1
|
Bai Y, Liu M, Guo Q, Wu G, Wang W, Li S. Diverse responses of gross primary production and leaf area index to drought on the Mongolian Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166507. [PMID: 37619736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a crucial factor regulating vegetation growth on the Mongolian Plateau (MP). Previous studies of drought effects on the MP have mainly concentrated on drought characterization, while the response of vegetation to drought remains unclear. To close this knowledge gap, we examined the response of MP vegetation to drought in terms of gross primary production (GPP) and leaf area index (LAI) from 1982 to 2018. Our findings show that intra-seasonally the frequency of drought occurrence in autumn had a greater impact on GPP (relative importance over 70 %), while the intensity of drought was more influential for LAI (relative importance approximately 60 %). Inter-seasonally, summer droughts had the most pronounced effect on vegetation (with median standardized anomalies of -0.72 for GPP and -0.4 for LAI, respectively). Additionally, we found that meteorological drought was more consistent with atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit) than soil drought (low soil moisture). This study advances knowledge of vegetation's susceptibility to climate extremes and improves the precision of predicting ecosystem response to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Menghang Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Genan Wu
- Institute of Spacecraft Application System Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Shenzhen Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518049, China; Guangdong Greater Bay Area, Change and Comprehensive Treatment of Regional Ecology and Environment, National Observation and Research Station, Shenzhen 523722, China; State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Ecology and Environment of Rapid Urbanization Region, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shenggong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miraglio T, Coops NC, Wallis CIB, Crofts AL, Kalacska M, Vellend M, Serbin SP, Arroyo-Mora JP, Laliberté E. Mapping canopy traits over Québec using airborne and spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17179. [PMID: 37821515 PMCID: PMC10567784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of new spaceborne imaging spectrometers offers new opportunities for ecologists to map vegetation traits at global scales. However, to date most imaging spectroscopy studies exploiting satellite spectrometers have been constrained to the landscape scale. In this paper we present a new method to map vegetation traits at the landscape scale and upscale trait maps to the continental level, using historical spaceborne imaging spectroscopy (Hyperion) to derive estimates of leaf mass per area, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations of forests in Québec, Canada. We compare estimates for each species with reference field values and obtain good agreement both at the landscape and continental scales, with patterns consistent with the leaf economic spectrum. By exploiting the Hyperion satellite archive to map these traits and successfully upscale the estimates to the continental scale, we demonstrate the great potential of recent and upcoming spaceborne spectrometers to benefit plant biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Miraglio
- Integrated Remote Sensing Studio, Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Integrated Remote Sensing Studio, Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Anna L Crofts
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Kalacska
- Applied Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora
- Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Ryu Y, Xiao J, Dechant B, Liu J, Li B, Jeong S, Gentine P. New-generation geostationary satellite reveals widespread midday depression in dryland photosynthesis during 2020 western U.S. heatwave. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi0775. [PMID: 37531429 PMCID: PMC10396307 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging new-generation geostationary satellites have broadened the scope for studying the diurnal cycle of ecosystem functions. We exploit observations from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R series to examine the effect of a severe U.S. heatwave in 2020 on the diurnal variations of ecosystem photosynthesis. We find divergent responses of photosynthesis to the heatwave across vegetation types and aridity gradients, with drylands exhibiting widespread midday and afternoon depression in photosynthesis. The diurnal centroid and peak time of dryland gross primary production (GPP) substantially shift toward earlier morning times, reflecting notable water and heat stress. Our geostationary satellite-based method outperforms traditional radiation-based upscaling methods from polar-orbiting satellite snapshots in estimating daily GPP and GPP loss during heatwaves. These findings underscore the potential of geostationary satellites for diurnal photosynthesis monitoring and highlight the necessity to consider the increased diurnal asymmetry in GPP under stress when evaluating carbon-climate interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngryel Ryu
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Benjamin Dechant
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jiangong Liu
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bolun Li
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungchan Jeong
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu F, Liu H, Adalibieke W, Peng Z, Liang B, Feng S, Shi L, Zhu X. Decline in stability of forest productivity in the tropics as determined by canopy water content. iScience 2023; 26:107211. [PMID: 37456836 PMCID: PMC10339190 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of low soil moisture (SM) and high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on tree's photosynthesis and productivity are ultimately realized by changing water content in the canopy leaves. In this study, variations in canopy water content (CWC) that can be detected from microwave remotely sensed vegetation optical depth (VOD) have been proposed as a promising measure of vegetation water status, and we first reported that the regulation of CWC on productivity stability is universally applicable for global forests. Results of structural equation model (SEM) also confirmed the significant negative effect of CWC on coefficient of variation (CV) of productivity, indicating that the decrease in CWC could inevitably induce the instability of forest productivity under climate change. The most significant decrease (p < 0.01) of CWC is observed primarily in evergreen broadleaf forest in the tropics, implying an increasing instability of the most important carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wulahati Adalibieke
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaoyu Peng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boyi Liang
- College of Forestry, Precision Forestry Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siwen Feng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinrong Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Browne M, Bartlett MK, Henry C, Jarrahi M, John G, Scoffoni C, Yardimci NT, Sack L. Low baseline intraspecific variation in leaf pressure-volume traits: Biophysical basis and implications for spectroscopic sensing. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13974. [PMID: 37403811 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Intra-specific trait variation (ITV) plays a role in processes at a wide range of scales from organs to ecosystems across climate gradients. Yet, ITV remains rarely quantified for many ecophysiological traits typically assessed for species means, such as pressure volume (PV) curve parameters including osmotic potential at full turgor and modulus of elasticity, which are important in plant water relations. We defined a baseline "reference ITV" (ITVref ) as the variation among fully exposed, mature sun leaves of replicate individuals of a given species grown in similar, well-watered conditions, representing the conservative sampling design commonly used for species-level ecophysiological traits. We hypothesized that PV parameters would show low ITVref relative to other leaf morphological traits, and that their intraspecific relationships would be similar to those previously established across species and proposed to arise from biophysical constraints. In a database of novel and published PV curves and additional leaf structural traits for 50 diverse species, we found low ITVref for PV parameters relative to other morphological traits, and strong intraspecific relationships among PV traits. Simulation modeling showed that conservative ITVref enables the use of species-mean PV parameters for scaling up from spectroscopic measurements of leaf water content to enable sensing of leaf water potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Browne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace John
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nezih Tolga Yardimci
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Griffith DM, Byrd KB, Anderegg LDL, Allan E, Gatziolis D, Roberts D, Yacoub R, Nemani RR. Capturing patterns of evolutionary relatedness with reflectance spectra to model and monitor biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215533120. [PMID: 37276404 PMCID: PMC10268299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215533120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogeographic history can set initial conditions for vegetation community assemblages that determine their climate responses at broad extents that land surface models attempt to forecast. Numerous studies have indicated that evolutionarily conserved biochemical, structural, and other functional attributes of plant species are captured in visible-to-short wavelength infrared, 400 to 2,500 nm, reflectance properties of vegetation. Here, we present a remotely sensed phylogenetic clustering and an evolutionary framework to accommodate spectra, distributions, and traits. Spectral properties evolutionarily conserved in plants provide the opportunity to spatially aggregate species into lineages (interpreted as "lineage functional types" or LFT) with improved classification accuracy. In this study, we use Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer data from the 2013 Hyperspectral Infrared Imager campaign over the southern Sierra Nevada, California flight box, to investigate the potential for incorporating evolutionary thinking into landcover classification. We link the airborne hyperspectral data with vegetation plot data from 1372 surveys and a phylogeny representing 1,572 species. Despite temporal and spatial differences in our training data, we classified plant lineages with moderate reliability (Kappa = 0.76) and overall classification accuracy of 80.9%. We present an assessment of classification error and detail study limitations to facilitate future LFT development. This work demonstrates that lineage-based methods may be a promising way to leverage the new-generation high-resolution and high return-interval hyperspectral data planned for the forthcoming satellite missions with sparsely sampled existing ground-based ecological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Griffith
- US Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT06459
- Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR97331
| | - Kristin B. Byrd
- US Geological Survey Western Geographic Science Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Leander D. L. Anderegg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Elijah Allan
- Shonto Chapter, Diné (Navajo) Nation, Shonto, AZ86054
| | - Demetrios Gatziolis
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR97204
| | - Dar Roberts
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Rosie Yacoub
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Vegetation Classification and Mapping Program, Sacramento, CA95811
