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Gladding JM, Rafiei N, Mitchell CS, Begg DP. Excision of the endothelial blood-brain barrier insulin receptor does not alter spatial cognition in mice fed either a chow or high-fat diet. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 212:107938. [PMID: 38772444 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Insulin is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelium to regulate aspects of metabolism and cognition. Brain insulin resistance often results from high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and is thought to contribute to spatial cognition deficits. To target BBB insulin function, we used Cre-LoxP genetic excision of the insulin receptor (InsR) from endothelial cells in adult male mice. We hypothesized that this excision would impair spatial cognition, and that high-fat diet consumption would exacerbate these effects. Excision of the endothelial InsR did not impair performance in two spatial cognition tasks, the Y-Maze and Morris Water Maze, in tests held both before and after 14 weeks of access to high-fat (or chow control) diet. The HFD increased body weight gain and induced glucose intolerance but did not impair spatial cognition. Endothelial InsR excision tended to increase body weight and reduce sensitivity to peripheral insulin, but these metabolic effects were not associated with impairments to spatial cognition and did not interact with HFD exposure. Instead, all mice showed intact spatial cognitive performance regardless of whether they had been fed chow or a HFD, and whether the InsR had been excised or not. Overall, the results indicate that loss of the endothelial InsR does not impact spatial cognition, which is in line with pharmacological evidence that other mechanisms at the BBB facilitate insulin transport and allow it to exert its pro-cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Gladding
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Neda Rafiei
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Mitchell
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denovan P Begg
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Ritson M, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Stolp HB. Endothelial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease: Is endothelial inflammation an overlooked druggable target? J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578363. [PMID: 38728929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurological diseases with a neurodegenerative component have been associated with alterations in the cerebrovasculature. At the anatomical level, these are centred around changes in cerebral blood flow and vessel organisation. At the molecular level, there is extensive expression of cellular adhesion molecules and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Together, these has been found to negatively impact blood-brain barrier integrity. Systemic inflammation has been found to accelerate and exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and degeneration. Here, we review the role of cerebrovasculature dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease and discuss the potential contribution of intermittent pro-inflammatory systemic disease in causing endothelial pathology, highlighting a possible mechanism that may allow broad-spectrum therapeutic targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ritson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | - Helen B Stolp
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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3
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Islam MT, Cai J, Allen S, Moreno DG, Bloom SI, Bramwell RC, Mitton J, Horn AG, Zhu W, Donato AJ, Holland WL, Lesniewski LA. Endothelial-Specific Reduction in Arf6 Impairs Insulin-Stimulated Vasodilation and Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Resulting in Systemic Insulin Resistance in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1101-1113. [PMID: 38545783 PMCID: PMC11042974 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of what we know about insulin resistance is based on studies from metabolically active tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Emerging evidence suggests that the vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in systemic insulin resistance; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Arf6 (ADP ribosylation factor 6) is a small GTPase that plays a critical role in endothelial cell function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the deletion of endothelial Arf6 will result in systemic insulin resistance. METHODS We used mouse models of constitutive endothelial cell-specific Arf6 deletion (Arf6f/- Tie2Cre+) and tamoxifen-inducible Arf6 knockout (Arf6f/f Cdh5CreER+). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed using pressure myography. Metabolic function was assessed using a battery of metabolic assessments including glucose and insulin tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. We used a fluorescence microsphere-based technique to measure tissue blood flow. Skeletal muscle capillary density was assessed using intravital microscopy. RESULTS Endothelial Arf6 deletion impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle feed arteries. The impairment in vasodilation was primarily due to attenuated insulin-stimulated nitric oxide bioavailability but independent of altered acetylcholine-mediated or sodium nitroprusside-mediated vasodilation. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of Arf6 also resulted in systematic insulin resistance in normal chow-fed mice and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. The underlying mechanisms of glucose intolerance were reductions in insulin-stimulated blood flow and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle and were independent of changes in capillary density or vascular permeability. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study support the conclusion that endothelial Arf6 signaling is essential for maintaining insulin sensitivity. Reduced expression of endothelial Arf6 impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and results in systemic insulin resistance. These results have therapeutic implications for diseases that are associated with endothelial cell dysfunction and insulin resistance such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Torikul Islam
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology (M.T.I., S.I.B., A.J.D., W.L.H., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jinjin Cai
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Shanena Allen
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Denisse G Moreno
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Samuel I Bloom
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology (M.T.I., S.I.B., A.J.D., W.L.H., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - R Colton Bramwell
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jonathan Mitton
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Andrew G Horn
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan (A.G.H.)
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (W.Z.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Pathology (W.Z.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Program of Molecular Medicine (W.Z.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology (M.T.I., S.I.B., A.J.D., W.L.H., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Biochemistry (A.J.D.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, UT (A.J.D., L.A.L.)
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology (M.T.I., S.I.B., A.J.D., W.L.H., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology (M.T.I., S.I.B., A.J.D., W.L.H., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (J.C., S.A., D.G.M., R.C.B., J.M., A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (A.J.D., L.A.L.), The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Veteran's Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, UT (A.J.D., L.A.L.)
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4
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Vinokurova M, Lopes-Pires ME, Cypaite N, Shala F, Armstrong PC, Ahmetaj-Shala B, Elghazouli Y, Nüsing R, Liu B, Zhou Y, Hao CM, Herschman HR, Mitchell JA, Kirkby NS. Widening the Prostacyclin Paradigm: Tissue Fibroblasts Are a Critical Site of Production and Antithrombotic Protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:271-286. [PMID: 37823267 PMCID: PMC10749679 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostacyclin is a fundamental signaling pathway traditionally associated with the cardiovascular system and protection against thrombosis but which also has regulatory functions in fibrosis, proliferation, and immunity. Prevailing dogma states that prostacyclin is principally derived from vascular endothelium, although it is known that other cells can also synthesize it. However, the role of nonendothelial sources in prostacyclin production has not been systematically evaluated resulting in an underappreciation of their importance relative to better characterized endothelial sources. METHODS To address this, we have used novel endothelial cell-specific and fibroblast-specific COX (cyclo-oxygenase) and prostacyclin synthase knockout mice and cells freshly isolated from mouse and human lung tissue. We have assessed prostacyclin release by immunoassay and thrombosis in vivo using an FeCl3-induced carotid artery injury model. RESULTS We found that in arteries, endothelial cells are the main source of prostacyclin but that in the lung, and other tissues, prostacyclin production occurs largely independently of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Instead, in mouse and human lung, prostacyclin production was strongly associated with fibroblasts. By comparison, microvascular endothelial cells from the lung showed weak prostacyclin synthetic capacity compared with those isolated from large arteries. Prostacyclin derived from fibroblasts and other nonendothelial sources was seen to contribute to antithrombotic protection. CONCLUSIONS These observations define a new paradigm in prostacyclin biology in which fibroblast/nonendothelial-derived prostacyclin works in parallel with endothelium-derived prostanoids to control thrombotic risk and potentially a broad range of other biology. Although generation of prostacyclin by fibroblasts has been shown previously, the scale and systemic activity was unappreciated. As such, this represents a basic change in our understanding and may provide new insight into how diseases of the lung result in cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vinokurova
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Maria Elisa Lopes-Pires
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Neringa Cypaite
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Fisnik Shala
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Paul C. Armstrong
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (P.C.A.)
| | - Blerina Ahmetaj-Shala
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Youssef Elghazouli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Rolf Nüsing
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Department, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (R.N.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, China (B.L., Y.Z.)
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, China (B.L., Y.Z.)
| | - Chuan-ming Hao
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (C.-m.H.)
| | - Harvey R. Herschman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (H.R.H.)
| | - Jane A. Mitchell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
| | - Nicholas S. Kirkby
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (M.V., M.E.L.-P., N.C., F.S., B.A.-S., Y.E., J.A.M., N.S.K.)
