1
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Zhang T, Lu X, Zhang R, Jiang X, Yang S, Ma X, Gao Q, Wang X. Ultrasonic humidifier aerosols: Observed high heavy metal enrichment and a new emission control method. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:298-305. [PMID: 39095166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasonic humidifiers are commonly used in households to maintain indoor humidity and generate a large number of droplets or spray aerosols. However, there have been various health concerns associated with humidifier use, largely due to aerosols generated during operation. Here, we investigated the size distribution, chemical composition, and charged fraction of aerosol particles emitted from commercial ultrasonic humidifiers. Heavy metals in water used for humidifiers were found to be highly enriched in the ultrasonic humidifier aerosols (UHA), with the enrichment factors ranging from 102 to 107. This enrichment may pose health concerns for the building occupants, as UHA concentrations of up to 106 particles/cm3 or 3 mg/m3 were observed. Furthermore, approximately 90% of UHA were observed to be electrically charged, for the first time according to our knowledge. Based on this discovery, we proposed and tested a new method to remove UHA by using a simple electrical field. The designed electrical field in this work can efficiently remove 81.4% of UHA. Therefore, applying this electrical field could be an effective method to significantly reduce the health risks by UHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinghua Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanye Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiewen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Dommer AC, Rogers MM, Carter-Fenk KA, Wauer NA, Rubio P, Davasam A, Allen HC, Amaro RE. Interfacial Enrichment of Lauric Acid Assisted by Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Acidity and Salinity at Sea Spray Aerosol Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7195-7207. [PMID: 39106367 PMCID: PMC11372753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Surfactant monolayers at sea spray aerosol (SSA) surfaces regulate various atmospheric processes including gas transfer, cloud interactions, and radiative properties. Most experimental studies of SSA employ a simplified surfactant mixture of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) as a proxy for the sea surface microlayer or SSA surface. However, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) make up nearly 30% of the FA fraction in nascent SSA. Given that LCFA monolayers are easily disrupted upon the introduction of chemical heterogeneity (such as mixed chain lengths), simple FA proxies are unlikely to represent realistic SSA interfaces. Integrating experimental and computational techniques, we characterize the impact that partially soluble MCFAs have on the properties of atmospherically relevant LCFA mixtures. We explore the extent to which the MCFA lauric acid (LA) is surface stabilized by varying acidity, salinity, and monolayer composition. We also discuss the impacts of pH on LCFA-assisted LA retention, where the presence of LCFAs may shift the surface-adsorption equilibria of laurate─the conjugate base─toward higher surface activities. Molecular dynamic simulations suggest a mechanism for the enhanced surface retention of laurate. We conclude that increased FA heterogeneity at SSA surfaces promotes surface activity of soluble FA species, altering monolayer phase behavior and impacting climate-relevant atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Dommer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mickey M Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kimberly A Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas A Wauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Patiemma Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Aakash Davasam
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Madawala C, Molina C, Kim D, Gamage DK, Sun M, Leibensperger RJ, Mehndiratta L, Lee J, Kaluarachchi CP, Kimble KA, Sandstrom G, Harb C, Dinasquet J, Malfatti F, Prather KA, Deane GB, Stokes MD, Lee C, Slade JH, Stone EA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Effects of Wind Speed on Size-Dependent Morphology and Composition of Sea Spray Aerosols. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1609-1622. [PMID: 39166261 PMCID: PMC11331522 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Variable wind speeds over the ocean can have a significant impact on the formation mechanism and physical-chemical properties of sea spray aerosols (SSA), which in turn influence their climate-relevant impacts. Herein, for the first time, we investigate the effects of wind speed on size-dependent morphology and composition of individual nascent SSA generated from wind-wave interactions of natural seawater within a wind-wave channel as a function of size and their particle-to-particle variability. Filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), AFM infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed in this regard. This study focuses on SSA with sizes within 0.04-1.8 μm generated at two wind speeds: 10 m/s, representing a wind lull scenario over the ocean, and 19 m/s, indicative of the wind speeds encountered in stormy conditions. Filter-based measurements revealed a reduction of the organic mass fraction as the wind speed increases. AFM imaging at 20% relative humidity of individual SSA identified six main morphologies: prism-like, rounded, core-shell, rod, rod inclusion core-shell, and aggregates. At 10 m/s, most SSA were rounded, while at 19 m/s, core-shells became predominant. Based on AFM-IR, rounded SSA at both wind speeds had similar composition, mainly composed of aliphatic and oxygenated species, whereas the shells of core-shells displayed more oxygenated organics at 19 m/s and more aliphatic organics at 10 m/s. Collectively, our observations can be attributed to the disruption of the sea surface microlayer film structure at higher wind speeds. The findings reveal a significant impact of wind speed on morphology and composition of SSA, which should be accounted for accurate assessment of their climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamika
K. Madawala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Carolina Molina
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Mengnan Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Raymond J. Leibensperger
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lincoln Mehndiratta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennie Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Ke’La A. Kimble
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Greg Sandstrom
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charbel Harb
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Life Science, Universita’ degli
Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Slade
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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4
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Kruse SM, Tumminello PR, Moore AN, Lee C, Prather KA, Slade JH. Effects of Relative Humidity and Phase on the Molecular Detection of Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Using Extractive Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12901-12907. [PMID: 39047064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Online mass spectrometry techniques, such as extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS), present an attractive alternative for analyzing aerosol molecular composition due to reduced aerosol sample collection and handling times and improved time resolution. Recent studies show a dependence of EESI-MS sensitivity on particle size and mixing state. This study measured authentic sea spray aerosol (SSA) components generated during a phytoplankton bloom, specifically glycerol, palmitic acid, and potassium ions. We demonstrate temporal variability and trends dependent on specific biological processes occurring in seawater. We found that the EESI-MS sensitivity, after adjusting for pressure variations at the inlet and normalizing to the reagent ion, critically depends on the sample's relative humidity. Relevant SSA species exhibited heightened sensitivity at an elevated relative humidity near the deliquescence relative humidity of sea salt and poorer sensitivity with sparse detection below the efflorescence relative humidity. Modeling the reagent ion's diffusive depth demonstrates that the sample aerosol particle viscosity governs the relative humidity dependence because it modulates the particle's coagulation efficiency and distance the reagent ion diffuses and reacts with components in the particle bulk. The effects of particle size and mixing state are discussed, revealing improved sensitivity of phase-separated components present along the particle surface. This work highlights the importance of the particle phase state in detecting and quantifying molecular components within authentic and complex aerosol particles and the utility of EESI-MS for measuring SSA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Kruse
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Deigo, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Deigo, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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5
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Jiang X, Rotily L, Villermaux E, Wang X. Abyss Aerosols: Drop Production from Underwater Bubble Collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:024001. [PMID: 39073953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Over the past century, drops production mechanisms from bubble bursting have been extensively studied. They include the centrifugal fragmentation of liquid ligaments from the bubble cap during film rupture, the flapping of the cap film, and the disintegration of Worthington jets after cavity collapse. We show here that a dominant fraction of previously identified as "surface bubble bursting" submicron drops are, in fact, generated underwater, in the abyss, inside the bubbles themselves before they have reached the surface. Several experimental evidences demonstrate that these drops originate from the flapping instability of the film squeezed between underwater colliding bubbles. This finding, emphasizing the eminent role of bubble-bubble collisions, alters fundamentally our understanding of fine aerosol production and opens a novel perspective for transfers across water-air interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lucas Rotily
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR 7342, 13384 Marseille, France
| | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
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6
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Yang Z, Barbhai S, Ji B, Feng J. Effect of surface viscoelasticity on top jet drops produced by bursting bubbles. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4868-4877. [PMID: 38700115 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Jet drops resulting from bubble bursting at a liquid surface play a key role in various mass transfer processes across the interface, including sea spray aerosol generation and pathogen transmission. However, the impact of structurally compound interfaces, characterized by complex surface rheology introduced by surface-active contaminants, on the jet drop ejection still remains unclear. Here, we experimentally investigate the influence of surface viscoelasticity on the size and velocity of the top jet drops from surface bubble bursting, examining both pure protein and mixed protein-surfactant solutions. We document that for bubble bursting at a pure-protein-laden surface where surface elasticity dominates, the increase in Ec, i.e. the interfacial elastocapillary number as the ratio between the effects of interfacial elasticity and capillarity, efficiently increases the radius and decreases the velocity of the top jet drop, ultimately inhibiting the jet drop ejection. On the other hand, considering the mixed protein-surfactant solution, we show that the top jet drop radius and velocity exhibit a different variation trend with Ec, which is attributed to the additional dissipation on the capillary waves as well as the retardation and resistance on the converging flow for jet formation from surface viscoelasticity. Our work may advance the understanding of bubble bursting dynamics at contaminated liquid surfaces and shed light on the potential influence of surface viscoelasticity on the generation of bubble bursting aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | - Sainath Barbhai
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Bingqiang Ji
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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7
