1
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Seo S, Kim T. In-Situ Gas Permeation-Driven Ionic Current Rectification of Heterogeneously Charged Nanopore Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402188. [PMID: 38899397 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Ionic diodes provide ionic current rectification (ICR), which is useful for micro-/nanofluidic devices for ionic current-mediated applications. However, the modulation of ICR is not fully developed, and current challenges include limited active control and localized modulation for further multiplexing of micro-/nanofluidic ionic diodes. Herein, a microfluidic device integrated with particle-assembly-based ionic diodes (PAIDs) and a gas-flow channel above them is presented. Exploiting in-situ gas permeation through a polymeric film, precise control over the physiochemical conditions of the nanopores within the PAIDs, leading to the modulation of ICR is demonstrated. The investigation not only characterizes the rectification properties of the PAIDs but also unveils their capacitor-like behavior and the ability to actively modulate ICR using various gas flows. Furthermore, the reversible modulation of ICR through dynamic switching of gas-dissolved solutions, enabling ion-signal amplification is showcased. This pioneering approach of in situ gas-permeation offers programmable manipulation of ion transport along PAIDs, thereby positioning ionic diodes as versatile nanofluidic components. Looking ahead, the development of multiplexed PAIDs in an addressable manner on a chip holds promise for practical applications across diverse fields, including ion signaling, ion-based logic, chemical reactors, and (bio)chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang Z, Sabbagh B, Chen Y, Yossifon G. Geometrically Scalable Iontronic Memristors: Employing Bipolar Polyelectrolyte Gels for Neuromorphic Systems. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15025-15034. [PMID: 38804641 PMCID: PMC11171754 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Iontronics that are capable of mimicking the functionality of biological systems within an artificial fluidic network have long been pursued for biomedical applications and ion-based intelligence systems. Here, we report on facile and robust realization of iontronic bipolar memristors featuring a three-layer polyelectrolyte gel structure. Significant memristive hysteresis of ion currents was successfully accomplished, and the memory time proved geometrically scalable from 200 to 4000 s. These characteristics were enabled by the ion concentration polarization-induced rectification ratio within the polyelectrolyte gels. The memristors exhibited memory dynamics akin to those observed in unipolar devices, while the bipolar structure notably enabled prolonged memory time and enhanced the ion conductance switching ratio with mesoscale (10-1000 μm) geometry precision. These properties endow the devices with the capability of effective neuromorphic processing with pulse-based input voltage signals. Owing to their simple fabrication process and superior memristive performance, the presented iontronic bipolar memristors are versatile and can be easily integrated into small-scale iontronic circuits, thereby facilitating advanced neuromorphic computing functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical
Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Barak Sabbagh
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical
Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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3
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Li F, Lin X, Xue H, Wang J, Li J, Fei T, Liu S, Zhou T, Zhao H, Zhang T. Ultrasensitive Flexible Temperature Sensors Based on Thermal-Mediated Ions Migration Dynamics in Asymmetrical Polymer Bilayers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7521-7531. [PMID: 38420965 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Accurately acquiring crucial data on the ambient surroundings and physiological processes delivered via subtle temperature fluctuation is vital for advancing artificial intelligence and personal healthcare techniques but is still challenging. Here, we introduce an electrically induced cation injection mechanism based on thermal-mediated ion migration dynamics in an asymmetrical polymer bilayer (APB) composed of nonionic polymer and polyelectrolyte layers, enabling the development of ultrasensitive flexible temperature sensors. The resulting optimized sensor achieves ultrahigh sensitivity, with a thermal index surpassing 10,000 K-1, which allows identifying temperature differences as small as 10 mK with a sensitivity that exceeds 1.5 mK. The mechanism also enables APB sensors to possess good insensitivity to various mechanical deformations─features essential for practical applications. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the potential impact of APB sensors in various conceptual applications, such as mental tension evaluation, biomimetic thermal tactile, and thermal radiation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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4
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Mei T, Liu W, Xu G, Chen Y, Wu M, Wang L, Xiao K. Ionic Transistors. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38285731 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Biological voltage-gated ion channels, which behave as life's transistors, regulate ion transport precisely and selectively through atomic-scale selectivity filters to sustain important life activities. By this inspiration, voltage-adaptable ionic transistors that use ions as signal carriers may provide an alternative information processing unit beyond solid-state electronic devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the first generation of biomimetic ionic transistors, including their operating mechanisms, device architecture development, and property characterizations. Despite its infancy, significant progress has been made in the applications of ionic transistors in fields such as DNA detection, drug delivery, and ionic circuits. Challenges and prospects of full exploitation of ionic transistors for a broad spectrum of practical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Mei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Guoheng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxia Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
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5
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Jung WB, Jung HS, Wang J, Hinton H, Fournier M, Horgan A, Godron X, Nicol R, Ham D. An Aqueous Analog MAC Machine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205096. [PMID: 35998945 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using ions in aqueous milieu for signal processing, like in biological circuits, may potentially lead to a bioinspired information processing platform. Studies, however, have focused on individual ionic diodes and transistors rather than circuits comprising many such devices. Here a 16 × 16 array of new ionic transistors is developed in an aqueous quinone solution. Each transistor features a concentric ring electrode pair with a disk electrode at the center. The electrochemistry of these electrodes in the solution provides the basis for the transistor operation. The ring pair electrochemically tunes the local electrolytic concentration to modulate the disk's Faradaic reaction rate. Thus, the disk current as a Faradaic reaction to the disk voltage is gated by the ring pair. The 16 × 16 array of these transistors performs analog multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations, a computing modality hotly pursued for low-power artificial neural networks. This exploits the transistor's operating regime where the disk current is a multiplication of the disk voltage and a weight parameter tuned by the ring pair gating. Such disk currents from multiple transistors are summated in a global reference electrode to complete a MAC task. This ionic circuit demonstrating analog computing is a step toward sophisticated aqueous ionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Bin Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Han Sae Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Henry Hinton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Nicol
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, 16, USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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6
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Aluru NR, Aydin F, Bazant MZ, Blankschtein D, Brozena AH, de Souza JP, Elimelech M, Faucher S, Fourkas JT, Koman VB, Kuehne M, Kulik HJ, Li HK, Li Y, Li Z, Majumdar A, Martis J, Misra RP, Noy A, Pham TA, Qu H, Rayabharam A, Reed MA, Ritt CL, Schwegler E, Siwy Z, Strano MS, Wang Y, Yao YC, Zhan C, Zhang Z. Fluids and Electrolytes under Confinement in Single-Digit Nanopores. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2737-2831. [PMID: 36898130 PMCID: PMC10037271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Confined fluids and electrolyte solutions in nanopores exhibit rich and surprising physics and chemistry that impact the mass transport and energy efficiency in many important natural systems and industrial applications. Existing theories often fail to predict the exotic effects observed in the narrowest of such pores, called single-digit nanopores (SDNs), which have diameters or conduit widths of less than 10 nm, and have only recently become accessible for experimental measurements. What SDNs reveal has been surprising, including a rapidly increasing number of examples such as extraordinarily fast water transport, distorted fluid-phase boundaries, strong ion-correlation and quantum effects, and dielectric anomalies that are not observed in larger pores. Exploiting these effects presents myriad opportunities in both basic and applied research that stand to impact a host of new technologies at the water-energy nexus, from new membranes for precise separations and water purification to new gas permeable materials for water electrolyzers and energy-storage devices. SDNs also present unique opportunities to achieve ultrasensitive and selective chemical sensing at the single-ion and single-molecule limit. In this review article, we summarize the progress on nanofluidics of SDNs, with a focus on the confinement effects that arise in these extremely narrow nanopores. The recent development of precision model systems, transformative experimental tools, and multiscale theories that have played enabling roles in advancing this frontier are reviewed. We also identify new knowledge gaps in our understanding of nanofluidic transport and provide an outlook for the future challenges and opportunities at this rapidly advancing frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana R Aluru
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712TexasUnited States
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - J Pedro de Souza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520-8286, United States
| | - Samuel Faucher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - John T Fourkas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Matthias Kuehne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Hao-Kun Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Yuhao Li
