides/metabolism
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/genetics
- Ventricular Remodeling/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyoung Hong
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Univ. College of Medicine, 500 University Dr. (H166 C4600D, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Tsui H, Razavi R, Chan Y, Yantha J, Dosch HM. ‘Sensing’ autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:405-13. [PMID: 17900987 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin-producing beta-cells. Recent findings suggest that the events controlling T1D development are not only immunological, but also neuronal in nature. In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D, a mutant sensory neuron channel, TRPV1, initiates chronic, progressive beta-cell stress, inducing islet cell inflammation. This novel mechanism of organ-specific damage requires a permissive, autoimmune-prone host, but ascribes tissue specificity to the local secretory dysfunction of sensory afferent neurons. In NOD mice, normalizing this neuronal function by administration of the neurotransmitter substance P clears islet cell inflammation, reduces insulin resistance and restores normoglycemia. Here, we discuss this neuro-immuno-endocrine model, its implications and the involvement of sensory neurons in other autoimmune disorders. These developments might provide novel neuronal-based therapeutic interventions, particularly in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Tsui
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 555 University Avenue, 10128 Elm Wing Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Wilkin TJ. Changing perspectives in diabetes: their impact on its classification. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1587-92. [PMID: 17457564 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are usually regarded as distinct disorders, but the convergence of their phenotypes over recent years, the relationship of body weight to the risk of type 1 diabetes, the diminishing importance of the type 1 susceptibility genes and the finding of autoantibodies in patients with type 2 diabetes, invite a different interpretation. The possibility that type 1 and type 2 diabetes, rather than being different, are merely poles of a single spectrum, where variation in the tempo of beta cell loss determines age at onset and symptoms at presentation, has important implications. Correct classification is crucial because it directs appropriate treatment and, where available, prevention. This article argues that type 1 diabetes is currently misclassified, provides evidence that insulin resistance drives type 1 diabetes as it does type 2, and proposes how the 'accelerator hypothesis' can be tested in a randomised controlled trial, which could demonstrate, for the first time, the safe and effective prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wilkin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, UK.
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Koulmanda M, Budo E, Bonner-Weir S, Qipo A, Putheti P, Degauque N, Shi H, Fan Z, Flier JS, Auchincloss H, Zheng XX, Strom TB. Modification of adverse inflammation is required to cure new-onset type 1 diabetic hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13074-9. [PMID: 17670937 PMCID: PMC1941818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705863104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with overt new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), short-term treatment with a "triple-therapy" regimen [rapamycin plus agonist IL-2-related and antagonist-type, mutant IL-15-related Ig fusion proteins (IL-2.Ig and mutIL-15.Ig)] halts autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and restores both euglycemia and immune tolerance to beta cells. Increases in the mass of insulin-producing beta cells or circulating insulin levels were not linked to the restoration of euglycemia. Instead, the restoration of euglycemia was linked to relief from an inflammatory state that impaired the host's response to insulin. Both restoration of immune tolerance to beta cells and relief from the adverse metabolic effects of an inflammatory state in insulin-sensitive tissues appear essential for permanent restoration of normoglycemia in this T1DM model. Thus, this triple-therapy regimen, possessing both tolerance-inducing and select antiinflammatory properties, may represent a prototype for therapies able to restore euglycemia and self-tolerance in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Koulmanda
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, and Islet Transplantation Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Narce M, Poisson JP. New interests in the measurement of plasma adiponectin concentration. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007; 18:378-80. [PMID: 17495612 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32813aee5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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