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Losada JM, Blanco-Moure N, Fonollá A, Martínez-Ferrí E, Hormaza JI. Hydraulic trade-offs underlie enhanced performance of polyploid trees under soil water deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad204. [PMID: 37002827 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between aerial organ morpho-anatomy of woody polyploid plants with their functional hydraulics under water stress remain largely understudied. We evaluated growth-associated traits, aerial organ xylem anatomy, and physiological parameters of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid genotypes of atemoyas (Annona cherimola x Annona squamosa), which belong to the woody perennial genus Annona (Annonaceae), testing their performance under long-term soil water reduction. The contrasting phenotypes of vigorous triploids and dwarf tetraploids consistently showed stomatal size-density trade-off. The vessel elements in aerial organs were ∼1.5 times wider in polyploids compared with diploids, and triploids displayed the lowest vessel density. Plant hydraulic conductance was higher in well-irrigated diploids while their tolerance to drought was lower. The phenotypic disparity of atemoya polyploids associated with contrasting leaf and stem xylem porosity traits that coordinate to regulate water balances between the trees and the belowground and aboveground environments. Polyploid trees displayed better performance under soil water scarcity, presenting as more sustainable agricultural and forestry genotypes to cope with water stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops. Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM La Mayora - CSIC - UMA. Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n. Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nuria Blanco-Moure
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops. Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM La Mayora - CSIC - UMA. Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n. Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Andrés Fonollá
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops. Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM La Mayora - CSIC - UMA. Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n. Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elsa Martínez-Ferrí
- Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, IFAPA, JA, Associated Unit to CSIC by IHSM and IAS. Department of Natural and Forest Resources (IFAPA). Cortijo de la Cruz, 29140, Málaga, Spain
| | - José I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops. Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM La Mayora - CSIC - UMA. Av. Dr. Wienberg s/n. Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Transcription Factor ERF194 Modulates the Stress-Related Physiology to Enhance Drought Tolerance of Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010788. [PMID: 36614232 PMCID: PMC9821289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the main environmental factors limiting plant growth and development. The AP2/ERF transcription factor (TF) ERF194 play key roles in poplar growth and drought-stress tolerance. However, the physiological mechanism remains to be explored. In this study, the ERF194-overexpression (OX), suppressed-expression (RNA interference, RNAi), and non-transgenic (WT) poplar clone 717 were used to study the physiology role of ERF194 transcription factor in poplar growth and drought tolerance. Morphological and physiological methods were used to systematically analyze the growth status, antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugars, starch, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents of poplar. Results showed that, compared with WT, OX plants had decrease in plant height, internode length, and leaf area and increased number of fine roots under drought stress. In addition, OX had higher water potential, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, starch, and NSC, implying that ERF194 positively regulates drought tolerance in poplar. The growth status of RNAi was similar to those of WT, but the relative water content and CAT activity of RNAi were lower than those of WT under drought treatment. Based on the transcriptome data, functional annotation and expression pattern analysis of differentially expressed genes were performed and further confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and gene expression pattern analysis indicated that overexpression of ERF194 upregulated the expression of oxidoreductases and metabolism-related genes such as POD and SOD. Detection of cis-acting elements in the promoters suggested that ERF194 may bind to these genes through MeJA-responsive elements, ABA-responsive elements, or elements involved in defense and stress responses. The above results show that ERF194 improved tolerance to drought stress in poplar by regulating its growth and physiological factors. This study provides a new idea for the role of ERF194 transcription factor in plant growth and drought-stress response.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rauschendorfer J, Rooney R, Külheim C. Strategies to mitigate shifts in red oak (Quercus sect. Lobatae) distribution under a changing climate. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2383-2400. [PMID: 35867476 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Red oaks (Quercus sect. Lobatae) are a taxonomic group of hardwood trees, which occur in swamp forests, subtropical chaparral and savannahs from Columbia to Canada. They cover a wide range of ecological niches, and many species are thought to be able to cope with current trends in climate change. Genus Quercus encompasses ca. 500 species, of which ca. 80 make up sect. Lobatae. Species diversity is greatest within the southeastern USA and within the northern and eastern regions of Mexico. This review discusses the weak reproductive barriers between species of red oaks and the effects this has on speciation and niche range. Distribution and diversity have been shaped by drought adaptations common to the species of sect. Lobatae, which enable them to fill various xeric niches across the continent. Drought adaptive traits of this taxonomic group include deciduousness, deep tap roots, ring-porous xylem, regenerative stump sprouting, greater leaf thickness and smaller stomata. The complex interplay between these anatomical and morphological traits has given red oaks features of drought tolerance and avoidance. Here, we discuss physiological and genetic components of these adaptations to address how many species of sect. Lobatae reside within xeric sites and/or sustain normal metabolic function during drought. Although extensive drought adaptation appears to give sect. Lobatae a resilience to climate change, aging tree stands, oak life history traits and the current genetic structures place many red oak species at risk. Furthermore, oak decline, a complex interaction between abiotic and biotic agents, has severe effects on red oaks and is likely to accelerate species decline and fragmentation. We suggest that assisted migration can be used to avoid species fragmentation and increase climate change resilience of sect. Lobatae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Rauschendorfer
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Rebecca Rooney
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maltz MR, Carey CJ, Freund HL, Botthoff JK, Hart SC, Stajich JE, Aarons SM, Aciego SM, Blakowski M, Dove NC, Barnes ME, Pombubpa N, Aronson EL. Landscape Topography and Regional Drought Alters Dust Microbiomes in the Sierra Nevada of California. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856454. [PMID: 35836417 PMCID: PMC9274194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust provides an ecologically significant input of nutrients, especially in slowly eroding ecosystems where chemical weathering intensity limits nutrient inputs from underlying bedrock. In addition to nutrient inputs, incoming dust is a vector for dispersing dust-associated microorganisms. While little is known about dust-microbial dispersal, dust deposits may have transformative effects on ecosystems far from where the dust was emitted. Using molecular analyses, we examined spatiotemporal variation in incoming dust microbiomes along an elevational gradient within the Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled throughout two dry seasons and found that dust microbiomes differed by elevation across two summer dry seasons (2014 and 2015), which corresponded to competing droughts in dust source areas. Dust microbial taxa richness decreased with elevation and was inversely proportional to dust heterogeneity. Likewise, dust phosphorus content increased with elevation. At lower elevations, early season dust microbiomes were more diverse than those found later in the year. The relative abundances of microbial groups shifted during the summer dry season. Furthermore, mutualistic fungal diversity increased with elevation, which may have corresponded with the biogeography of their plant hosts. Although dust fungal pathogen diversity was equivalent across elevations, elevation and sampling month interactions for the relative abundance, diversity, and richness of fungal pathogens suggest that these pathogens differed temporally across elevations, with potential implications for humans and wildlife. This study shows that landscape topography and droughts in source locations may alter the composition and diversity of ecologically relevant dust-associated microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia R. Maltz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea J. Carey
- Point Blue Conservation Sciences, Petaluma, CA, United States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Hannah L. Freund
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jon K. Botthoff
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephen C. Hart
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sarah M. Aarons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sarah M. Aciego
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- Noctilucent Aviation, Bridgeport, TX, United States
| | - Molly Blakowski
- Department of Watershed Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Dove
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Environmental Systems Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Morgan E. Barnes
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Environmental Systems Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Biological Sciences, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Nuttapon Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emma L. Aronson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Erlandson SR, Margis R, Ramirez A, Nguyen N, Lofgren LA, Liao HL, Vilgalys R, Kennedy PG, Peay KG. Transcriptional acclimation and spatial differentiation characterize drought response by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus pungens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1910-1913. [PMID: 34668199 PMCID: PMC10228522 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonya R. Erlandson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Rogerio Margis
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Allegre, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Andrea Ramirez
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plants and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Lotus A. Lofgren
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Peter G. Kennedy
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Center for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Assessing Role of Drought Indices in Anticipating Pine Decline in the Sierra Nevada, CA. CLIMATE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cli10050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tree mortality in Sierra Nevada’s 2012–2015 drought was unexpectedly excessive: ~152 million trees died. The relative performance of five drought indices (DIs: SPEI, AI, PDSI, scPDSI, and PHDI) was evaluated in the complex, upland terrain which supports the forest and supplies 60% of Californian water use. We tested the relative performance of DIs parameterized with on-site and modeled (PRISM) meteorology using streamflow (linear correlation), and modeled forest stand NDVI and tree basal area increment (BAI) with current and lagged year DI. For BAI, additional co-variates that could modify tree response to the environment were included (crown vigor, point-in-time rate of bole growth, and tree to tree competition). On-site and modeled parameterizations of DIs were strongly correlated (0.9), but modeled parameterizations overestimated water availability. Current year DIs were well correlated (0.7–0.9) with streamflow, with physics-based DIs performing better than pedologically-based DIs. DIs were poorly correlated (0.2–0.3) to forest stand NDVI in these variable-density, pine-dominated forests. Current and prior year DIs significantly predicted BAI but accounted for little of the variation in the model. In this ecosystem where trees shift seasonally between near-surface to regolithic water, DIs were poorly suited for anticipating the observed tree decline.