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Joel Martis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Rahul Prasanna Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Aleksandr Noy
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California95344, United States
| | - Tuan Anh Pham
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Archith Rayabharam
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712TexasUnited States
| | - Mark A Reed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, 15 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut06520, United States
| | - Cody L Ritt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut06520-8286, United States
| | - Eric Schwegler
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Zuzanna Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine92697, United States
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland20742, United States
| | - Yun-Chiao Yao
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California95344, United States
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Materials Science Division, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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7
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Leong IW, Tsutsui M, Yokota K, Murayama S, Taniguchi M. Regulating Nonlinear Ion Transport through a Solid-State Pore by Partial Surface Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6123-6132. [PMID: 36661232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using functional nanofluidic devices to manipulate ion transport allows us to explore the nanoscale development of blue energy harvesters and iontronic building blocks. Herein, we report on a method to alter the nonlinear ionic current through a pore by partial dielectric coatings. A variety of dielectric materials are examined on both the inner and outer surfaces of the channel with four different patterns of coated or uncoated surfaces. Through controlling the specific part of the surface charge, the pore can behave like a resistor, diode, and bipolar junction transistor. We use numerical simulations to find out the reason for the asymmetric ion transport in the pore and illustrate the relationship between specifically charged surfaces and electroosmotic flow. These findings help understand the role of the corresponding surface composition in ion transport, which provides a direct approach to modify the electroosmotic-flow-driven ionic current rectification in the channel-based device via dielectric coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iat Wai Leong
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Makusu Tsutsui
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yokota
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Sanae Murayama
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masateru Taniguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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8
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Iontronic analog of synaptic plasticity: Hydrogel-based ionic diode with chemical precipitation and dissolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211442120. [PMID: 36574693 PMCID: PMC9910479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211442120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an aqueous nonlinear synaptic element showing plasticity behavior is developed, which is based on the chemical processes in an ionic diode. The device is simple, fully ionic, and easily configurable, requiring only two terminals-for input and output-similar to biological synapses. The key processes realizing the plasticity features are chemical precipitation and dissolution, which occur at forward- or reverse-biased ionic diode junctions in appropriate reservoir electrolytes. Given that the precipitate acts as a physical barrier in the circuit, the above processes change the diode conductivity, which can be interpreted as adjusting "synaptic weight" of the system. By varying the operating conditions, we first demonstrate the four types of plasticity that can be found in biological system: long-term potentiation/depression and short-term potentiation/depression. The plasticity of the proposed iontronic device has characteristics similar to those of neural synapses. To demonstrate its potential use in comparatively complex information processing, we develop a precipitation-based iontronic synapse (PIS) capable of both potentiation and depression. Finally, we show that the postsynaptic signals from the multiple excitatory or inhibitory PISs can be integrated into the total "dendritic" current, which is a function of time and input history, as in actual hippocampal neural circuits.
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9
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Kim D, Lee JS. Emulating the Signal Transmission in a Neural System Using Polymer Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42308-42316. [PMID: 36069456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are vital components of the brain. When stimulated by neurotransmitters at the dendrites, neurons deliver signals as changes in the membrane potential by ion movement. The signal transmission of a nervous system exhibits a high energy efficiency. These characteristics of neurons are being exploited to develop efficient neuromorphic computing systems. In this study, we develop chemical synapses for neuromorphic devices and emulate the signaling processes in a nervous system using a polymer membrane, in which the ionic permeability can be controlled. The polymer membrane comprises poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) and poly(3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt), which have positive and negative charges, respectively. The ionic permeability of the polymer membrane is controlled by the injection of a neurotransmitter solution. This device emulates the signal transmission behavior of biological neurons depending on the concentration of the injected neurotransmitter solution. The proposed artificial neuronal signaling device can facilitate the development of bio-realistic neuromorphic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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10
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Park JM, Lim S, Sun JY. Materials development in stretchable iontronics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6487-6510. [PMID: 36000330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable iontronics have recently been developed as an ideal interface to promote the interaction between humans and devices. Since the materials that use ions as charge carriers are typically transparent and stretchable, they have been used to fabricate devices with diverse functions with intrinsic transparency and stretchability. With the development of device design, material design has also been investigated to mitigate the issues associated with ionic materials, such as their weak mechanical properties, poor electrical properties, or poor environmental stabilities. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the design of materials in stretchable iontronics. By classifying stretchable ionic materials into three types of components (ionic conductors, ionic semiconductors, and ionic insulators), the issues each component has and the strategies to solve them are introduced, specifically in terms of molecular interactions. We then discuss the existing hurdles and challenges to be handled and shine light on the possibilities and opportunities from the insight of molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungsoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Cheng C, Rashed MZ, Fridman GY. Ionic transistor using ion exchange membranes. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2707-2713. [PMID: 35748422 PMCID: PMC9472566 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transistors can be used to modulate ionic current in a way that is analogous to their electronic counterparts. An ionic transistor can reversibly change its ionic conduction to control ionic current by injecting electrical charges. To facilitate its applications in biomedical devices (e.g., controlled drug delivery, rectification of ionic current, and signal processing), an ionic transistor should maintain high performance of ionic current control within physiological solutions (e.g., 0.9% NaCl) for long durations. Here, we introduce an ionic transistor using cation and anion exchange membranes (CEM and AEM). It could impose a 10× impedance change in a channel filled with 0.9% NaCl solution and we observed a stable modulation of ionic current throughout a test of 1000 cycles of on/off switching of the ionic transistor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Cheng
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Mohamed Z Rashed
- Otolaryngology HNS, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 830, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gene Y Fridman
- Otolaryngology HNS, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 830, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
- Computer and Electrical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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12
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Tajparast M, Glavinovic M. Current Flow in a Cylindrical Nanopore with an Object–Implications for Virus Sensing. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022; 12:927-945. [PMID: 35607652 PMCID: PMC9117592 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interest is growing in nanopores as real-time, low-cost, label-free virus size sensors. To optimize their performance, we evaluate how external electric field and ion concentrations and pore wall charges influence currents and object (disk) radius-current relationship using simulations. The physics was described using the Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier–Stokes equations. In a charged cylindrical nanopore with a charged disk, elevated external electric field produces higher (and polarity independent) ion concentrations and greater ion current (largely migratory). Elevated external ion concentrations also lead to higher concentrations (mainly away from the pore wall), greater axial electric field especially in the disk-pore wall space, and finally larger current. At low concentrations, current is disk radius independent. The current rises as concentrations increase. Interestingly, the rise is greater for larger disks (except when the pore is blocked mechanically). Smaller cross-sectional area for current flow or volume exclusion of electrolyte by object thus cannot be universally accepted as explanations of current blockage. Ion current rises when pore wall charge density increases, but its direction is independent of charge sign. Current-disk radius relationship is also independent of pore wall charge sign. If the pore wall and disk charges have the same sign, larger current with bigger disk is due to higher counter-ion accumulation in the object-pore wall space. However, if their signs are opposite, it is largely due to elevated axial electric field in the object-pore wall space. Finally in uncharged nanopores, current diminishes when disk radius increases making them better sensors of virus size.
