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Morotti M, Grimm AJ, Hope HC, Arnaud M, Desbuisson M, Rayroux N, Barras D, Masid M, Murgues B, Chap BS, Ongaro M, Rota IA, Ronet C, Minasyan A, Chiffelle J, Lacher SB, Bobisse S, Murgues C, Ghisoni E, Ouchen K, Bou Mjahed R, Benedetti F, Abdellaoui N, Turrini R, Gannon PO, Zaman K, Mathevet P, Lelievre L, Crespo I, Conrad M, Verdeil G, Kandalaft LE, Dagher J, Corria-Osorio J, Doucey MA, Ho PC, Harari A, Vannini N, Böttcher JP, Dangaj Laniti D, Coukos G. PGE 2 inhibits TIL expansion by disrupting IL-2 signalling and mitochondrial function. Nature 2024; 629:426-434. [PMID: 38658764 PMCID: PMC11078736 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Expansion of antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells is critical for the success of tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in patients with cancer1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as a key regulator of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte functions by promoting expansion and cytotoxic capability2,3. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend mechanistic barriers to IL-2 sensing in the tumour microenvironment to implement strategies to reinvigorate IL-2 responsiveness and T cell antitumour responses. Here we report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a known negative regulator of immune response in the tumour microenvironment4,5, is present at high concentrations in tumour tissue from patients and leads to impaired IL-2 sensing in human CD8+ TILs via the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4. Mechanistically, PGE2 inhibits IL-2 sensing in TILs by downregulating the IL-2Rγc chain, resulting in defective assembly of IL-2Rβ-IL2Rγc membrane dimers. This results in impaired IL-2-mTOR adaptation and PGC1α transcriptional repression, causing oxidative stress and ferroptotic cell death in tumour-reactive TILs. Inhibition of PGE2 signalling to EP2 and EP4 during TIL expansion for ACT resulted in increased IL-2 sensing, leading to enhanced proliferation of tumour-reactive TILs and enhanced tumour control once the cells were transferred in vivo. Our study reveals fundamental features that underlie impairment of human TILs mediated by PGE2 in the tumour microenvironment. These findings have therapeutic implications for cancer immunotherapy and cell therapy, and enable the development of targeted strategies to enhance IL-2 sensing and amplify the IL-2 response in TILs, thereby promoting the expansion of effector T cells with enhanced therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Ferroptosis
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/biosynthesis
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/cytology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Morotti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alizee J Grimm
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helen Carrasco Hope
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Arnaud
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Desbuisson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rayroux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Masid
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Murgues
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bovannak S Chap
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ongaro
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioanna A Rota
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aspram Minasyan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Chiffelle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian B Lacher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Murgues
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Ghisoni
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Khaoula Ouchen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ribal Bou Mjahed
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Benedetti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Naoill Abdellaoui
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Turrini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe O Gannon
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Khalil Zaman
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Mathevet
- Department of Gynaecology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loic Lelievre
- Department of Gynaecology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isaac Crespo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Molecular Target and Therapeutics Centre, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregory Verdeil
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Dagher
- Unit of Translational Oncopathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Corria-Osorio
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Agnes Doucey
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Vannini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Denarda Dangaj Laniti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Agora Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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IL7 receptor signaling in T cells: A mathematical modeling perspective. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 11:e1447. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Kim J, Chang DY, Lee HW, Lee H, Kim JH, Sung PS, Kim KH, Hong SH, Kang W, Lee J, Shin SY, Yu HT, You S, Choi YS, Oh I, Lee DH, Lee DH, Jung MK, Suh KS, Hwang S, Kim W, Park SH, Kim HJ, Shin EC. Innate-like Cytotoxic Function of Bystander-Activated CD8 + T Cells Is Associated with Liver Injury in Acute Hepatitis A. Immunity 2018; 48:161-173.e5. [PMID: 29305140 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis A (AHA) involves severe CD8+ T cell-mediated liver injury. Here we showed during AHA, CD8+ T cells specific to unrelated viruses became activated. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected cells produced IL-15 that induced T cell receptor (TCR)-independent activation of memory CD8+ T cells. TCR-independent activation of non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in patients, as indicated by NKG2D upregulation, a marker of TCR-independent T cell activation by IL-15. CD8+ T cells derived from AHA patients exerted innate-like cytotoxicity triggered by activating receptors NKG2D and NKp30 without TCR engagement. We demonstrated that the severity of liver injury in AHA patients correlated with the activation of HAV-unrelated virus-specific CD8+ T cells and the innate-like cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells, but not the activation of HAV-specific T cells. Thus, host injury in AHA is associated with innate-like cytotoxicity of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells, a result with implications for acute viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Chang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hui Hong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Yu
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooseong You
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon 34943, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Waickman AT, Park JY, Park JH. The common γ-chain cytokine receptor: tricks-and-treats for T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:253-69. [PMID: 26468051 PMCID: PMC6315299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as the third subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor complex, the common γ-chain (γc) also acts as a non-redundant receptor subunit for a series of other cytokines, collectively known as γc family cytokines. γc plays essential roles in T cell development and differentiation, so that understanding the molecular basis of its signaling and regulation is a critical issue in T cell immunology. Unlike most other cytokine receptors, γc is thought to be constitutively expressed and limited in its function to the assembly of high-affinity cytokine receptors. Surprisingly, recent studies reported a series of findings that unseat γc as a simple housekeeping gene, and unveiled γc as a new regulatory molecule in T cell activation and differentiation. Cytokine-independent binding of γc to other cytokine receptor subunits suggested a pre-association model of γc with proprietary cytokine receptors. Also, identification of a γc splice isoform revealed expression of soluble γc proteins (sγc). sγc directly interacted with surface IL-2Rβ to suppress IL-2 signaling and to promote pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation. As a result, endogenously produced sγc exacerbated autoimmune inflammatory disease, while the removal of endogenous sγc significantly ameliorated disease outcome. These data provide new insights into the role of both membrane and soluble γc in cytokine signaling, and open new venues to interfere and modulate γc signaling during immune activation. These unexpected discoveries further underscore the perspective that γc biology remains largely uncharted territory that invites further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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5
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Mechanism of Action of IL-7 and Its Potential Applications and Limitations in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10267-80. [PMID: 25955647 PMCID: PMC4463645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a non-hematopoietic cell-derived cytokine with a central role in the adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the thymus and maintains survival of naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery. Moreover, it is important for the organogenesis of lymph nodes (LN) and for the maintenance of activated T cells recruited into the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). The immune capacity of cancer patients is suppressed that is characterized by lower T cell counts, less effector immune cells infiltration, higher levels of exhausted effector cells and higher levels of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) is an ideal solution for the immune reconstitution of lymphopenia patients by promoting peripheral T cell expansion. Furthermore, it can antagonize the immunosuppressive network. In animal models, IL-7 has been proven to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing hosts. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of action and applications of IL-7 in cancer immunotherapy and the potential restrictions for its usage.
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6
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Huang W, August A. The signaling symphony: T cell receptor tunes cytokine-mediated T cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:477-85. [PMID: 25525115 PMCID: PMC4338847 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ri0614-293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development, differentiation, and maintenance are orchestrated by 2 key signaling axes: the antigen-specific TCR and cytokine-mediated signals. The TCR signals the recognition of self- and foreign antigens to control T cell homeostasis for immune tolerance and immunity, which is regulated by a variety of cytokines to determine T cell subset homeostasis and differentiation. TCR signaling can synergize with or antagonize cytokine-mediated signaling to fine tune T cell fate; however, the latter is less investigated. Murine models with attenuated TCR signaling strength have revealed that TCR signaling can function as regulatory feedback machinery for T cell homeostasis and differentiation in differential cytokine milieus, such as IL-2-mediated Treg development; IL-7-mediated, naïve CD8(+) T cell homeostasis; and IL-4-induced innate memory CD8(+) T cell development. In this review, we discuss the symphonic cross-talk between TCR and cytokine-mediated responses that differentially control T cell behavior, with a focus on the negative tuning by TCR activation on the cytokine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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7