Collapse
|
13
|
CO2Flux Model Assessment and Comparison between an Airborne Hyperspectral Sensor and Orbital Multispectral Imagery in Southern Amazonia. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In environmental research, remote sensing techniques are mostly based on orbital data, which are characterized by limited acquisition and often poor spectral and spatial resolutions in relation to suborbital sensors. This reflects on carbon patterns, where orbital remote sensing bears devoted sensor systems for CO2 monitoring, even though carbon observations are performed with natural resources systems, such as Landsat, supported by spectral models such as CO2Flux adapted to multispectral imagery. Based on the considerations above, we have compared the CO2Flux model by using four different imagery systems (Landsat 8, PlanetScope, Sentinel-2, and AisaFenix) in the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso, southern Brazilian Amazonia. The study area covers three different land uses, which are primary tropical forest, bare soil, and pasture. After the atmospheric correction and radiometric calibration, the scenes were resampled to 30 m of spatial resolution, seeking for a parametrized comparison of CO2Flux, as well as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index). The results obtained here suggest that PlanetScope, MSI/Sentinel-2, OLI/Landsat-8, and AisaFENIX can be similarly scaled, that is, the data variability along a heterogeneous scene in evergreen tropical forest is similar. We highlight that the spatial-temporal dynamics of rainfall seasonality relation to CO2 emission and uptake should be assessed in future research. Our results provide a better understanding on how the merge and/or combination of different airborne and orbital datasets that can provide reliable estimates of carbon emission and absorption within different terrestrial ecosystems in southern Amazonia.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mantova M, Herbette S, Cochard H, Torres-Ruiz JM. Hydraulic failure and tree mortality: from correlation to causation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:335-345. [PMID: 34772610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylem hydraulic failure has been recognized as a pervasive factor in the triggering of drought-induced tree mortality. However, foundational evidence of the mechanistic link connecting hydraulic failure with living cell damage and tree death has not been identified yet, compromising our ability to predict mortality events. Meristematic cells are involved in the recovery of trees from drought, and focusing on their vitality and functionality after a drought event could provide novel information on the mechanistic link between hydraulic failure and drought-induced tree mortality. In this Opinion, we focus on the cell's critical hydration status for tree recovery from drought and how it links with the membrane integrity of the meristems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marylou Mantova
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Herbette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Antonarakis AS, Bogan SA, Goulden ML, Moorcroft PR. Impacts of the 2012-2015 Californian drought on carbon, water and energy fluxes in the Californian Sierras: Results from an imaging spectrometry-constrained terrestrial biosphere model. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1823-1852. [PMID: 34779555 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate descriptions of current ecosystem composition are essential for improving terrestrial biosphere model predictions of how ecosystems are responding to climate variability and change. This study investigates how imaging spectrometry-derived ecosystem composition can constrain and improve terrestrial biosphere model predictions of regional-scale carbon, water and energy fluxes. Incorporating imaging spectrometry-derived composition of five plant functional types (Grasses/Shrubs, Oaks/Western Hardwoods, Western Pines, Fir/Cedar and High-elevation Pines) into the Ecosystem Demography (ED2) terrestrial biosphere model improves predictions of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and gross primary productivity (GPP) across four flux towers of the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory (SSCZO) spanning a 2250 m elevational gradient in the western Sierra Nevada. NEP and GPP root-mean-square-errors were reduced by 23%-82% and 19%-89%, respectively, and water flux predictions improved at the mid-elevation pine (Soaproot), fir/cedar (P301) and high-elevation pine (Shorthair) flux tower sites, but not at the oak savanna (San Joaquin Experimental Range [SJER]) site. These improvements in carbon and water predictions are similar to those achieved with model initializations using ground-based inventory composition. The imaging spectrometry-constrained ED2 model was then used to predict carbon, water and energy fluxes and above-ground biomass (AGB) dynamics over a 737 km2 region to gain insight into the regional ecosystem impacts of the 2012-2015 Californian drought. The analysis indicates that the drought reduced regional NEP, GPP and transpiration by 83%, 40% and 33%, respectively, with the largest reductions occurring in the functionally diverse, high basal area mid-elevation forests. This was accompanied by a 54% decline in AGB growth in 2012, followed by a marked increase (823%) in AGB mortality in 2014, reflecting an approximately 10-fold increase in per capita tree mortality from ~55 trees km-2 year-1 in 2010-2011, to ~535 trees km-2 year-1 in 2014. These findings illustrate how imaging spectrometry estimates of ecosystem composition can constrain and improve terrestrial biosphere model predictions of regional carbon, water, and energy fluxes, and biomass dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacy A Bogan
- Department of Geography, Sussex University, Brighton, UK
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Weingarten E, Martin RE, Hughes RF, Vaughn NR, Shafron E, Asner GP. Early detection of a tree pathogen using airborne remote sensing. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2519. [PMID: 34918400 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Native forests of Hawai'i Island are experiencing an ecological crisis in the form of Rapid 'Ōhi'a Death (ROD), a recently characterized disease caused by two fungal pathogens in the genus Ceratocystis. Since approximately 2010, this disease has caused extensive mortality of Hawai'i's keystone endemic tree, known as 'ōhi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha). Visible symptoms of ROD include rapid browning of canopy leaves, followed by death of the tree within weeks. This quick progression leading to tree mortality makes early detection critical to understanding where the disease will move at a timescale feasible for controlling the disease. We used repeat laser-guided imaging spectroscopy (LGIS) of forests on Hawai'i Island collected by the Global Airborne Observatory (GAO) in 2018 and 2019 to derive maps of foliar trait indices previously found to be important in distinguishing between ROD-infected and healthy 'ōhi'a canopies. Data from these maps were used to develop a prognostic indicator of tree stress prior to the visible onset of browning. We identified canopies that were green in 2018, but became brown in 2019 (defined as "to become brown"; TBB), and a corresponding set of canopies that remained green. The data mapped in 2018 showed separability of foliar trait indices between TBB and green 'ōhi'a, indicating early detection of canopy stress prior to the onset of ROD. Overall, a combination of linear and non-linear analyses revealed canopy water content (CWC), foliar tannins, leaf mass per area (LMA), phenols, cellulose, and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are primary drivers of the prognostic spectral capability which collectively result in strong consistent changes in leaf spectral reflectance in the near-infrared (700-1300 nm) and shortwave-infrared regions (1300-2500 nm). Results provide insight into the underlying foliar traits that are indicative of physiological responses of M. polymorpha trees infected with Ceratocycstis and suggest that imaging spectroscopy is an effective tool for identifying trees likely to succumb to ROD prior to the onset of visible symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Weingarten
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Vaughn
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ethan Shafron
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Das AJ, Slaton MR, Mallory J, Asner GP, Martin RE, Hardwick P. Empirically validated drought vulnerability mapping in the mixed conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2514. [PMID: 35094444 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe droughts are predicted to become more frequent in the future, and the consequences of such droughts on forests can be dramatic, resulting in massive tree mortality, rapid change in forest structure and composition, and substantially increased risk of catastrophic fire. Forest managers have tools at their disposal to try to mitigate these effects but are often faced with limited resources, forcing them to make choices about which parts of the landscape to target for treatment. Such planning can greatly benefit from landscape vulnerability assessments, but many existing vulnerability analyses are unvalidated and not grounded in robust empirical datasets. We combined robust sets of ground-based plot and remote sensing data, collected during the 2012-2016 California drought, to develop rigorously validated tools for assessing forest vulnerability to drought-related canopy tree mortality for the mixed conifer forests of the Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks and potentially for mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada as a whole. Validation was carried out using a large external dataset. The best models included normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation, and species identity. Models indicated that tree survival probability decreased with greenness (as measured by NDVI) and elevation, particularly if trees were growing slowly. Overall, models showed good calibration and validation, especially for Abies concolor, which comprise a large majority of the trees in many mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada. Our models tended to overestimate mortality risk for Calocedrus decurrens and underestimate risk for pine species, in the latter case probably due to pine bark beetle outbreak dynamics. Validation results indicated dangers of overfitting, as well as showing that the inclusion of trees already under attack by bark beetles at the time of sampling can give false confidence in model strength, while also biasing predictions. These vulnerability tools should be useful to forest managers trying to assess which parts of their landscape were vulnerable during the 2012-2016 drought, and, with additional validation, may prove useful for ongoing assessments and predictions of future forest vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sequoia and Kings Canyon Field Station, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Michèle R Slaton
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Remote Sensing Laboratory, McClellan, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mallory
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Remote Sensing Laboratory, McClellan, California, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul Hardwick
- Division of Resources Management and Science, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Decadal Lake Volume Changes (2003–2020) and Driving Forces at a Global Scale. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14041032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lakes play a key role in the global water cycle, providing essential water resources and ecosystem services for humans and wildlife. Quantifying long-term changes in lake volume at a global scale is therefore important to the sustainability of humanity and natural ecosystems. Yet, such an estimate is still unavailable because, unlike lake area, lake volume is three-dimensional, challenging to be estimated consistently across space and time. Here, taking advantage of recent advances in remote sensing technology, especially NASA’s ICESat-2 satellite laser altimeter launched in 2018, we generated monthly volume series from 2003 to 2020 for 9065 lakes worldwide with an area ≥ 10 km2. We found that the total volume of the 9065 lakes increased by 597 km3 (90% confidence interval 239–2618 km3). Validation against in situ measurements showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98, an RMSE (i.e., root mean square error) of 0.57 km3 and a normalized RMSE of 2.6%. In addition, 6753 (74.5%) of the lakes showed an increasing trend in lake volume and were spatially clustered into nine hot spots, most of which are located in sparsely populated high latitudes and the Tibetan Plateau; 2323 (25.5%) of the lakes showed a decreasing trend in lake volume and were clustered into six hot spots—most located in the world’s arid/semi-arid regions where lakes are scarce, but population density is high. Our results uncovered, from a three-dimensional volumetric perspective, spatially uneven lake changes that aggravate the conflict between human demands and lake resources. The situation is likely to intensify given projected higher temperatures in glacier-covered regions and drier climates in arid/semi-arid areas. The 15 hot spots could serve as a blueprint for prioritizing future lake research and conservation efforts.