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13
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Hu YL, Hua Y, Pan ZQ, Qian JH, Yu XY, Bao N, Huo XL, Wu ZQ, Xia XH. PNP Nanofluidic Transistor with Actively Tunable Current Response and Ionic Signal Amplification. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3678-3684. [PMID: 35442043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by electronic transistors, electric field gating has been adopted to manipulate ionic currents of smart nanofluidic devices. Here, we report a PNP nanofluidic bipolar junction transistor (nBJT) consisting of one polyaniline (PANI) layer sandwiched between two polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoporous membranes. The PNP nBJT exhibits three different responses of currents (quasi-linear, rectification, and sigmoid) due to the counterbalance between surface charge distribution and base voltage applied in the nanofluidic channels; thus, they can be switched by base voltage. Four operating modes (cutoff, active, saturation, and breakdown mode) occur in the collector response currents. Under optimal conditions, the PNP nBJT exhibits an average current gain of up to 95 in 100 mM KCl solution at a low base voltage of 0.2 V. The present nBJT is promising for fabrication of nanofluidic devices with logical-control functions for analysis of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Yu Hua
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Zhong-Qin Pan
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Jia-Han Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Ning Bao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Huo
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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14
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Pardehkhorram R, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Pushing the limits of nanopore transport performance by polymer functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5188-5204. [PMID: 35394003 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01164f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the design and performance of biological pores, polymer functionalization of nanopores has emerged as an evolving field to advance transport performance within the last few years. This feature article outlines developments in nanopore functionalization and the resulting transport performance including gating based on electrostatic interaction, wettability and ligand binding, gradual transport controlled by polymerization as well as functionalization-based asymmetric nanopore and nanoporous material design going towards the transport direction. Pushing the limits of nanopore transport performance and thus reducing the performance gap between biological and technological pores is strongly related to advances in polymerization chemistry and their translation into nanopore functionalization. Thereby, the effect of the spatial confinement has to be considered for polymer functionalization as well as for transport regulation, and mechanistic understanding is strongly increased by combining experiment and theory. A full mechanistic understanding together with highly precise nanopore structure design and polymer functionalization is not only expected to improve existing application of nanoporous materials but also opens the door to new technologies. The latter might include out of equilibrium devices, ionic circuits, or machine learning based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Pardehkhorram
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Smart Membranes, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Annette Andrieu-Brunsen
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Smart Membranes, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Mohamed E, Josten S, Marlow F. A purely ionic voltage effect soft triode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8311-8320. [PMID: 35319550 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the construction and characterization of an ionic soft triode intended to be based on interfacial ion adsorption and redox oxidizer depletion. The soft triode was built in a simple manner with no need for sophisticated or expensive materials. It does not utilize the control of a semiconducting channel, but an electrolyte. In different electrical circuit configurations, it can show amplification or memory effects. The device had an electrical current amplification reaching 52 and memory effects in the electrical resistance lasting for up to 6 h. These values were achieved by tuning the electrode interface, the electrolyte and diffusion properties. They are promising for neuromorphic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elalyaa Mohamed
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany.
| | - Sabine Josten
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany.
| | - Frank Marlow
- MPI für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany. .,Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg 47057, Germany
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16
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Berggren M, Głowacki ED, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K. In Vivo Organic Bioelectronics for Neuromodulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4826-4846. [PMID: 35050623 PMCID: PMC8874920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The nervous system
poses a grand challenge for integration with
modern electronics and the subsequent advances in neurobiology, neuroprosthetics,
and therapy which would become possible upon such integration. Due
to its extreme complexity, multifaceted signaling pathways, and ∼1
kHz operating frequency, modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) based electronics appear to be the only technology platform
at hand for such integration. However, conventional CMOS-based electronics
rely exclusively on electronic signaling and therefore require an
additional technology platform to translate electronic signals into
the language of neurobiology. Organic electronics are just such a
technology platform, capable of converting electronic addressing into
a variety of signals matching the endogenous signaling of the nervous
system while simultaneously possessing favorable material similarities
with nervous tissue. In this review, we introduce a variety of organic
material platforms and signaling modalities specifically designed
for this role as “translator”, focusing especially on
recent implementation in in vivo neuromodulation.