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Rocchi A, von Jackowski A, Welti A, Li G, Kanji ZA, Povazhnyy V, Engel A, Schmale J, Nenes A, Berdalet E, Simó R, Dall′Osto M. Glucose Enhances Salinity-Driven Sea Spray Aerosol Production in Eastern Arctic Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8748-8759. [PMID: 38709019 PMCID: PMC11112759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosols (SSA) greatly affect the climate system by scattering solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud droplet formation. The ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing due to global warming, and the effects these changes have on the generation of SSA, and thereby clouds and fog formation in this region, are unknown. During the ship-based Arctic Century Expedition, we examined the dependency of forced SSA production on the biogeochemical characteristics of seawater using an on-board temperature-controlled aerosol generation chamber with a plunging jet system. Our results indicate that mainly seawater salinity and organic content influence the production and size distribution of SSA. However, we observed a 2-fold higher SSA production from waters with similar salinity collected north of 81°N compared to samples collected south of this latitude. This variability was not explained by phytoplankton and bacterial abundances or Chlorophyll-a concentration but by the presence of glucose in seawater. The synergic action of sea salt (essential component) and glucose or glucose-rich saccharides (enhancer) accounts for >80% of SSA predictability throughout the cruise. Our results suggest that besides wind speed and salinity, SSA production in Arctic waters is also affected by specific organics released by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rocchi
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty
of Earth Sciences, University of Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès,
s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel von Jackowski
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1−3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - André Welti
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio, 1. 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guangyu Li
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliy Povazhnyy
- The Otto
Schmidt Laboratory, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Beringa, 38. 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1−3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Schmale
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall′Osto
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Chen X, Jiang J, Hua L, Jia X, Bao R, Wang F. Pyrogenic Carbon Degradation by Galvanic Coupling with Sprayed Seawater Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8528-8535. [PMID: 38497738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Surface waves are known for their mechanical role in coastal processes that influence the weather and climate. However, their chemical impact, particularly on the transformation of pyrogenic carbon, is poorly understood. Pyrogenic carbon is generally assumed to show negligible postformational alteration of its stable carbon isotope composition. Here we present an electrochemical interaction of pyrogenic carbon with the sprayed seawater microdroplets resulting from wave breaking, driven by the galvanic coupling between the microdroplet water-carbon interfaces and the microdroplet water-vapor interfaces. This enables refractory pyrogenic carbon to rapidly degrade via the oxygenation and mineralization reaction, which makes it ∼2.6‰ enriched in 13C, far exceeding the generally assumed postformation alteration values (<0.5‰) of pyrogenic carbon. The unique chemical dynamics of seawater microdroplets provide new insights into the discrepancy in carbon isotope signatures between riverine and marine black carbon, emphasizing the potential of coastal oceans for carbon sequestration in the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Zhang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuquan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Bao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Shi JH, Olson NE, Birbeck JA, Pan J, Peraino NJ, Holen AL, Ledsky IR, Jacquemin SJ, Marr LC, Schmale DG, Westrick JA, Ault AP. Aerosolized Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins: Microcystin Congeners Quantified in the Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21801-21814. [PMID: 38078756 PMCID: PMC11406202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) have the potential to adversely affect public health through the production of toxins such as microcystins, which consist of numerous molecularly distinct congeners. Microcystins have been observed in the atmosphere after emission from freshwater lakes, but little is known about the health effects of inhaling microcystins and the factors contributing to microcystin aerosolization. This study quantified total microcystin concentrations in water and aerosol samples collected around Grand Lake St. Marys (GLSM), Ohio. Microcystin concentrations in water samples collected on the same day ranged from 13 to 23 μg/L, dominated by the d-Asp3-MC-RR congener. In particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), microcystin concentrations up to 156 pg/m3 were detected; the microcystins were composed primarily of d-Asp3-MC-RR, with additional congeners (d-Asp3-MC-HtyR and d-Asp3-MC-LR) observed in a sample collected prior to a storm event. The PM size fraction containing the highest aerosolized MC concentration ranged from 0.44 to 2.5 μm. Analysis of total bacteria by qPCR targeting 16S rDNA revealed concentrations up to 9.4 × 104 gc/m3 in aerosol samples (≤3 μm), while a marker specific to cyanobacteria was not detected in any aerosol samples. Concentrations of aerosolized microcystins varied even when concentrations in water were relatively constant, demonstrating the importance of meteorological conditions (wind speed and direction) and aerosol generation mechanism(s) (wave breaking, spillway, and aeration systems) when evaluating inhalation exposure to microcystins and subsequent impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia H Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jin Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Nicholas J Peraino
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew L Holen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Stephen J Jacquemin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Lake Campus, Celina, Ohio 45822, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Wang X, Chan AWH. Particulate Matter and Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Generated from a Domestic Air Fryer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17384-17392. [PMID: 37927234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Air frying has become a popular cooking method for domestic cooking, but the level of released indoor air pollutants is poorly understood. In this work, we compared particle and gas phase emission factors (EF) and particle size distributions between cooking with a domestic air fryer and a pan for a variety of foods. The PM10 EFs of air frying chicken wings and breast were higher than pan cooking by a factor of 2.1 and 5.4, respectively. On the other hand, a higher PM10 emission factor from air frying can be achieved by increasing the amount of oil to levels similar to or above those from pan-frying for French fries and asparagus. We propose that higher temperature and greater turbulence lead to higher PM10 EFs for cooking with the air fryer compared with the pan for the same mass of oil added. EFs of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also generally higher for cooking with the air fryer compared with the pan: 2.5 times higher for French fries and 4.8 times higher for chicken breast. Our study highlights the potential risk of higher indoor PM10 levels associated with domestic air frying under certain cases and proposes possible mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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11
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Shaw DB, Li Q, Nunes JK, Deike L. Ocean emission of microplastic. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad296. [PMID: 37795272 PMCID: PMC10547021 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are globally ubiquitous in marine environments, and their concentration is expected to continue rising at significant rates as a result of human activity. They present a major ecological problem with well-documented environmental harm. Sea spray from bubble bursting can transport salt and biological material from the ocean into the atmosphere, and there is a need to quantify the amount of microplastic that can be emitted from the ocean by this mechanism. We present a mechanistic study of bursting bubbles transporting microplastics. We demonstrate and quantify that jet drops are efficient at emitting microplastics up to 280 μ m in diameter and are thus expected to dominate the emitted mass of microplastic. The results are integrated to provide a global microplastic emission model which depends on bubble scavenging and bursting physics; local wind and sea state; and oceanic microplastic concentration. We test multiple possible microplastic concentration maps to find annual emissions ranging from 0.02 to 7.4-with a best guess of 0.1-mega metric tons per year and demonstrate that while we significantly reduce the uncertainty associated with the bursting physics, the limited knowledge and measurements on the mass concentration and size distribution of microplastic at the ocean surface leaves large uncertainties on the amount of microplastic ejected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Shaw
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Qi Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Janine K Nunes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Luc Deike
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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12
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Ji B, Yang Z, Wang Z, Ewoldt RH, Feng J. Secondary Bubble Entrainment via Primary Bubble Bursting at a Viscoelastic Surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:104002. [PMID: 37739356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Bubble bursting at liquid surfaces is ubiquitous and plays a key role for the mass transfer across interfaces, impacting global climate and human health. Here, we document an unexpected phenomenon that when a bubble bursts at a viscoelastic surface of a bovine serum albumin solution, a secondary (daughter) bubble is entrapped with no subsequent jet drop ejection, contrary to the counterpart experimentally observed at a Newtonian surface. We show that the strong surface dilatational elastic stress from the viscoelastic surface retards the cavity collapse and efficiently damps out the precursor waves, thus facilitating the dominant wave focusing above the cavity nadir. The onset of daughter bubble entrainment is well predicted by an interfacial elastocapillary number comparing the effects of surface dilatational elasticity and surface tension. Our Letter highlights the important role of surface rheology on free surface flows and may find important implications in bubble dynamics with a contaminated interface exhibiting complex surface rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang Ji
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Zirui Wang
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jie Feng
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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13
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Dommer A, Wauer NA, Angle KJ, Davasam A, Rubio P, Luo M, Morris CK, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Amaro RE. Revealing the Impacts of Chemical Complexity on Submicrometer Sea Spray Aerosol Morphology. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1088-1103. [PMID: 37396863 PMCID: PMC10311664 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) ejected through bursting bubbles at the ocean surface is a complex mixture of salts and organic species. Submicrometer SSA particles have long atmospheric lifetimes and play a critical role in the climate system. Composition impacts their ability to form marine clouds, yet their cloud-forming potential is difficult to study due to their small size. Here, we use large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as a "computational microscope" to provide never-before-seen views of 40 nm model aerosol particles and their molecular morphologies. We investigate how increasing chemical complexity impacts the distribution of organic material throughout individual particles for a range of organic constituents with varying chemical properties. Our simulations show that common organic marine surfactants readily partition between both the surface and interior of the aerosol, indicating that nascent SSA may be more heterogeneous than traditional morphological models suggest. We support our computational observations of SSA surface heterogeneity with Brewster angle microscopy on model interfaces. These observations indicate that increased chemical complexity in submicrometer SSA leads to a reduced surface coverage by marine organics, which may facilitate water uptake in the atmosphere. Our work thus establishes large-scale MD simulations as a novel technique for interrogating aerosols at the single-particle level.