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5
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Rhea EM, Babin A, Thomas P, Omer M, Weaver R, Hansen K, Banks WA, Talbot K. Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, and DA5-CH in the search for new treatments of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Tissue Barriers 2023:2292461. [PMID: 38095516 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2023.2292461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of peptide incretin receptor agonists (IRAs) show promise as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one way for IRAs to act directly within the brain. To determine which IRAs are high priority candidates for treating these disorders, we have studied their brain uptake pharmacokinetics. METHODS We quantitatively measure the ability of four IRAs to cross the BBB. We injected adult male CD-1 mice intravenously with 125I- or 14C-labeled albiglutide, dulaglutide, DA5-CH, or tirzepatide and used multiple-time regression analyses to measure brain kinetics up to 1 hour. For those IRAs failing to enter the brain 1 h after intravenous injection, we also investigated their ability to enter over a longer time frame (i.e., 6 h). RESULTS Albiglutide and dulaglutide had the fastest brain uptake rates within 1 hour. DA5-CH appears to enter the brain rapidly, reaching equilibrium quickly. Tirzepatide does not appear to cross the BBB within 1 h after iv injection but like albumin, did so slowly over 6 h, presumably via the extracellular pathways. CONCLUSIONS We find that IRAs can cross the BBB by two separate processes; one that is fast and one that is slow. Three of the four IRAs investigated here have fast rates of transport and should be taken into consideration for testing as AD and PD therapeutics as they would have the ability to act quickly and directly on the brain as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alice Babin
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Thomas
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohamed Omer
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Riley Weaver
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Hansen
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pathology and Human Anatomy, and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Kouthouridis S, Sotra A, Khan Z, Alvarado J, Raha S, Zhang B. Modeling the Progression of Placental Transport from Early- to Late-Stage Pregnancy by Tuning Trophoblast Differentiation and Vascularization. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301428. [PMID: 37830445 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The early-stage placental barrier is characterized by a lack of fetal circulation and by a thick trophoblastic barrier, whereas the later-stage placenta consists of vascularized chorionic villi encased in a thin, differentiated trophoblast layer, ideal for nutrient transport. In this work, predictive models of early- and late-stage placental transport are created using blastocyst-derived placental stem cells (PSCs) by modulating PSC differentiation and model vascularization. PSC differentiation results in a thinner, fused trophoblast layer, as well as an increase in human chorionic gonadotropin secretion, barrier permeability, and secretion of certain inflammatory cytokines, which are consistent with in vivo findings. Further, gene expression confirms this shift toward a differentiated trophoblast subtype. Vascularization results in a molecule type- and size-dependent change in dextran and insulin permeability. These results demonstrate that trophoblast differentiation and vascularization have critical effects on placental barrier permeability and that this model can be used as a predictive measure to assess fetal toxicity of xenobiotic substances at different stages of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Kouthouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Alexander Sotra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zaim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Justin Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Programme in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
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7
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Park J, Hall C, Hubbard B, LaMoia T, Gaspar R, Nasiri A, Li F, Zhang H, Kim J, Haeusler RA, Accili D, Shulman GI, Yu H, Choi E. MAD2-Dependent Insulin Receptor Endocytosis Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis. Diabetes 2023; 72:1781-1794. [PMID: 37725942 PMCID: PMC10658066 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin activates insulin receptor (IR) signaling and subsequently triggers IR endocytosis to attenuate signaling. Cell division regulators MAD2, BUBR1, and p31comet promote IR endocytosis on insulin stimulation. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the IR-MAD2 interaction in mice delays IR endocytosis, increases IR levels, and prolongs insulin action at the cell surface. This in turn causes a defect in insulin clearance and increases circulating insulin levels, unexpectedly increasing glucagon levels, which alters glucose metabolism modestly. Disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction increases serum fatty acid concentrations and hepatic fat accumulation in fasted male mice. Furthermore, disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction distinctly changes metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in the liver and adipose tissues. Our findings establish the function of cell division regulators in insulin signaling and provide insights into the metabolic functions of IR endocytosis. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS The physiological role of IR endocytosis in insulin sensitivity remains unclear. Disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction delays IR endocytosis and prolongs insulin signaling. IR-MAD2 controls insulin clearance and glucose metabolism. IR-MAD2 maintains energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Brandon Hubbard
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Traci LaMoia
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rafael Gaspar
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Fang Li
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Urology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Domenico Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hongtao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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8
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Zeze T, Shinjo T, Sato K, Nishimura Y, Imagawa M, Chen S, Ahmed AK, Iwashita M, Yamashita A, Fukuda T, Sanui T, Park K, King GL, Nishimura F. Endothelial Insulin Resistance Exacerbates Experimental Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1152-1161. [PMID: 37448347 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231181539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that the severity of periodontitis is higher in people with diabetes than in healthy individuals. Insulin resistance might play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of multiple diabetic complications and is reportedly induced in the gingiva of rodents with type 2 diabetes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetes-related periodontitis remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether endothelial insulin resistance in the gingiva may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis as well as elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated that insulin treatment downregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced VCAM1 expression in endothelial cells (ECs) via the PI3K/Akt activating pathway, resulting in reduced cellular adhesion between ECs and leukocytes. Hyperglycemia-induced selective insulin resistance in ECs diminished the effect of insulin on LPS- or TNFα-stimulated VCAM1 expression. Vascular endothelial cell-specific insulin receptor knockout (VEIRKO) mice exhibited selective inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the gingiva and advanced experimental periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss via upregulation of Vcam1, Tnfα, Mcp-1, Rankl, and neutrophil migration into the gingiva compared with that in the wild-type (WT) mice despite being free from diabetes. We also observed that insulin-mediated activation of FoxO1, a downstream target of Akt, was suppressed in the gingiva of VEIRKO and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, hyperglycemia-treated ECs, and primary ECs from VEIRKO. Further analysis using ECs transfected with intact and mutated FoxO1, with mutations at 3 insulin-mediated phosphorylation sites (T24A, S256D, S316A), suggested that insulin-mediated regulation of VCAM1 expression and cellular adhesion of ECs with leukocytes was attenuated by mutated FoxO1 overexpression. These results suggest that insulin resistance in ECs may contribute to the progression of periodontitis via dysregulated VCAM1 expression and cellular adhesion with leukocytes, resulting from reduced activation of the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zeze
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Shinjo
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Imagawa
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Chen
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A-K Ahmed
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M Iwashita
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Yamashita
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Park
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G L King
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Rhea EM, Leclerc M, Yassine HN, Capuano AW, Tong H, Petyuk VA, Macauley SL, Fioramonti X, Carmichael O, Calon F, Arvanitakis Z. State of the Science on Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Decline Due to Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0814. [PMID: 37611907 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common and increasing in prevalence worldwide, with devastating public health consequences. While peripheral insulin resistance is a key feature of most forms of T2DM and has been investigated for over a century, research on brain insulin resistance (BIR) has more recently been developed, including in the context of T2DM and non-diabetes states. Recent data support the presence of BIR in the aging brain, even in non-diabetes states, and found that BIR may be a feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive impairment. Further, therapies used to treat T2DM are now being investigated in the context of AD treatment and prevention, including insulin. In this review, we offer a definition of BIR, and present evidence for BIR in AD; we discuss the expression, function, and activation of the insulin receptor (INSR) in the brain; how BIR could develop; tools to study BIR; how BIR correlates with current AD hallmarks; and regional/cellular involvement of BIR. We close with a discussion on resilience to both BIR and AD, how current tools can be improved to better understand BIR, and future avenues for research. Overall, this review and position paper highlights BIR as a plausible therapeutic target for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein N Yassine
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ana W Capuano
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Han Tong
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada
| | - Owen Carmichael
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- International Associated Laboratory OptiNutriBrain, Bordeaux, France and Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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10
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Norris AC, Yazlovitskaya EM, Zhu L, Rose BS, May JC, Gibson-Corley KN, McLean JA, Stafford JM, Graham TR. Deficiency of the lipid flippase ATP10A causes diet-induced dyslipidemia in female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.16.545392. [PMID: 37398141 PMCID: PMC10312798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic association studies have linked ATP10A and closely related type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) to insulin resistance and vascular complications, such as atherosclerosis. ATP10A translocates phosphatidylcholine and glucosylceramide across cell membranes, and these lipids or their metabolites play important roles in signal transduction pathways regulating metabolism. However, the influence of ATP10A on lipid metabolism in mice has not been explored. Here, we generated gene-specific Atp10A knockout mice and show that Atp10A-/- mice fed a high-fat diet did not gain excess weight relative to wild-type littermates. However, Atp10A-/- mice displayed female-specific dyslipidemia characterized by elevated plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, as well as altered VLDL and HDL properties. We also observed increased circulating levels of several sphingolipid species along with reduced levels of eicosanoids and bile acids. The Atp10A-/- mice also displayed hepatic insulin resistance without perturbations to whole-body glucose homeostasis. Thus, ATP10A has a sex-specific role in regulating plasma lipid composition and maintaining hepatic liver insulin sensitivity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C. Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Lin Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Bailey S. Rose
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jody C. May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John M. Stafford
