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Nan J, Herbert MS, Purpura S, Henneken AN, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Personalized Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Wellbeing and Empathy in Healthcare Professionals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2640. [PMID: 38676258 PMCID: PMC11053570 DOI: 10.3390/s24082640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare professionals are known to suffer from workplace stress and burnout, which can negatively affect their empathy for patients and quality of care. While existing research has identified factors associated with wellbeing and empathy in healthcare professionals, these efforts are typically focused on the group level, ignoring potentially important individual differences and implications for individualized intervention approaches. In the current study, we implemented N-of-1 personalized machine learning (PML) to predict wellbeing and empathy in healthcare professionals at the individual level, leveraging ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) and smartwatch wearable data. A total of 47 mood and lifestyle feature variables (relating to sleep, diet, exercise, and social connections) were collected daily for up to three months followed by applying eight supervised machine learning (ML) models in a PML pipeline to predict wellbeing and empathy separately. Predictive insight into the model architecture was obtained using Shapley statistics for each of the best-fit personalized models, ranking the importance of each feature for each participant. The best-fit model and top features varied across participants, with anxious mood (13/19) and depressed mood (10/19) being the top predictors in most models. Social connection was a top predictor for wellbeing in 9/12 participants but not for empathy models (1/7). Additionally, empathy and wellbeing were the top predictors of each other in 64% of cases. These findings highlight shared and individual features of wellbeing and empathy in healthcare professionals and suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach to addressing modifiable factors to improve wellbeing and empathy will likely be suboptimal. In the future, such personalized models may serve as actionable insights for healthcare professionals that lead to increased wellness and quality of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Nan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.P.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew S. Herbert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Suzanna Purpura
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.P.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Andrea N. Henneken
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.P.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.P.); (D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Esch T, Stefano GB, Michaelsen MM. The foundations of mind-body medicine: Love, good relationships, and happiness modulate stress and promote health. Stress Health 2024:e3387. [PMID: 38442034 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Although stress is an everyday fact of life, it can lead to poor health outcomes, particularly when intense or prolonged. However, humans have unique cognitive abilities and thus may be able to combat stress by engaging critical psychological defence mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the field of mind-body medicine, which focuses on improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this response and developing interventions that might be used to limit the effects of chronic stress. We review the findings of past and current research in this field that has focused on the impact of psychological, emotional, and behavioural factors, including love, social connectedness, and happiness on human health and the amelioration of pain as well as other signs and symptoms of disease. While these studies have not yet led to confirmed, quantifiable conclusions, the overall weight of evidence suggests that happiness (defined as a personal sense of well-being) may be directly associated with improved health parameters and reductions in debilitating symptoms. Collectively, these findings suggest that interventions designed to promote stress mitigation, notably those that encourage social activity, may lead to significant improvements in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Esch
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - George B Stefano
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry of the First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maren M Michaelsen
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Zhang T, Park D, Tsukayama E, Duckworth AL, Luo L. Sparking Virtuous Cycles: A Longitudinal Study of Subjective Well-Being and Grit During Early Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:331-342. [PMID: 37737939 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In cross-sectional research, subjective well-being and grit are found to be positively correlated. Their mutually reinforcing effects are particularly relevant for youth entering early adolescence because, during this developmental period, both well-being and grit have been shown to predict consequential outcomes later in life. However, their mutual relation has not yet been investigated in early adolescence. This study, therefore, examined the possibility of a virtuous cycle linking subjective well-being and grit during early adolescence. Self-report questionnaires of grit and subjective well-being were completed by N = 5291 children in China (47.6% girls; initial Mage = 9.69, SDage = 0.59) on six occasions over 3 academic years. In random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs), within-person changes in grit predicted within-person changes in subjective well-being 6 months later, and vice versa. Notably, analyses revealed an asymmetry in this cycle: paths from subjective well-being to grit were stronger and more reliable than the converse. Likewise, facet-level analyses showed that the predictive power of the perseverance component (of grit) and the affective component (of subjective well-being), respectively, was greater than the passion and cognitive components, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of boosting happiness for catalyzing positive youth development and, in addition, foreground the utility of studying these composite constructs at the facet level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingdan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Daeun Park
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 03063, South Korea.
| | - Eli Tsukayama
- Division of Business Administration, University of Hawai'i-West O'ahu, Kapolei, HI, 96707, USA
| | - Angela L Duckworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Liang Luo
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Borrelli B, Endrighi R, Dunsiger S, Busch AM, Bock BC, Risica PM, Hughes RB, Lasater T. Greater engagement in valued activities is associated with less barriers to quitting smoking among smokers with mobility impairments. Disabil Health J 2023; 16:101480. [PMID: 37236878 PMCID: PMC10524132 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with mobility impairments (MI; use equipment to ambulate) have a high prevalence of both smoking and depression. Behavioral activation (BA) purports that depressed mood is remediated through valued activity engagement and may facilitate smoking cessation in MI populations. OBJECTIVE We examined cross-sectional associations between activity engagement and variables important for smoking cessation among a high-risk group of smokers (people with MIs) and also describe a smoking cessation intervention based on BA, given the lack of studies on smokers with MIs. METHODS This study used data from a smoking cessation trial enrolling smokers with MIs (n = 263). We assessed valued activities, activity type, activity restriction due to MI, and replacement of restricted activities. Motivation and confidence to quit smoking, number of cigarettes per day, and mood were also assessed. Analysis was performed with generalized linear (or logistic) regression models adjusted for age and physical functioning using aggregated data at baseline. RESULTS Greater number and frequency of valued activities was associated with less smoking, depression, negative affect, and stress and higher positive affect and self-efficacy to quit. Activity restriction was associated with greater odds of major depression, and activity replacement with lower odds of major depression, lower stress, and higher positive affect and self-efficacy. Strength of associations varied by activity type. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with our theoretical model, BA activity constructs were associated with several mediators of smoking outcomes in the expected directions. Smokers engaging in valued activities have more favorable profiles for smoking cessation and mood management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Borrelli
- Center for Behavioral Science Research, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, USA.
| | - Romano Endrighi
- Center for Behavioral Science Research, Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Shira Dunsiger
- The Miriam Hospital and Brown University School of Public Health, USA
| | - Andrew M Busch
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine and The Miriam Hospital, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School and Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minnesota, USA
| | - Beth C Bock
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine and The Miriam Hospital, USA
| | - Patricia Markham Risica
- Departments of Behavioral and Social Sciences and of Epidemiology, Center for Health Equity Research, Brown University School of Public Health, USA
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Rominger C, Schwerdtfeger AR. Dynamic heartbeat tracking beyond the laboratory: Introducing the novel Graz Ambulatory Interoception Task (GRAIT). Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:80-90. [PMID: 37574020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel ambulatory method, the Graz Ambulatory Interoception Task (GRAIT), to assess the accuracy of interoceptive beliefs (AccIB). This method captures both between- and within-person variations of AccIB by having participants counting perceived heartbeats in daily life. Reliability analyses showed high between-person (RkR = 0.99) and moderate within-person reliability (RCn = 0.62). Validity was supported by associations with an established laboratory task (r = 0.87). Within-person associations revealed that interoceptive sensibility, heart rate variability, and states of low arousal coupled with positive affect were linked to AccIB. Study 2 replicated these findings and showed a relationship between AccIB and self-control in everyday life, highlighting the importance of cardiac interoception and its relevance for health.