Collapse
|
19
|
The Differential Response of Intracellular Water Metabolism Derived from Intrinsic Electrophysiological Information in Morus alba L. and Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Subjected to Water Shortage. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant electrical signals can quickly respond to the shifting environment. Almost all life activities of plants are dependent on water. The measurement of plant electrophysiological indices provides a more convenient method for studying the intracellular water utilization. In this study, Morus alba L. (Morus alba or M. alba) and Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Broussonetia papyrifera or B. papyrifera) were experimental materials, and the parameters were measured in two habitats (waterfront, well-water and arid slopes, deficient-water). The physiological and electrophysiological responses of leaves to different habitats were analyzed. The theoretically intrinsic relationships between the clamping force and leaf impedance (Z), capacitive reactance (Xc), resistance (R), and inductive reactance (Xl) were revealed as 3-parameter exponential decay and linear models based on bioenergetics, respectively. Leaf intrinsic electrophysiological parameters were successfully obtained by using the above-mentioned relationships and were used to manifest metabolic activity in plants. The intracellular water-holding capacity (IWHC), water use efficiency (IWUE), water-holding time (IWHT), and water transfer rate (WTR) of plant leaves were defined based on the intrinsic electrophysiological parameters and were used to reflect the intracellular water metabolism. The correlation between the physiological and electrophysiological parameters of the two plant species in the two habitats was also analyzed. The results showed that Morus alba continuously adapted to the shifting environment, the intracellular water metabolism was insensitive to soil water shortage and was independent from the external physiological state. The intracellular water metabolism in Broussonetia papyrifera was very sensitive to soil water shortage, and both intracellular water metabolism and immediate physiological parameters could characterize the response of Broussonetia papyrifera growth and development to soil water.
Collapse
|
20
|
Queally N, Ye Z, Zheng T, Chlus A, Schneider F, Pavlick RP, Townsend PA. FlexBRDF: A Flexible BRDF Correction for Grouped Processing of Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy Flightlines. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2021JG006622. [PMID: 35865141 PMCID: PMC9286663 DOI: 10.1029/2021jg006622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects are a persistent issue for the analysis of vegetation in airborne imaging spectroscopy data, especially when mosaicking results from adjacent flightlines. With the advent of large airborne imaging efforts from NASA and the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), there is increasing need for methods that are flexible and automatable across images with diverse land cover. Flexible bidirectional reflectance distribution function (FlexBRDF) is built upon the widely used kernel method, with additional features including stratified random sampling across flightline groups, dynamic land cover stratification by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), interpolation of correction coefficients across NDVI bins, and the use of a reference solar zenith angle. We demonstrate FlexBRDF using nine long (150-400 km) airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS)-Classic flightlines collected on 22 May 2013 over Southern California, where diverse land cover and a wide range of solar illumination yield significant BRDF effects. We further test the approach on additional AVIRIS-Classic data from California, AVIRIS-Next Generation data from the Arctic and India, and NEON imagery from Wisconsin. Comparison of overlapping areas of flightlines show that models built from multiple flightlines performed better than those built for single images (root mean square error improved up to 2.3% and mean absolute deviation 2.5%). Standardization to a common solar zenith angle among a flightline group improved performance, and interpolation across bins minimized between-bin boundaries. While BRDF corrections for individual sites suffice for local studies, FlexBRDF is an open source option that is compatible with bulk processing of large airborne data sets covering diverse land cover needed for calibration/validation of forthcoming spaceborne imaging spectroscopy missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Queally
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Adam Chlus
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Fabian Schneider
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Ryan P. Pavlick
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks for Osmotic Water Stress and Rewatering Response in the Leaves of Ginkgo biloba. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the transcriptomic regulation mechanisms that underlie the response of Ginkgo biloba to dehydration and rehydration, we used ginkgo saplings exposed to osmotically driven water stress and subsequent rewatering. When compared with a control group, 137, 1453, 1148, and 679 genes were differentially expressed in ginkgo leaves responding to 2, 6, 12, and 24 h of water deficit, and 796 and 1530 genes were differentially expressed responding to 24 and 48 h of rewatering. Upregulated genes participated in the biosynthesis of abscisic acid, eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and biosynthesis of flavonoids and bilobalide, and downregulated genes were involved in water transport and cell wall enlargement in water stress-treated ginkgo leaves. Under rehydration conditions, the genes associated with water transport and cell wall enlargement were upregulated, and the genes that participated in eliminating ROS and the biosynthesis of flavonoids and bilobalide were downregulated in the leaves of G. biloba. Furthermore, the weighted gene coexpression networks were established and correlated with distinct water stress and rewatering time-point samples. Hub genes that act as key players in the networks were identified. Overall, these results indicate that the gene coexpression networks play essential roles in the transcriptional reconfiguration of ginkgo leaves in response to water stress and rewatering.