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd R. Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Shetti AU, Ramakrishnan A, Romanova L, Li W, Vo K, Volety I, Ratnayake I, Stephen T, Minshall RD, Cologna SM, Lazarov O. Reduced endothelial caveolin-1 underlies deficits in brain insulin signalling in type 2 diabetes. Brain 2023; 146:3014-3028. [PMID: 36731883 PMCID: PMC10316766 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit severe impairments in insulin signalling in the brain and are five times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. However, what leads to these impairments is not fully understood. Here, we show reduced expression of endothelial cell caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in the db/db (Leprdb) mouse model of type 2 diabetes. This reduction correlated with alterations in insulin receptor expression and signalling in brain microvessels as well as brain parenchyma. These findings were recapitulated in the brains of endothelial cell-specific Cav-1 knock-out (Tie2Cre; Cav-1fl/fl) mice. Lack of Cav-1 in endothelial cells led to reduced response to insulin as well as reduced insulin uptake. Furthermore, we observed that Cav-1 was necessary for the stabilization of insulin receptors in lipid rafts. Interactome analysis revealed that insulin receptor interacts with Cav-1 and caveolae-associated proteins, insulin-degrading enzyme and the tight junction protein Zonula Occludence-1 in brain endothelial cells. Restoration of Cav-1 in Cav-1 knock-out brain endothelial cells rescued insulin receptor expression and localization. Overall, these results suggest that Cav-1 regulates insulin signalling and uptake by brain endothelial cells by modulating IR-α and IR-β localization and function in lipid rafts. Furthermore, depletion of endothelial cell-specific Cav-1 and the resulting impairment in insulin transport leads to alteration in insulin signalling in the brain parenchyma of type 2 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashutosh U Shetti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Abhirami Ramakrishnan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Liudmila Romanova
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Khanh Vo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ipsita Volety
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Electron Microscopy Core, Research Resource Center, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Terilyn Stephen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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12
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Daniel JM, Lindsey SH, Mostany R, Schrader LA, Zsombok A. Cardiometabolic health, menopausal estrogen therapy and the brain: How effects of estrogens diverge in healthy and unhealthy preclinical models of aging. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 70:101068. [PMID: 37061205 PMCID: PMC10725785 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Research in preclinical models indicates that estrogens are neuroprotective and positively impact cognitive aging. However, clinical data are equivocal as to the benefits of menopausal estrogen therapy to the brain and cognition. Pre-existing cardiometabolic disease may modulate mechanisms by which estrogens act, potentially reducing or reversing protections they provide against cognitive decline. In the current review we propose mechanisms by which cardiometabolic disease may alter estrogen effects, including both alterations in actions directly on brain memory systems and actions on cardiometabolic systems, which in turn impact brain memory systems. Consideration of mechanisms by which estrogen administration can exert differential effects dependent upon health phenotype is consistent with the move towards precision or personalized medicine, which aims to determine which treatment interventions will work for which individuals. Understanding effects of estrogens in both healthy and unhealthy models of aging is critical to optimizing the translational link between preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Daniel
- Department of Psychology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ricardo Mostany
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Laura A Schrader
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology and Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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13
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Islam MT, Cai J, Allen S, Moreno DG, Bloom SI, Bramwell RC, Mitton J, Horn AG, Zhu W, Donato AJ, Holland WL, Lesniewski LA. Endothelial specific reduction in Arf6 impairs insulin-stimulated vasodilation and skeletal muscle blood flow resulting in systemic insulin resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539173. [PMID: 37205339 PMCID: PMC10187242 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Much of what we know about insulin resistance is based on studies from metabolically active tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Emerging evidence suggests that the vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in systemic insulin resistance, however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that plays a critical role in endothelial cell (EC) function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the deletion of endothelial Arf6 will result in systemic insulin resistance. Methods We used mouse models of constitutive EC-specific Arf6 deletion (Arf6 f/- Tie2Cre) and tamoxifen inducible Arf6 knockout (Arf6 f/f Cdh5Cre). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed using pressure myography. Metabolic function was assessed using a battery of metabolic assessments including glucose- and insulin-tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. A fluorescence microsphere-based technique was used to measure tissue blood flow. Intravital microscopy was used to assess skeletal muscle capillary density. Results Endothelial Arf6 deletion impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation in white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle feed arteries. The impairment in vasodilation was primarily due to attenuated insulin-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability but independent of altered acetylcholine- or sodium nitroprusside-mediated vasodilation. In vitro Arf6 inhibition resulted in suppressed insulin stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial NO synthase. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of Arf6 also resulted in systematic insulin resistance in normal chow fed mice and glucose intolerance in high fat diet fed obese mice. The underlying mechanisms of glucose intolerance were reductions in insulin-stimulated blood flow and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle and were independent of changes in capillary density or vascular permeability. Conclusion Results from this study support the conclusion that endothelial Arf6 signaling is essential for maintaining insulin sensitivity. Reduced expression of endothelial Arf6 impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and results in systemic insulin resistance. These results have therapeutic implications for diseases that are associated with endothelial cell dysfunction and insulin resistance such as diabetes.
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14
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Shpakov AO, Zorina II, Derkach KV. Hot Spots for the Use of Intranasal Insulin: Cerebral Ischemia, Brain Injury, Diabetes Mellitus, Endocrine Disorders and Postoperative Delirium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3278. [PMID: 36834685 PMCID: PMC9962062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A decrease in the activity of the insulin signaling system of the brain, due to both central insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, leads to neurodegeneration and impaired regulation of appetite, metabolism, endocrine functions. This is due to the neuroprotective properties of brain insulin and its leading role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in the brain, as well as in the regulation of the brain signaling network responsible for the functioning of the nervous, endocrine, and other systems. One of the approaches to restore the activity of the insulin system of the brain is the use of intranasally administered insulin (INI). Currently, INI is being considered as a promising drug to treat Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. The clinical application of INI is being developed for the treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases and improve cognitive abilities in stress, overwork, and depression. At the same time, much attention has recently been paid to the prospects of using INI for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injuries, and postoperative delirium (after anesthesia), as well as diabetes mellitus and its complications, including dysfunctions in the gonadal and thyroid axes. This review is devoted to the prospects and current trends in the use of INI for the treatment of these diseases, which, although differing in etiology and pathogenesis, are characterized by impaired insulin signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Padilla J, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA. New insights into mechanisms of endothelial insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1231-H1238. [PMID: 36331555 PMCID: PMC9705017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00537.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance in the vasculature is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and blunting of insulin-induced vasodilation is its primary consequence. Individuals with T2D exhibit a marked impairment in insulin-induced dilation in resistance arteries across vascular beds. Importantly, reduced insulin-stimulated vasodilation and blood flow to skeletal muscle limits glucose uptake and contributes to impaired glucose control in T2D. The study of mechanisms responsible for the suppressed vasodilatory effects of insulin has been a growing topic of interest for not only its association with glucose control and extension to T2D but also its relationship with cardiovascular disease development and progression. In this mini-review, we integrate findings from recent studies by our group with the existing literature focused on the mechanisms underlying endothelial insulin resistance in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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16
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Malin SK, Stewart NR, Ude AA, Alderman BL. Brain insulin resistance and cognitive function: influence of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1368-1380. [PMID: 36269295 PMCID: PMC9744647 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00375.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has systemic health benefits in people, in part, through improving whole body insulin sensitivity. The brain is an insulin-sensitive organ that is often underdiscussed relative to skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Although brain insulin action may have only subtle impacts on peripheral regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, it is important for weight regulation as well as mental health. In fact, brain insulin signaling is also involved in processes that support healthy cognition. Furthermore, brain insulin resistance has been associated with age-related declines in memory and executive function as well as Alzheimer's disease pathology. Herein, we provide an overview of brain insulin sensitivity in relation to cognitive function from animal and human studies, with particular emphasis placed on the impact exercise may have on brain insulin sensitivity. Mechanisms discussed include mitochondrial function, brain growth factors, and neurogenesis, which collectively help combat obesity-related metabolic disease and Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nathan R Stewart
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andrew A Ude
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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17
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Insulin and IGF-1 elicit robust transcriptional regulation to modulate autophagy in astrocytes. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101647. [PMID: 36503893 PMCID: PMC9731889 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin is a principal metabolic hormone. It regulates a plethora of metabolic pathways in peripheral tissues. The highly homologous insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), on the other hand, is important for development and growth. Recent studies have shown that insulin and IGF-1 signaling plays fundamental roles in the brain. Loss of insulin or IGF-1 receptors in astrocytes leads to altered glucose handling, mitochondrial metabolism, neurovascular coupling, and behavioral abnormalities in mice. Here, we aim to investigate molecular mechanisms by which insulin and IGF-1 signaling regulates astrocyte functions. METHODS IR-flox and IRKO primary astrocytes were treated with 100 nM insulin or IGF-1 for 6 h, and their transcriptomes were analyzed. Astrocytes with either IR deletion, IGF1R deletion or both were used to examine receptor-dependent transcriptional regulations using qPCR. Additional immunoblotting and confocal imaging studies were performed to functionally validate pathways involved in protein homeostasis. RESULTS Using next-generation RNA sequencing, we show that insulin significantly regulates the expression of over 1,200 genes involved in multiple functional processes in primary astrocytes. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) triggers a similar robust transcriptional regulation in astrocytes. Thus, over 50% of the differentially expressed genes are regulated by both ligands. As expected, these commonly regulated genes are highly enriched in pathways involved in lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Additionally, insulin and IGF-1 induce the expression of genes involved in ribosomal biogenesis, while suppressing the expression of genes involved in autophagy, indicating a common role of insulin and IGF-1 on protein homeostasis in astrocytes. Insulin-dependent suppression of autophagy genes, including p62, Ulk1/2, and several Atg genes, is blunted only when both IR and IGF1R are deleted. CONCLUSIONS In summary, insulin and IGF-1 potently suppress autophagy in astrocytes through transcriptional regulation. Both IR and IGF1R can elicit ligand-dependent transcriptional suppression of autophagy. These results demonstrate an important role of astrocytic insulin/IGF-1 signaling on proteostasis. Impairment of this regulation in insulin resistance and diabetes may contribute to neurological complications related to diabetes.