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Lang BM, Ledergerber M, Jordi SBU, Krupka N, Biedermann L, Schreiner P, Juillerat P, Wyss J, Vavricka SR, Zeitz J, von Känel R, Rogler G, Beerenwinkel N, Misselwitz B. Because I'm happy - positive affect and its predictive value for future disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a retrospective cohort study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231179335. [PMID: 37564129 PMCID: PMC10411285 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231179335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While the detrimental impact of negative emotions on the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and quality of life has been extensively investigated, evidence for a potential impact of positive emotions is scarce. Objectives We aim to analyse contributing factors of positive affect and their predictive value for disease course in IBD patients. Design In this retrospective cohort study, epidemiological, psychosocial and IBD disease characteristics of Swiss IBD cohort study patients were analysed longitudinally. Methods Epidemiological, psychosocial and disease characteristics were extracted from the database of the Swiss IBD cohort study. Participants' positive emotions were assessed cross-sectionally with the seven-item Marburg questionnaire (range 1-6) addressing positive affect in different aspects of daily life. Predictors of positive emotions were identified by linear regression. The quantitative longitudinal impact of positive emotions on the further disease course was analysed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results Among 702 IBD patients, those reporting more positive emotions were found to have significantly less intense medical treatment, less pain and fewer depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). A higher percentage of variability in positive emotions was explained by pain (36%) and depressive symptoms (13%) than by epidemiological characteristics (0.3%), or characteristics of IBD and its treatment (2.4%). Patients with higher levels of positive emotions (score > 3.5) experienced longer flare-free survival, also after adjusting for confounders (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.39, p < 0.05). Conclusions The absence of pain and depressive symptoms were the strongest drivers for high positive affect. Higher scores of positive affect were associated with longer disease-free survival in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Lang
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Ledergerber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Bruno Ulrich Jordi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Krupka
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schreiner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Juillerat
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Wyss
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R. Vavricka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Zeitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre of Gastroenterology, Clinic Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 18, Bern 3010, Switzerland
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Knight EL, Graham-Engeland JE, Sliwinski MJ, Engeland CG. Greater Ecologically Assessed Positive Experiences Predict Heightened Sex Hormone Concentrations Across Two Weeks in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1007-1017. [PMID: 36715104 PMCID: PMC10214649 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sex hormones are important components of healthy aging, with beneficial effects on physical and mental health. Positive experiences such as elevated mood, lowered stress, and higher well-being also contribute to health outcomes and, in younger adults, may be associated with elevated sex hormone levels. However, little is known about the association between positive experiences and sex hormones in older adults. METHODS In this study, older men and women (N = 224, 70+ years of age) provided blood samples before and after a 2-week period of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of positive and negative experiences (assessed based on self-reporting items related to affect, stress, and well-being). Concentrations of a panel of steroid sex hormones and glucocorticoids were determined in blood. RESULTS Higher levels of positive experiences reported in daily life across 2 weeks were associated with increases in free (biologically active) levels of testosterone (B = 0.353 [0.106, 0.601], t(221.3) = 2.801, p = .006), estradiol (B = 0.373 [0.097, 0.649], t(225.1) = 2.645, p = .009), and estrone (B = 0.468 [0.208, 0.727], t(224.3) = 3.535, p < .001) between the start and the end of the 2-week EMA period. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that sex hormones may be a pathway linking positive experiences to health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Knight
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer E Graham-Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Krekel C, Swanke S, De Neve JE, Fancourt D. Happiness predicts compliance with preventive health behaviours during Covid-19 lockdowns. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7989. [PMID: 37198247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat the public health crisis of Covid-19, governments and public health officials have been asking individuals to substantially change their behaviours for prolonged periods of time. Are happier people more willing to comply with such measures? Using independent, large-scale surveys covering about 79,000 adult respondents across 29 countries, including longitudinal data from the UK, we find that life satisfaction predicts compliance with preventive health behaviours during Covid-19 lockdowns, especially the number of weekdays stood at home (β = 0.02, p < 0.01). The association is stronger for higher levels of life satisfaction (e.g. β = 0.19, p < 0.01, 7 on a 0-to-10 scale). Lower life satisfaction, on the contrary, predicts lower compliance (e.g. β = 0.02, p > 0.10, 2 on a 0-to-10 scale). We explore risk-avoidance and pro-social motivations for this relationship, and find suggestive evidence that people who are older or have certain medical preconditions seem to be behave in line with risk-avoidance, whereas motivations of people who are less at risk of Covid-19 seem more mixed. While it is difficult to estimate the relationship between life satisfaction and compliance behaviour due to potential confounders and unobserved heterogeneity, our findings suggest that life satisfaction is important, both for complying with preventive health measures and as a policy end in itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Swanke
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang L, Zhou S, Kwan MP. The temporality of geographic contexts: Individual environmental exposure has time-related effects on mood. Health Place 2023; 79:102953. [PMID: 36512953 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research on environmental exposure and its impacts on people's mood has attracted increasing attention. Most studies focus on the spatiality of geographic contexts, but they neglect the influence of temporality in the relationships between environments and mood. To this end, a survey was conducted in January 2019 in Guangzhou, China, and measured data (micro-environments, built environments, EMA records, GPS trajectories, and activity logs) covering a weekday were collected from 125 participants. Then, multiple linear regression models are employed to examine and compare the associations between environments and mood based on three possible types of temporal responses (cumulative response, momentary response, and time-lagged response). The results indicate that there are great differences in environmental mood effects based on different types of temporal responses. Specifically, (i) for three types of temporal responses, exposure to PM2.5 and noise have mood-blunting effects, whereas exposure to green spaces has mood-augmenting effects. (ii) For two types of temporal responses, higher temperature (in winter) may positively influence individual mood based on cumulative and time-lagged response, and higher POI density can positively affect mood based on cumulative and momentary response. (iii) Relative humidity may not have time-related effects on mood. Although all three types of temporal responses are observed in this study, the most significant manifestation is momentary response. These findings not only enrich theoretical research on environmental mood effects and temporality, but also inform the practice of more refined and humanistic urban planning, environmental governance, and public services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Institute of Studies for the Greater Bay Area (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau), Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suhong Zhou
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Public Security and Disaster, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mei-Po Kwan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management and Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Assessing Resident Well-Being After the ABSITE: A Bad Time to Ask? ANNALS OF SURGERY OPEN 2022; 3:e209. [PMID: 36590890 PMCID: PMC9782176 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assess the association of residents' exam performance and transient emotions with their reports of burnout, suicidality, and mistreatment. Background An annual survey evaluating surgical resident well-being is administered following the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE). One concern about administering a survey after the ABSITE is that stress from the exam may influence their responses. Methods A survey was administered to all general surgery residents following the 2018 ABSITE assessing positive and negative emotions (scales range from 0 to 12), as well as burnout, suicidality over the past 12 months, and mistreatment (discrimination, sexual harassment verbal/emotional or physical abuse) in the past academic year. Multivariable hierarchical regressions assessed the associations of exam performance and emotions with burnout, suicidality, and mistreatment. Results Residents from 262 programs provided complete responses (N = 6987, 93.6% response rate). Residents reported high mean positive emotion (M = 7.54, SD = 2.35) and low mean negative emotion (M = 5.33, SD = 2.43). While residents in the bottom ABSITE score quartile reported lower positive and higher negative emotion than residents in the top 2 and 3 quartiles, respectively (P < 0.005), exam performance was not associated with the reported likelihood of burnout, suicidality, or mistreatment. Conclusions Residents' emotions after the ABSITE are largely positive. Although poor exam performance may be associated with lower positive and higher negative emotion, it does not seem to be associated with the likelihood of reporting burnout, suicidality, or mistreatment. After adjusting for exam performance and emotions, mistreatment remained independently associated with burnout and suicidality. These findings support existing evidence demonstrating that burnout and suicidality are stable constructs that are robust to transient stress and/or emotions.