Collapse
|
22
|
Konings AG, Saatchi SS, Frankenberg C, Keller M, Leshyk V, Anderegg WRL, Humphrey V, Matheny AM, Trugman A, Sack L, Agee E, Barnes ML, Binks O, Cawse‐Nicholson K, Christoffersen BO, Entekhabi D, Gentine P, Holtzman NM, Katul GG, Liu Y, Longo M, Martinez‐Vilalta J, McDowell N, Meir P, Mencuccini M, Mrad A, Novick KA, Oliveira RS, Siqueira P, Steele‐Dunne SC, Thompson DR, Wang Y, Wehr R, Wood JD, Xu X, Zuidema PA. Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6005-6024. [PMID: 34478589 PMCID: PMC9293345 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Droughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demanding in situ measurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem-scale analog of the pressure-volume curve, the non-linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem-scale pressure-volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions-which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sassan S. Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- United States Forest ServiceWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Trugman
- University of California ‐ Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Lawren Sack
- University of California ‐ Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | - Oliver Binks
- The Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Jordi Martinez‐Vilalta
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
- Washington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Patrick Meir
- The Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
- University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Assaad Mrad
- University of California ‐ IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - David R. Thompson
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Yujie Wang
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hessburg PF, Prichard SJ, Hagmann RK, Povak NA, Lake FK. Wildfire and climate change adaptation of western North American forests: a case for intentional management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02432. [PMID: 34339086 PMCID: PMC9285088 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Forest landscapes across western North America (wNA) have experienced extensive changes over the last two centuries, while climatic warming has become a global reality over the last four decades. Resulting interactions between historical increases in forested area and density and recent rapid warming, increasing insect mortality, and wildfire burned areas, are now leading to substantial abrupt landscape alterations. These outcomes are forcing forest planners and managers to identify strategies that can modify future outcomes that are ecologically and/or socially undesirable. Past forest management, including widespread harvest of fire- and climate-tolerant large old trees and old forests, fire exclusion (both Indigenous and lightning ignitions), and highly effective wildfire suppression have contributed to the current state of wNA forests. These practices were successful at meeting short-term demands, but they match poorly to modern realities. Hagmann et al. review a century of observations and multi-scale, multi-proxy, research evidence that details widespread changes in forested landscapes and wildfire regimes since the influx of European colonists. Over the preceding 10 millennia, large areas of wNA were already settled and proactively managed with intentional burning by Indigenous tribes. Prichard et al. then review the research on management practices historically applied by Indigenous tribes and currently applied by some managers to intentionally manage forests for resilient conditions. They address 10 questions surrounding the application and relevance of these management practices. Here, we highlight the main findings of both papers and offer recommendations for management. We discuss progress paralysis that often occurs with strict adherence to the precautionary principle; offer insights for dealing with the common problem of irreducible uncertainty and suggestions for reframing management and policy direction; and identify key knowledge gaps and research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA‐FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station1133 N. Western AvenueWenatcheeWashington98801USA
- College of the Environment‐SEFSUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98195USA
| | - Susan J. Prichard
- College of the Environment‐SEFSUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98195USA
| | - R. Keala Hagmann
- College of the Environment‐SEFSUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington98195USA
- Applegate Forestry LLCCorvallisOregon97330USA
| | - Nicholas A. Povak
- USDA‐FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station1133 N. Western AvenueWenatcheeWashington98801USA
- USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station2480 Carson RoadPlacervilleCalifornia95667USA
| | - Frank K. Lake
- USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station1700 Bayview DriveArcataCalifornia95521USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Baeza A, Martin RE, Stephenson NL, Das AJ, Hardwick P, Nydick K, Mallory J, Slaton M, Evans K, Asner GP. Mapping the vulnerability of giant sequoias after extreme drought in California using remote sensing. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02395. [PMID: 34164888 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Between 2012 and 2016, California suffered one of the most severe droughts on record. During this period Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoias) in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI), California, USA experienced canopy water content (CWC) loss, unprecedented foliage senescence, and, in a few cases, death. We present an assessment of the vulnerability of giant sequoia populations to droughts that is currently lacking and needed for management. We used a temporal trend of remotely sensed CWC obtained between 2015 and 2017, and recently georeferenced giant sequoia crowns to quantify the vulnerability of 7,408 individuals in 10 groves in the northern portion of SEKI. CWC is sensitive to changes in liquid water in tree canopies; therefore, it is a useful metric for quantifying the response of sequoia trees to drought. Temporal trends indicated that 9% of giant sequoias had a significant decline or consistently low CWC, suggesting these trees were likely operating at low photosynthetic capacity and potentially at high risk to drought stress. We also found that 20% of the giant sequoias had an increase or consistently high level of CWC, indicating these trees were at low risk to drought stress. These vulnerability categories were used in a random forest model with a combination of topographic, fire-related, and climate variables to generate high-resolution vulnerability risk maps. These maps show that higher risk is associated with lower elevation and higher climate water deficit. We also found that sequoias at higher elevations but located near meadows had higher vulnerability risk. These results and the vulnerability maps can identify vulnerable sequoias that may be difficult to save or locations of refugia to be protected, and thus may aid forest managers in preparation for future droughts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Baeza
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University. Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University. Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Paul Hardwick
- Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Division of Resources Management and Science, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Koren Nydick
- Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Division of Resources Management and Science, Three Rivers, California, USA
| | - Jeff Mallory
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Remote Sensing Laboratory, McClellan, California, USA
| | - Michèle Slaton
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Remote Sensing Laboratory, McClellan, California, USA
| | - Kirk Evans
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Remote Sensing Laboratory, McClellan, California, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University. Tempe, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leitold V, Morton DC, Martinuzzi S, Paynter I, Uriarte M, Keller M, Ferraz A, Cook BD, Corp LA, González G. Tracking the Rates and Mechanisms of Canopy Damage and Recovery Following Hurricane Maria Using Multitemporal Lidar Data. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
This paper systematically reviews the potential of the Sentinel-2 (A and B) in assessing drought. Research findings, including the IPCC reports, highlighted the increasing trend in drought over the decades and the need for a better understanding and assessment of this phenomenon. Continuous monitoring of the Earth’s surface is an efficient method for predicting and identifying the early warnings of drought, which enables us to prepare and plan the mitigation procedures. Considering the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics, the freely available Sentinel-2 data products are a promising option in this area of research, compared to Landsat and MODIS. This paper evaluates the recent developments in this field induced by the launch of Sentinel-2, as well as the comparison with other existing data products. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-2 in assessing drought through vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, surface water including wetland, and land use and land cover analysis. Furthermore, this review also addresses and compares various data fusion methods and downscaling methods applied to Sentinel-2 for retrieving the major bio-geophysical variables used in the analysis of drought. Additionally, the limitations of Sentinel-2 in its direct applicability to drought studies are also evaluated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Couper LI, Sanders NJ, Heller NE, Gordon DM. Multiyear drought exacerbates long-term effects of climate on an invasive ant species. Ecology 2021; 102:e03476. [PMID: 34346070 PMCID: PMC9285587 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species threaten biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human health, but the long-term drivers of invasion dynamics remain poorly understood. We use data from a 28-yr ongoing survey of a Northern California ant community invaded by the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) to investigate the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on invasion dynamics. We found that the distribution of L. humile retracted following an extreme drought that occurred in the region from 2012 to 2015. The distribution of several native ant species also contracted, but overall native ant diversity was higher after the drought and for some native ant species, distributions expanded over the 28-yr survey period. Using structural equation models, we found the strongest impact on the distribution of L. humile was from direct effects of climate, namely, cumulative precipitation and summer maximum temperatures, with only a negligible role for biotic resistance and indirect effects of climate mediated by native ants. The increasing drought and high temperature extremes projected for northern California because of anthropogenic-driven climate change may limit the spread, and possibly the impact, of L. humile in invaded regions. The outcome will depend on the response of native ant communities to these climatic stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nathan J Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole E Heller
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah M Gordon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Balantic C, Adams A, Gross S, Mazur R, Sawyer S, Tucker J, Vernon M, Mengelt C, Morales J, Thorne JH, Brown TM, Athearn N, Morelli TL. Toward climate change refugia conservation at an ecoregion scale. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Balantic
- Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | - Andrea Adams
- Earth Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Shana Gross
- Ecology Program USDA Forest Service, Region 5 South Lake Tahoe California USA
| | - Rachel Mazur
- Division of Resources Management and Science Yosemite National Park El Portal California USA
| | - Sarah Sawyer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Vallejo California USA
| | - Jody Tucker
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region Vallejo California USA
| | - Marian Vernon
- Point Blue Conservation Science Petaluma California USA
| | - Claudia Mengelt
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Science Applications Sacramento California USA
| | - Jennifer Morales
- Climate Change Program California Department of Water Resources Fresno California USA
| | - James H. Thorne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis California USA
| | - Timothy M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Nicole Athearn
- Division of Resources Management and Science National Park Service El Portal California USA
| | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Turner BL, Lambin EF, Verburg PH. From land-use/land-cover to land system science : This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Agricultural land use. AMBIO 2021; 50:1291-1294. [PMID: 33713293 PMCID: PMC8116429 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B L Turner
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning & School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875302, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA.