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18
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Picone P, Sanfilippo T, Vasto S, Baldassano S, Guggino R, Nuzzo D, Bulone D, San Biagio PL, Muscolino E, Monastero R, Dispenza C, Giacomazza D. From Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’sDisease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101344. [PMID: 36291553 PMCID: PMC9599460 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly. The two cardinal neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques, which are extracellular deposits mainly constituted by beta-amyloids, and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) located in the cytoplasm of neurons. Although the research has made relevant progress in the management of the disease, the treatment is still lacking. Only symptomatic medications exist for the disease, and, in the meantime, laboratories worldwide are investigating disease-modifying treatments for AD. In the present review, results centered on the use of peptides of different sizes involved in AD are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Sanfilippo
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituti Euro-Mediterranei di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Via M. Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossella Guggino
- Ambulatorio di Nutrizione Clinica ASP Palermo, Via G. Cusmano 24, 90141 Palermo, Italy
- Anestesia e Rianimazione, Presidio Ospedaliero “S. Cimino”, 90141 Termini Imerese, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartmento of Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Tecnologiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Muscolino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Monastero
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Clelia Dispenza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.N.); (D.G.)
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19
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Wang J, Li L, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Bi Y. Extracellular vesicles mediate the communication of adipose tissue with brain and promote cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1264-1279.e8. [PMID: 36070680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes with obesity-related insulin resistance as the main manifestation is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Adipose tissue plays an important role in this process. Here, we demonstrated that adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargo microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate inter-organ communication between adipose tissue and the brain, which can be transferred into the brain in a membrane protein-dependent manner and enriched in neurons, especially in the hippocampus. Further investigation suggests that adipose tissue-derived EVs from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice or patients with diabetes induce remarkable synaptic loss and cognitive impairment. Depletion of miRNA cargo in these EVs significantly alleviates their detrimental effects on cognitive function. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting adipose tissue-derived EVs or their cargo miRNAs may provide a promising strategy for pharmaceutical interventions for cognitive impairment in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Center of Molecular Diagnostic and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute of Life Sciences (NAILS), NJU Institute of AI Biomedicine and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China.
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20
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Abstract
Mice with insulin receptor (IR)-deficient astrocytes (GFAP-IR knockout [KO] mice) show blunted responses to insulin and reduced brain glucose uptake, whereas IR-deficient astrocytes show disturbed mitochondrial responses to glucose. While exploring the functional impact of disturbed mitochondrial function in astrocytes, we observed that GFAP-IR KO mice show uncoupling of brain blood flow with glucose uptake. Since IR-deficient astrocytes show higher levels of reactive oxidant species (ROS), this leads to stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and, consequently, of the vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenic pathway. Indeed, GFAP-IR KO mice show disturbed brain vascularity and blood flow that is normalized by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC ameliorated high ROS levels, normalized angiogenic signaling and mitochondrial function in IR-deficient astrocytes, and normalized neurovascular coupling in GFAP-IR KO mice. Our results indicate that by modulating glucose uptake and angiogenesis, insulin receptors in astrocytes participate in neurovascular coupling.
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21
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Rhea EM, Banks WA, Raber J. Insulin Resistance in Peripheral Tissues and the Brain: A Tale of Two Sites. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1582. [PMID: 35884888 PMCID: PMC9312939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of insulin resistance has been around since a few decades after the discovery of insulin itself. To allude to the classic Charles Dicken's novel published 62 years before the discovery of insulin, in some ways, this is the best of times, as the concept of insulin resistance has expanded to include the brain, with the realization that insulin has a life beyond the regulation of glucose. In other ways, it is the worst of times as insulin resistance is implicated in devastating diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) that affect the brain. Peripheral insulin resistance affects nearly a quarter of the United States population in adults over age 20. More recently, it has been implicated in AD, with the degree of brain insulin resistance correlating with cognitive decline. This has led to the investigation of brain or central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance and the question of the relation between CNS and peripheral insulin resistance. While both may involve dysregulated insulin signaling, the two conditions are not identical and not always interlinked. In this review, we compare and contrast the similarities and differences between peripheral and CNS insulin resistance. We also discuss how an apolipoprotein involved in insulin signaling and related to AD, apolipoprotein E (apoE), has distinct pools in the periphery and CNS and can indirectly affect each system. As these systems are both separated but also linked via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we discuss the role of the BBB in mediating some of the connections between insulin resistance in the brain and in the peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.M.R.); (W.A.B.)
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (E.M.R.); (W.A.B.)
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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22
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Watson LS, Wilken-Resman B, Williams A, DiLucia S, Sanchez G, McLeod TL, Sims-Robinson C. Hyperinsulinemia alters insulin receptor presentation and internalization in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641221118626. [PMID: 35975361 PMCID: PMC9393688 DOI: 10.1177/14791641221118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptors are internalized by endothelial cells to facilitate their physiological processes; however, the impact of hyperinsulinemia in brain endothelial cells is not known. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the impact hyperinsulinemia plays on insulin receptor internalization through changes in phosphorylation, as well as the potential impact of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Hippocampal microvessels were isolated from high-fat diet fed mice and assessed for insulin signaling activation, a process known to be involved with receptor internalization. Surface insulin receptors in brain microvascular endothelial cells were labelled to assess the role hyperinsulinemia plays on receptor internalization in response to stimulation, with and without the PTP1B antagonist, Claramine. Our results indicated that insulin receptor levels increased in tandem with decreased receptor signaling in the high-fat diet mouse microvessels. Insulin receptors of cells subjected to hyperinsulinemic treatment demonstrate splice variation towards decreased IR-A mRNA expression and demonstrate a higher membrane-localized proportion. This corresponded with decreased autophosphorylation at sites critical for receptor internalization and signaling. Claramine restored signaling and receptor internalization in cells treated with hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, hyperinsulinemia impacts brain microvascular endothelial cell insulin receptor signaling and internalization, likely via alternative splicing and increased negative feedback from PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Watson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alexus Williams
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie DiLucia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taylor L McLeod
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Catrina Sims-Robinson, PhD, Molecular and
Cellular Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina,
96 Jonathan Lucas Street Suite 309D2 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC 29425-2503,
USA.
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23
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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24
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Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is a major contributor to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Importantly, IR and T2D substantially increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Although there are successful approaches to maintain glycemic control, there continue to be increased CV morbidity and mortality associated with metabolic disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the cellular and molecular processes that underlie cardiometabolic changes that occur during obesity so that optimal medical therapies can be designed to attenuate or prevent the sequelae of this disease. The vascular endothelium is in constant contact with the circulating milieu; thus, it is not surprising that obesity-driven elevations in lipids, glucose, and proinflammatory mediators induce endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and vascular remodeling in all segments of the vasculature. As cardiometabolic disease progresses, so do pathological changes in the entire vascular network, which can feed forward to exacerbate disease progression. Recent cellular and molecular data have implicated the vasculature as an initiating and instigating factor in the development of several cardiometabolic diseases. This Review discusses these findings in the context of atherosclerosis, IR and T2D, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In addition, novel strategies to therapeutically target the vasculature to lessen cardiometabolic disease burden are introduced.
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25
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Chen W, Cai W, Hoover B, Kahn CR. Insulin action in the brain: cell types, circuits, and diseases. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:384-400. [PMID: 35361499 PMCID: PMC9035105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery over 100 years ago, insulin has been recognized as a key hormone in control of glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies of insulin signaling are central to diabetes and many other disorders. The brain is among the targets of insulin action, and insulin resistance is a major contributor to many diseases, including brain disorders. Here, we summarize key roles of insulin action in the brain and how this involves different brain cell types. Disordered brain insulin signaling can also contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases, affecting brain circuits involved in mood and cognition. Understanding of insulin signaling in different brain cell types/circuits and how these are altered in disease may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to these challenging disorders.