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Castruita PA, Piña-Escudero SD, Rentería ME, Yokoyama JS. Genetic, Social, and Lifestyle Drivers of Healthy Aging and Longevity. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 10:25-34. [PMID: 38031561 PMCID: PMC10686287 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-022-00205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review "Healthy aging" is the state of the aging process in which a person can maintain physical, social, mental, and spiritual wellness. This literature review presents an overview of recent studies that explore how biological, social, and environmental factors contribute to healthy aging. Recent Findings A number of genome-wide association studies have been conducted recently for traits related to healthy aging, such as frailty index, healthspan, muscle strength, and parental longevity, leading to the discovery of dozens of genetic variants associated with these traits. In parallel, associations between healthy aging measures and multiple non-biological environmental elements have been identified as key moderators of the aging process, indirectly influencing day-to-day homeostatic processes. Summary Individual variations in lifespan and healthspan are influenced by genetic factors, with a heritability of ~ 25% in developed countries. Non-genetic risk variance is explained in part by social, cultural, and lifestyle conditions. Altogether, these factors contribute to a multifaceted state of wellness over time, shaping individual risk to frailty and resilience during the aging process. Notably, "Blue Zone" populations, which are characterized by an abundance in healthy lifestyles across generations, share some commonalities regarding determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alejandra Castruita
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Health Equity Research Lab, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie Danielle Piña-Escudero
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miguel E. Rentería
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Insitute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Miñarro S, Selim S, Galbraith ED. Does catching more fish increase the subjective well-being of fishers? Insights from Bangladesh. AMBIO 2022; 51:1673-1686. [PMID: 35167047 PMCID: PMC9110605 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries have been associated with the subjective well-being of coastal communities through their links with culture, identity, and social cohesion. But although fish catches are usually considered the primary ecosystem service that benefits fishers, little is known about how subjective well-being is influenced by the fishing activity itself. Here, we applied the experience sampling method in two small-scale fisheries in Bangladesh to assess the effects of fishing on fishers' occurrence of positive and negative affect, two measures of subjective well-being. We found that fishing activities were not directly associated with increased momentary affect and that the frequency of positive affect actually decreased as the fishing trip progressed. Furthermore, although very low catches were associated with less positive affect, the highest frequency of positive affect was achieved with relatively small catches. Our results imply that the benefits provided by small-scale fisheries to the momentary subjective well-being of fishers are not strongly related to the actual catching of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Miñarro
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Building Z-Office 137, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Samiya Selim
- Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Liberal Arts (CSD-ULAB), House 56, Road 4/a, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1209 Bangladesh
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
| | - Eric D. Galbraith
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Building Z-Office 137, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0E8 Canada
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13
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Yap YY, Tan SH, Tan SK, Choon SW. Integrating the capability approach and technology acceptance model to explain the elderly’s use intention of online grocery shopping. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2022.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Cross MP, Acevedo AM, Leger KA, Pressman SD. How and Why Could Smiling Influence Physical Health? A Conceptual Review. Health Psychol Rev 2022; 17:321-343. [PMID: 35285408 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2052740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Smiling has been a topic of interest to psychologists for decades, with a myriad of studies tying this behavior to well-being. Despite this, we know surprisingly little about the nature of the connections between smiling and physical health. We review the literature connecting both naturally occurring smiles and experimentally manipulated smiles to physical health and health-relevant outcomes. This work is discussed in the context of existing affect and health-relevant theoretical models that help explain the connection between smiling and physical health including the facial feedback hypothesis, the undoing hypothesis, the generalized unsafety theory of stress, and polyvagal theory. We also describe a number of plausible pathways, some new and relatively untested, through which smiling may influence physical health such as trait or state positive affect, social relationships, stress buffering, and the oculocardiac reflex. Finally, we provide a discussion of possible future directions, including the importance of cultural variation and replication. Although this field is still in its infancy, the findings from both naturally occurring smile studies and experimentally manipulated smile studies consistently suggest that smiling may have a number of health-relevant benefits including beneficially impacting our physiology during acute stress, improved stress recovery, and reduced illness over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Cross
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Acevedo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kate A Leger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah D Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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15
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Cheung EO, Hernandez A, Herold E, Moskowitz JT. Positive Emotion Skills Intervention to Address Burnout in Critical Care Nurses. AACN Adv Crit Care 2021; 31:167-178. [PMID: 32526000 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Critical care nurses experience high levels of workplace stress, which can lead to burnout. Many medical centers have begun offering wellness programs to address burnout in their nursing staff; however, most of these programs focus on reducing negative states such as stress, depression, and anxiety. A growing body of evidence highlights the unique, independent role of positive emotion in promoting adaptive coping in the face of stress. This article describes a novel approach for preventing burnout in critical care nurses: an intervention that explicitly aims to increase positive emotion by teaching individuals empirically supported skills. This positive emotion skills intervention has been used successfully in other populations and can be tailored for critical care nurses. Also discussed are recommendations for addressing burnout in intensive care unit nurses at both the individual and organizational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O Cheung
- Elaine O. Cheung is Research Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, 625 N Michigan Ave, 27th floor, Chicago IL, 60611
| | - Alison Hernandez
- Alison Hernandez is Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Education in Health Science, Institute of Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Emma Herold
- Emma Herold is an undergraduate student, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Judith T. Moskowitz is Professor, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; and Director of Research, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago Illinois
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16
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Cheung EO, Kwok I, Ludwig AB, Burton W, Wang X, Basti N, Addington EL, Maletich C, Moskowitz JT. Development of a Positive Psychology Program (LAVENDER) for Preserving Medical Student Well-being: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Glob Adv Health Med 2021; 10:2164956120988481. [PMID: 33614252 PMCID: PMC7868853 DOI: 10.1177/2164956120988481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health tends to worsen over the course of medical school, with steep declines in well-being in students' clerkship year (M3). Positive emotion promotes adaptive coping to stress and may help preserve medical student well-being. Objective This study describes the development of LAVENDER (Leveraging Affect and Valuing Empathy for Nurturing Doctors' Emotional Resilience), a program aimed at increasing positive emotion to preserve well-being in medical students. Methods We conducted a single-arm pilot of LAVENDER, a positive psychology intervention developed for medical students delivered in an interactive classroom format to a cohort of 157 third-year medical students at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Our primary outcome was the acceptability of LAVENDER. We also examined preliminary efficacy using measures of emotion, stress and burnout collected at each intervention session. Results LAVENDER showed good acceptability: 76% of participants agreed that the LAVENDER skills were useful and 72% agreed that they would recommend the LAVENDER program to others. Qualitative feedback suggested that medical students enjoyed the program and found the skills to be useful for coping with stress, but also reported the following barriers to engagement: lack of time to practice the skills, resistance to the mandatory nature of the wellness sessions, and difficulty integrating the skills in daily life. We did not find support for the preliminary efficacy of LAVENDER for improving medical student well-being in students' clerkship year. Participants showed decreases in positive emotion and increases in symptoms of burnout over the intervention period (ps < .01). Conclusion The current paper describes the development and a single-arm pilot test of LAVENDER, a positive psychology program tailored for medical students. Although we found preliminary evidence for the acceptability of LAVENDER, we did not find support for the preliminary efficacy. Lessons learned and next steps for the program are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O Cheung
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ian Kwok
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Allison B Ludwig
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - William Burton
- Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Xinzi Wang
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neha Basti
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth L Addington
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carly Maletich
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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How strongly connected are positive affect and physical exercise? Results from a large general population study of young adults. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE 2020; 2:e3103. [DOI: 10.32872/cpe.v2i4.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Previous research has shown a link between low positive affect (PA) and numerous physical and psychological well-being outcomes but, recent research has raised the possibility that this relationship may be driven by physical activity. Thus, we were interested in exploring the PA-exercise connection by examining this relationship across differing levels of body mass and athleticism. We also looked at whether the item “active” that is used in many PA assessments was responsible for this effect.
Method
Participants were part of the Norwegian SHoT2018 national survey of 50,054 young adults (mean age = 23.2, 68.9% women), who completed electronic surveys about their exercise levels (duration, frequency and intensity) and affect.
Results
There was a clear and strong dose-response association between current state PA and the duration, frequency and intensity of exercise. For example, duration, magnitude, and slope effects were strongly driven by regular exercisers who had more than a 20-fold greater likelihood of being in the highest PA deciles compared to the least frequent exercisers. These dose-response connections replicated across both healthy and overweight BMIs, as well as in elite athletes. Removing the word “active” from the PA measure substantially reduced the size of this association, although the dose-response relationship remained.
Conclusion
The observed strong connections have critical implications for health researchers and clinicians, and point to a need to carefully consider what types of activities are most strongly tied to well-being.