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14
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Jang J, Park J, Park J, Yoon YJ, Dall'Osto M, Park KT, Jang E, Lee JY, Cho KH, Lee BY. Ocean-atmosphere interactions: Different organic components across Pacific and Southern Oceans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162969. [PMID: 36958547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles strongly influence clouds and climate but the potential impact of ocean microbiota on SSA fluxes is still a matter of active research. Here-by means of in situ ship-borne measurements-we explore simultaneously molecular-level chemical properties of organic matter (OM) in oceans, sea ice, and the ambient PM2.5 aerosols along a transect of 15,000 km from the western Pacific Ocean (36°13'N) to the Southern Ocean (75°15'S). By means of orbitrap mass spectrometry and optical characteristics, lignin-like material (24 ± 5 %) and humic material (57 ± 8 %) were found to dominate the pelagic Pacific Ocean surface, while intermediate conditions were observed in the Pacific-Southern Ocean waters. In the marine atmosphere, we found a gradient of features in the aerosol: lignin-like material (31 ± 9 %) dominating coastal areas and the pelagic Pacific Ocean, whereas lipid-like (23 ± 16 %) and protein-like (11 ± 10 %) OM controlled the sympagic Southern Ocean (sea ice-influence). The results of this study showed that the OM composition in the ocean, which changes with latitude, affects the OM in aerosol compositions in the atmosphere. This study highlights the importance of the global-scale OM monitoring of the close interaction between the ocean, sea ice, and the atmosphere. Sympagic primary marine aerosols in polar regions must be treated differently from other pelagic-type oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyi Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongkwan Park
- Department of Environment & Energy Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
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15
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Catarino AI, León MC, Li Y, Lambert S, Vercauteren M, Asselman J, Janssen CR, Everaert G, De Rijcke M. Micro- and nanoplastics transfer from seawater to the atmosphere through aerosolization under controlled laboratory conditions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115015. [PMID: 37172341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray has been suggested to enable the transfer of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) from the ocean to the atmosphere, but only a few studies support the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) as a source of airborne particles. We demonstrated that MNPs are aerosolized during wave action, via SSAs, under controlled laboratory conditions. We used a mini-Marine-Aerosol-Reference-Tank (miniMART), a device that mimics naturally occurring physical mechanisms producing SSAs, and assessed the aerosolization of fluorescent polystyrene beads (0.5-10 μm), in artificial seawater. The SSAs contained up to 18,809 particles/mL of aerosols for 0.5 μm beads, with an enrichment factor of 19-fold, and 1977 particles/mL of aerosols for 10 μm beads with a 2-fold enrichment factor. Our study demonstrates that the use of the miniMART is essential to assess MNPs aerosolization in a standardized way, supporting the hypothesis which states that MNPs in the surface of the ocean may be transferred to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Catarino
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Maria Camila León
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium; Free University of Brussels (VUB), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Pleinlaan 2 - room F806, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Krijgslaan 281,9000 Gent, Belgium; Antwerp University, Faculty of Sciences, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Yunmeng Li
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Silke Lambert
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maaike Vercauteren
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Gert Everaert
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
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16
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Dubitsky L, McRae O, Bird JC. Enrichment of Scavenged Particles in Jet Drops Determined by Bubble Size and Particle Position. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:054001. [PMID: 36800466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.054001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When small bubbles rupture in a contaminated water source, the resulting liquid jet breaks up into droplets that can aerosolize solid particulates such as bacteria, viruses, and microplastics. Particles collected on the bubble surface have the potential to become highly concentrated in the jet drops, dramatically increasing their impact. It has been assumed that only particles small enough to fit within a thin microlayer surrounding the bubble can be transported into its influential top jet drop. Yet here, we demonstrate that not only can larger particles be transported into this jet drop, but also that these particles can exceed previous enrichment measurements. Through experiments and simulations, we identify the prerupture location of the liquid that develops into the top jet drop and model how interfacial rearrangement combines with the bubble size, particle size, and the angular distribution of particles on the bubble surface to set the particle enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dubitsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - James C Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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17
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Mirrielees J, Kirpes RM, Haas SM, Rauschenberg CD, Matrai PA, Remenapp A, Boschi VL, Grannas AM, Pratt KA, Ault AP. Probing Individual Particles Generated at the Freshwater-Seawater Interface through Combined Raman, Photothermal Infrared, and X-ray Spectroscopic Characterization. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:605-619. [PMID: 36589347 PMCID: PMC9793585 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is one of the largest global sources of atmospheric aerosol, but little is known about SSA generated in coastal regions with salinity gradients near estuaries and river outflows. SSA particles are chemically complex with substantial particle-to-particle variability due to changes in water temperature, salinity, and biological activity. In previous studies, the ability to resolve the aerosol composition to the level of individual particles has proven necessary for the accurate parameterization of the direct and indirect aerosol effects; therefore, measurements of individual SSA particles are needed for the characterization of this large source of atmospheric aerosol. An integrated analytical measurement approach is required to probe the chemical composition of individual SSA particles. By combining complementary vibrational microspectroscopic (Raman and optical photothermal infrared, O-PTIR) measurements with elemental information from computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (CCSEM-EDX), we gained unique insights into the individual particle chemical composition and morphology. Herein, we analyzed particles from four experiments on laboratory-based SSA production using coastal seawater collected in January 2018 from the Gulf of Maine. Individual salt particles were enriched in organics compared to that in natural seawater, both with and without added microalgal filtrate, with greater enrichment observed for smaller particle sizes, as evidenced by higher carbon/sodium ratios. Functional group analysis was carried out using the Raman and infrared spectra collected from individual SSA particles. Additionally, the Raman spectra were compared with a library of Raman spectra consisting of marine-derived organic compounds. Saccharides, followed by fatty acids, were the dominant components of the organic coatings surrounding the salt cores of these particles. This combined Raman, infrared, and X-ray spectroscopic approach will enable further understanding of the factors determining the individual particle composition, which is important for understanding the impacts of SSA produced within estuaries and river outflows, as well as areas of snow and ice melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
A. Mirrielees
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Savannah M. Haas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | | | - Patricia A. Matrai
- Bigelow
Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Allison Remenapp
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Vanessa L. Boschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amanda M. Grannas
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Franklin EB, Amiri S, Crocker D, Morris C, Mayer K, Sauer JS, Weber RJ, Lee C, Malfatti F, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Goldstein AH. Anthropogenic and Biogenic Contributions to the Organic Composition of Coastal Submicron Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16633-16642. [PMID: 36332100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The organic composition of coastal sea spray aerosol is important for both atmospheric chemistry and public health but remains poorly characterized. Coastal waters contain an organic material derived from both anthropogenic processes, such as wastewater discharge, and biological processes, including biological blooms. Here, we probe the chemical composition of the organic fraction of sea spray aerosol over the course of the 2019 SeaSCAPE mesocosm experiment, in which a phytoplankton bloom was facilitated in natural coastal water from La Jolla, California. We apply untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography to characterize submicron nascent sea spray aerosol samples, reporting ∼750 unique organic species traced over a 19 day phytoplankton bloom experiment. Categorization and quantitative compositional analysis reveal three major findings. First, anthropogenic species made up 30% of total submicron nascent sea spray aerosol organic mass under the pre-bloom condition. Second, biological activity drove large changes within the aerosolized carbon pool, decreasing the anthropogenic mass fraction by 89% and increasing the biogenic and biologically transformed fraction by a factor of 5.6. Third, biogenic marine organics are underrepresented in mass spectral databases in comparison to marine organic pollutants, with more than twice as much biogenic aerosol mass attributable to unlisted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Daniel Crocker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Clare Morris
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Kathryn Mayer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste34100, Italy
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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19
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Villermaux E, Wang X, Deike L. Bubbles spray aerosols: Certitudes and mysteries. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac261. [PMID: 36712328 PMCID: PMC9809165 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ocean spray aerosol formed by bubble bursting are at the core of a broad range of atmospheric processes: they are efficient cloud condensation nuclei and carry a variety of chemical, biological, and biomass material from the surface of the ocean to the atmosphere. The origin and composition of these aerosols is sensibly controlled by the detailed fluid mechanics of bubble bursting. This perspective summarizes our present-day knowledge on how bursting bubbles at the surface of a liquid pool contribute to its fragmentation, namely to the formation of droplets stripped from the pool, and associated mechanisms. In particular, we describe bounds and yields for each distinct mechanism, and the way they are sensitive to the bubble production and environmental conditions. We also underline the consequences of each mechanism on some of the many air-sea interactions phenomena identified to date. Attention is specifically payed at delimiting the known from the unknown and the certitudes from the speculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luc Deike
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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20