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26
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Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:222-238. [PMID: 35299293 PMCID: PMC8987684 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a structural barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the interface between the brain parenchyma and blood, and modulates communication between the brain and blood microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. The BBB is composed of endothelial cells, basement membrane, pericytes, and astrocytic end feet. BBB impairment is a distinguishing and pathogenic factor in diabetic encephalopathy. Diabetes causes leakage of the BBB through downregulation of tight junction proteins, resulting in impaired functioning of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, nerve/glial antigen 2-glia, and oligodendrocytes. However, the temporal regulation, mechanisms of molecular and signaling pathways, and consequences of BBB impairment in diabetes are not well understood. Consequently, the efficacy of therapies diabetes targeting BBB leakage still lags behind the requirements. This review summarizes the recent research on the effects of diabetes on BBB composition and the potential roles of glial and vascular cells as therapeutic targets for BBB disruption in diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Cai
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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27
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Wu M, Carballo-Jane E, Zhou H, Zafian P, Dai G, Liu M, Lao J, Kelly T, Shao D, Gorski J, Pissarnitski D, Kekec A, Chen Y, Previs SF, Scapin G, Gomez-Llorente Y, Hollingsworth SA, Yan L, Feng D, Huo P, Walford G, Erion MD, Kelley DE, Lin S, Mu J. Functionally selective signaling and broad metabolic benefits by novel insulin receptor partial agonists. Nat Commun 2022; 13:942. [PMID: 35177603 PMCID: PMC8854621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin analogs have been developed to treat diabetes with focus primarily on improving the time action profile without affecting ligand-receptor interaction or functional selectivity. As a result, inherent liabilities (e.g. hypoglycemia) of injectable insulin continue to limit the true therapeutic potential of related agents. Insulin dimers were synthesized to investigate whether partial agonism of the insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase is achievable, and to explore the potential for tissue-selective systemic insulin pharmacology. The insulin dimers induced distinct IR conformational changes compared to native monomeric insulin and substrate phosphorylation assays demonstrated partial agonism. Structurally distinct dimers with differences in conjugation sites and linkers were prepared to deliver desirable IR partial agonist (IRPA). Systemic infusions of a B29-B29 dimer in vivo revealed sharp differences compared to native insulin. Suppression of hepatic glucose production and lipolysis were like that attained with regular insulin, albeit with a distinctly shallower dose-response. In contrast, there was highly attenuated stimulation of glucose uptake into muscle. Mechanistic studies indicated that IRPAs exploit tissue differences in receptor density and have additional distinctions pertaining to drug clearance and distribution. The hepato-adipose selective action of IRPAs is a potentially safer approach for treatment of diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Alloxan/administration & dosage
- Alloxan/toxicity
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Lipolysis/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Rats
- Receptor, Insulin/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ge Dai
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Mindy Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julie Lao
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Terri Kelly
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Dan Shao
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Ahmet Kekec
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | | | - Pei Huo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Mu
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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28
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Williams IM, Wasserman DH. Capillary Endothelial Insulin Transport: The Rate-limiting Step for Insulin-stimulated Glucose Uptake. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6462374. [PMID: 34908124 PMCID: PMC8758342 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting step for skeletal muscle glucose uptake is transport from microcirculation to muscle interstitium. Capillary endothelium poses a barrier that delays the onset of muscle insulin action. Defining physiological barriers that control insulin access to interstitial space is difficult because of technical challenges that confront study of microscopic events in an integrated physiological system. Two physiological variables determine muscle insulin access. These are the number of perfused capillaries and the permeability of capillary walls to insulin. Disease states associated with capillary rarefaction are closely linked to insulin resistance. Insulin permeability through highly resistant capillary walls of muscle poses a significant barrier to insulin access. Insulin may traverse the endothelium through narrow intercellular junctions or vesicular trafficking across the endothelial cell. Insulin is large compared with intercellular junctions, making this an unlikely route. Transport by endothelial vesicular trafficking is likely the primary route of transit. Studies in vivo show movement of insulin is not insulin receptor dependent. This aligns with single-cell transcriptomics that show the insulin receptor is not expressed in muscle capillaries. Work in cultured endothelial cell lines suggest that insulin receptor activation is necessary for endothelial insulin transit. Controversies remain in the understanding of transendothelial insulin transit to muscle. These controversies closely align with experimental approaches. Control of circulating insulin accessibility to skeletal muscle is an area that remains ripe for discovery. Factors that impede insulin access to muscle may contribute to disease and factors that accelerate access may be of therapeutic value for insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA
- Correspondence: David H. Wasserman, PhD, Light Hall Rm. 702, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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29
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Toward the Decipherment of Molecular Interactions in the Diabetic Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010115. [PMID: 35052794 PMCID: PMC8773210 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with cognitive complications in the brain resulting from acute and chronic metabolic disturbances happening peripherally and centrally. Numerous studies have reported on the morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, and cognitive changes in the brains of diabetic individuals. The detailed pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the development of the diabetic cognitive phenotype remain unclear due to intricate molecular changes evolving over time and space. This review provides an insight into recent advances in understanding molecular events in the diabetic brain, focusing on cerebral glucose and insulin uptake, insulin action in the brain, and the role of the brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Fully competent mitochondria are essential for energy metabolism and proper brain function; hence, the potential contribution of mitochondria to the DM-induced impairment of the brain is also discussed.
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30
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Stranahan AM. Visceral adiposity, inflammation, and hippocampal function in obesity. Neuropharmacology 2021; 205:108920. [PMID: 34902347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 'apple-shaped' anatomical pattern that accompanies visceral adiposity increases risk for multiple chronic diseases, including conditions that impact the brain, such as diabetes and hypertension. However, distinguishing between the consequences of visceral obesity, as opposed to visceral adiposity-associated metabolic and cardiovascular pathologies, presents certain challenges. This review summarizes current literature on relationships between adipose tissue distribution and cognition in preclinical models and highlights unanswered questions surrounding the potential role of tissue- and cell type-specific insulin resistance in these effects. While gaps in knowledge persist related to insulin insensitivity and cognitive impairment in obesity, several recent studies suggest that cells of the neurovascular unit contribute to hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, and this review interprets those findings in the context of progressive metabolic dysfunction in the CNS. Signalling between cerebrovascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons has been linked with memory deficits in visceral obesity, and this article describes the cellular changes in each of these populations with respect to their role in amplification or diminution of peripheral signals. The picture emerging from these studies, while incomplete, implicates pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in various stages of obesity-induced hippocampal dysfunction. As in the parable of the five blind wanderers holding different parts of an elephant, considerable work remains in order to assemble a model for the underlying mechanisms linking visceral adiposity with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1462 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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31
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Porniece Kumar M, Cremer AL, Klemm P, Steuernagel L, Sundaram S, Jais A, Hausen AC, Tao J, Secher A, Pedersen TÅ, Schwaninger M, Wunderlich FT, Lowell BB, Backes H, Brüning JC. Insulin signalling in tanycytes gates hypothalamic insulin uptake and regulation of AgRP neuron activity. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1662-1679. [PMID: 34931084 PMCID: PMC8688146 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Insulin acts on neurons and glial cells to regulate systemic glucose metabolism and feeding. However, the mechanisms of insulin access in discrete brain regions are incompletely defined. Here we show that insulin receptors in tanycytes, but not in brain endothelial cells, are required to regulate insulin access to the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Mice lacking insulin receptors in tanycytes (IR∆Tan mice) exhibit systemic insulin resistance, while displaying normal food intake and energy expenditure. Tanycytic insulin receptors are also necessary for the orexigenic effects of ghrelin, but not for the anorexic effects of leptin. IR∆Tan mice exhibit increased agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neuronal activity, while displaying blunted AgRP neuronal adaptations to feeding-related stimuli. Lastly, a highly palatable food decreases tanycytic and arcuate nucleus insulin signalling to levels comparable to those seen in IR∆Tan mice. These changes are rooted in modifications of cellular stress responses and of mitochondrial protein quality control in tanycytes. Conclusively, we reveal a critical role of tanycyte insulin receptors in gating feeding-state-dependent regulation of AgRP neurons and systemic insulin sensitivity, and show that insulin resistance in tanycytes contributes to the pleiotropic manifestations of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Porniece Kumar
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Cremer
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Klemm
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Steuernagel
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sivaraj Sundaram
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Jais
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Christine Hausen
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jenkang Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Secher
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - F Thomas Wunderlich
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heiko Backes
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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32