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18
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Schneider S, Junghaenel DU, Gutsche T, Mak HW, Stone AA. Comparability of Emotion Dynamics Derived From Ecological Momentary Assessments, Daily Diaries, and the Day Reconstruction Method: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e19201. [PMID: 32969835 PMCID: PMC7545330 DOI: 10.2196/19201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interest in the measurement of the temporal dynamics of people’s emotional lives has risen substantially in psychological and medical research. Emotions fluctuate and change over time, and measuring the ebb and flow of people’s affective experiences promises enhanced insights into people’s health and functioning. Researchers have used a variety of intensive longitudinal assessment (ILA) methods to create measures of emotion dynamics, including ecological momentary assessments (EMAs), end-of-day (EOD) diaries, and the day reconstruction method (DRM). To date, it is unclear whether they can be used interchangeably or whether ostensibly similar emotion dynamics captured by the methods differ in meaningful ways. Objective This study aims to examine the extent to which different ILA methods yield comparable measures of intraindividual emotion dynamics. Methods Data from 90 participants aged 50 years or older were collected in a probability-based internet panel, the Understanding America Study, and analyzed. Participants provided positive and negative affect ratings using 3 ILA methods: (1) smartphone-based EMA, administered 6 times per day over 1 week, (2) web-based EOD diaries, administered daily over the same week, and (3) web-based DRM, administered once during that week. We calculated 11 measures of emotion dynamics (addressing mean levels, variability, instability, and inertia separately for positive and negative affect, as well as emotion network density, mixed emotions, and emotional dialecticism) from each ILA method. The analyses examined mean differences and correlations of scores addressing the same emotion dynamic across the ILA methods. We also compared the patterns of intercorrelations among the emotion dynamics and their relationships with health outcomes (general health, pain, and fatigue) across ILA methods. Results Emotion dynamics derived from EMAs and EOD diaries demonstrated moderate-to-high correspondence for measures of mean emotion levels (ρ≥0.95), variability (ρ≥0.68), instability (ρ≥0.51), mixed emotions (ρ=0.92), and emotional dialecticism (ρ=0.57), and low correspondence for measures of inertia (ρ≥0.17) and emotion network density (ρ=0.36). DRM-derived measures showed correlations with EMAs and EOD diaries that were high for mean emotion levels and mixed emotions (ρ≥0.74), moderate for variability (ρ=0.38-.054), and low to moderate for other measures (ρ=0.03-0.41). Intercorrelations among the emotion dynamics showed high convergence across EMAs and EOD diaries, and moderate convergence between the DRM and EMAs as well as EOD diaries. Emotion dynamics from all 3 ILA methods produced very similar patterns of relationships with health outcomes. Conclusions EMAs and EOD diaries provide corresponding information about individual differences in various emotion dynamics, whereas the DRM provides corresponding information about emotion levels and (to a lesser extent) variability, but not about more complex emotion dynamics. Our results caution researchers against viewing these ILA methods as universally interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Tania Gutsche
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hio Wa Mak
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arthur A Stone
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study tested preregistered predictions regarding the prospective associations between level and change in subjective well-being (SWB) and physical health. METHODS In two large longitudinal panel studies conducted in the United States (N = 3294) and Japan (N = 657), we used multilevel growth curve models to estimate level and change in components of SWB (i.e., life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). Next, we used random intercepts and slopes to predict subsequent self-reported general health and number of chronic health conditions (in the United States and Japan) and mortality risk (in the United States). RESULTS Greater life satisfaction, higher positive affect, and lower negative affect were associated with better health (0.22 < |β values| < 0.46) and longer survival. Above and beyond SWB level, longitudinal increases in life satisfaction and positive affect and longitudinal decreases in negative affect were associated with better health (0.06 < |β values| < 0.20). Moreover, all three SWB components independently predicted health, and life satisfaction and negative affect independently predicted survival. The preregistration and analysis scripts are available at osf.io/mz9gy. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that being happy and becoming happier across time are independently associated with better physical health in the United States and Japan.
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20
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Yagi A, Nouchi R, Murayama K, Sakaki M, Kawashima R. The Role of Cognitive Control in Age-Related Changes in Well-Being. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:198. [PMID: 32848699 PMCID: PMC7396630 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining emotional well-being in late life is crucial for achieving successful and healthy aging. While previous research from Western cultures has documented that emotional well-being improves as individuals get older, previous research provided mixed evidence on the effects of age on well-being in Eastern Asian cultures. However, previous studies in East Asia do not always take into account the effects of cognitive control—an ability which has been considered as a key to enable older adults to regulate their emotions. In the current study, we tested whether cognitive control abilities interact with age in determining individuals’ well-being in 59 Japanese females (age range: 26–79; Mage = 64.95). Participants’ mental health and mental fatigue were tracked for 5 years together with their cognitive control abilities. We found that as individuals became older, they showed improved mental health and decreased mental fatigue. In addition, we found a quadratic effect of age on mental fatigue, which was further qualified by baseline cognitive control abilities. Specifically, in those who had a lower level of cognitive control abilities, mental fatigue declined until the mid-60s, at which point it started increasing (a U-shape effect). In contrast, in those who had a higher level of cognitive control ability, mental fatigue showed a steady decrease with age even after their mid-60s. These results suggest that whether advancing age is associated with positive vs. negative changes in well-being depends on cognitive control abilities, and that preserved cognitive control is a key to maintain well-being in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Yagi
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kou Murayama
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Michiko Sakaki
- Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Willroth EC, Graham EK, Mroczek DK. Comparing the Predictive Validity of Trait Affect and Average Daily Affect for the Prospective Prediction of Health Outcomes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020; 87. [PMID: 32606483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In preregistered secondary data analyses, we compared the predictive utility of trait affect and average daily affect for predicting three health outcomes across nine years (N = 1,376). Trait positive and negative affect were assessed using a 25-item dispositional questionnaire. Average daily affect was assessed as the mean of eight daily diary reports of the same items. Trait affect and average daily affect both had medium associations with self-reported general health and chronic health conditions. Moreover, both types of affect predicted mortality when adjusting for baseline health and demographics. Effect sizes were comparable for trait compared to daily affect. These findings demonstrate convergent predictive validity of trait and daily affect measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Willroth
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Eileen K Graham
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University.,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
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22
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is increasing recognition that positive affective states have a protective association for all-cause mortality. However, positive states of happiness and excitement vary over time, and little is known about the association of fluctuations in positive affect with survival. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of positive affect instability, conceptualized as fluctuations in momentary positive affect, with mortality in a population-based sample of older adults in England. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This survey study used data from a longitudinal survey collected in wave 2 (2004) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a nationally representative sample of older men and women living in England, with follow-up continuing until March 2018. Participants included people aged 50 years or older at recruitment. Data were analyzed from September 2019 to April 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Positive and negative affect were measured at 4 time points over the course of 1 day: soon after waking, 30 minutes after waking, at 7:00 pm, and at bedtime. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 3834 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 64.0 [7.4] years; 2082 [54.3%] women) with a mean (SD) follow-up of 12.25 (2.60) years. Adjusting for demographic characteristics, baseline illness, health behaviors, and mean level and instability in negative affect, Cox proportional hazards regression showed that high positive affect instability was associated with greater mortality, with a hazard ratio of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.04-1.49; P = .02). Associations did not differ by age, suggesting that the increased mortality risk associated with high positive affect instability was not restricted to older ages. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that temporal fluctuations in positive affect were associated with mortality risk in older adults. These findings illustrate the value of incorporating dynamic assessments of positive affect in distal health outcomes such as mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Zhu B, Feng T, Izci-Balserak B. Using Research Electronic Data Capture for Longitudinal Assessment Among Older Adults With Diabetes Enhances Real-Time Data Collection. Comput Inform Nurs 2020; 39:32-41. [PMID: 32604206 DOI: 10.1097/cin.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide evidence on the application of Research Electronic Data Capture for collecting repeated data during a 7-day period among older adults. Fifty-seven adults (≥50 years) with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Participants completed one sleep diary upon awaking and one self-care diary before going to bed each day for 7 days. The diaries were administered via the Research Electronic Data Capture Web-based system and were completed via participants' own electronic devices. Objective compliance rate, time used to complete each diary, and participant experience were described. Approximately 80% (n = 45) of the participants used Research Electronic Data Capture. Among these participants, the noncompliance rate ranged between 0% and 8.9% for the sleep diary and 0% and 13.1% for the self-care diary. Participants spent 4.2 to 8.7 minutes on the sleep diary and 3.5 to 7.1 minutes on the self-care diary. It took the participants a longer time to complete the diaries during the first day than during the following 6 days. Few participants reported technical issues or felt inconvenient or stressful with completing the Research Electronic Data Capture diaries. Overall, the compliance rates were high. Completing the diaries was not time-consuming and participants were largely satisfied with the Research Electronic Data Capture data collection. Research Electronic Data Capture has aided the longitudinal data collection. With adequate training, Research Electronic Data Capture is an efficient tool to collect repeated data among older adults and thus is recommended for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhu
- Author Affiliations: School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Dr Zhu); Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Dr Feng); and College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago (Izci-Balserak)
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24