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Hung H, Halsall C, Ball H, Bidleman T, Dachs J, De Silva A, Hermanson M, Kallenborn R, Muir D, Sühring R, Wang X, Wilson S. Climate change influence on the levels and trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of emerging Arctic concern (CEACs) in the Arctic physical environment - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1577-1615. [PMID: 35244108 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change brings about significant changes in the physical environment in the Arctic. Increasing temperatures, sea ice retreat, slumping permafrost, changing sea ice regimes, glacial loss and changes in precipitation patterns can all affect how contaminants distribute within the Arctic environment and subsequently impact the Arctic ecosystems. In this review, we summarized observed evidence of the influence of climate change on contaminant circulation and transport among various Arctic environment media, including air, ice, snow, permafrost, fresh water and the marine environment. We have also drawn on parallel examples observed in Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau, to broaden the discussion on how climate change may influence contaminant fate in similar cold-climate ecosystems. Significant knowledge gaps on indirect effects of climate change on contaminants in the Arctic environment, including those of extreme weather events, increase in forests fires, and enhanced human activities leading to new local contaminant emissions, have been identified. Enhanced mobilization of contaminants to marine and freshwater ecosystems has been observed as a result of climate change, but better linkages need to be made between these observed effects with subsequent exposure and accumulation of contaminants in biota. Emerging issues include those of Arctic contamination by microplastics and higher molecular weight halogenated natural products (hHNPs) and the implications of such contamination in a changing Arctic environment is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5P 1W4, Canada.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hollie Ball
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Amila De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Mark Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55419, USA
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, 9171, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, 1432, Norway
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Department for Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme Secretariat, The Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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21
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Chen Z, Liu P, Su H, Zhang YH. Displacement of Strong Acids or Bases by Weak Acids or Bases in Aerosols: Thermodynamics and Kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12937-12944. [PMID: 36049086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of chloride, nitrate, or ammonium from atmospheric aerosols represents a unique class of displacement reactions in which strong acids (HCl and HNO3) or bases (NH3) are substituted by weaker ones (i.e., dicarboxylic acids or dicarboxylate salts, respectively). These reactions alter the aerosol composition and perturb the atmospheric cycle of volatile compounds, thereby affecting environmental systems and climate. Despite the profound implications, the mechanism of these unique displacement reactions remains unclear. Here, we elucidate the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions using the multiphase buffer theory and a diffusion-controlled mass-transfer function, respectively. On the thermodynamic aspect, we find that the effective dissociation constants of the strong acids and bases in aerosols are 2 to 10 orders of magnitude lower than those in bulk solutions. On the kinetic aspect, we find that displacement reactions occur rapidly in aerosol microdroplets with a radius below 10 μm. Within this size range, the characteristic reaction time is always shorter than the lifetime of the aerosols in the atmosphere. Our findings suggest that the unique displacement reactions can significantly modify the composition of atmospheric aerosols, and consequentially, these aerosols may manifest distinct properties unforeseen by the chemistry of homogeneous bulk systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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22
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Reply to Gañán-Calvo: Aerosol production from the bursting of submillimeter bubbles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209370119. [PMID: 35895689 PMCID: PMC9407400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209370119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Shiu RF, Chen LY, Lee HJ, Gong GC, Lee C. New insights into the role of marine plastic-gels in microplastic transfer from water to the atmosphere via bubble bursting. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118856. [PMID: 35863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pervasiveness of microplastics (MPs) in global oceans is raising concerns about their adverse impacts on ecosystems. The mechanistic understanding of MP transport is critical for evaluating its fate, flux, and ecological risks specifically. Currently, bubble bursting is believed to represent an important route for MP transfer from sea surfaces to the atmosphere. However, the detailed mechanisms of the complex physico-chemical interactions between MPs, water composition, and gel particles in the air-sea interface remain unknown. Our results suggested three steps for MP transfer between air-sea phases: (1) MPs incorporating into gel aggregates in the water column; (2) further accumulation of plastic-gel aggregate in the surface layer phase; finally (3) ejection of aggregates from the sea when bubbles of trapped air rise to the surface and burst. The water composition (e.g., high salinity, gel concentration and viscosity) can modulate plastic-gel aggregation and subsequent transport from water to the atmosphere. The possible mechanism may be closely tied to the formation of plastic-gel via cation-linking bridges, thereby enhancing plastic-gel ejection into air. Collectively, this work offers unique insights into the role of marine plastic-gels in determining MP fate and transport, especially at air-sea interfaces. The data also provide a better understanding of the corresponding mechanism that may explain the fates of missing plastics in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan.
| | - Lu-Yi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ching Gong
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202301, Taiwan
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
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24
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Yu X, Gu H, Yin W, Sun Q, Zhou Y. Experimental research on droplets releasing characteristics of the bubble bursting behavior at a free surface with an aerosol. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2022.109109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Ji B, Singh A, Feng J. Water-to-Air Transfer of Nano/Microsized Particulates: Enrichment Effect in Bubble Bursting Jet Drops. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5626-5634. [PMID: 35658445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bubbles dispersed in liquids are widely present in many natural and industrial processes and play a key role in mediating mass transfer during their lifetime from formation to rising to bursting. In particular, nano/microsized particulates and organisms present in the bulk water can be highly enriched in the jet drops ejected during bubble bursting, impacting global climate and public health. However, the detailed mechanism of this enrichment remains obscure with the enrichment factor being difficult to predict. Here, we experimentally investigate the enrichment of nano/microsized particles in bubble bursting jet drops and highlight the underlying hydrodynamic mechanism, combining the effects of bubble scavenge and bursting on the transport of particles. Scaling laws for the enrichment factor are subsequently proposed that describe both our and prior experimental results reasonably well. Our study may provide new insights for water-to-air transfer of bulk particulates such as microbes related to bubble bursting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang Ji
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amrit Singh
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jie Feng
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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26
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Liu L, Du L, Xu L, Li J, Tsona NT. Molecular size of surfactants affects their degree of enrichment in the sea spray aerosol formation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112555. [PMID: 34922983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA), the largest source of natural primary aerosol, plays an important role in atmospheric chemical processes and the earth radiation balance. Its formation process is controlled by many factors. In this study, ethylene glycol (EG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with three different molecular weights (200, 400, 600) were used to investigate the influence of molecular size on the properties of submicron SSA produced by plunging jet from an adjustable home-built SSA generator. Different parameters were tested to obtain the optimum experimental conditions. The addition of EG and PEG inhibited the production of SSA and increased the geometric mean diameter (GMD) between 10 and 35 nm. However, PEG with a molecular weight of 600 could promote the production of SSA at higher concentrations, which means that the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer would affect the production efficiency of SSA. Combining with the measurement of surface tension, we found no clear relationship between surface tension and the yield of SSA, due to the properties of the substances themselves. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the addition of EG and PEG could significantly change the structure of salt nuclei in SSA. PEG was significantly enriched in SSA (with enrichment factors within the range 92.9-133.4), and the enrichment was independent of the sampling time, while increasing with the increase of molecular weight. Our results highlight the influence of polymer molecular weight on the properties of SSA, and their importance to improve the accuracy of aerosol emission model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingrui Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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27
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Sauer JS, Mayer KJ, Lee C, Alves MR, Amiri S, Bahaveolos CJ, Franklin EB, Crocker DR, Dang D, Dinasquet J, Garofalo LA, Kaluarachchi CP, Kilgour DB, Mael LE, Mitts BA, Moon DR, Moore AN, Morris CK, Mullenmeister CA, Ni CM, Pendergraft MA, Petras D, Simpson RMC, Smith S, Tumminello PR, Walker JL, DeMott PJ, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Jaffe JS, Malfatti F, Martz TR, Slade JH, Tivanski AV, Bertram TH, Cappa CD, Prather KA. The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:290-315. [PMID: 35048927 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Brock A Mitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel R Moon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute for Chemical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Mullenmeister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Chi-Min Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Simpson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph L Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jules S Jaffe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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28
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Park J, Jang J, Yoon YJ, Kang S, Kang H, Park K, Cho KH, Kim JH, Dall'Osto M, Lee BY. When river water meets seawater: Insights into primary marine aerosol production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150866. [PMID: 34627898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of inorganic salts and organic matter (OM) on the production of primary marine aerosols is still under debate. To constrain their impact, we investigated primary aerosols generated by a sea-spray generator chamber using surface water samples from rivers, estuaries, and seas that were collected along salinity gradients in two temperate Korean coastal systems and one Arctic coastal system. Salinity values showed an increasing trend along the river-estuary-coastal water transition, indicating the lowest amount of inorganic salts in the river but the highest amount in the sea. In river samples, the lowest number concentration of primary aerosol particles (1.01 × 103 cm-3) was observed at the highest OM content, suggesting that low salinity controls aerosol production. Moreover, the number concentration of primary aerosols increased drastically in estuarine (1.13 × 104 cm-3) and seawater (1.35 × 104 cm-3) samples as the OM content decreased. Our results indicate that inorganic salts associated with increasing salinity play a much larger role than OM in aerosol production in river-dominated coastal systems. Laboratory studies using NaCl solution supported the conclusion that inorganic salt is a critical factor in modulating the particles produced from river water and seawater. Accordingly, this study highlights that inorganic salts are a critical factor in modulating the production of primary marine aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea.