We hope that this review serves both as an informational resource
and as an encouragement and challenge to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric D Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.,Bioelectronics Materials and Devices, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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17
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Han SH, Kim SI, Lee HR, Lim SM, Yeon SY, Oh MA, Lee S, Sun JY, Joo YC, Chung TD. Hydrogel-Based Iontronics on a Polydimethylsiloxane Microchip. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6606-6614. [PMID: 33496567 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In response to the extensive utilization of ionic circuits, including in iontronics and wearable devices, a new method for fabricating a hydrogel-based ionic circuit on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip is reported. Prolonged UV/ozone oxidation combined with proper surface functionalizations and a novel microchip bonding method using thiol-epoxy click reaction enable the robust attachment of the photopolymerized hydrogel to the microchannel surface for eventual operation in electrolytes as an ionic circuit. The stretchable ionic diode constructed on the PDMS microchip shows a superior rectification ratio even under tensile stress and long-term storage stability. Furthermore, the combination of the ionic circuit and unique material properties of PDMS allows us to maximize the versatility and diversify the functionalities of the iontronic device, as demonstrated in a pressure-driven ionic switch and chip-integrated ionic regulator. Its iontronic signal transmission mimicking the excitatory and inhibitory synapses also evinces the potential of the hydrogel-based iontronics on the PDMS microchip as developed toward an aqueous neuromimetic information processor while opening up new opportunities for various bioinspired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Il Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hae-Ryung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Song Yi Yeon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Ah Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young-Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Korea
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18
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Lucas RA, Siwy ZS. Tunable Nanopore Arrays as the Basis for Ionic Circuits. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56622-56631. [PMID: 33283510 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in preparing ionic circuits capable of manipulating ionic and molecular transport in a solution. This direction of research is inspired by biological systems where multiple pores with different functionalities embedded in a cell membrane transmit external signals and underlie all physiological processes. In this manuscript, we describe the modeling of ion transport through small arrays of nanopores consisting of 3, 6, and 9 nanopores and an integrated gate electrode placed on the membrane surface next to one pore opening. We show that by tuning the gate voltage and strategically placing nanopores with nonlinear current-voltage characteristics, the local signal at the gate affects ionic transport through all nanopores in the array. Conditions were identified when the same gate voltage induced opposite rectification properties of neighboring nanopores. We also demonstrate that an ionic diode embedded in a nanopore array can modulate transport properties of neighboring pores even without a gate voltage. The results are explained by the role of concentration polarization and overlapping depletion zones on one side of the membrane. The modeling presented here is intended to become an inspiration to future experiments to create nanopore arrays that can transduce signals in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lucas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 210G Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 210G Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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19
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Nyamayaro K, Keyvani P, D'Acierno F, Poisson J, Hudson ZM, Michal CA, Madden JDW, Hatzikiriakos SG, Mehrkhodavandi P. Toward Biodegradable Electronics: Ionic Diodes Based on a Cellulose Nanocrystal-Agarose Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:52182-52191. [PMID: 33166106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioderived cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are used to create light, flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable electronic devices. Herein, surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals was employed to fabricate cationic and anionic CNCs. Subsequently, we demonstrated rectification behavior from a fixed junction between two agarose hydrogels doped with cationic and anionic cellulose nanocrystals. The current rectification ratio reaches 70 reproducibly, which is significantly higher than that for analogous diodes generated with microfibrillated cellulose (∼15) and the first polyelectrolyte gel diode (∼40). The current-voltage characteristics of the CNC-hydrogel diode are influenced by concentration, gel thickness, scanning frequency, and applied voltage. The high surface area of CNC resulted in high charge density after surface modification, which in turn resulted in good rectification behavior from only small amounts of dopant material.
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20
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Lucas RA, Lin CY, Baker LA, Siwy ZS. Ionic amplifying circuits inspired by electronics and biology. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1568. [PMID: 32218445 PMCID: PMC7099069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated circuits are present in all electronic devices, and enable signal amplification, modulation, and relay. Nature uses another type of circuits composed of channels in a cell membrane, which regulate and amplify transport of ions, not electrons and holes as is done in electronic systems. Here we show an abiotic ionic circuit that is inspired by concepts from electronics and biology. The circuit amplifies small ionic signals into ionic outputs, and its operation mimics the electronic Darlington amplifier composed of transistors. The individual transistors are pores equipped with three terminals including a gate that is able to enrich or deplete ions in the pore. The circuits we report function at gate voltages < 1 V, respond to sub-nA gate currents, and offer ion current amplification with a gain up to ~300. Ionic amplifiers are a logical step toward improving chemical and biochemical sensing, separations and amplification, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Lucas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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21
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Schweicher G, Garbay G, Jouclas R, Vibert F, Devaux F, Geerts YH. Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead-End or Bright Future? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905909. [PMID: 31965662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of organic electronics has been prolific in the last couple of years, leading to the design and synthesis of several molecular semiconductors presenting a mobility in excess of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 . However, it is also started to recently falter, as a result of doubtful mobility extractions and reduced industrial interest. This critical review addresses the community of chemists and materials scientists to share with it a critical analysis of the best performing molecular semiconductors and of the inherent charge transport physics that takes place in them. The goal is to inspire chemists and materials scientists and to give them hope that the field of molecular semiconductors for logic operations is not engaged into a dead end. To the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Guillaume Garbay
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - François Vibert
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Félix Devaux
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de chimie des polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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22
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Kim HJ, Chen B, Suo Z, Hayward RC. Ionoelastomer junctions between polymer networks of fixed anions and cations. Science 2020; 367:773-776. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Soft ionic conductors have enabled stretchable and transparent devices, but liquids in such devices tend to leak and evaporate. In this study, we demonstrate diodes and transistors using liquid-free ionoelastomers, in which either anions or cations are fixed to an elastomer network and the other ionic species are mobile. The junction of the two ionoelastomers of opposite polarity yields an ionic double layer, which is capable of rectifying and switching ionic currents without electrochemical reactions. The entropically driven depletion of mobile ions creates a junction of tough adhesion, and the stretchability of the junction enables electromechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Baohong Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhigang Suo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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23
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Lim SM, Yoo H, Oh MA, Han SH, Lee HR, Chung TD, Joo YC, Sun JY. Ion-to-ion amplification through an open-junction ionic diode. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13807-13815. [PMID: 31221759 PMCID: PMC6628834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As biological signals are mainly based on ion transport, the differences in signal carriers have become a major issue for the intimate communication between electrical devices and biological areas. In this respect, an ionic device which can directly interpret ionic signals from biological systems needs to be designed. Particularly, it is also required to amplify the ionic signals for effective signal processing, since the amount of ions acquired from biological systems is very small. Here, we report the signal amplification in ionic systems as well as sensing through the modified design of polyelectrolyte hydrogel-based ionic diodes. By designing an open-junction structure, ionic signals from the external environment can be directly transmitted to an ionic diode. Moreover, the minute ionic signals injected into the devices can also be amplified to a large amount of ions. The signal transduction mechanism of the ion-to-ion amplification is suggested and clearly verified by revealing the generation of breakdown ionic currents during an ion injection. Subsequently, various methods for enhancing the amplification are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Lim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjae Yoo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ah Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryung Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 16229 Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Joo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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25
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Zhao D, Martinelli A, Willfahrt A, Fischer T, Bernin D, Khan ZU, Shahi M, Brill J, Jonsson MP, Fabiano S, Crispin X. Polymer gels with tunable ionic Seebeck coefficient for ultra-sensitive printed thermopiles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 30842422 PMCID: PMC6403253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring temperature and heat flux is important for regulating any physical, chemical, and biological processes. Traditional thermopiles can provide accurate and stable temperature reading but they are based on brittle inorganic materials with low Seebeck coefficient, and are difficult to manufacture over large areas. Recently, polymer electrolytes have been proposed for thermoelectric applications because of their giant ionic Seebeck coefficient, high flexibility and ease of manufacturing. However, the materials reported to date have positive Seebeck coefficients, hampering the design of ultra-sensitive ionic thermopiles. Here we report an "ambipolar" ionic polymer gel with giant negative ionic Seebeck coefficient. The latter can be tuned from negative to positive by adjusting the gel composition. We show that the ion-polymer matrix interaction is crucial to control the sign and magnitude of the ionic Seebeck coefficient. The ambipolar gel can be easily screen printed, enabling large-area device manufacturing at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Andreas Willfahrt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Innovative Applications of The Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Innovative Applications of The Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Diana Bernin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-41296, Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Maryam Shahi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0055, USA
| | - Joseph Brill
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY40506-0055, USA
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden.