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Salsman JM, McLouth LE, Cohn M, Tooze JA, Sorkin M, Moskowitz JT. A Web-Based, Positive Emotion Skills Intervention for Enhancing Posttreatment Psychological Well-Being in Young Adult Cancer Survivors (EMPOWER): Protocol for a Single-Arm Feasibility Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e17078. [PMID: 32463014 PMCID: PMC7290453 DOI: 10.2196/17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (AYAs) experience clinically significant distress and have limited access to supportive care services. Interventions to enhance psychological well-being have improved positive affect and reduced depression in clinical and healthy populations but have not been routinely tested in AYAs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this protocol is to (1) test the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based positive emotion skills intervention for posttreatment AYAs called Enhancing Management of Psychological Outcomes With Emotion Regulation (EMPOWER) and (2) examine proof of concept for reducing psychological distress and enhancing psychological well-being. METHODS The intervention development and testing are taking place in 3 phases. In phase 1, we adapted the content of an existing, Web-based positive emotion intervention so that it would be suitable for AYAs. EMPOWER targets 8 skills (noticing positive events, capitalizing, gratitude, mindfulness, positive reappraisal, goal setting, personal strengths, and acts of kindness) and is delivered remotely as a 5-week, Web-based intervention. Phase 2 consisted of a pilot test of EMPOWER in a single-arm trial to evaluate feasibility, acceptability, retention, and adherence and to collect data on psychosocial outcomes for proof of concept. In phase 3, we are refining study procedures and conducting a second pilot test. RESULTS The project was part of a career development award. Pilot work began in June 2015, and data collection was completed in March 2019. The analysis is ongoing, and results will be submitted for publication by May 2020. CONCLUSIONS If this intervention proves feasible and acceptable, EMPOWER will be primed for a subsequent large, multisite randomized controlled trial. As a scalable intervention, it will be ideally suited for AYA survivors who would otherwise not have access to supportive care interventions to help manage posttreatment distress and enhance well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02832154, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02832154. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17078.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Salsman
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Laurie E McLouth
- Department of Behavioral Science, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael Cohn
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Janet A Tooze
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mia Sorkin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Ready RE, Boileau NR, Barton SK, Lai JS, McCormack MK, Cella D, Fritz NE, Paulsen JS, Carlozzi NE. Positive Affect and Well-Being in Huntington's Disease Moderates the Association Between Functional Impairment and HRQOL Outcomes. J Huntingtons Dis 2020; 8:221-232. [PMID: 31045519 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive affect is associated with resiliency and beneficial health outcomes, but little is known about associations between positive affect and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Huntington's disease (HD). OBJECTIVE This longitudinal study determined the association between positive affect and several HRQOL outcomes in persons with HD. Functional status was examined as a moderator of the association between positive affect and HRQOL. METHODS Participants, with premanifest (i.e., genetically at risk but no clinical diagnosis, n = 50) and manifest HD (early-stage n = 171; late-stage n = 101), completed a measure of positive affect and well-being and several HRQOL measures at baseline, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. UHDRS Functional Assessment scale indicated functional status. RESULTS Positive affect was associated with better HRQOL for persons with premanifest and manifest HD over the 24-month time frame. These associations were moderated by functional status. For persons with higher functional status, positive affect was associated with better HRQOL, including less depression, lower anxiety, less anger, better social role satisfaction, better executive functions, greater upper extremity function, less dyscontrol, and less concern with death and dying. For persons with lower functional status, positive affect was not associated with HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS Positive affect predicted better self-reported HRQOL over a 24-month period in persons with premanifest and manifest HD, particularly when participnats had better functional status. Interventions to enhance positive affect in HD may have beneficial effects on HRQOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ready
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boileau
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stacey K Barton
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Shei Lai
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael K McCormack
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Department of Pathology, Rowan-SOM, Stratford, NJ
| | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nora E Fritz
- Physical Therapy Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jane S Paulsen
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Noelle E Carlozzi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Petrie KJ, Pressman SD, Pennebaker JW, Øverland S, Tell GS, Sivertsen B. Which Aspects of Positive Affect Are Related to Mortality? Results From a General Population Longitudinal Study. Ann Behav Med 2019; 52:571-581. [PMID: 29860364 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has shown a link between low positive affect and mortality, but questions remain about how positive affect is related to mortality and how this differs by gender and age. Purpose To investigate the relationships between positive affect, negative affect, and mortality in a general population sample, and to examine whether these relationships were related to age, sex, or cause-specific mortality. Methods We used data from 5,554 Norwegian participants aged 47-49 and 71-74 years who completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and also provided data on demographics, health behaviors, and physical health as part of the Hordaland Health Study. The primary outcome was mortality after an average follow-up period of 16.5 years. Results Participants in the lowest positive affect tertile had a near twofold increased mortality risk, compared to those in the highest positive affect tertile. This association was driven primarily by the PANAS "active" item and persisted, even after controlling for activity-related confounds and other positive affect items. No significant associations were found between negative affect and mortality. The relationship between positive affect and mortality was not significantly attenuated by age or sex. Although low positive affect was associated with an increased risk of mortality, it was not related to a specific cause of death. Conclusions Low positive affect was significantly associated with mortality risk. The relationship was driven by the PANAS active item and not associated with cause-specific mortality. Findings suggest future research should examine the association between feeling inactive, sedentary behavior, and subsequent mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Petrie
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah D Pressman
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Simon Øverland
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Division for Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
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27
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Moskowitz JT, Addington EL, Cheung EO. Positive psychology and health: Well-being interventions in the context of illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 61:136-138. [PMID: 31757566 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth L Addington
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Elaine O Cheung
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States of America
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28
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Lindsay EK, Creswell JD. Mindfulness, acceptance, and emotion regulation: perspectives from Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT). Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:120-125. [PMID: 30639835 PMCID: PMC6565510 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experiential acceptance-an orientation of receptivity and noninterference with present-moment experiences-is described as central to mindfulness interventions, yet little experimental work has tested acceptance as a mechanism for mindfulness intervention effects. Guided by Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT), this review situates acceptance as an emotion regulation mechanism and reviews self-report mindfulness literature showing that attention monitoring skills are only associated with beneficial mental and physical health outcomes when accompanied by acceptance skills. New experimental dismantling work shows that removing acceptance training from mindfulness interventions reduces their efficacy for improving stress, positive emotion, and social relationship outcomes. Overall, converging evidence demonstrates that acceptance is a critical emotion regulation mechanism of mindfulness interventions. This work advances basic research, has translational value, and offers opportunities for future research.
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Moskowitz JT, Cheung EO, Snowberg KE, Verstaen A, Merrilees J, Salsman JM, Dowling GA. Randomized controlled trial of a facilitated online positive emotion regulation intervention for dementia caregivers. Health Psychol 2019; 38:391-402. [PMID: 31045422 PMCID: PMC6501812 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effects of Life Enhancing Activities for Family Caregivers (LEAF), a 6-week positive emotion regulation intervention, on outcomes of positive emotion, depression, anxiety, and physical health as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS®). METHOD A randomized controlled trial (N = 170) comparing LEAF (N = 86) to an emotion reporting/waitlist condition (N = 84) in dementia caregivers. LEAF was individually delivered online by trained facilitators. Participants in the control condition completed daily online emotion reports and then crossed over into the intervention condition after 6 weeks. The study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01825681) and funded by R01NR014435. RESULTS Analyses of difference in change from baseline to 6 weeks demonstrated significantly greater decreases in PROMIS® depression (d = -.25; p = .02) and Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (NeuroQOL) anxiety (d = -.33; p < .01), as well as improvements in PROMIS® physical health (d = .24; p = .02) in the intervention condition compared to the emotion reporting/waitlist control. The intervention also showed greater improvements in positive emotion (d = .58; p < .01) and positive aspects of caregiving (d = .36; p < .01). Increases in positive emotion significantly mediated the effect of LEAF on depression over time. CONCLUSIONS This randomized controlled trial of the online-facilitated positive emotion regulation intervention in dementia caregivers demonstrated small to medium effect sizes on caregiver well-being and shows promise for remotely delivered programs to improve psychological well-being in caregivers of people with dementia and other chronic illnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Elaine O Cheung
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Karin E Snowberg
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Alice Verstaen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - John M Salsman
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine
| | - Glenna A Dowling
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco
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30
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Wen M, Ren Q, Korinek K, Trinh HN. Living in skipped generation households and happiness among middle-aged and older grandparents in China. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019; 80:145-155. [PMID: 30955552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether living in skipped-generation households (SGHs) is prospectively linked to happiness among middle-aged and older grandparents in China and explores the moderating effects of age, gender, education, income and rural-urban status on this link. The analyses use the two most recent waves of data (collected in 2012 and 2014) from the China Family Panel Studies. The outcome is a continuous, single-item happiness scale composed of data taken from the latter wave, while the key predictor is a categorical measurement of the respondents' living arrangements in 2012. The analyses use ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analyses to assess the relationship between the two variables of interest. Overall, grandparents living in SGHs are less happy than those living only with a spouse or those living in three-generation households. Age group and rural-urban status are found to be significant moderators. The negative link between living in SGHs and happiness is largely absent in the oldest age group (i.e., age 70 or above) and among urban dwellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wen
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Qiang Ren
- Center for Social Research/Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, Science Bldg. #5, Room 633, Yiheyuan Road #5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Kim Korinek
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ha N Trinh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Women's Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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31
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Feasibility and Acceptability of an Online Positive Affect Intervention for Those Living with Comorbid HIV Depression. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:753-764. [PMID: 30701389 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Positive affect has unique beneficial effects on psychological and physical health, independent of the effects of negative affect. Interventions that explicitly target positive affect show promise for improving health outcomes in a number of chronic illnesses. In this article, we present pilot data on the acceptability and feasibility of an online intervention to increase positive affect in those living with comorbid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and depression. The intervention was rated both acceptable and feasible by participants. Six of nine participants completed the intervention and the subsequent follow-up assessment and a post-intervention phone call. We also present outcomes of planned comparisons of intervention effects on emotion, which indicate that positive affect increased significantly in the intervention group. Based upon results of the current study, future research should continue the development of positive affect interventions for people living with comorbid HIV and depression.