| | - Jiyi Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea; School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kang
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bang Yong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
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29
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Sem K, Jang M, Pierce R, Blum P, Yu Z. Characterization of Atmospheric Processes of Brevetoxins in Sea Spray Aerosols from Red Tide Events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1811-1819. [PMID: 35050617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric processes can affect the longevity of harmful toxins in sea spray aerosols (SSA). This study characterized the degradation of brevetoxin (BTx) in SSA under different environmental conditions. The samples of seawater collected during a Karenia brevis bloom in Manasota, Florida, were nebulized into a large outdoor photochemical chamber to mimic the atmospheric oxidation of aerosolized toxins and then aged in the presence or absence of sunlight and/or O3. Aerosol samples were collected during the aging process using a Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler. Their BTx concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy. The BTx ozonolysis rate constant measured by ELISA was 5.74 ± 0.21 × 103 M-1 s-1. The corresponding lifetime for decay of 87.5% BTx in the presence of 20 ppb of O3 was 7.08 ± 0.26 h, suggesting that aerosolized BTx can still travel long distances at night before SSA deposition. BTx concentrations in SSA decreased more rapidly in the presence of sunlight than in its absence due to oxidation with photochemically produced OH radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sem
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Myoseon Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Richard Pierce
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34326, United States
| | - Patricia Blum
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34326, United States
| | - Zechen Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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30
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Li Y, Yu X, Chen X, Yin J, Zhong W, Zhu L. Underlying mechanisms for the impacts of molecular structures and water chemistry on the enrichment of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150003. [PMID: 34492487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of ionic poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aqueous aerosol (AA) is an important pathway for them to enter atmosphere. In this study, the enrichment behaviors of 12 legacy and emerging PFASs in AA in both single solute and mixed solutions were investigated. The enrichment factors (EF) displayed a general increasing trend with the fluorinated carbon chain length. For the first time, a robust Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) model coupled with partial least-square method was established with fifteen quantum chemical descriptors. Four molecular descriptors, including dipole moment (μ), molecular weight (MW), the maximal value of the molecular surface potential (Vs, max) and molecular volume (V) were identified as the key structural variables affecting the PFASs enrichment. Inorganic salts and humic acid (HA) which are common in seawater, facilitated the PFASs enrichment as a result of enhanced hydrophobicity and the bridging effect caused by divalent cations. The typical cationic and anionic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate, both inhibited the enrichment due to the competition between PFASs and surfactants. It is interesting that 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F53B) had the highest EF among the 12 PFASs, implying its strong potential of atmosphere transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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Abstract
Bubble bursting aerosols play a critical role in forming clouds, scattering sunlight, and transporting pathogens from water to the air. Most of them are produced from the fragmentation of bubble cap film. They usually have a diameter below 1 μm. However, their physical production mechanism has remained unknown. In this work, we discovered that these drops are probably generated from flapping bubble cap film (like a flapping flag). It explains the mysterious relation between bubble size and number of drops produced per bubble, providing a fundamental framework for understanding the production flux of bubble bursting aerosols, such as sea spray aerosol, and substance transfer through the air–water interface during drop ejection. Tiny water drops produced from bubble bursting play a critical role in forming clouds, scattering sunlight, and transporting pathogens from water to the air. Bubbles burst by nucleating a hole at their cap foot and may produce jets or film drops. The latter originate from the fragmentation of liquid ligaments formed by the centripetal destabilization of the opening hole rim. They constitute a major fraction of the aerosols produced from bubbles with cap radius of curvature (R) > ∼0.4 × capillary length (a). However, our present understanding of the corresponding mechanisms does not explain the production of most submicron film drops, which represent the main number fraction of sea spray aerosols. In this study, we report observations showing that bursting bubbles with R < ∼0.4a are actually mainly responsible for submicron film drop production, through a mechanism involving the flapping shear instability of the cap with the outer environment. With this proposed pathway, the complex relations between bubble size and number of drops produced per bubble can be better explained, providing a fundamental framework for understanding the production flux of aerosols and the transfer of substances mediated by bubble bursting through the air–water interface and the sensitivity of the process to the nature of the environment.
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32
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Franklin EB, Alves MR, Moore AN, Kilgour DB, Novak GA, Mayer K, Sauer JS, Weber RJ, Dang D, Winter M, Lee C, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Goldstein AH. Atmospheric Benzothiazoles in a Coastal Marine Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15705-15714. [PMID: 34787411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic emissions from coastal waters play an important but poorly understood role in atmospheric chemistry in coastal regions. A mesocosm experiment focusing on facilitated biological blooms in coastal seawater, SeaSCAPE (Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution), was performed to study emission of volatile gases, primary sea spray aerosol, and formation of secondary marine aerosol as a function of ocean biological and chemical processes. Here, we report observations of aerosol-phase benzothiazoles in a marine atmospheric context with complementary measurements of dissolved-phase benzothiazoles. Though previously reported dissolved in polluted coastal waters, we report the first direct evidence of the transfer of these molecules from seawater into the atmosphere. We also report the first gas-phase observations of benzothiazole in the environment absent a direct industrial, urban, or rubber-based source. From the identities and temporal dynamics of the dissolved and aerosol species, we conclude that the presence of benzothiazoles in the coastal water (and thereby their emissions into the atmosphere) is primarily attributable to anthropogenic sources. Oxidation experiments to explore the atmospheric fate of gas-phase benzothiazole show that it produces secondary aerosol and gas-phase SO2, making it a potential contributor to secondary marine aerosol formation in coastal regions and a participant in atmospheric sulfur chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gordon A Novak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kathryn Mayer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Margaux Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Muriel DF, Gupta S, Katz J. Effect of Oil Properties on the Generation of Nano-Aerosols During Bubble Bursting Through Crude Oil-Dispersant Slicks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13365-13378. [PMID: 34739751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of dispersant and oil properties on the aerosolization of fresh and weathered surface crude oil slicks by bursting of a plume of ∼0.7 mm bubbles. A scanning mobility particle sizer measures the size distribution of aerosols in the 20-400 nm range in a clean air chamber. The 500-μm-thick slicks contain oils with varying origin, viscosity, interfacial tension, and weathering state. Test are performed with and without premixed dispersant (Corexit 9500A), which reduces the oil-seawater interfacial tension by 2 orders of magnitude at a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. When compared to aerosolization in clean seawater, the nano-aerosol concentration decreases for slicks without dispersant but increases by 27%-351% upon introduction of dispersant. For most cases, the airborne nanodroplet concentration increases with decreasing Capillary or Morton numbers as well as the ratio of the so-called inner to thermal length scales. To explain the airborne nanodroplet generation in an oil-dispersant mixture, we show that prior to bubble injection, even minimal agitation of the interface causes generation of a subsurface cloud of nanodroplets that diffuses away from the interface. This process appears to be caused by thermal capillary instability when the interfacial tension is low enough to increase the thermal length scale to a few nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Muriel
- Laboratory for Experimental Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Subhamoy Gupta
- Laboratory for Experimental Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joseph Katz
- Laboratory for Experimental Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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34
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Alsante AN, Thornton DCO, Brooks SD. Ocean Aerobiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:764178. [PMID: 34777320 PMCID: PMC8586456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean aerobiology is defined here as the study of biological particles of marine origin, including living organisms, present in the atmosphere and their role in ecological, biogeochemical, and climate processes. Hundreds of trillions of microorganisms are exchanged between ocean and atmosphere daily. Within a few days, tropospheric transport potentially disperses microorganisms over continents and between oceans. There is a need to better identify and quantify marine aerobiota, characterize the time spans and distances of marine microorganisms’ atmospheric transport, and determine whether microorganisms acclimate to atmospheric conditions and remain viable, or even grow. Exploring the atmosphere as a microbial habitat is fundamental for understanding the consequences of dispersal and will expand our knowledge of biodiversity, biogeography, and ecosystem connectivity across different marine environments. Marine organic matter is chemically transformed in the atmosphere, including remineralization back to CO2. The magnitude of these transformations is insignificant in the context of the annual marine carbon cycle, but may be a significant sink for marine recalcitrant organic matter over long (∼104 years) timescales. In addition, organic matter in sea spray aerosol plays a significant role in the Earth’s radiative budget by scattering solar radiation, and indirectly by affecting cloud properties. Marine organic matter is generally a poor source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but a significant source of ice nucleating particles (INPs), affecting the formation of mixed-phase and ice clouds. This review will show that marine biogenic aerosol plays an impactful, but poorly constrained, role in marine ecosystems, biogeochemical processes, and the Earth’s climate system. Further work is needed to characterize the connectivity and feedbacks between the atmosphere and ocean ecosystems in order to integrate this complexity into Earth System models, facilitating future climate and biogeochemical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Alsante