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden.
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Hemmatian Z, Tunuguntla RH, Noy A, Rolandi M. Electronic control of H+ current in a bioprotonic device with carbon nanotube porins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212197. [PMID: 30794578 PMCID: PMC6386364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid biotic abiotic devices can be used to interface electronics with biological systems for novel therapies or to increase device functionality beyond silicon. Many strategies exist to merge the electronic and biological worlds, one dominated by electrons and holes as charge carriers, the other by ions. In the biological world, lipid bilayers and ion channels are essential to compartmentalize the cell machinery and regulate ionic fluxes across the cell membrane. Here, we demonstrate a bioelectronic device in which a lipid bilayer supported on H+-conducting Pd/PdHx contacts contains carbon nanotubes porin (CNTP) channels. This bioelectronic device uses CNTPs to control of H+ flow across the lipid bilayer with a voltage applied to the Pd/PdHx contacts. Potential applications of these devices include local pH sensing and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hemmatian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Ramya H. Tunuguntla
- Physics and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr Noy
- Physics and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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27
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Stadlober B, Zirkl M, Irimia-Vladu M. Route towards sustainable smart sensors: ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride-based materials and their integration in flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1787-1825. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Printed ferroelectric devices are ideal candidates for self-powered and multifunctional sensor skins, contributing to a sustainable smart future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Zirkl
- Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH
- 8160 Weiz
- Austria
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28
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Yeon SY, Yun J, Yoon SH, Lee D, Jang W, Han SH, Kang CM, Chung TD. A miniaturized solid salt reverse electrodialysis battery: a durable and fully ionic power source. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8071-8076. [PMID: 30542555 PMCID: PMC6238720 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02954g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel pump-free miniaturized reverse electrodialysis (RED) system was designed to provide lasting power transduced from salinity gradients, named solid salt RED (ssRED), and this quasi-battery uses a solid salt instead of electrolyte solution for streamlined usage. It is portable, flexible, comparable in size to a universal serial bus flash drive, and easily activated with a small amount of water. It maintains a constant ionic concentration gradient through precipitation reactions between a pair of different salts. This precipitation-assisted solid salt RED (PssRED) is an unprecedented ionic power source as it can generate steady electricity in the absence of a driving pump. The PssRED was successfully coupled with bipolar electrode (BPE) microchip sensors which require stable ionic electricity and a polyelectrolyte ionic diode to realize a fully ionic circuit. It is envisioned that the range of application could be expanded to supply electromotive force to various devices through an ionic charge flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yi Yeon
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Jeongse Yun
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sun-Heui Yoon
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Dahye Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Woohyuk Jang
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Seok Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Chung Mu Kang
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology , Suwon-si , Gyeonggi-do 16229 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , Seoul , 08826 , Republic of Korea .
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology , Suwon-si , Gyeonggi-do 16229 , Republic of Korea
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29
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Schiffbauer J, Ganchenko NY, Ganchenko GS, Demekhin EA. Overlimiting current due to electro-diffusive amplification of the second Wien effect at a cation-anion bipolar membrane junction. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:064107. [PMID: 30867868 PMCID: PMC6404929 DOI: 10.1063/1.5066195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerical simulations are presented for the transient and steady-state response of a model electrodiffusive cell with a bipolar ion-selective membrane under electric current. The model uses a continuum Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory including source terms to account for the catalytic second Wien effect between ionogenic groups in the membranes and resolves the Debye layers at interfaces. The resulting electric field at the membrane junction is increased by as much as four orders of magnitude in comparison to the field external to the membrane. This leads to a significant amplification of the second Wien effect, creating an increased ionic flux due to the catalytic decomposition of water. The effect also induces an exaltation effect wherein the salt ion flux undergoes a concomitant increase as well. The interplay of effects results in a unique over-limiting current mechanism due to concentration polarization internal, rather than external, to the membranes. In addition to the case of two equal but oppositely charged membranes under the standard simplifying assumption of equal ionic diffusivities, two variations on this model are studied. Asymmetric diffusivities, representative of the actual mobility difference in dissociated water ions, and the effect of the membrane charge density ratio were also considered. The latter elucidates an overlimiting current shift mechanism for DNA adsorption on anion-selective membranes proposed by Slouka et al. [Langmuir 29, 8275 (2013)]. The former provides more realistic picture of multi-ion transport and demonstrates a surprising steady-state effect due to the asymmetry in the diffusivity of hydroxide and hydronium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Schiffbauer
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, Colorado 81501, USA
| | - Nataly Yu Ganchenko
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Methods, Kuban State University, Krasnodar 350040, Russian Federation
| | - Georgy S Ganchenko
- Laboratory of Electro-Hydrodynamics of Micro- and Nanoscales, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Financial University, Krasnodar 350051, Russian Federation
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30
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Lee HR, Kim CC, Sun JY. Stretchable Ionics - A Promising Candidate for Upcoming Wearable Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704403. [PMID: 29889329 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As many devices for human utility aim for fast and convenient communication with users, superb electronic devices are demonstrated to serve as hardware for human-machine interfaces in wearable forms. Wearable devices for daily healthcare and self-diagnosis offer more human-like properties unconstrained by deformation. In this sense, stretchable ionics based on flexible and stretchable hydrogels are on the rise as another means to develop wearable devices for bioapplications for two main reasons: i) ionic currents and choosing the same signal carriers for biological areas, and ii) the adoption of hydrogel ionic conductors, which are intrinsically stretchable materials with biocompatibility. Here, the current status of stretchable ionics and future applications are introduced, whose positive effects can be magnified by stretchable ionics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ryung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Chan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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31
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Fu K, Han D, Kwon SR, Bohn PW. Asymmetric Nafion-Coated Nanopore Electrode Arrays as Redox-Cycling-Based Electrochemical Diodes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9177-9185. [PMID: 30080388 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the functioning of cellular ion channels, pore-based structures with nanoscale openings have been fabricated and integrated into ionic circuits, for example, ionic diodes and transistors, for signal processing and detection. In these systems, the nonlinear current responses arise either because asymmetric nanopore geometries break the symmetry of the ion distribution, creating unequal surface charge across the nanopore, or by coupling unidirectional electron transfer within a nanopore electrode. Here we develop a high-performance redox-cycling-based electrochemical diode by coating an asymmetric ion-exchange membrane, that is, Nafion, on the top surface of a nanopore electrode array (Nafion@NEA), in which each pore in the array exhibits one or more annular electrodes. Nafion@NEAs exhibit highly sensitive and charge-selective electroanalytical measurements due to efficient redox-cycling reaction, the permselectivity of Nafion, and the strong confinement of redox species in the nanopore array. In addition, the top electrode of dual-electrode Nafion@NEAs can serve as a voltage-controlled switch to gate ion transport within the nanopore. Thus Nafion@NEAs can be operated as a diode by switching voltages applied to the top and bottom electrodes of the NEA, leading to a large rectification ratio, fast response times, and simplified circuitry without the need for external electrodes. By taking advantage of closely spaced and individually addressable electrodes, the redox-cycling electrochemical diode has the potential for application to large-scale production and electrochemically controlled circuit operations, which go well beyond conventional electronic diodes or transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Seung-Ryong Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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32