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Boccardi M, Boccardi V. Psychological Wellbeing and Healthy Aging: Focus on Telomeres. Geriatrics (Basel) 2019; 4:geriatrics4010025. [PMID: 31023993 PMCID: PMC6473912 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics4010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and depression are known to modulate the aging process, and might also affect telomere biology. In fact, exposure to some biochemical pathways involved in stress-related depression may contribute to an ‘‘accelerated aging” phenotype, as well as the incidence of age-related diseases, including metabolic disorders and dementia. Basic studies support the notion that the telomere and telomerase system plays a pivotal role in the aging process and disease promotion. Interestingly, short and dysfunctional telomeres are associated with reduced lifespan, as shown in animal models. In this context, telomeres are very sensitive to stress, mindset, and lifestyle, and their rescue may be sufficient to restore cell and organism viability. This mini-review discusses conceptual models of healthy and active aging and their relationship with telomere biology and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Boccardi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 60132 Perugia, Italy.
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33
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Mindfulness training reduces loneliness and increases social contact in a randomized controlled trial. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3488-3493. [PMID: 30808743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813588116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and social isolation are a growing public health concern, yet there are few evidence-based interventions for mitigating these social risk factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that mindfulness interventions can improve social-relationship processes. However, the active ingredients of mindfulness training underlying these improvements are unclear. Developing mindfulness-specific skills-namely, (i) monitoring present-moment experiences with (ii) an orientation of acceptance-may change the way people perceive and relate toward others. We predicted that developing openness and acceptance toward present experiences is critical for reducing loneliness and increasing social contact and that removing acceptance-skills training from a mindfulness intervention would eliminate these benefits. In this dismantling trial, 153 community adults were randomly assigned to a 14-lesson smartphone-based intervention: (i) training in both monitoring and acceptance (Monitor+Accept), (ii) training in monitoring only (Monitor Only), or (iii) active control training. For 3 d before and after the intervention, ambulatory assessments were used to measure loneliness and social contact in daily life. Consistent with predictions, Monitor+Accept training reduced daily-life loneliness by 22% (d = 0.44, P = 0.0001) and increased social contact by two more interactions each day (d = 0.47, P = 0.001) and one more person each day (d = 0.39, P = 0.004), compared with both Monitor Only and control trainings. These findings describe a behavioral therapeutic target for improving social-relationship functioning; by fostering equanimity with feelings of loneliness and social disconnect, acceptance-skills training may allow loneliness to dissipate and encourage greater engagement with others in daily life.
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34
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Nandy RR, Nandy K, Hébert ET, Businelle MS, Walters ST. Identifying Behaviors Predicting Early Morning Emotions by Observing Permanent Supportive Housing Residents: An Ecological Momentary Assessment. JMIR Ment Health 2019; 6:e10186. [PMID: 30730296 PMCID: PMC6385519 DOI: 10.2196/10186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavior and emotions are closely intertwined. The relationship between behavior and emotions might be particularly important in populations of underserved people, such as people with physical or mental health issues. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the relationship between emotional state and other characteristics among people with a history of chronic homelessness who were participating in a health coaching program. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify relationships between daily emotional states (valence and arousal) shortly after waking and behavioral variables such as physical activity, diet, social interaction, medication compliance, and tobacco usage the prior day, controlling for demographic characteristics. METHODS Participants in m.chat, a technology-assisted health coaching program, were recruited from housing agencies in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. All participants had a history of chronic homelessness and reported at least one mental health condition. We asked a subset of participants to complete daily EMAs of emotions and other behaviors. From the circumplex model of affect, the EMA included 9 questions related to the current emotional state of the participant (happy, frustrated, sad, worried, restless, excited, calm, bored, and sluggish). The responses were used to calculate two composite scores for valence and arousal. RESULTS Nonwhites reported higher scores for both valence and arousal, but not at a statistically significant level after correcting for multiple testing. Among momentary predictors, greater time spent in one-on-one interactions, greater time spent in physical activities, a greater number of servings of fruits and vegetables, greater time spent interacting in a one-on-one setting as well as adherence to prescribed medication the previous day were generally associated with higher scores for both valence and arousal, and statistical significance was achieved in most cases. Number of cigarettes smoked the previous day was generally associated with lower scores on both valence and arousal, although statistical significance was achieved for valence only when correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an important glimpse into factors that predict morning emotions among people with mental health issues and a history of chronic homelessness. Behaviors considered to be positive (eg, physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables) generally enhanced positive affect and restrained negative affect the following morning. The opposite was true for behaviors such as smoking, which are considered to be negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh R Nandy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Karabi Nandy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Emily T Hébert
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Michael S Businelle
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Scott T Walters
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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35
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Pressman SD, Jenkins BN, Moskowitz JT. Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go? Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:627-650. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Positive affect (PA) is associated with better health across a wide range of physical health outcomes. This review reflects on why the study of PA is an essential component of our understanding of physical health and expands on pathways that connect these two variables. To encourage forward movement in this burgeoning research area, measurement and design issues in the study of PA and health are discussed, as are the connections between PA and a range of different health outcomes. Plausible biological, social, and behavioral pathways that allow for positive feelings to get under the skin and influence physical wellness are detailed and framed in the context of several theoretical models. Finally, new directions for the field and important methodological and interpretative considerations that are essential to moving this important research area forward are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Brooke N. Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Judith T. Moskowitz
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Abstract
Research into the relationship between happiness and health is developing rapidly, exploring the possibility that impaired happiness is not only a consequence of ill-health but also a potential contributor to disease risk. Happiness encompasses several constructs, including affective well-being (feelings of joy and pleasure), eudaimonic well-being (sense of meaning and purpose in life), and evaluative well-being (life satisfaction). Happiness is generally associated with reduced mortality in prospective observational studies, albeit with several discrepant results. Confounding and reverse causation are major concerns. Associations with morbidity and disease prognosis have also been identified for a limited range of health conditions. The mechanisms potentially linking happiness with health include lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and dietary choice, and biological processes, involving neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways. Interventions have yet to demonstrate substantial, sustained improvements in subjective well-being or direct impact on physical health outcomes. Nevertheless, this field shows great potential, with the promise of establishing a favorable effect on population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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37
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Schwarz J, Axelsson J, Gerhardsson A, Tamm S, Fischer H, Kecklund G, Åkerstedt T. Mood impairment is stronger in young than in older adults after sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12801. [PMID: 30585371 PMCID: PMC7379256 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation commonly impairs affective regulation and causes worse mood. However, the majority of previous research concerns young adults. Because susceptibility to sleep deprivation and emotion regulation change distinctively across adult age, we tested here the hypothesis that the effect of sleep deprivation on mood is stronger in young than in older adults. In an experimental design, young (18–30 years) and older adults (60–72 years) participated in either a sleep control (young, n = 63; older, n = 47) or a total sleep deprivation condition (young, n = 61; older, n = 47). Sleepiness, mood and common symptoms of sleep deprivation were measured using established questionnaires and ratings. Sleep‐deprived participants felt more sleepy, stressed and cold, and reported lower vigour and positive affect, regardless of age. All the other outcome measures (negative affect, depression, confusion, tension, anger, fatigue, total mood disturbance, hunger, cognitive attenuation, irritability) showed a weaker response to sleep deprivation in the older group, as indicated by age*sleep deprivation interactions (ps < 0.05). The results show that older adults are emotionally less affected by sleep deprivation than young adults. This tolerance was mainly related to an attenuated increase in negative mood. This could possibly be related to the well‐known positivity effect, which suggests that older adults prioritize regulating their emotions to optimize well‐being. The results also highlight that caution is warranted when generalizing results from sleep deprivation studies across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schwarz