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Ji B, Yang Z, Feng J. Compound jetting from bubble bursting at an air-oil-water interface. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6305. [PMID: 34728616 PMCID: PMC8563946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bursting of bubbles at a liquid surface is ubiquitous in a wide range of physical, biological, and geological phenomena, as a key source of aerosol droplets for mass transport across the interface. However, how a structurally complex interface, widely present in nature, mediates the bursting process remains largely unknown. Here, we document the bubble-bursting jet dynamics at an oil-covered aqueous surface, which typifies the sea surface microlayer as well as an oil spill on the ocean. The jet tip radius and velocity are altered with even a thin oil layer, and oily aerosol droplets are produced. We provide evidence that the coupling of oil spreading and cavity collapse dynamics results in a multi-phase jet and the follow-up droplet size change. The oil spreading influences the effective viscous damping, and scaling laws are proposed to quantify the jetting dynamics. Our study not only advances the fundamental understanding of bubble bursting dynamics, but also may shed light on the airborne transmission of organic matters in nature related to aerosol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang Ji
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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36
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Xu G, Chen L, Xu T, He S, Gao Y. Distributions of water-soluble ions in size-aggregated aerosols over the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1316-1327. [PMID: 34318848 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate mass size distributions of water-soluble ions in aerosols in the marine boundary layer (MBL) over the Southern Ocean, size-segregated (0.056-18 μm in aerodynamic diameter) aerosols were collected on the 28th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) cruise from November 2011 to March 2012. Major water-soluble inorganic and organic species in aerosols were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC). Results showed that high loadings of aerosol mass were observed over the western sector of the Southern Ocean, attributed to the high mass loadings of Na+ and Cl- in the particles >1.0 μm in diameter and high mass loadings of non-sea-salt (nss) SO42- and methanesulfonate (MSA) in the particles <1.0 μm in diameter. Nss-SO42- and MSA accounted for ∼40% of the total mass in aerosols with particle size <0.56 μm over the eastern sector of the Southern Ocean, while it was elevated to more than 60% over the western sector of the Southern Ocean that could be linked with high marine productivity reflected by high chlorophyll-a occurrence in surface waters in that region. MSA/nss-SO42- ratios showed an increasing trend as latitude increased in the southern hemisphere with a dramatic increase south of 60 °S and the variation of MSA may shape the spatial distribution of the ratios. High MSA concentration and MSA/nss-SO42- ratios were observed in west Antarctica, especially in the supermicron particles. A bimodal mass size distribution of total Ca2+ with a small peak in the 0.18-0.32 μm size range was observed, suggesting different sea spray aerosol (SSA) production mechanisms. Nss-SO42-, MSA was mainly enriched in the particle size range of 0.18 μm to 0.56 μm. The concentrations of formate and oxalate were low and detected only in certain size particles, mainly in the range <0.56-1.8 μm. Further studies should be conducted over the remote Southern Ocean to reveal marine ecosystem-aerosol-climate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Xu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry (GCMAC) of Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Shichang He
- Sansha Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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37
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Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) formation have a major role in the climate system, but measurements at a global-scale of this micro-scale process are highly challenging. We measured high-resolution temporal patterns of SSA number concentration over the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean covering over 42,000 km. We discovered a ubiquitous 24-hour rhythm to the SSA number concentration, with concentrations increasing after sunrise, remaining higher during the day, and returning to predawn values after sunset. The presence of dominating continental aerosol transport can mask the SSA cycle. We did not find significant links between the diel cycle of SSA number concentration and diel variations of surface winds, atmospheric physical properties, radiation, pollution, nor oceanic physical properties. However, the daily mean sea surface temperature positively correlated with the magnitude of the day-to-nighttime increase in SSA concentration. Parallel diel patterns in particle sizes were also detected in near-surface waters attributed to variations in the size of particles smaller than ~1 µm. These variations may point to microbial day-to-night modulation of bubble-bursting dynamics as a possible cause of the SSA cycle. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) are an important way through which oceans can influence the atmosphere’s radiative properties. Here, the authors present measurements taken over a 42,000 km ship cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean and show that SSA number concentrations vary over a 24-hour cycle, possibly linked to surface water bubble-bursting dynamics.
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38
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Sha B, Johansson JH, Benskin JP, Cousins IT, Salter ME. Influence of Water Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) on Their Size-Resolved Enrichment in Nascent Sea Spray Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9489-9497. [PMID: 32859129 PMCID: PMC8296677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent organic substances that have been widely detected in the global oceans. Previous laboratory experiments have demonstrated effective enrichment of PFAAs in nascent sea spray aerosols (SSA), suggesting that SSA are an important source of PFAAs to the atmosphere. In the present study, the effects of the water concentration of PFAAs on their size-resolved enrichment in SSA were examined using a sea spray simulation chamber. Aerosolization of the target compounds in almost all sizes of SSA revealed a strong linear relationship with their water concentrations (p < 0.05, r2 > 0.9). The enrichment factors (EF) of the target compounds showed no correlation with their concentrations in the chamber water, despite the concentrations varying by a factor of 500 (∼0.3 to ∼150 ng L-1). The particle surface-area-to-volume ratio appeared to be a key predictor of the enrichment of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with ≥7 perfluorinated carbons and perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) with ≥6 perfluorinated carbons in supermicron particles (p < 0.05, r2 > 0.8), but not in submicron particles. The different enrichment behaviors of PFAAs in submicron and supermicron particles might be a result of the different production mechanisms of film droplets and jet droplets. The results suggest that the variability in seawater concentrations of PFAAs has little influence on EFs and that modeling studies designed to quantify the source of PFAAs via SSA emissions do not need to consider this factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sha
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana H. Johansson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P. Benskin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew E. Salter
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Masry M, Rossignol S, Temime Roussel B, Bourgogne D, Bussière PO, R'mili B, Wong-Wah-Chung P. Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:116949. [PMID: 33774549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris in the marine environment are the subject of an extensive literature. According to studies dedicated to the determination of plastic litter abundance and to the characterisation of degradation and fragmentation processes, models were used to estimate the global plastic debris abundance and to simulate their transfer and distribution. Despite these efforts, there is still missing plastic in the models used as areas exist where plastic abundance is less than that estimated. In parallel, microplastics presence in the atmosphere and in remote areas was confirmed suggesting long range atmospheric transport. Potentially addressing both these issues, recent literature suggests that microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) can be transferred from the marine environment to the atmosphere via the bursting of air bubbles at the sea surface. Nevertheless, to date there is no direct evidence of this transfer. In this study, we evaluate plastic particles transfer as a function of MPs/NPs characteristics and water composition by simulating the bubble bursting phenomenon in a laboratory reactor. Size distribution of transferred particles were recorded, and their plastic nature was confirmed using electron microscopy. Results show that under tested conditions, the transfer is possible but limited to particles smaller than 1 μm. The influence of the presence of proxies of components of the sea surface microlayer in the water was evaluated showing a higher particle transfer rate in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and no significant effect of polysaccharides (xanthan gum and dextran). The surface state of the particles can alter their behaviour in the aqueous phase and thus their transfer to the atmosphere. The effect of bubble size was also evaluated showing a higher transfer rate with the smaller bubble size. In addition, experiments performed with grounded polyethylene (PE) samples showed higher transfer for UV-aged PE than for pristine PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Masry
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - David Bourgogne
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6296, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178, Aubière, Cedex, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Bussière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6296, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178, Aubière, Cedex, France.
| | - Badr R'mili
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France.