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Ramirez P, Cervera J, Gomez V, Ali M, Nasir S, Ensinger W, Mafe S. Optimizing Energy Transduction of Fluctuating Signals with Nanofluidic Diodes and Load Capacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1702252. [PMID: 28960903 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The design and experimental implementation of hybrid circuits is considered allowing charge transfer and energy conversion between nanofluidic diodes in aqueous ionic solutions and conventional electronic elements such as capacitors. The fundamental concepts involved are reviewed for the case of fluctuating zero-average external potentials acting on single pore and multipore membranes. This problem is relevant to electrochemical energy conversion and storage, the stimulus-response characteristics of nanosensors and actuators, and the estimation of the accumulative effects caused by external signals on biological ion channels. Half-wave and full-wave voltage doublers and quadruplers can scale up the transduction between ionic and electronic signals. The network designs discussed here should be useful to convert the weak signals characteristic of the micro and nanoscale into robust electronic responses by interconnecting iontronics and electronic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Ramirez
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de València, E-46022, València, Spain
| | - Javier Cervera
- Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Vicente Gomez
- Departament de Física Aplicada, Universitat Politécnica de València, E-46022, València, Spain
| | - Mubarak Ali
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Materials Research Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, D-64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Saima Nasir
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ensinger
- Department of Material- and Geo-Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Departament de Física de la Terra i Termodinàmica, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain
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33
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Doris SE, Pierre A, Street RA. Dynamic and Tunable Threshold Voltage in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706757. [PMID: 29498110 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have found applications in chemical and biological sensing and interfacing, neuromorphic computing, digital logic, and printed electronics. However, the incorporation of OECTs in practical electronic circuits is limited by the relative lack of control over their threshold voltage, which is important for controlling the power consumption and noise margin in complementary and unipolar circuits. Here, the threshold voltage of OECTs is precisely tuned over a range of more than 1 V by chemically controlling the electrochemical potential at the gate electrode. This threshold voltage tunability is exploited to prepare inverters and amplifiers with improved noise margin and gain, respectively. By coupling the gate electrode with an electrochemical oscillator, single-transistor oscillators based on OECTs with dynamic time-varying threshold voltages are prepared. This work highlights the importance of electrochemistry at the gate electrode in determining the electrical properties of OECTs, and opens a path toward the system-level design of low-power OECT-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Doris
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Adrien Pierre
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Robert A Street
- Palo Alto Research Center-a Xerox Company, 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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34
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Cheng LJ. Electrokinetic ion transport in nanofluidics and membranes with applications in bioanalysis and beyond. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:021502. [PMID: 29713395 PMCID: PMC5897123 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic transport of ions between electrolyte solutions and ion permselective solid media governs a variety of applications, such as molecular separation, biological detection, and bioelectronics. These applications rely on a unique class of materials and devices to interface the ionic and electronic systems. The devices built on ion permselective materials or micro-/nanofluidic channels are arranged to work with aqueous environments capable of either manipulating charged species through applied electric fields or transducing biological responses into electronic signals. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the application of electrokinetic ion transport using nanofluidic and membrane technologies. We start with an introduction into the theoretical basis of ion transport kinetics and their analogy to the charge transport in electronic systems. We continue with discussions of the materials and nanofabrication technologies developed to create ion permselective membranes and nanofluidic devices. Accomplishments from various applications are highlighted, including biosensing, molecular separation, energy conversion, and bio-electronic interfaces. We also briefly outline potential applications and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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35
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Zhao Y, Dai S, Chu Y, Wu X, Huang J. A flexible ionic synaptic device and diode-based aqueous ion sensor utilizing asymmetric polyelectrolyte distribution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8186-8189. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two terminal ionic synaptic devices and pH sensors based on ionic diodes were developed by utilizing asymmetric polyelectrolyte distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Shilei Dai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yingli Chu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Wu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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36
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Tybrandt K. Exploring the potential of ionic bipolar diodes for chemical neural interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8171-8177. [PMID: 29104986 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01732d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Technology interfaces which can imitate the chemically specific signaling of nervous tissues are attractive for studying and developing therapies for neurological disorders. As the signaling in nervous tissue is highly spatiotemporal in nature, an interfacing technology should provide local neurotransmitter release in the millisecond range. To obtain such a speed, the neurotransmitters must be stored close to the release point, while avoiding substantial passive leakage. Here we theoretically investigate whether ionic bipolar diodes can be used for this purpose. We find that if a sufficiently large reverse potential is applied, the passive leakage can be suppressed to negligible levels due to the high local electric field within the bipolar diode. The influences of various design parameters are studied to determine the optimal design and operation. Finally, the delivery speed of the component is evaluated using time-dependent simulations, which show that the release of neurotransmitters to physiologically relevant concentrations can be achieved in less than 10 ms. Altogether, the results suggest that ionic bipolar diodes constitute a highly attractive technology for achieving high speed low leakage addressable delivery circuits for neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
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37
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Ionic Circuits Powered by Reverse Electrodialysis for an Ultimate Iontronic System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14068. [PMID: 29070833 PMCID: PMC5656583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous reports on iontronic devices, there has been no whole circuit working in aqueous media including even power source. Herein, we introduce complete ionic circuits powered by reverse electrodialysis (RED) for the first time without employing any electronic components. The RED-driven polyelectrolyte diode successfully shows rectification behavior which is verified by monitoring dynamic ion distribution through fluorescence in real-time. We can also turn on and off the voltage applied to the circuit, and apply an arbitrary voltage by precisely manipulating the pressure imposed to an elastic connection tube filled with electrolyte. Furthermore, this new concept containing ionic power source advances to a more sophisticated ionic OR logic gate. The proposed system paves the way to develop not only passive iontronic devices (e.g. current ionic diode), but active ones requiring a source of energy, particularly such as a neuron-like information processor powered by fully ionic systems, and thereby aqueous computers.