| | - Eric F Lambin
- School of Earth, Energy & Environment Sciences and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Georges Lemaître Earth and Climate Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 3 place Pasteur, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1111, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu X, Konings AG, Longo M, Feldman A, Xu L, Saatchi S, Wu D, Wu J, Moorcroft P. Leaf surface water, not plant water stress, drives diurnal variation in tropical forest canopy water content. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:122-136. [PMID: 33539544 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Variation in canopy water content (CWC) that can be detected from microwave remote sensing of vegetation optical depth (VOD) has been proposed as an important measure of vegetation water stress. However, the contribution of leaf surface water (LWs ), arising from dew formation and rainfall interception, to CWC is largely unknown, particularly in tropical forests and other high-humidity ecosystems. We compared VOD data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and CWC predicted by a plant hydrodynamics model at four tropical sites in Brazil spanning a rainfall gradient. We assessed how LWs influenced the relationship between VOD and CWC. The analysis indicates that while CWC is strongly correlated with VOD (R2 = 0.62 across all sites), LWs accounts for 61-76% of the diurnal variation in CWC despite being < 10% of CWC. Ignoring LWs weakens the near-linear relationship between CWC and VOD and reduces the consistency in diurnal variation. The contribution of LWs to CWC variation, however, decreases at longer, seasonal to inter-annual, time scales. Our results demonstrate that diurnal patterns of dew formation and rainfall interception can be an important driver of diurnal variation in CWC and VOD over tropical ecosystems and therefore should be accounted for when inferring plant diurnal water stress from VOD measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Alexandra G Konings
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Andrew Feldman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liang Xu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Sassan Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Donghai Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huesca M, Ustin SL, Shapiro KD, Boynton R, Thorne JH. Detection of drought‐induced blue oak mortality in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Huesca
- Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing (CSTARS) John Muir Institute of the EnvironmentUniversity of California Davis Davis California95616USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California95616USA
- Natural Resources Department Faculty of Geo‐information Science and Earth Observation University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Susan L. Ustin
- Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing (CSTARS) John Muir Institute of the EnvironmentUniversity of California Davis Davis California95616USA
| | - Kristen D. Shapiro
- Center for Spatial Technologies and Remote Sensing (CSTARS) John Muir Institute of the EnvironmentUniversity of California Davis Davis California95616USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California95616USA
| | - Ryan Boynton
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California95616USA
| | - James H. Thorne
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis Davis California95616USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ordway EM, Elmore AJ, Kolstoe S, Quinn JE, Swanwick R, Cattau M, Taillie D, Guinn SM, Chadwick KD, Atkins JW, Blake RE, Chapman M, Cobourn K, Goulden T, Helmus MR, Hondula K, Hritz C, Jensen J, Julian JP, Kuwayama Y, Lulla V, O’Leary D, Nelson DR, Ocón JP, Pau S, Ponce‐Campos GE, Portillo‐Quintero C, Pricope NG, Rivero RG, Schneider L, Steele M, Tulbure MG, Williamson MA, Wilson C. Leveraging the NEON Airborne Observation Platform for socio‐environmental systems research. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
33
|
Liu F, Liu H, Xu C, Shi L, Zhu X, Qi Y, He W. Old-growth forests show low canopy resilience to droughts at the southern edge of the taiga. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2392-2402. [PMID: 33740267 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest mortality and resilience driven by drought disturbances have attracted tons of attention. However, the acquisition of continuous spatial-temporal data is generally enslaved to the conventional field investigations. In this study, the resilience of semiarid forest was characterized with canopy dynamics from remote sensing observations, combining the variations in canopy greenness and water content. We integrated dense normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference infrared index (NDII) time series from Landsat datasets, intending to assess the canopy resilience in 24 conifer patches along a climatic aridity gradient at the southern edge of the taiga in northern Mongolia and southern Siberia of Russia. The results exhibited four patterns of coordinated NDVI-NDII variation trends, indicating that the canopy water content of coniferous forests may decrease at first during a drought period, and sustained water loss may, in turn, induce an accompanying reduction in canopy greenness. Meanwhile, the patches with canopy recovery growth after initial declines were considered to have resilience to climate change. We further observed the combined effects of aridity degree and tree age on canopy resilience, and all seven patches with no resilience corresponded to the old-tree group (the oldest trees reached or exceeded the age of 90). The observations indicated that the old-growth forests in semiarid regions were less likely to show canopy resilience, which corresponded to a higher risk of sustained decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Qi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Inferring Grassland Drought Stress with Unsupervised Learning from Airborne Hyperspectral VNIR Imagery. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 2018–2019 Central European drought had a grave impact on natural and managed ecosystems, affecting their health and productivity. We examined patterns in hyperspectral VNIR imagery using an unsupervised learning approach to improve ecosystem monitoring and the understanding of grassland drought responses. The main objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the application of simplex volume maximisation (SiVM), an unsupervised learning method, for the detection of grassland drought stress in high-dimensional remote sensing data at the ecosystem scale and (2) to analyse the contributions of different spectral plant and soil traits to the computed stress signal. The drought status of the research site was assessed with a non-parametric standardised precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and soil moisture measurements. We used airborne HySpex VNIR-1800 data from spring 2018 and 2019 to compare vegetation condition at the onset of the drought with the state after one year. SiVM, an interpretable matrix factorisation technique, was used to derive typical extreme spectra (archetypes) from the hyperspectral data. The classification of archetypes allowed for the inference of qualitative drought stress levels. The results were evaluated using a set of geophysical measurements and vegetation indices as proxy variables for drought-inhibited vegetation growth. The successful application of SiVM for grassland stress detection at the ecosystem canopy scale was verified in a correlation analysis. The predictor importance was assessed with boosted beta regression. In the resulting interannual stress model, carotenoid-related variables had among the highest coefficient values. The significance of the photochemical reflectance index that uses 512 nm as reference wavelength (PRI512) demonstrates the value of combining imaging spectrometry and unsupervised learning for the monitoring of vegetation stress. It also shows the potential of archetypical reflectance spectra to be used for the remote estimation of photosynthetic efficiency. More conclusive results could be achieved by using vegetation measurements instead of proxy variables for evaluation. It must also be investigated how the method can be generalised across ecosystems.
Collapse
|
35
|
Jones GM, Kramer HA, Berigan WJ, Whitmore SA, Gutiérrez RJ, Peery MZ. Megafire causes persistent loss of an old‐forest species. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Jones
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque NM USA
| | - H. A. Kramer
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - W. J. Berigan
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - S. A. Whitmore
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - R. J. Gutiérrez
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - M. Z. Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kordosky JR, Gese EM, Thompson CM, Terletzky PA, Purcell KL, Schneiderman JD. Landscape use by fishers ( Pekania pennanti): core areas differ in habitat than the entire home range. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Home ranges have long been studied in animal ecology. Core areas may be used at a greater proportion than the rest of the home range, implying the core contains dependable resources. The Pacific fisher (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)) is a rare mesocarnivore occupying a small area in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA. Once statewide, fishers declined in the 1900s due to trapping, habitat fragmentation, and development. Recently, drought induced by climate change may be affecting this population. We examined space use of fishers in their core versus their home range for levels of anthropogenic modifications (housing density, road density, silvicultural treatments), habitat types, and tree mortality. We found core areas contained more late-successional forest and minimal human activity compared with their territory. Their core had higher levels of dense canopy and higher amounts of conifer cover, while minimizing the amount of buildings, developed habitat, and low canopy cover. Fishers may in effect be seeking refugia by minimizing their exposure to these elements in their core. Conserving landscape components used by fishers in their core areas will be important for the persistence of this isolated population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric M. Gese
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Craig M. Thompson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1, Missoula, MT 59804, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L. Purcell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fresno, CA 93710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Combrink LL, Bronikowski AM, Miller DAW, Sparkman AM. Current and time-lagged effects of climate on innate immunity in two sympatric snake species. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3239-3250. [PMID: 33841780 PMCID: PMC8019058 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing environments result in alterations at all levels of biological organization, from genetics to physiology to demography. The increasing frequency of droughts worldwide is associated with higher temperatures and reduced precipitation that can impact population persistence via effects on individual immune function and survival.We examined the effects of annual climate variation on immunity in two sympatric species of garter snakes from four populations in California over a seven-year period that included the record-breaking drought.We examined three indices of innate immunity: bactericidal competence (BC), natural antibodies (NABs), and complement-mediated lysis (CL).Precipitation was the only climatic variable explaining variation in immune function: spring precipitation of the current year was positively correlated to Thamnophis sirtalis BC and NABs, whereas spring precipitation of the previous year was positively correlated to T. elegans BC and NABs. This suggests that T. elegans experiences a physiological time-lag in response to reduced precipitation, which may reflect lack of capital for investment in immunity in the year following a dry year.In general, our findings demonstrate compelling evidence that climate can influence wild populations through effects on physiological processes, suggesting that physiological indices such as these may offer valuable opportunities for monitoring the effects of climate.