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Nagano H, Ito S, Masuda T, Ohtsuki S. Effect of Insulin Receptor-Knockdown on the Expression Levels of Blood-Brain Barrier Functional Proteins in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2021; 39:1561-1574. [PMID: 34811625 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The insulin receptor (INSR) mediates insulin signaling to modulate cellular functions. Although INSR is expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its role in the modulation of BBB function is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of INSR knockdown on the expression levels of functional proteins at the BBB. METHODS We established the INSR-knockdown cell line (shINSR) using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). The cellular proteome was analyzed using quantitative proteomics. RESULTS INSR mRNA and protein expressions were decreased in shINSR cells. The suppression of INSR-mediated signaling in shINSR cells was evaluated. The proteins involved in glycolysis and glycogenolysis were suppressed in shINSR cells. As amyloid-β peptide-related proteins, the expressions of presenilin-1 was increased, and those of the insulin-degrading enzyme and neprilysin were decreased. The expressions of BBB transporters, including the ABCB1/MDR1, ABCG2/BCRP, and SLCO2A1/OATP2A1 were significantly decreased by more than 50% in shINSR cells. The efflux activity of ABCB1/MDR1 was also suppressed. The expressions of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 were significantly increased, and those of the transferrin receptor were significantly decreased in shINSR cells. The expression of claudin-5 was also suppressed in shINSR cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that INSR-mediated signaling is involved in the regulation of functional protein expression at the BBB and contributes to the maintenance of BBB function. Changes in the expressions of amyloid-β peptide-related proteins may contribute to the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy via the suppression of INSR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Nagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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Francis N, Borniger JC. Cancer as a homeostatic challenge: the role of the hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:903-914. [PMID: 34561122 PMCID: PMC9901368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation, progression, and metastatic spread of cancer elicits diverse changes in systemic physiology. In this way, cancer represents a novel homeostatic challenge to the host system. Here, we discuss how the hypothalamus, a critical brain region involved in homeostasis senses, integrates and responds to cancer-induced changes in physiology. Through this lens, cancer-associated changes in behavior (e.g., sleep disruption) and physiology (e.g., glucocorticoid dysregulation) can be viewed as the result of an inability to re-establish homeostasis. We provide examples at each level (receptor sensing, integration of systemic signals, and efferent regulatory pathways) of how homeostatic organization becomes disrupted across different cancers. Finally, we lay out predictions of this hypothesis and highlight outstanding questions that aim to guide further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Francis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724,Correspondence:
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Love KM, Barrett EJ, Malin SK, Reusch JEB, Regensteiner JG, Liu Z. Diabetes pathogenesis and management: the endothelium comes of age. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:500-512. [PMID: 33787922 PMCID: PMC8530521 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelium, acting as a barrier, protects tissues against factors that provoke insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and itself responds to the insult of insulin resistance inducers with altered function. Endothelial insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction occur early in the evolution of insulin resistance-related disease, can co-exist with and even contribute to the development of metabolic insulin resistance, and promote vascular complications in those affected. The impact of endothelial insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction varies depending on the blood vessel size and location, resulting in decreased arterial plasticity, increased atherosclerosis and vascular resistance, and decreased tissue perfusion. Women with insulin resistance and diabetes are disproportionately impacted by cardiovascular disease, likely related to differential sex-hormone endothelium effects. Thus, reducing endothelial insulin resistance and improving endothelial function in the conduit arteries may reduce atherosclerotic complications, in the resistance arteries lead to better blood pressure control, and in the microvasculature lead to less microvascular complications and more effective tissue perfusion. Multiple diabetes therapeutic modalities, including medications and exercise training, improve endothelial insulin action and vascular function. This action may delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and/or its complications, making the vascular endothelium an attractive therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and potentially type 1 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/ethnology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Comorbidity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Exercise
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Racial Groups
- Risk Factors
- Sex Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Love
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Virtuoso A, Colangelo AM, Maggio N, Fennig U, Weinberg N, Papa M, De Luca C. The Spatiotemporal Coupling: Regional Energy Failure and Aberrant Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11304. [PMID: 34768733 PMCID: PMC8583302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of each element is a pivotal characteristic of systems, and the central nervous system (CNS) is not an exception. Glial elements and the vascular interface have been considered more recently, together with the extracellular matrix and the immune system. However, the knowledge of the single-element configuration is not sufficient to predict physiological or pathological long-lasting changes. Ionic currents, complex molecular cascades, genomic rearrangement, and the regional energy demand can be different even in neighboring cells of the same phenotype, and their differential expression could explain the region-specific progression of the most studied neurodegenerative diseases. We here reviewed the main nodes and edges of the system, which could be studied to develop a comprehensive knowledge of CNS plasticity from the neurovascular unit to the synaptic cleft. The future goal is to redefine the modeling of synaptic plasticity and achieve a better understanding of neurological diseases, pointing out cellular, subcellular, and molecular components that couple in specific neuroanatomical and functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Uri Fennig
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Nitai Weinberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (N.M.); (U.F.); (N.W.)
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan 52662, Israel
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (C.D.L.)
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Cai W, Zhang X, Batista TM, García-Martín R, Softic S, Wang G, Ramirez AK, Konishi M, O'Neill BT, Kim JH, Kim JK, Kahn CR. Peripheral Insulin Regulates a Broad Network of Gene Expression in Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, and Nucleus Accumbens. Diabetes 2021; 70:1857-1873. [PMID: 34031123 PMCID: PMC8385615 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain is now recognized as an insulin-sensitive tissue; however, the role of changing insulin concentrations in the peripheral circulation in gene expression in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we performed a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp on 3-month-old male C57BL/6 mice for 3 h. We show that, in comparison with results in saline-infused controls, increases in peripheral insulin within the physiological range regulate expression of a broad network of genes in the brain. Insulin regulates distinct pathways in the hypothalamus (HTM), hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens. Insulin shows its most robust effect in the HTM and regulates multiple genes involved in neurotransmission, including upregulating expression of multiple subunits of GABA-A receptors, Na+ and K+ channels, and SNARE proteins; differentially modulating glutamate receptors; and suppressing multiple neuropeptides. Insulin also strongly modulates metabolic genes in the HTM, suppressing genes in the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, while increasing expression of genes regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA and cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby rerouting of carbon substrates from glucose metabolism to lipid metabolism required for the biogenesis of membranes for neuronal and glial function and synaptic remodeling. Furthermore, based on the transcriptional signatures, these changes in gene expression involve neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. Thus, peripheral insulin acutely and potently regulates expression of a broad network of genes involved in neurotransmission and brain metabolism. Dysregulation of these pathways could have dramatic effects in normal physiology and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Cai
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rubén García-Martín
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samir Softic
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Guoxiao Wang
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alfred K Ramirez
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Masahiro Konishi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Vivero A, Ruz M, Rivera M, Miranda K, Sacristán C, Espinosa A, Codoceo J, Inostroza J, Vásquez K, Pérez Á, García-Díaz D, Arredondo M. Zinc Supplementation and Strength Exercise in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes: Akt and PTP1B Phosphorylation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2215-2224. [PMID: 32939643 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disorder caused by chronic hyperglycemia due to a deficiency in the secretion and/or action of insulin. Zinc (Zn) supplementation and strength exercise increases insulin signaling. We evaluate the effect of Zn supplementation and strength exercise on insulin resistance in the liver of rats with diet-induced T2D through the study of phosphorylation of Akt and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks to induce T2D and then assigned in four experimental groups: HFD, HFD-Zn (Zn), HFD-strength exercise (Ex), and HFD-Zn/strength exercise (ZnEx) and treated during 12 weeks. Serum Zn, lipid profile, transaminases, glucose, and insulin were measured. In the liver with/without insulin stimuli, total and phosphorylated Akt (pAktSer473) and PTP1B (pPTP1BSer50) were determined by western blot. Hepatic steatosis was evaluated by histological staining with red oil and intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content. There were no differences in biochemical and body-related variables. The ZnEx group showed a higher level of pAkt, both with/without insulin. The ZnEx group also showed higher levels of pPTP1B with respect to HFD and Zn groups. The ZnEx group had higher levels of pPTP1B than groups treated with insulin. Liver histology showed a better integrity and less IHTG in Ex and ZnEx with respect to the HFD group. The Ex and ZnEx groups had lower IHTG with respect to the HFD group. Our results showed that Zn supplementation and strength exercise together improved insulin signaling and attenuated nonalcoholic liver disease in a T2D rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Vivero
- Micronutrient Laboratory, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ruz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Rivera
- Micronutrient Laboratory, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Miranda
- Micronutrient Laboratory, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Sacristán
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juana Codoceo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Inostroza
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Vásquez
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Pérez
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego García-Díaz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Arredondo
- Micronutrient Laboratory, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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Fu J, Yu MG, Li Q, Park K, King GL. Insulin's actions on vascular tissues: Physiological effects and pathophysiological contributions to vascular complications of diabetes. Mol Metab 2021; 52:101236. [PMID: 33878400 PMCID: PMC8513152 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin has been demonstrated to exert direct and indirect effects on vascular tissues. Its actions in vascular cells are mediated by two major pathways: the insulin receptor substrate 1/2-phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt (IRS1/2/PI3K/Akt) pathway and the Src/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, both of which contribute to the expression and distribution of metabolites, hormones, and cytokines. Scope of review In this review, we summarize the current understanding of insulin's physiological and pathophysiological actions and associated signaling pathways in vascular cells, mainly in endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), and how these processes lead to selective insulin resistance. We also describe insulin's potential new signaling and biological effects derived from animal studies and cultured capillary and arterial EC, VSMC, and pericytes. We will not provide a detailed discussion of insulin's effects on the myocardium, insulin's structure, or its signaling pathways' various steps, since other articles in this issue discuss these areas in depth. Major conclusions Insulin mediates many important functions on vascular cells via its receptors and signaling cascades. Its direct actions on EC and VSMC are important for transporting and communicating nutrients, cytokines, hormones, and other signaling molecules. These vascular actions are also important for regulating systemic fuel metabolism and energetics. Inhibiting or enhancing these pathways leads to selective insulin resistance, exacerbating the development of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, restenosis, poor wound healing, and even myocardial dysfunction. Targeted therapies to improve selective insulin resistance in EC and VSMC are thus needed to specifically mitigate these pathological processes. Insulin's actions in vascular cells have a significant influence on systemic metabolism. Insulin exerts its vascular effects through its receptors and signaling cascades. Inhibition or enhancement of different insulin signaling leads to selective insulin resistance. Loss of insulin's actions causes endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Marc Gregory Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George L King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Abstract