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40
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Abstract
Sea spray aerosol, produced through breaking waves, is one of the largest sources of environmental particles. Once in the atmosphere, sea spray aerosol influences cloud formation, serves as microenvironments for multiphase atmospheric chemical reactions, and impacts human health. All of these impacts are affected by aerosol acidity. Here we show that freshly emitted sea spray aerosol particles become highly acidic within minutes as they are transferred across the ocean−air interface. These results have important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate, including aerosol/gas partitioning, heterogeneous reactions, and chemical speciation at the surface and within sea spray aerosol. Aerosols impact climate, human health, and the chemistry of the atmosphere, and aerosol pH plays a major role in the physicochemical properties of the aerosol. However, there remains uncertainty as to whether aerosols are acidic, neutral, or basic. In this research, we show that the pH of freshly emitted (nascent) sea spray aerosols is significantly lower than that of sea water (approximately four pH units, with pH being a log scale value) and that smaller aerosol particles below 1 μm in diameter have pH values that are even lower. These measurements of nascent sea spray aerosol pH, performed in a unique ocean−atmosphere facility, provide convincing data to show that acidification occurs “across the interface” within minutes, when aerosols formed from ocean surface waters become airborne. We also show there is a correlation between aerosol acidity and dissolved carbon dioxide but no correlation with marine biology within the seawater. We discuss the mechanisms and contributing factors to this acidity and its implications on atmospheric chemistry.
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41
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Harb C, Pan J, DeVilbiss S, Badgley B, Marr LC, Schmale DG, Foroutan H. Increasing Freshwater Salinity Impacts Aerosolized Bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5731-5741. [PMID: 33819033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the salt concentration of freshwater result in detrimental impacts on water quality and ecosystem biodiversity. Biodiversity effects include freshwater microbiota, as increasing salinity can induce shifts in the structure of native freshwater bacterial communities, which could disturb their role in mediating basal ecosystem services. Moreover, salinity affects the wave breaking and bubble-bursting mechanisms via which water-to-air dispersal of bacteria occurs. Given this dual effect of freshwater salinity on waterborne bacterial communities and their aerosolization mechanism, further effects on aerosolized bacterial diversity and abundance are anticipated. Cumulative salt additions in the freshwater-euhaline continuum (0-35 g/kg) were administered to a freshwater sample aerosolized inside a breaking wave analogue tank. Waterborne and corresponding airborne bacteria were sampled at each salinity treatment and later analyzed for diversity and abundance. Results demonstrated that the airborne bacterial community was significantly different (PERMANOVA; F1,22 = 155.1, r2 = 0.38, p < 0.001) from the waterborne community. The relative aerosolization factor (r-AF), defined as the air-to-water relative abundance ratio, revealed that different bacterial families exhibited either an enhanced (r-AF ≫ 1), neutral (r-AF ∼ 1), or diminished (r-AF ≪ 1) transfer to the aerosol phase throughout the salinization gradient. Going from freshwater to euhaline conditions, aerosolized bacterial abundance exhibited a nonmonotonic response with a maximum peak at lower oligohaline conditions (0.5-1 g/kg), a decline at higher oligohaline conditions (5 g/kg), and a moderate increase at polyhaline-euhaline conditions (15-35 g/kg). Our results demonstrate that increases in freshwater salinity are likely to influence the abundance and diversity of aerosolized bacteria. These shifts in aerosolized bacterial communities might have broader implications on public health by increasing exposure to airborne pathogens via inhalation. Impacts on regional climate, related to changes in biological ice-nucleating particles (INPs) emission from freshwater, are also expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Harb
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jin Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Stephen DeVilbiss
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brian Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hosein Foroutan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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42
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Lee HD, Tivanski AV. Atomic Force Microscopy: An Emerging Tool in Measuring the Phase State and Surface Tension of Individual Aerosol Particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:235-252. [PMID: 33428467 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are suspended particulate matter of varying composition, size, and mixing state. Challenges remain in understanding the impact of aerosols on the climate, atmosphere, and human health. The effect of aerosols depends on their physicochemical properties, such as their hygroscopicity, phase state, and surface tension. These properties are dynamic with respect to the highly variable relative humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. Thus, experimental approaches that permit the measurement of these dynamic properties are required. Such measurements also need to be performed on individual, submicrometer-, and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles, as individual atmospheric particles from the same source can exhibit great variability in their form and function. In this context, this review focuses on the recent emergence of atomic force microscopy as an experimental tool in physical, analytical, and atmospheric chemistry that enables such measurements. Remaining challenges are noted and suggestions for future studies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol D Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
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43
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Su B, Zhuo Z, Fu Y, Sun W, Chen Y, Du X, Yang Y, Wu S, Xie Q, Huang F, Chen D, Li L, Zhang G, Bi X, Zhou Z. Individual particle investigation on the chloride depletion of inland transported sea spray aerosols during East Asian summer monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144290. [PMID: 33401057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inland transported sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles along with multiphase reactions are essential to drive the regional circulation of nitrogen, sulfur and halogen species in the atmosphere. Specially, the physicochemical properties of SSA will be significantly affected by the displacement reaction of chloride. However, the role of organic species and the mixing state on the chloride depletion of SSA during long-range inland transport remains unclear. Hence, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was employed to investigate the particle size and chemical composition of individual SSA particles over inland southern China during the East Asian summer monsoon. Based on the variation of chemical composition, SSA particles were clustered into SSA-Aged, SSA-Bio and SSA-Ca. SSA-Aged was regarded as the aged Na-rich SSA particles. In comparison to the SSA-Aged, SSA-Bio involved some extra organic species associated with biological origin (i.e., organic nitrogen and phosphate). Each type occupies for approximately 50% of total detected SSA particles. Besides, SSA-Ca may relate to organic shell of Na-rich SSA particles, which is negligible (~3%). Tight correlation between Na and diverse organic acids was exhibited for the SSA-Aged (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.01) and SSA-Bio (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.01), reflecting the impact of organic acids to the chloride displacement during inland transport SSA particles. The chloride depletion occupied by organic acids is estimated to be up to 34%. It is noted that distinctly different degree of chloride depletion was observed between SSA-Aged and SSA-Bio. It is more likely to be attributed to the associated organic coatings for the SSA-Bio particles, which inhibits the displacement reactions between acids and chloride. As revealed from the mixing state of SSA-Bio, defined hourly mean peak area ratio of Cl / Na increases with the increasing phosphate and organic nitrogen. This finding provides additional basis for the improvement of modeling simulations in chlorine circulation and a comprehensive understanding of the effects of organics on chloride depletion of SSA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zeming Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xubing Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Si Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fugui Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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Abstract
Climate models use pre-industrial atmosphere as the reference to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the Earth’s radiation balance. Sea spray aerosols (SSA) are the key component in the relatively pristine preindustrial conditions that substantially affect model calculations. Currently, the abundance of SSA is poorly constrained. In particular, studies on the influence of sea surface temperature on SSA production have shown disparate results. This uncertainty arises from limited field measurements, especially over remote oceans. Our global aircraft measurements over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans show that higher sea surface temperature enhances the production of SSA. Updating the current parameterization in global models using our observational constraints will improve the estimate of atmospheric SSA budget and human-induced climate change. Natural aerosols in pristine regions form the baseline used to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a major component of natural aerosols. Despite its importance, the abundance of SSA is poorly constrained. It is generally accepted that wind-driven wave breaking is the principle governing SSA production. This mechanism alone, however, is insufficient to explain the variability of SSA concentration at given wind speed. The role of other parameters, such as sea surface temperature (SST), remains controversial. Here, we show that higher SST promotes SSA mass generation at a wide range of wind speed levels over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, in addition to demonstrating the wind-driven SSA production mechanism. The results are from a global scale dataset of airborne SSA measurements at 150 to 200 m above the ocean surface during the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission. Statistical analysis suggests that accounting for SST greatly enhances the predictability of the observed SSA concentration compared to using wind speed alone. Our results support implementing SST into SSA source functions in global models to better understand the atmospheric burdens of SSA.