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wayman RB, Safford HD. Recent bark beetle outbreaks influence wildfire severity in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02287. [PMID: 33426715 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In temperate forests, elevated frequency of drought related disturbances will likely increase the incidence of interactions between disturbances such as bark beetle epidemics and wildfires. Our understanding of the influence of recent drought and insect-induced tree mortality on wildfire severity has largely lacked information from forests adapted to frequent fire. A recent unprecedented tree mortality event in California's Sierra Nevada provides an opportunity to examine this disturbance interaction in historically frequent-fire forests. Using field data collected within areas of recent tree mortality that subsequently burned in wildfire, we examined whether and under what conditions wildfire severity relates to severity of prefire tree mortality in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. We collected data on 180 plots within the 2015 Rough Fire and 2016 Cedar Fire footprints (California, USA). Our analyses identified prefire tree mortality as influential on all measures of wildfire severity (basal area killed by fire, RdNBR, and canopy torch) on the Cedar Fire, although it was less influential than fire weather (relative humidity). Prefire tree mortality was influential on two of three fire-severity measures on the Rough Fire, and was the most important predictor of basal area killed by fire; topographic position was influential on two metrics. On the Cedar Fire, the influence of prefire mortality on basal area killed by fire was greater under milder weather conditions. All measures of fire severity increased as prefire mortality increased up to prefire mortality levels of approximately 30-40%; further increases did not result in greater fire severity. The interacting disturbances shifted a pine-dominated system (Rough Fire) to a cedar-pine-fir system, while the pre-disturbance fir-cedar system (Cedar Fire) saw its dominant species unchanged. Managers of historically frequent-fire forests will benefit from utilizing this information when prioritizing fuels reduction treatments in areas of recent tree mortality, as it is the first empirical study to document a relationship between prefire mortality and subsequent wildfire severity in these systems. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that the influence of prefire tree mortality on wildfire severity in temperate coniferous forests may depend on other conditions capable of driving extreme wildfire behavior, such as weather.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Wayman
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Hugh D Safford
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
- Pacific Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service, Vallejo, California, 94592, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Steel ZL, Goodwin MJ, Meyer MD, Fricker GA, Zald HSJ, Hurteau MD, North MP. Do forest fuel reduction treatments confer resistance to beetle infestation and drought mortality? Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z. L. Steel
- John Muir Institute University of California Davis California95616USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley California94720USA
| | - M. J. Goodwin
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - M. D. Meyer
- Pacific Southwest Region USDA Forest Service Southern Sierra Province Bishop California93514USA
| | - G. A. Fricker
- Social Sciences Department California Polytechnic University San Luis Obispo California93407USA
| | - H. S. J. Zald
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources Humboldt State University Arcata California95521USA
| | - M. D. Hurteau
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - M. P. North
- John Muir Institute University of California Davis California95616USA
- Pacific Southwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Mammoth Lakes California93546USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
As humans continue to alter Earth systems, conservationists look to remote sensing to monitor, inventory, and understand ecosystems and ecosystem processes at large spatial scales. Multispectral remote sensing data are commonly integrated into conservation decision-making frameworks, yet imaging spectroscopy, or hyperspectral remote sensing, is underutilized in conservation. The high spectral resolution of imaging spectrometers captures the chemistry of Earth surfaces, whereas multispectral satellites indirectly represent such surfaces through band ratios. Here, we present case studies wherein imaging spectroscopy was used to inform and improve conservation decision-making and discuss potential future applications. These case studies include a broad array of conservation areas, including forest, dryland, and marine ecosystems, as well as urban applications and methane monitoring. Imaging spectroscopy technology is rapidly developing, especially with regard to satellite-based spectrometers. Improving on and expanding existing applications of imaging spectroscopy to conservation, developing imaging spectroscopy data products for use by other researchers and decision-makers, and pioneering novel uses of imaging spectroscopy will greatly expand the toolset for conservation decision-makers.
Collapse
|
41
|
Koontz MJ, Latimer AM, Mortenson LA, Fettig CJ, North MP. Cross-scale interaction of host tree size and climatic water deficit governs bark beetle-induced tree mortality. Nat Commun 2021; 12:129. [PMID: 33420082 PMCID: PMC7794511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent Californian hot drought (2012-2016) precipitated unprecedented ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality, largely attributable to the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis; WPB). Broad-scale climate conditions can directly shape tree mortality patterns, but mortality rates respond non-linearly to climate when local-scale forest characteristics influence the behavior of tree-killing bark beetles (e.g., WPB). To test for these cross-scale interactions, we conduct aerial drone surveys at 32 sites along a gradient of climatic water deficit (CWD) spanning 350 km of latitude and 1000 m of elevation in WPB-impacted Sierra Nevada forests. We map, measure, and classify over 450,000 trees within 9 km2, validating measurements with coincident field plots. We find greater size, proportion, and density of ponderosa pine (the WPB host) increase host mortality rates, as does greater CWD. Critically, we find a CWD/host size interaction such that larger trees amplify host mortality rates in hot/dry sites. Management strategies for climate change adaptation should consider how bark beetle disturbances can depend on cross-scale interactions, which challenge our ability to predict and understand patterns of tree mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Koontz
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Earth Lab, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Mortenson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Placerville, CA, USA
| | | | - Malcolm P North
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Willing CE, Pierroz G, Coleman-Derr D, Dawson TE. The generalizability of water-deficit on bacterial community composition; Site-specific water-availability predicts the bacterial community associated with coast redwood roots. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4721-4734. [PMID: 33000868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Experimental drought has been shown to delay the development of the root microbiome and increase the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, however, the generalizability of these findings to natural systems or other diverse plant hosts remains unknown. Bacterial cell wall thickness and growth morphology (e.g., filamentous or unicellular) have been proposed as traits that may mediate bacterial responses to environmental drivers. Leveraging a natural gradient of water-availability across the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) range, we tested three hypotheses: (a) that site-specific water-availability is an important predictor of bacterial community composition for redwood roots and rhizosphere soils; (b) that there is relative enrichment of Actinobacteria and other monoderm bacterial groups within the redwood microbiome in response to drier conditions; and (c) that bacterial growth morphology is an important predictor of bacteria response to water-availability, where filamentous taxa will become more dominant at drier sites compared to unicellular bacteria. We find that both α- and β-diversity of redwood bacterial communities is partially explained by water-availability and that Actinobacterial enrichment is a conserved response of land plants to water-deficit. Further, we highlight how the trend of Actinobacterial enrichment in the redwood system is largely driven by the Actinomycetales. We propose bacterial growth morphology (filamentous vs. unicellular) as an additional mechanism behind the increase in Actinomycetales with increasing aridity. A trait-based approach including cell-wall thickness and growth morphology may explain the distribution of bacterial taxa across environmental gradients and help to predict patterns of bacterial community composition for a wide range of host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Willing
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grady Pierroz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Goodwin MJ, North MP, Zald HSJ, Hurteau MD. Changing climate reallocates the carbon debt of frequent-fire forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6180-6189. [PMID: 32810926 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change will alter the carbon carrying capacity of forests as they adjust to climatic extremes and changing disturbance regimes. In frequent-fire forests, increasing drought frequency and severity are already causing widespread tree mortality events, which can exacerbate the carbon debt that has developed as a result of fire exclusion. Forest management techniques that reduce tree density and surface fuels decrease the risk of high-severity wildfire and may also limit drought-induced mortality by reducing competition. We used a long-term thinning and burning experiment in a mixed-conifer forest to investigate the effects of the 2012-2015 California drought on forest carbon dynamics in each treatment, including the carbon emissions from a second-entry prescribed fire that followed the drought. We assessed differences in carbon stability and tree survival across treatments, expecting that both carbon stability and survival probability would increase with increasing treatment intensity (decreasing basal area). Additionally, we analyzed the effects of drought- mortality on second-entry burn emissions and compared emissions for the first- and second-entry burns. We found a non-linear relationship between treatment intensity and carbon stability, which was in part driven by varying relationships between individual tree growing space and survival across treatments. Drought mortality increased dead tree and surface fuel carbon in all treatments, which contributed to higher second-entry burn emissions for two of the three burn treatments when compared to the first burn. Our findings suggest that restoration treatments will not serve as a panacea for ongoing climate change and that the carbon debt of these forests will become increasingly unstable as the carbon carrying capacity adjusts to severe drought events. Managing the carbon debt with prescribed fire will help reduce the risk of additional mortality from wildfire, but at an increasing carbon cost for forest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Goodwin
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Malcolm P North
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Harold S J Zald
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Hurteau