As the principal tissue for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, skeletal muscle is a primary driver of whole-body glycemic control. Skeletal muscle also uniquely responds to muscle contraction or exercise with increased sensitivity to subsequent insulin stimulation. Insulin's dominating control of glucose metabolism is orchestrated by complex and highly regulated signaling cascades that elicit diverse and unique effects on skeletal muscle. We discuss the discoveries that have led to our current understanding of how insulin promotes glucose uptake in muscle. We also touch upon insulin access to muscle, and insulin signaling toward glycogen, lipid, and protein metabolism. We draw from human and rodent studies in vivo, isolated muscle preparations, and muscle cell cultures to home in on the molecular, biophysical, and structural elements mediating these responses. Finally, we offer some perspective on molecular defects that potentially underlie the failure of muscle to take up glucose efficiently during obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Beddows CA, Dodd GT. Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12947. [PMID: 33687120 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait A Beddows
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Garron T Dodd
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Torabi N, Noursadeghi E, Shayanfar F, Nazari M, Fahanik-Babaei J, Saghiri R, Khodagholi F, Eliassi A. Intranasal insulin improves the structure-function of the brain mitochondrial ATP-sensitive Ca 2+ activated potassium channel and respiratory chain activities under diabetic conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166075. [PMID: 33444710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that diabetes impairs mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, little is known of the effects of intranasal insulin (INI) on the mitochondrial respiratory chain and structure-function of mitoBKCa channel in diabetes. We have investigated this mechanism in an STZ-induced early type 2 diabetic model. Single ATP-sensitive mitoBKCa channel activity was considered in diabetic and INI-treated rats using a channel incorporated into the bilayer lipid membrane. Because mitoBKCa channels have been involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, a study was undertaken to investigate whether the NADH, complexes I and IV, mitochondrial ROS production, and ΔΨm are altered in an early diabetic model. In this work, we provide evidence for a significant decrease in channel open probability and conductance in diabetic rats. Evidence has been shown that BKCa channel β2 subunits induce a left shift in the BKCa channel voltage dependent curve in low Ca2+ conditions,; our results indicated a significant decrease in mitoBKCa β2 subunits using Western blot analysis. Importantly, INI treatment improved mitoBKCa channel behaviors and β2 subunits expression up to ~70%. We found that early diabetes decreased activities of complex I and IV and increased NADH, ROS production, and ΔΨm. Surprisingly, INI modified the mitochondrial respiratory chain, ROS production, and ΔΨm up to ~70%. Our results thus demonstrate an INI improvement in respiratory chain activity and ROS production in brain mitochondrial preparations coming from the STZ early diabetic rat model, an effect potentially linked to INI improvement in mitoBKCa channel activity and channel β2 subunit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Torabi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Noursadeghi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shayanfar
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazari
- Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saghiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One after Another in the Long History. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052596. [PMID: 33807522 PMCID: PMC7962041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While there are various kinds of drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus at present, in this review article, we focus on metformin which is an insulin sensitizer and is often used as a first-choice drug worldwide. Metformin mainly activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver which leads to suppression of fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Metformin activates AMPK in skeletal muscle as well, which increases translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the cell membrane and thereby increases glucose uptake. Further, metformin suppresses glucagon signaling in the liver by suppressing adenylate cyclase which leads to suppression of gluconeogenesis. In addition, metformin reduces autophagy failure observed in pancreatic β-cells under diabetic conditions. Furthermore, it is known that metformin alters the gut microbiome and facilitates the transport of glucose from the circulation into excrement. It is also known that metformin reduces food intake and lowers body weight by increasing circulating levels of the peptide hormone growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Furthermore, much attention has been drawn to the fact that the frequency of various cancers is lower in subjects taking metformin. Metformin suppresses the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by activating AMPK in pre-neoplastic cells, which leads to suppression of cell growth and an increase in apoptosis in pre-neoplastic cells. It has been shown recently that metformin consumption potentially influences the mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). Taken together, metformin is an old drug, but multifaceted mechanisms of action of metformin have been unraveled one after another in its long history.
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Sun J, Lu H, Liang W, Zhao G, Ren L, Hu D, Chang Z, Liu Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Chen YE, Fan Y. Endothelial TFEB (Transcription Factor EB) Improves Glucose Tolerance via Upregulation of IRS (Insulin Receptor Substrate) 1 and IRS2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:783-795. [PMID: 33297755 PMCID: PMC8105265 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Aberrant EC metabolism leads to vascular dysfunction and metabolic diseases. TFEB (transcription factor EB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis and autophagy, has protective effects on vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, the role of endothelial TFEB in metabolism remains to be explored. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of endothelial TFEB in glucose metabolism and underlying molecular mechanisms. Approach and Results: To determine whether endothelial TFEB is critical for glucose metabolism in vivo, we utilized EC-selective TFEB knockout and EC-selective TFEB transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet. EC-selective TFEB knockout mice exhibited significantly impaired glucose tolerance compared with control mice. Consistently, EC-selective TFEB transgenic mice showed improved glucose tolerance. In primary human ECs, small interfering RNA-mediated TFEB knockdown blunts Akt (AKT serine/threonine kinase) signaling. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TFEB consistently activates Akt and significantly increases glucose uptake in ECs. Mechanistically, TFEB upregulates IRS1 and IRS2 (insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2). TFEB increases IRS2 transcription measured by reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, we found that TFEB increases IRS1 protein via downregulation of microRNAs (miR-335, miR-495, and miR-548o). In vivo, Akt signaling in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was significantly impaired in EC-selective TFEB knockout mice and consistently improved in EC-selective TFEB transgenic mice on high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed a critical role of TFEB in endothelial metabolism and suggest that TFEB constitutes a potential molecular target for the treatment of vascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Sun
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Die Hu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Tyagi A, Pugazhenthi S. Targeting Insulin Resistance to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2672-2691. [PMID: 33483903 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a devastating disease associated with aging. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients. Recent studies are now beginning to recognize type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. While studies on insulin action have remained traditionally in the domain of peripheral tissues, the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in the central nervous system on cognitive dysfunction are increasingly being reported by recent clinical and preclinical studies. The findings from these studies suggest that antidiabetic drugs have the potential to be used to treat dementia. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of insulin in the brain, studies on the evaluation of cognitive function under conditions of insulin resistance, and reports on the beneficial actions of antidiabetic drugs in the brain. This review covers clinical studies as well as investigations in animal models and will further highlight the emerging link between insulin resistance and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anit Tyagi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Subbiah Pugazhenthi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Cheng X, Shihabudeen Haider Ali MS, Moran M, Viana MP, Schlichte SL, Zimmerman MC, Khalimonchuk O, Feinberg MW, Sun X. Long non-coding RNA Meg3 deficiency impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling by inducing cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium in obesity. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101863. [PMID: 33508742 PMCID: PMC7844131 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying endothelial senescence in obesity, and how it impacts obesity-induced insulin resistance remain incompletely understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis revealed that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Maternally expressed gene 3 (Meg3) is one of the top differentially expressed lncRNAs in the vascular endothelium in diet-induced obese mice. Meg3 knockdown induces cellular senescence of endothelial cells characterized by increased senescence-associated β–galactosidase activity, increased levels of endogenous superoxide, impaired mitochondrial structure and function, and impaired autophagy. Moreover, Meg3 knockdown causes cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium in diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, Meg3 expression is elevated in human nonalcoholic fatty livers and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis livers, which positively correlates with the expression of CDKN2A encoding p16, an important hallmark of cellular senescence. Meg3 knockdown potentiates obesity-induced insulin resistance and impairs glucose homeostasis. Insulin signaling is reduced by Meg3 knockdown in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the skeletal muscle, but not in the visceral fat of obese mice. We found that the attenuation of cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium by ablating p53 expression in vascular endothelium can restore impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in obesity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that cellular senescence of hepatic endothelium promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance, which is tightly regulated by the expression of Meg3. Our results suggest that manipulation of Meg3 expression may represent a novel approach to managing obesity-associated hepatic endothelial senescence and insulin resistance. •LncRNA Meg3 is a top differentially expressed lncRNA in the vascular endothelium in obese mice. •Meg3 knockdown causes cellular senescence of HUVECs and of hepatic endothelium in obese mice. •Meg3 expression is elevated in human NAFLD and NASH Nlivers, and correlates with CDKN2A expression -a senescent marker. •Meg3 knockdown impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in obese mice. •Attenuation of hepatic endothelial senescence improves glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | | | - Matthew Moran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Martonio Ponte Viana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Sarah L Schlichte
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA; Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA; Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA; Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases Through Dietary Molecules, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, USA.