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38
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Arbring Sjöström T, Jonsson A, Gabrielsson E, Kergoat L, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Cross-Linked Polyelectrolyte for Improved Selectivity and Processability of Iontronic Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30247-30252. [PMID: 28831798 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
On-demand local release of biomolecules enables fine-tuned stimulation for the next generation of neuromodulation therapies. Such chemical stimulation is achievable using iontronic devices based on microfabricated, highly selective ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Current limitations in processability and performance of thin film IEMs hamper future developments of this technology. Here we address this limitation by developing a cationic IEM with excellent processability and ionic selectivity: poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSS-co-MA) cross-linked with polyethylene glycol (PEG). This enables new design opportunities and provides enhanced compatibility with in vitro cell studies. PSSA-co-MA/PEG is shown to out-perform the cation selectivity of the previously used iontronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Amanda Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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39
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Seitanidou M, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Sjöström TA, Zozoulenko I, Berggren M, Simon DT. pH Dependence of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Iontronic Transport. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7284-7289. [PMID: 28741949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) has been developed as an "iontronic" tool for delivery of biological signaling compounds. OEIPs rely on electrophoretically "pumping" charged compounds, either at neutral or shifted pH, through an ion-selective channel. Significant shifts in pH lead to an abundance of H+ or OH-, which are delivered along with the intended substance. While this method has been used to transport various neurotransmitters, the role of pH has not been explored. Here we present an investigation of the role of pH on OEIP transport efficiency using the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as the model cationic delivery substance. GABA transport is evaluated at various pHs using electrical and chemical characterization and compared to molecular dynamics simulations, all of which agree that pH 3 is ideal for GABA transport. These results demonstrate a useful method for optimizing transport of other substances and thus broadening OEIP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Juan Felipe Franco-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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40
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Peng S, Lal A, Luo D, Lu Y. An optically-gated AuNP-DNA protonic transistor. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6953-6958. [PMID: 28451677 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bio-interface transistors, which manipulate the transportation of ions (i.e. protons), play an important role in bridging physical devices with biological functionalities, because electrical signals are carried by ions/protons in biological systems. All available ionic transistors use electrostatic gates to tune the ionic carrier density, which requires complicated interconnect wires. In contrast, an optical gate, which offers the advantages of remote control as well as multiple light wavelength selections, has never been explored for ionic devices. Here, we demonstrate a light-gated protonic transistor fabricated from an Au nanoparticle and DNA (AuNP-DNA) hybrid membrane. The device can be turned on and off completely by using light, with a high on/off current ratio of up to 2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, the device only responds to specific light wavelengths due to the plasmonic effect from the AuNPs, which enables the capability of wavelength selectivity. Our results open up new avenues for exploring remotely controlled ionic circuits, in vivo protonic switches, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songming Peng
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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41
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Carrad DJ, Mostert AB, Ullah AR, Burke AM, Joyce HJ, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Meredith P, Micolich AP. Hybrid Nanowire Ion-to-Electron Transducers for Integrated Bioelectronic Circuitry. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:827-833. [PMID: 28002672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key task in the emerging field of bioelectronics is the transduction between ionic/protonic and electronic signals at high fidelity. This is a considerable challenge since the two carrier types exhibit intrinsically different physics and are best supported by very different materials types-electronic signals in inorganic semiconductors and ionic/protonic signals in organic or bio-organic polymers, gels, or electrolytes. Here we demonstrate a new class of organic-inorganic transducing interface featuring semiconducting nanowires electrostatically gated using a solid proton-transporting hygroscopic polymer. This model platform allows us to study the basic transducing mechanisms as well as deliver high fidelity signal conversion by tapping into and drawing together the best candidates from traditionally disparate realms of electronic materials research. By combining complementary n- and p-type transducers we demonstrate functional logic with significant potential for scaling toward high-density integrated bioelectronic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Carrad
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - A B Mostert
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - A R Ullah
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - A M Burke
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Solid State Physics/NanoLund, Lund University , SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - H J Joyce
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - H H Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - C Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Physics Department, Swansea University , Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - A P Micolich
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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42
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Stassen I, Burtch N, Talin A, Falcaro P, Allendorf M, Ameloot R. An updated roadmap for the integration of metal–organic frameworks with electronic devices and chemical sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:3185-3241. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00122c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the steps needed to bring the properties of MOFs from the chemical lab to the microelectronics fab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Stassen
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
- Imec
| | | | - Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Livermore
- USA
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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43
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Strategies for manipulation of oxygen utilization by the electron transfer chain in microbes for metabolic engineering purposes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:647-658. [PMID: 27800562 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microaerobic growth is of importance in ecological niches, pathogenic infections and industrial production of chemicals. The use of low levels of oxygen enables the cell to gain energy and grow more robustly in the presence of a carbon source that can be oxidized and provide electrons to the respiratory chain in the membrane. A considerable amount of information is available on the genes and proteins involved in respiratory growth and the regulation of genes involved in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. The dependence of regulation on sensing systems that respond to reduced quinones (e.g. ArcB) or oxygen levels that affect labile redox components of transcription regulators (Fnr) are key in understanding the regulation. Manipulation of the amount of respiration can be difficult to control in dense cultures or inadequately mixed reactors leading to inhomogeneous cultures that may have lower than optimal performance. Efforts to control respiration through genetic means have been reported and address mutations affecting components of the electron transport chain. In a recent report completion for intermediates of the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway was used to dial the level of respiration vs lactate formation in an aerobically grown E. coli culture.