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu X, Biondi F. Transpiration drivers of high-elevation five-needle pines (Pinus longaeva and Pinus flexilis) in sky-island ecosystems of the North American Great Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139861. [PMID: 32544678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between soil water supply and atmospheric evaporative demand for driving the seasonal pattern of transpiration in sky-island high-elevation forest ecosystems. Sap flow measurements were collected at 10-minute intervals for five consecutive years (2013-2017) on two co-occurring subalpine conifers, i.e. limber pine (Pinus flexilis) and bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). Our study site is part of the Nevada Climate-ecohydrological Assessment Network (NevCAN), and is located at 3355 m a.s.l. within an undisturbed mixed-conifer stand. We found that seasonal changes in soil moisture regulated transpiration sensitivity to atmospheric conditions. Sap flow density was mainly limited by evaporative demands under non-water limiting conditions, but was influenced only by soil moisture when water availability decreased. Daily sap flow density increased with radiation and soil moisture in June and July when soil moisture was generally above 10%, but correlated only with soil moisture in August and September when soil drought occurred. Sap flow sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation was therefore reduced under decreasing soil moisture conditions. Transpiration peaked in mid-to-late June during both dry and wet years, with a lower peak in late summer during wet years. Normalized mean daily canopy conductance of both species declined with decreasing soil moisture (i.e., increasing soil drought). Severe soil drying (i.e., soil moisture <7% at 20 cm depth), which was rarely detected in wet summers (2013-2014) but occurred more frequently in dry summers (2015-2017), induced a minimum in crown conductance with unchanged low-level sap flow, which might potentially trigger hydraulic failure. The minimum sap flow level under severe soil drought was higher for limber pine than bristlecone pine, possibly because of wider tracheids in limber compared to bristlecone pine. Our findings provide insights into physiological mechanisms of drought-induced stress for iconic sky-island five-needle pines located at high elevation in xeric environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Liu
- College of Tourism and Geography, Jiujiang University, East Qianjin Road No. 551, Jiujiang 332005, China; DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Ukkola AM, Mu M, Sabot MEB, Pitman AJ, Meir P, Cernusak LA, Rifai SW, Choat B, Tissue DT, Blackman CJ, Li X, Roderick M, Briggs PR. Identifying areas at risk of drought-induced tree mortality across South-Eastern Australia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5716-5733. [PMID: 32512628 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
South-East Australia has recently been subjected to two of the worst droughts in the historical record (Millennium Drought, 2000-2009 and Big Dry, 2017-2019). Unfortunately, a lack of forest monitoring has made it difficult to determine whether widespread tree mortality has resulted from these droughts. Anecdotal observations suggest the Big Dry may have led to more significant tree mortality than the Millennium drought. Critically, to be able to robustly project future expected climate change effects on Australian vegetation, we need to assess the vulnerability of Australian trees to drought. Here we implemented a model of plant hydraulics into the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model. We parameterized the drought response behaviour of five broad vegetation types, based on a common garden dry-down experiment with species originating across a rainfall gradient (188-1,125 mm/year) across South-East Australia. The new hydraulics model significantly improved (~35%-45% reduction in root mean square error) CABLE's previous predictions of latent heat fluxes during periods of water stress at two eddy covariance sites in Australia. Landscape-scale predictions of the greatest percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) of about 40%-60%, were broadly consistent with satellite estimates of regions of the greatest change in both droughts. In neither drought did CABLE predict that trees would have reached critical PLC in widespread areas (i.e. it projected a low mortality risk), although the model highlighted critical levels near the desert regions of South-East Australia where few trees live. Overall, our experimentally constrained model results imply significant resilience to drought conferred by hydraulic function, but also highlight critical data and scientific gaps. Our approach presents a promising avenue to integrate experimental data and make regional-scale predictions of potential drought-induced hydraulic failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna M Ukkola
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mengyuan Mu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pitman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Sami W Rifai
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Roderick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Csilléry K, Buchmann N, Fady B. Adaptation to drought is coupled with slow growth, but independent from phenology in marginal silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) populations. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2357-2376. [PMID: 33042220 PMCID: PMC7539328 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the most important selection pressures for forest trees in the context of climate change. Yet, the different evolutionary mechanisms, and their environmental drivers, by which certain populations become more drought tolerant than others is still little understood. We studied adaptation to drought in 16 silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations from the French Mediterranean Alps by combining observations on seedlings from a greenhouse experiment (N = 8,199) and on adult tress in situ (N = 315). In the greenhouse, we followed half-sib families for four growing seasons for growth and phenology traits, and tested their water stress response in a "drought until death" experiment. Adult trees in the field were assessed for δ 13C, a proxy for water use efficiency, and genotyped at 357 SNP loci. SNP data was used to generate a null expectation for seedling trait divergence between populations in order to detect the signature of selection, and 31 environmental variables were used to identify the selective environment. We found that seedlings originating from populations with low soil water capacity grew more slowly, attained a smaller stature, and resisted water stress for a longer period of time in the greenhouse. Additionally, adult trees of these populations exhibited a higher water use efficiency as evidenced by their δ 13C. These results suggest a correlated evolution of the growth-drought tolerance trait complex. Population divergence in bud break phenology was adaptive only in the second growing season, and evolved independently from the growth-drought tolerance trait complex. Adaptive divergence in bud break phenology was principally driven by the inter- and intra-annual variation in temperature at the geographic origin of the population. Our results illustrate the different evolutionary strategies used by populations to cope with drought stress at the range limits across a highly heterogeneous landscape, and can be used to inform assisted migration programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Biodiversity & Conservation BiologySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Fady
- INRAEcology of Mediterranean Forests (URFM)UR629AvignonFrance
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Weiskopf SR, Rubenstein MA, Crozier LG, Gaichas S, Griffis R, Halofsky JE, Hyde KJW, Morelli TL, Morisette JT, Muñoz RC, Pershing AJ, Peterson DL, Poudel R, Staudinger MD, Sutton-Grier AE, Thompson L, Vose J, Weltzin JF, Whyte KP. Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:137782. [PMID: 32209235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate change impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem services in the U.S. and implications for natural resource management. We draw from the 4th National Climate Assessment to summarize observed and projected changes to ecosystems and biodiversity, explore linkages to important ecosystem services, and discuss associated challenges and opportunities for natural resource management. We find that species are responding to climate change through changes in morphology and behavior, phenology, and geographic range shifts, and these changes are mediated by plastic and evolutionary responses. Responses by species and populations, combined with direct effects of climate change on ecosystems (including more extreme events), are resulting in widespread changes in productivity, species interactions, vulnerability to biological invasions, and other emergent properties. Collectively, these impacts alter the benefits and services that natural ecosystems can provide to society. Although not all impacts are negative, even positive changes can require costly societal adjustments. Natural resource managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies that consider historical and future outlooks to minimize costs over the long term. Many organizations are beginning to explore these approaches, but implementation is not yet prevalent or systematic across the nation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Weiskopf
- U.S. Geological Survey National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, VA, USA.
| | | | - Lisa G Crozier
- NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Gaichas
- NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Roger Griffis
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jessica E Halofsky
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Morisette
- U.S. Department of the Interior, National Invasive Species Council Secretariat, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roldan C Muñoz
- NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | | | - David L Peterson
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michelle D Staudinger
- U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ariana E Sutton-Grier
- University of Maryland Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Laura Thompson
- U.S. Geological Survey National Climate Adaptation Science Center, Reston, VA, USA
| | - James Vose
- U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Tree growth sensitivity to climate is temporally variable. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1561-1572. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. P. Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Balzotti CS, Asner GP, Adkins ED, Parsons EW. Spatial drivers of composition and connectivity across endangered tropical dry forests. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Balzotti
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science (GDCS) Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science (GDCS) Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Edith D. Adkins
- Division of Forestry and Wildlife Hawai‘i State Department of Land and Natural Resources Hilo HI USA
- University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI USA
| | - Elliott W. Parsons
- Division of Forestry and Wildlife Hawai‘i State Department of Land and Natural Resources Hilo HI USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pre-Emptive Detection of Mature Pine Drought Stress Using Multispectral Aerial Imagery. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drought, ozone (O3), and nitrogen deposition (N) alter foliar pigments and tree crown structure that may be remotely detectable. Remote sensing tools are needed that pre-emptively identify trees susceptible to environmental stresses could inform forest managers in advance of tree mortality risk. Jeffrey pine, a component of the economically important and widespread western yellow pine in North America was investigated in the southern Sierra Nevada. Transpiration of mature trees differed by 20% between microsites with adequate (mesic (M)) vs. limited (xeric (X)) water availability as described in a previous study. In this study, in-the-crown morphological traits (needle chlorosis, branchlet diameter, and frequency of needle defoliators and dwarf mistletoe) were significantly correlated with aerially detected, sub-crown spectral traits (upper crown NDVI, high resolution (R), near-infrared (NIR) Scalar (inverse of NDVI) and THERM Δ, and the difference between upper and mid crown temperature). A classification tree model sorted trees into X and M microsites with THERM Δ alone (20% error), which was partially validated at a second site with only mesic trees (2% error). Random forest separated M and X site trees with additional spectra (17% error). Imagery taken once, from an aerial platform with sub-crown resolution, under the challenge of drought stress, was effective in identifying droughted trees within the context of other environmental stresses.
Collapse
|