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sandra Tamm
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Smith L, Yang L, Veronese N, Soysal P, Stubbs B, Jackson SE. Sexual Activity is Associated with Greater Enjoyment of Life in Older Adults. Sex Med 2018; 7:11-18. [PMID: 30554952 PMCID: PMC6377384 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relationships among sexual activity, problems and concerns, and well-being among older adults have not been fully explored. Aim To investigate associations among sexual activity, problems and concerns, and experienced well-being in a representative sample of older adults. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, sexual behavior, problems, and concerns were assessed via a self-completed questionnaire. Covariates included age, partnership status, socioeconomic status, smoking status, alcohol intake, limiting long-standing illness, and depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed using 1-way independent analysis of variance. Main Outcome Measure Enjoyment of life was assessed with the pleasure subscale of the CASP-19 (Control, Autonomy, Self-realization, and Pleasure), a validated measure of quality of life specific to older age. Results Data on sexual activity and enjoyment of life were available for a total of 3,045 men and 3,834 women (mean age 64.4 years in men and 65.3 years in women). Men and women who reported any sexual activity in the past year had significantly higher mean enjoyment of life scores compared with those who were not sexually active (men, 9.75 vs 9.44 [P < .001]; women, 9.86 vs 9.67 [P = .003]). Among sexually active men, frequent (≥2 times a month) sexual intercourse (P < .001) and frequent kissing, petting, or fondling (P < .001) were associated with greater enjoyment of life. Among sexually active women, frequent kissing, petting, or fondling was also associated with greater enjoyment of life (P < .001), but there was no significant association with frequent intercourse (P = .101). Concerns about one’s sex life and problems with sexual function were strongly associated with lower levels of enjoyment of life in men and to a lesser extent in women. Conclusion This is among the first studies to show that well-being is higher among older adults when they are sexually active. Preferences regarding the expression of sexual activity differed between the sexes. Further longitudinal research is needed to confirm a causal association between sexual activity and well-being. Smith L, Yang L, Veronese N, et al. Sexual Activity is Associated with Greater Enjoyment of Life in Older Adults. Sex Med 2019;7:11–18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Area della Ricerca di Padova, Neuroscience Institut, Padova, Italy
| | - Pinar Soysal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Use of Well-Being in Identification of Members With Future Health Risk Factors and Future Diagnosed Chronic Disease. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 61:168-176. [PMID: 30540655 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if well-being is associated with the development of future health risks or incidence of new chronic disease. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was employed using longitudinal well-being assessment survey data from participants of a Fortune 500 US company wellness program, claims based International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnoses, and Cox proportional hazards models to assess associations between well-being and well-being change with future health risk and chronic disease incidence. RESULTS Individuals who maintained high well-being and those who increased their level of well-being displayed a significantly decreased hazard of accruing new health risk and new chronic disease incidence; those whose well-being worsened over time showed significant increases in health risk and hazard of new chronic disease incidence. CONCLUSIONS Well-being levels and change over time are significantly associated with future development of health risk and disease incidence.
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40
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Graham-Engeland JE, Sin NL, Smyth JM, Jones DR, Knight EL, Sliwinski MJ, Almeida DM, Katz MJ, Lipton RB, Engeland CG. Negative and positive affect as predictors of inflammation: Timing matters. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:222-230. [PMID: 30217538 PMCID: PMC6289783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little research has assessed how measures of negative and positive affect (NA and PA) derived from assessments at multiple time points per day (e.g., via ecological momentary assessment [EMA]), as opposed to questionnaires that rely on recall over a longer period, are related to levels of peripheral inflammation. We examined how different indicators of NA and PA predicted concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and seven peripheral inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ) that were examined in the form of an inflammatory composite. A community-based sample of 220 adults (62% Black/African-American and 25% Hispanic/Latino; aged 25-65; 65% female) completed questionnaires at baseline (including recalled affect "over the past month") and then provided EMA reports 5x/day for 14 days. Blood was drawn from each participant after completion of EMA and used to determine plasma levels of CRP and cytokines. Analyses examined if indicators of affect predicted inflammation, controlling for age, gender, body mass index, education, health conditions, and statin use. Neither recalled NA or PA nor momentary NA or PA (aggregated across the 14 days of EMA) were significantly associated with the cytokine composite or CRP. Negative mood more proximal to the blood draw (i.e., aggregated momentary NA in week 2 of EMA) was associated with the cytokine composite but not CRP. Exploratory moderation analyses revealed that the cytokine composite was also associated with PA in week 2 for men only, and with recalled NA for those with lower education. Exploratory analyses around temporal dynamics suggested that the timing of NA measurement relative to the blood draw mattered: Specifically, there were stronger trends of association between momentary NA and inflammatory cytokines when NA was assessed closer in time to blood collection. Future investigation of the relevance of temporal proximity and other measurement details may improve understanding of how affect relates to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Graham-Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
| | - Nancy L Sin
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Dusti R Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Erik L Knight
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - David M Almeida
- The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States; Department of and Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; The College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
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41
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Affective reactivity to daily racial discrimination as a prospective predictor of depressive symptoms in African American graduate and postgraduate students. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1649-1659. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study examined whether individual differences in affective reactivity, defined as changes in positive or negative affect in response to daily racial discrimination, predicted subsequent depressive symptoms. Participants were African American graduate and postgraduate students (N = 174; M age = 30 years) recruited for a measurement-burst study. Data on depressive symptoms were gathered at two assessment points 1 year apart. Affective reactivity data was obtained from participants via a 14-day diary study of daily racial discrimination and affect. Participants who experienced pronounced increases in negative affect on days when racial discrimination occurred had elevated depressive symptoms 1 year later. Heightened positive affect reactivity was also associated with more depressive symptoms at follow-up. The results suggest that affective reactivity (either greater increases in negative affect or greater decreases in positive affect in the context of racial discrimination) may be an underlying psychological mechanism that confers vulnerability to future depressive symptoms.
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Binder M, Buenstorf G. Smile or die: Can subjective well-being increase survival in the face of substantive health impairments? ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 31:209-227. [PMID: 30316110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A robust relationship between subjective well-being and mortality has been established in the literature, but few studies address how subjective well-being interacts with the impact of concrete diseases on survival. In addition, issues of endogeneity between bad health and subjective well-being are ignored when it comes to survival. We assess both for the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS; 1991-2008) and specifically analyze whether subjective well-being predicts better chances of surviving diseases such as cancer or heart conditions. We find that several of the studied diseases consistently decrease survival chances in our sample (e.g. hazard ratio 3.47 for cancer), also when controlling for the severity of health problems. But our results do not suggest that well-being mitigates the effect these diseases have on mortality. Life satisfaction also does not predict longer survival in the data set if we control for the endogeneity of subjective well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Binder
- Bard College Berlin, Platanenstr. 24, 13156 Berlin, Germany; Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Blithewood, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504-5000, USA.