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Kaluarachchi CP, Lee HD, Lan Y, Lansakara TI, Tivanski AV. Surface Tension Measurements of Aqueous Liquid-Air Interfaces Probed with Microscopic Indentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2457-2465. [PMID: 33576233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the intricate role that the sea surface microlayer (SML) and sea spray aerosols (SSAs) play in climate, understanding the chemical complexity of the SML and how it affects the physical-chemical properties of the microlayer and SSA are important to investigate. While the surface tension of the SML has been studied previously using conventional experimental tools, accurate measurements must be localized to the thickness of the air-liquid interface of the SML. Here we explore the atomic force microscopy (AFM) capabilities to quantify the surface tension of aqueous solution droplets with (sub)micrometer indentation depths into the interface. Sample droplets of hexanoic acid at molar concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 mM and SML from a recent wave flume study were investigated. A constant-radius AFM nanoneedle was used to probe ca. 200 μL droplets with 0.3-1.2 μm indentation depths. As a comparison, the surface tension of bulk samples was also measured using a conventional force tensiometer. The data for the hexanoic acid show an excellent overlap between the AFM and force tensiometer surface tension measurements. For the surface tension measurements of the SML, however, the measured values from the AFM were 2.5 mN/m lower than that from the force tensiometer, which was attributed to the structural and chemical complexity of the SML, differences in the probing depth for each method, and the time scale required for the surface film to restructure as the needle is retracted away from the liquid surface. Overall, the study confirmed the accuracy of the AFM method in quantifying the surface tension of aqueous solutions over a wide range of concentrations for surface-active organic compounds. The methodology can be further used to reveal small, yet important, differences in the surface tension of complex air-liquid interfaces such as liquid systems where the type and concentration of surfactants vary with the distance from the air-liquid interface. For such complex systems, AFM measurements of the surface tension as a function of the probing depth and pulling rate may reveal a sublayer film structure of the liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hansol D Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Yiling Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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46
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An S, Ranaweera R, Luo L. Harnessing bubble behaviors for developing new analytical strategies. Analyst 2021; 145:7782-7795. [PMID: 33107897 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gas bubbles are easily accessible and offer many unique characteristic properties of a gas/liquid two-phase system for developing new analytical methods. In this minireview, we discuss the newly developed analytical strategies that harness the behaviors of bubbles. Recent advancements include the utilization of the gas/liquid interfacial activity of bubbles for detection and preconcentration of surface-active compounds; the employment of the gas phase properties of bubbles for acoustic imaging and detection, microfluidic analysis, electrochemical sensing, and emission spectroscopy; and the application of the mass transport behaviors at the gas/liquid interface in gas sensing, biosensing, and nanofluidics. These studies have demonstrated the versatility of gas bubbles as a platform for developing new analytical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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47
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Plaas HE, Paerl HW. Toxic Cyanobacteria: A Growing Threat to Water and Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:44-64. [PMID: 33334098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) poses an increasing threat to public health. CyanoHABs are characterized by the production of toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Human exposure to cyanotoxins is challenging to forecast, and perhaps the least understood exposure route is via inhalation. While the aerosolization of toxins from marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been well documented, the aerosolization of cyanotoxins in freshwater systems remains understudied. In recent years, spray aerosol (SA) produced in the airshed of the Laurentian Great Lakes (United States and Canada) has been characterized, suggesting that freshwater systems may impact atmospheric aerosol loading more than previously understood. Therefore, further investigation regarding the impact of CyanoHABs on human respiratory health is warranted. This review examines current research on the incorporation of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins into SA of aquatic ecosystems which experience HABs. We present an overview of cyanotoxin fate in the environment, biological incorporation into SA, existing data on cyanotoxins in SA, relevant collection methods, and adverse health outcomes associated with cyanotoxin inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Plaas
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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48
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Huang S, Hu W, Chen J, Wu Z, Zhang D, Fu P. Overview of biological ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106197. [PMID: 33271442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological particles in the Earth's atmosphere are a distinctive category of ice nucleating particles (INPs) due to their capability of facilitating ice crystal formation in clouds at relatively warm temperatures. Field observations and model simulations have shown that biological INPs affect cloud and precipitation formation and regulate regional or even global climate, although there are considerable uncertainties in modeling and large gaps between observed and model simulated contribution of biological particles to atmospheric INPs. This paper overviews the latest researches about biological INPs in the atmosphere. Firstly, we describe the primary ice nucleation mechanisms, and measurements and model simulations of atmospheric biological INPs. Secondly, we summarize the ice nucleating properties of biological INPs from diverse sources such as soils or dust, vegetation (e.g., leaves and pollen grains), sea spray, and fresh waters, and controlling factors of biological INPs in the atmosphere. Then we review the abundance and distribution of atmospheric biological INPs in diverse ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the open questions in further studies on atmospheric biological INPs, including the requirements for developing novel detection techniques and simulation models, as well as the comprehensive investigation of characteristics and influencing factors of atmospheric biological INPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Huang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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49
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Mayer KJ, Sauer JS, Dinasquet J, Prather KA. CAICE Studies: Insights from a Decade of Ocean-Atmosphere Experiments in the Laboratory. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2510-2520. [PMID: 33086794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ocean-atmosphere interactions control the composition of the atmosphere, hydrological cycle, and temperature of our planet and affect human and ecosystem health. Our understanding of the impact of ocean emissions on atmospheric chemistry and climate is limited relative to terrestrial systems, despite the fact that oceans cover the majority (71%) of the Earth. As a result, the impact of marine aerosols on clouds represents one of the largest uncertainties in our understanding of climate, which is limiting our ability to accurately predict the future temperatures of our planet. The emission of gases and particles from the ocean surface constitutes an important chemical link between the ocean and atmosphere and is mediated by marine biological, physical, and chemical processes. It is challenging to isolate the role of biological ocean processes on atmospheric chemistry in the real world, which contains a mixture of terrestrial and anthropogenic emissions. One decade ago, the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Environment (CAICE) took a unique ocean-in-the-laboratory approach to study the factors controlling the chemical composition of marine aerosols and their effects on clouds and climate. CAICE studies have demonstrated that the complex interplay of phytoplankton, bacteria, and viruses exerts significant control over sea spray aerosol composition and the production of volatile organic compounds. In addition, CAICE experiments have explored the physical production mechanisms and their impact on the properties of marine cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles, thus shedding light on connections between the oceans and cloud formation. As these ocean-in-the-laboratory experiments become more sophisticated, they allow for further exploration of the complexity of the processes that control atmospheric emissions from the ocean, as well as incorporating the effects of atmospheric aging and secondary oxidation processes. In the face of unprecedented global climate change, these results provide key insights into how our oceans and atmosphere are responding to human-induced changes to our planet.This Account presents results from a decade of research by chemists in the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Environment. The mission of CAICE involves taking a multidisciplinary approach to transform the ability to accurately predict the impact of marine aerosols on our environment by bringing the full real-world chemical complexity of the ocean and atmosphere into the laboratory. Toward this end, CAICE has successfully advanced the study of the ocean-atmosphere system under controlled laboratory settings through the stepwise simulation of physical production mechanisms and incorporation of marine microorganisms, building to systems that replicate real-world chemical complexity. This powerful approach has already made substantial progress in advancing our understanding of how ocean biology and physical processes affect the composition of nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA), as well as yielded insights that help explain longstanding discrepancies in field observations in the marine environment. CAICE research is now using laboratory studies to assess how real-world complexity, such as warming temperatures, ocean acidification, wind speed, biology, and anthropogenic perturbations, impacts the evolution of sea spray aerosol properties, as well as shapes the composition of the marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jon S. Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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50
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Alsved M, Widell A, Dahlin H, Karlson S, Medstrand P, Löndahl J. Aerosolization and recovery of viable murine norovirus in an experimental setup. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15941. [PMID: 32994471 PMCID: PMC7525472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause for viral acute gastroenteritis in the world. Despite the existing infection prevention strategies in hospitals, the disease continues to spread and causes extensive and numerous outbreaks. Hence, there is a need to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission of norovirus. In this study, we developed an experimental setup for studies on the infectivity of aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV), a model for the human norovirus. Two aerosol generation principles were evaluated: bubble bursting, a common natural aerosolization mechanism, and nebulization, a common aerosolization technique in laboratory studies. The aerosolization setup was characterized by physical and viral dilution factors, generated aerosol particle size distributions, and the viral infectivity after aerosolization. We found a lower physical dilution factor when using the nebulization generator than with the bubble bursting generator. The viral dilution factor of the system was higher than the physical dilution; however, when comparing the physical and viral dilution factors, bubble bursting generation was more efficient. The infectivity per virus was similar using either generation principle, suggesting that the generation itself had a minor impact on MNV infectivity and that instead, the effect of drying in air could be a major reason for infectivity losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alsved
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Widell
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dahlin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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