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44
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Yang C, Hinkle P, Menestrina J, Vlassiouk IV, Siwy ZS. Polarization of Gold in Nanopores Leads to Ion Current Rectification. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4152-4158. [PMID: 27690449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic nanopores with rectifying properties are relevant components of ionic switches, ionic circuits, and biological sensors. Rectification indicates that currents for voltages of one polarity are higher than currents for voltages of the opposite polarity. Ion current rectification requires the presence of surface charges on the pore walls, achieved either by the attachment of charged groups or in multielectrode systems by applying voltage to integrated gate electrodes. Here we present a simpler concept for introducing surface charges via polarization of a thin layer of Au present at one entrance of a silicon nitride nanopore. In an electric field applied by two electrodes placed in bulk solution on both sides of the membrane, the Au layer polarizes such that excess positive charge locally concentrates at one end and negative charge concentrates at the other end. Consequently, a junction is formed between zones with enhanced anion and cation concentrations in the solution adjacent to the Au layer. This bipolar double layer together with enhanced cation concentration in a negatively charged silicon nitride nanopore leads to voltage-controlled surface-charge patterns and ion current rectification. The experimental findings are supported by numerical modeling that confirm modulation of ionic concentrations by the Au layer and ion current rectification even in low-aspect ratio nanopores. Our findings enable a new strategy for creating ionic circuits with diodes and transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Preston Hinkle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Justin Menestrina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ivan V Vlassiouk
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zuzanna S Siwy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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45
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Hemmatian Z, Keene S, Josberger E, Miyake T, Arboleda C, Soto-Rodríguez J, Baneyx F, Rolandi M. Electronic control of H + current in a bioprotonic device with Gramicidin A and Alamethicin. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12981. [PMID: 27713411 PMCID: PMC5059763 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological systems, intercellular communication is mediated by membrane proteins and ion channels that regulate traffic of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. A bioelectronic device with ion channels that control ionic flow across a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) should therefore be ideal for interfacing with biological systems. Here, we demonstrate a biotic-abiotic bioprotonic device with Pd contacts that regulates proton (H+) flow across an SLB incorporating the ion channels Gramicidin A (gA) and Alamethicin (ALM). We model the device characteristics using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) solution to the Nernst-Planck equation for transport across the membrane. We derive the permeability for an SLB integrating gA and ALM and demonstrate pH control as a function of applied voltage and membrane permeability. This work opens the door to integrating more complex H+ channels at the Pd contact interface to produce responsive biotic-abiotic devices with increased functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hemmatian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Scott Keene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Erik Josberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Takeo Miyake
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Carina Arboleda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jessica Soto-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - François Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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46
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Soto-Rodríguez J, Hemmatian Z, Josberger EE, Rolandi M, Baneyx F. A Palladium-Binding Deltarhodopsin for Light-Activated Conversion of Protonic to Electronic Currents. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6581-5. [PMID: 27185384 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fusion of a palladium-binding peptide to an archaeal rhodopsin promotes intimate integration of the lipid-embedded membrane protein with a palladium hydride protonic contact. Devices fabricated with the palladium-binding deltarhodopsin enable light-activated conversion of protonic currents to electronic currents with on/off responses complete in seconds and a nearly tenfold increase in electrical signal relative to those made with the wild-type protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Hemmatian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Erik E Josberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - François Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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47
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Simon DT, Gabrielsson EO, Tybrandt K, Berggren M. Organic Bioelectronics: Bridging the Signaling Gap between Biology and Technology. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13009-13041. [PMID: 27367172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronics surrounding us in our daily lives rely almost exclusively on electrons as the dominant charge carrier. In stark contrast, biological systems rarely use electrons but rather use ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conducting and semiconducting organic polymers and small molecules, these materials have emerged in recent decades as excellent tools for translating signals between these two realms and, therefore, providing a means to effectively interface biology with conventional electronics-thus, the field of organic bioelectronics. Today, organic bioelectronics defines a generic platform with unprecedented biological recording and regulation tools and is maturing toward applications ranging from life sciences to the clinic. In this Review, we introduce the field, from its early breakthroughs to its current results and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Erik O Gabrielsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.,Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University , 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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48
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Amdursky N, Wang X, Meredith P, Bradley DDC, Stevens MM. Long-Range Proton Conduction across Free-Standing Serum Albumin Mats. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2692-8. [PMID: 26840865 PMCID: PMC4862025 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing serum-albumin mats can transport protons over millimetre length-scales. The results of photoinduced proton transfer and voltage-driven proton-conductivity measurements, together with temperature-dependent and isotope-effect studies, suggest that oxo-amino-acids of the protein serum albumin play a major role in the translocation of protons via an "over-the-barrier" hopping mechanism. The use of proton-conducting protein mats opens new possibilities for bioelectronic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Departments of Materials, Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xuhua Wang
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Donal D C Bradley
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Departments of Materials, Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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49
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Sun G, Senapati S, Chang HC. High-flux ionic diodes, ionic transistors and ionic amplifiers based on external ion concentration polarization by an ion exchange membrane: a new scalable ionic circuit platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1171-7. [PMID: 26960551 PMCID: PMC4828194 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic ion exchange membrane hybrid chip is fabricated using polymer-based, lithography-free methods to achieve ionic diode, transistor and amplifier functionalities with the same four-terminal design. The high ionic flux (>100 μA) feature of the chip can enable a scalable integrated ionic circuit platform for micro-total-analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongchen Sun
- Center for Microfluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA.
| | - Satyajyoti Senapati
- Center for Microfluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA.
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Center for Microfluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, IN, USA.
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50
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Liao C, Zhang M, Yao MY, Hua T, Li L, Yan F. Flexible Organic Electronics in Biology: Materials and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7493-527. [PMID: 25393596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
At the convergence of organic electronics and biology, organic bioelectronics attracts great scientific interest. The potential applications of organic semiconductors to reversibly transmit biological signals or stimulate biological tissues inspires many research groups to explore the use of organic electronics in biological systems. Considering the surfaces of movable living tissues being arbitrarily curved at physiological environments, the flexibility of organic bioelectronic devices is of paramount importance in enabling stable and reliable performances by improving the contact and interaction of the devices with biological systems. Significant advances in flexible organic bio-electronics have been achieved in the areas of flexible organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), polymer electrodes, smart textiles, organic electrochemical ion pumps (OEIPs), ion bipolar junction transistors (IBJTs) and chemiresistors. This review will firstly discuss the materials used in flexible organic bioelectronics, which is followed by an overview on various types of flexible organic bioelectronic devices. The versatility of flexible organic bioelectronics promises a bright future for this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhi Liao
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mei Yu Yao
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Hua
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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