| | - Guido Buenstorf
- University of Kassel, Institute of Economics and INCHER-Kassel, Moenchebergstrasse 17, 34109 Kassel, Germany; University of Gothenburg, Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Box 625, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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43
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Pressman SD, Cross MP. Moving Beyond a One-Size-Fits-All View of Positive Affect in Health Research. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721418760214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the literature that connects positive affect (PA) to health has exploded over the last 20 years, the approach to studying this topic has remained simplistic. Specifically, researchers overwhelmingly rely on the principle that all PA is healthful, all of the time. Here, we review recent studies indicating that a more nuanced approach is valuable. In particular, we demonstrate that a more thoughtful approach to factors such as arousal, culture, timing, and measurement type results in a more complex picture of when PA is helpful and when it is not. Taking these issues into account also has implications for the types of mechanisms underlying these associations, as well as how other moderators might operate. Thus, we argue that considering these gradations will allow researchers to develop successful and theoretically based health interventions, untangle mixed findings, and enable a deeper understanding of the connection between PA and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Marie P. Cross
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
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Cheung EO, Addington EL, Bassett SM, Schuette SA, Shiu EW, Cohn MA, Leykin Y, Saslow LR, Moskowitz JT. A Self-Paced, Web-Based, Positive Emotion Skills Intervention for Reducing Symptoms of Depression: Protocol for Development and Pilot Testing of MARIGOLD. JMIR Res Protoc 2018; 7:e10494. [PMID: 29871853 PMCID: PMC6008514 DOI: 10.2196/10494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living with elevated symptoms of depression can have debilitating consequences for an individual's psychosocial and physical functioning, quality of life, and health care utilization. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that skills for increasing positive emotion can be helpful to individuals with depression. Although Web-based interventions to reduce negative emotion in individuals with depression are available, these interventions frequently suffer from poor retention and adherence and do not capitalize on the potential benefits of increasing positive emotion. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and test a Web-based positive emotion skills intervention tailored for individuals living with elevated depressive symptoms, as well as to develop and test enhancement strategies for increasing retention and adherence to that intervention. METHODS This study protocol describes the development and testing for Mobile Affect Regulation Intervention with the Goal of Lowering Depression (MARIGOLD), a Web-based positive emotion skills intervention, adapted for individuals with elevated depressive symptomatology. The intervention development is taking place in three phases. In phase 1, we are tailoring an existing positive emotion skills intervention for individuals with elevated symptoms of depression and are pilot testing the tailored version of the intervention in a randomized controlled trial with two control conditions (N=60). In phase 2, we are developing and testing three enhancements aimed at boosting retention and adherence to the Web-based intervention (N=75): facilitator contact, an online discussion board, and virtual badges. In phase 3, we are conducting a multifactorial, nine-arm pilot trial (N=600) to systematically test these enhancement strategies, individually and in combination. The primary outcome is depressive symptom severity. Secondary outcomes include positive and negative emotion, psychological well-being, and coping resources. RESULTS The project was funded in August 2014, and data collection was completed in May 2018. Data analysis is currently under way, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2018. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this investigation will enable us to develop an optimal package of intervention content and enhancement strategies for individuals with elevated symptoms of depression. If this intervention proves to be effective, it will provide a cost-effective, anonymous, appealing, and flexible approach for reducing symptoms of depression and improving psychological adjustment through increasing positive emotion. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01964820 (Phase 1); https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01964820 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zpmKBcyX). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02861755 (Phase 2); https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02861755 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6zpmLmy8k). REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER RR1-10.2196/10494.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O Cheung
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Addington
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah M Bassett
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephanie A Schuette
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eva W Shiu
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael A Cohn
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yan Leykin
- Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Laura R Saslow
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Delle Fave A, Bassi M, Boccaletti ES, Roncaglione C, Bernardelli G, Mari D. Promoting Well-Being in Old Age: The Psychological Benefits of Two Training Programs of Adapted Physical Activity. Front Psychol 2018; 9:828. [PMID: 29910755 PMCID: PMC5992429 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the relationship between physical conditions and mental health has increasingly attracted the interest of researchers and professionals across disciplines. This relationship is especially relevant in old age, as the challenges posed by aging at various levels represent crucial concerns for policy makers. Due to the remarkable increase in life expectancy across countries, sustainable prevention strategies are needed to help individuals preserve psychophysical well-being in old age. In particular, the regular practice of a moderately intense physical activity is recommended by the World Health Organization to enhance balance, prevent falls, strengthen muscles, and promote psychophysical well-being. Daily physical exercise represents a beneficial and low-cost strategy, easily accessible to the general population and potentially customizable to specific needs through brief training programs. Based on these premises, the present research aimed at longitudinally evaluating mental well-being among 58 Italian people aged 67-85, who were involved in two Adapted Physical Activity (APA) training programs. Inclusion criteria for participation comprised high autonomy levels in daily activities, no cognitive impairment, sedentary habits or only occasional performance of moderate physical activity. Based on physical and functional assessment, 39 participants joined a program of adapted motor activity (PoliFit; Study 1), while 19 participants attended a variant program specifically designed for people with osteoporosis (OsteoFit; Study 2). Well-being dimensions were assessed through the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Physical functioning were evaluated before and after the programs through the Short Physical Performance Battery and the Handgrip Dynamometer Jamar Test. Findings highlighted that, besides physical benefits, participants reported significantly more adaptive emotion regulation strategies after both training programs; in addition, participants attending OsteoFit reported significantly higher levels of emotional well-being. Results suggest the potential of moderate physical activity in promoting mental health, emphasizing the additional role of training programs as cost-effective opportunities for elderly people to socialize and improve emotional functioning. Overall, the findings support the view of old age as a stage of competence development and adaptive adjustment, rather than a phase of mere psychophysical decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Delle Fave
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Bassi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena S Boccaletti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Bernardelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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46
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Diener E, Lucas RE, Oishi S. Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. COLLABRA. PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 4:15. [PMID: 30637366 PMCID: PMC6329388 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Subjective well-being (SWB) is an extremely active area of research with about 170,000 articles and books published on the topic in the past 15 years. Methodological and theoretical advances have been notable in this period of time, with the increasing use of longitudinal and experimental designs allowing for a greater understanding of the predictors and outcomes that relate to SWB, along with the process that underlie these associations. In addition, theories about these processes have become more intricate, as findings reveal that many associations with SWB depend on people's culture and values and the context in which they live. This review provides an overview of many major areas of research, including the measurement of SWB, the demographic and personality-based predictors of SWB, and process-oriented accounts of individual differences in SWB. In addition, because a major new focus in recent years has been the development of national accounts of subjective well-being, we also review attempts to use SWB measures to guide policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA and Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Richard E Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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47
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Chiang JJ, Chen E, Miller GE. Midlife Self-Reported Social Support as a Buffer Against Premature Mortality Risks Associated with Childhood Abuse. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:261-268. [PMID: 30234162 PMCID: PMC6141204 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Chiang
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Edith Chen
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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48
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Quintana D, Cervantes A, Sáez Y, Isasi P. Internet Use and Psychological Well-Being at Advanced Age: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018. [PMID: 29522486 PMCID: PMC5877025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the connection between psychological well-being and Internet use in older adults. The study is based on a sample of 2314 participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Aging. The subjects, aged 50 years and older, were interviewed every two years over the 2006-2007 to 2014-2015 period. The connection between the use of Internet/Email and the main dimensions of psychological well-being (evaluative, hedonic and eudaimonic) was analyzed by means of three generalized estimating equation models that were fitted on 2-year lagged repeated measurements. The outcome variables, the scores on three well-being scales, were explained in terms of Internet/Email use, controlling for covariates that included health and socioeconomic indicators. The results support the existence of a direct relationship between Internet/Email use and psychological well-being. The connection between the main predictor and the score of the participants on the scale used to measure the eudaimonic aspect was positive and statistically significant at conventional levels (p-value: 0.015). However, the relevance of digital literacy on the evaluative and the hedonic components could not be confirmed (p-values for evaluative and hedonic dimensions were 0.078 and 0.192, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Quintana
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Cervantes
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yago Sáez
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Isasi
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Advances in subjective well-being research. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:253-260. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that inflammatory responses may help to explain how emotions get "under the skin" to influence disease susceptibility. Moving beyond examination of individuals' average level of emotion, this study examined how the breadth and relative abundance of emotions that individuals experience-emodiversity-is related to systemic inflammation. Using diary data from 175 adults aged 40 to 65 who provided end-of-day reports of their positive and negative emotions over 30 days, we found that greater diversity in day-to-day positive emotions was associated with lower circulating levels of inflammation (indicated by IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen), independent of mean levels of positive and negative emotions, body mass index, anti-inflammatory medications, medical conditions, personality, and demographics. No significant associations were observed between global or negative emodiversity and inflammation. These findings highlight the unique role daily positive emotions play in biological health. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Lizbeth Benson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Alex Zautra
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin
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