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Bao H, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen Z, Zhang W, Ge Y, Kang D, Gao F, Shen Y. Increased β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1-mediated insulin receptor cleavage in type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1097-1108. [PMID: 33410588 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at a high risk of cognitive impairment, with insulin resistance playing a pivotal role. β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is considered a predictor of Alzheimer's disease. However, the potential roles of BACE1 in insulin resistance and the risk of cognitive impairment in T2DM remain unclear. METHODS We measured plasma BACE1 levels, BACE1 cleavage activities for Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) and insulin receptor β subunit (INSR-β), and soluble INSR (sINSR) levels in a clinical cohort study. RESULTS T2DM patients with or without cognitive impairment exhibited elevated plasma BACE1 levels and BACE1 enzymatic activities for APPsw and INSR-β, and sINSR levels. Moreover, the glycemic status correlated with elevated BACE1 levels and BACE1-mediated INSR cleavage, which was associated with insulin resistance. DISCUSSION The elevated BACE1 levels in T2DM may contribute to increasing the cognitive impairment risk through both amyloidogenesis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bao
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mengguo Zhang
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhao Ge
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Kang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Meijer RI, Barrett EJ. The Insulin Receptor Mediates Insulin's Early Plasma Clearance by Liver, Muscle, and Kidney. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010037. [PMID: 33466380 PMCID: PMC7824884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the insulin receptor in mediating tissue-specific insulin clearance in vivo has not been reported. Using physiologic insulin doses, we measured the initial clearance rate (first 5 min) of intravenously injected ([125I]TyrA14)-insulin by muscle, liver, and kidney in healthy rats in the presence and absence of the insulin receptor blocker S961. We also tested whether 4 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) affected the initial rate of insulin clearance. Pre-treatment with S961 for 60 min prior to administering labeled insulin raised plasma ([125I]TyrA14)insulin concentration approximately 5-fold (p < 0.001), demonstrating receptor dependency for plasma insulin clearance. Uptake by muscle (p < 0.01), liver (p < 0.05), and kidney (p < 0.001) were each inhibited by receptor blockade, undoubtedly contributing to the reduced plasma clearance. The initial plasma insulin clearance was not significantly affected by HFD, nor was muscle-specific clearance. However, HFD modestly decreased liver clearance (p = 0.056) while increasing renal clearance by >50% (p < 0.01), suggesting a significant role for renal insulin clearance in limiting the hyperinsulinemia that accompanies HFD. We conclude that the insulin receptor is a major mediator of initial insulin clearance from plasma and for its clearance by liver, kidney, and muscle. HFD feeding increases renal insulin clearance to limit systemic hyperinsulinemia.
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Oghbaei H, Fattahi A, Hamidian G, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Ziaee M, Mahmoudi J. A closer look at the role of insulin for the regulation of male reproductive function. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113643. [PMID: 33017586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While insulin demonstrates to have a considerable influence on the reproductive system, there are various unanswered questions regarding its precise sites, mechanisms of action, and roles for the developing and functioning of the adult male reproductive system. Apart from its effects on glucose level, insulin has an important role in the reproductive system directly by binding on insulin and IGF receptors in the brain and testis. To date, however, the effect of insulin or its alterations on blood-testis-barrier, as an important regulator of normal spermatogenesis and fertility, has not yet been studied. This review aimed to focus on the experimental and clinical studies to describe mechanisms by which insulin affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, testicular cells, spermatozoa, and sexual behavior. Moreover, we discussed the mechanism and impact of insulin changes in type 1 (insulin deficiency along with persisted or even increased sensitivity) and 2 (insulin resistance along with increased insulin level at the early stages of disease) diabetes and obesity on the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Oghbaei
- Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - GholamReza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Notable Underlying Mechanism for Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis: Pleiotropic Roles of Incretin and Insulin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249444. [PMID: 33322512 PMCID: PMC7763860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Under healthy conditions, pancreatic β-cells produce and secrete the insulin hormone in response to blood glucose levels. Under diabetic conditions, however, β-cells are compelled to continuously secrete larger amounts of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels, and thereby, the β-cell function is debilitated in the long run. In the diabetic state, expression levels of insulin gene transcription factors and incretin receptors are downregulated, which we think is closely associated with β-cell failure. These data also suggest that it would be better to use incretin-based drugs at an early stage of diabetes when incretin receptor expression is preserved. Indeed, it was shown that incretin-based drugs exerted more protective effects on β-cells at an early stage. Furthermore, it was shown recently that endothelial cell dysfunction was also associated with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. After ablation of insulin signaling in endothelial cells, the β-cell function and mass were substantially reduced, which was also accompanied by reduced expression of insulin gene transcription factors and incretin receptors in β-cells. On the other hand, it has been drawing much attention that incretin plays a protective role against the development of atherosclerosis. Many basic and clinical data have underscored the importance of incretin in arteries. Furthermore, it was shown recently that incretin receptor expression was downregulated in arteries under diabetic conditions, which likely diminishes the protective effects of incretin against atherosclerosis. Furthermore, a series of large-scale clinical trials (SPAED-A, SPIKE, LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, PIONEER trials) have shown that various incretin-related drugs have beneficial effects against atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular events. These data strengthen the hypothesis that incretin plays an important role in the arteries of humans, as well as rodents.
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Zou C, Mifflin L, Hu Z, Zhang T, Shan B, Wang H, Xing X, Zhu H, Adiconis X, Levin JZ, Li F, Liu CF, Liu JS, Yuan J. Reduction of mNAT1/hNAT2 Contributes to Cerebral Endothelial Necroptosis and Aβ Accumulation in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108447. [PMID: 33296651 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution and mechanism of cerebrovascular pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis are still unclear. Here, we show that venular and capillary cerebral endothelial cells (ECs) are selectively vulnerable to necroptosis in AD. We identify reduced cerebromicrovascular expression of murine N-acetyltransferase 1 (mNat1) in two AD mouse models and hNat2, the human ortholog of mNat1 and a genetic risk factor for type-2 diabetes and insulin resistance, in human AD. mNat1 deficiency in Nat1-/- mice and two AD mouse models promotes blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and endothelial necroptosis. Decreased mNat1 expression induces lysosomal degradation of A20, an important regulator of necroptosis, and LRP1β, a key component of LRP1 complex that exports Aβ in cerebral ECs. Selective restoration of cerebral EC expression of mNAT1 delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV) rescues cerebromicrovascular levels of A20 and LRP1β, inhibits endothelial necroptosis and activation, ameliorates mitochondrial fragmentation, reduces Aβ deposits, and improves cognitive function in the AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren Mifflin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhirui Hu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, 1 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Rd., Pudong, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Rd., Pudong, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Huibing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, 1 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xian Adiconis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joshua Z Levin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Fupeng Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jun S Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, 1 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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