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Jeong J, Kim WH, Fernandez CP, Kim S, Kim YH, Jang HK, Lillehoj HS, Woo HJ, Min W. Different strategies for producing naturally soluble form of common cytokine receptor γ chain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:13-21. [PMID: 25173813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc) plays an essential role in regulating lymphoid homeostasis. In fact, alteration of this gene causes severe immunodeficiency in humans and animals. Although soluble γc (sγc) was identified in the late 1990s, much remains unknown about its production. This study describes various mechanisms underlying the generation of sγc isoforms in different species. Our data demonstrate that mouse γc and the avian ortholog γc-a did not generate sγc. Moreover, two mouse isoforms, CRA-a and mγc-b, encoded by transcripts lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing, did not yield sγc. However, in ducks, sγc was produced from a γc-b transcript lacking a transmembrane region by alternative splicing. In chickens, sγc was produced in normal cells and cell lines by proteolytic shedding of the γc-b isoform containing intron 5, which displayed a relatively high probability of proteolytic cleavage of the ectodomain. This shedding was suppressed by leupeptin, serine and cysteine protease inhibitor. Compared to the chicken ortholog γc-a, expression of γc-b mRNA was differentially regulated according to tissue type, developmental stage, and antigen stimulation. These data demonstrate several mechanisms for producing sγc and suggest a potential role for sγc in avian lymphoid homeostatic responses to environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipseol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Woo H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Cherry P Fernandez
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine & Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hee-Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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8
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Katz G, Pobezinsky LA, Jeurling S, Shinzawa M, Van Laethem F, Singer A. T cell receptor stimulation impairs IL-7 receptor signaling by inducing expression of the microRNA miR-17 to target Janus kinase 1. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra83. [PMID: 25161318 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated inhibition of interleukin-7 (IL-7) signaling is important for lineage fate determination in the thymus and for T cell survival in the periphery because uninterrupted IL-7 signaling results in T cell death. The initial event in IL-7 signaling is the transactivation of Janus kinases 1 and 3 (Jak1 and Jak3), which are associated with the cytosolic tails of the IL-7 receptor α chain (IL-7Rα) and the γc subunit, the two cell surface proteins that constitute IL-7R. We found that Jak1 is a highly unstable protein with a half-life of only 1.5 hours, so that continuous Jak1 protein synthesis is required to maintain Jak1 protein in sufficient abundance to support IL-7 signaling. However, we also found that Jak1 protein synthesis was acutely reduced by TCR-responsive microRNAs in the miR-17 family, which targeted Jak1 mRNA (messenger RNA) to inhibit its translation. Thus, this study identifies a molecular mechanism by which TCR engagement acutely disrupts IL-7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Katz
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid A Pobezinsky
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susanna Jeurling
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miho Shinzawa
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francois Van Laethem
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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9
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Abrouk-Vérot L, Brun C, Exbrayat JM. Expression Patterns of CAPN1 and CAPN8b Genes during Embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Cell 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2013.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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10
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Kimura MY, Pobezinsky LA, Guinter TI, Thomas J, Adams A, Park JH, Tai X, Singer A. IL-7 signaling must be intermittent, not continuous, during CD8⁺ T cell homeostasis to promote cell survival instead of cell death. Nat Immunol 2012; 14:143-51. [PMID: 23242416 PMCID: PMC3552087 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of naive CD8(+) T cells is necessary for lifelong immunocompetence but for unknown reasons requires signaling via both interleukin 7 (IL-7) and the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). We now report that naive CD8(+) T cells required IL-7 signaling to be intermittent, not continuous, because prolonged IL-7 signaling induced naive CD8(+) T cells to proliferate, produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and undergo IFN-γ-triggered cell death. Homeostatic engagement of the TCR interrupted IL-7 signaling and thereby supported the survival and quiescence of CD8(+) T cells. However, CD8(+) T cells with insufficient TCR affinity for self ligands received prolonged IL-7 signaling and died during homeostasis. In this study we identified regulation of the duration of IL-7 signaling by homeostatic engagement of the TCR as the basis for in vivo CD8(+) T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Y Kimura
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Abstract
Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases, can modulate their substrates' structure and function through limited proteolytic activity. In the human genome, there are 15 calpain genes. The most-studied calpains, referred to as conventional calpains, are ubiquitous. While genetic studies in mice have improved our understanding about the conventional calpains' physiological functions, especially those essential for mammalian life as in embryogenesis, many reports have pointed to overactivated conventional calpains as an exacerbating factor in pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and muscular dystrophies. For treatment of these diseases, calpain inhibitors have always been considered as drug targets. Recent studies have introduced another aspect of calpains that calpain activity is required to protect the heart and skeletal muscle against stress. This review summarizes the functions and regulation of calpains, focusing on the relevance of calpains to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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12
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Iguchi-Hashimoto M, Usui T, Yoshifuji H, Shimizu M, Kobayashi S, Ito Y, Murakami K, Shiomi A, Yukawa N, Kawabata D, Nojima T, Ohmura K, Fujii T, Mimori T. Overexpression of a minimal domain of calpastatin suppresses IL-6 production and Th17 development via reduced NF-κB and increased STAT5 signals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27020. [PMID: 22046434 PMCID: PMC3203168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, is reportedly involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, autoantibodies against calpastatin, a natural and specific inhibitor of calpain, are widely observed in RA. We previously reported that E-64-d, a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor, is effective in treating experimental arthritis. However, the exact role of the calpastatin-calpain balance in primary inflammatory cells remains unclear. Here we investigated the effect of calpain-specific inhibition by overexpressing a minimal functional domain of calpastatin in primary helper T (Th) cells, primary fibroblasts from RA patients, and fibroblast cell lines. We found that the calpastatin-calpain balance varied during Th1, Th2, and Th17 development, and that overexpression of a minimal domain of calpastatin (by retroviral gene transduction) or the inhibition of calpain by E-64-d suppressed the production of IL-6 and IL-17 by Th cells and the production of IL-6 by fibroblasts. These suppressions were associated with reductions in RORγt expression and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibiting calpain by silencing its small regulatory subunit (CPNS) suppressed Th17 development. We also confirmed that overexpressing a minimal domain of calpastatin suppressed IL-6 by reducing NF-κB signaling via the stabilization of IκBα, without affecting the upstream signal. Moreover, our findings indicated that calpastatin overexpression suppressed IL-17 production by Th cells by up-regulating the STAT5 signal. Finally, overexpression of a minimal domain of calpastatin suppressed IL-6 production efficiently in primary fibroblasts derived from the RA synovium. These findings suggest that inhibiting calpain by overexpressing a minimal domain of calpastatin could coordinately suppress proinflammatory activities, not only those of Th cells but also of synovial fibroblasts. Thus, this strategy may prove viable as a candidate treatment for inflammatory diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Iguchi-Hashimoto
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Usui
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Yoshifuji
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shimizu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shio Kobayashi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aoi Shiomi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoichiro Yukawa
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawabata
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaki Nojima
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ohmura
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takao Fujii
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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KAP degradation by calpain is associated with CK2 phosphorylation and provides a novel mechanism for cyclosporine A-induced proximal tubule injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25746. [PMID: 21980535 PMCID: PMC3182248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cyclosporine A (CsA) is limited by its severe nephrotoxicity that includes reversible vasoconstrictor effects and proximal tubule cell injury, the latter associated whith chronic kidney disease progression. The mechanisms of CsA-induced tubular injury, mainly on the S3 segment, have not been completely elucidated. Kidney androgen-regulated protein (KAP) is exclusively expressed in kidney proximal tubule cells, interacts with the CsA-binding protein cyclophilin B and its expression diminishes in kidneys of CsA-treated mice. Since we reported that KAP protects against CsA toxicity in cultured proximal tubule cells, we hypothesized that low KAP levels found in kidneys of CsA-treated mice might correlate with proximal tubule cell injury. To test this hypothesis, we used KAP Tg mice developed in our laboratory and showed that these mice are more resistant to CsA-induced tubular injury than control littermates. Furthermore, we found that calpain, which was activated by CsA in cell cultures and kidney, is involved in KAP degradation and observed that phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues found in KAP PEST sequences by protein kinase CK2 enhances KAP degradation by calpain. Moreover, we also observed that CK2 inhibition protected against CsA-induced cytotoxicity. These findings point to a novel mechanism for CsA-induced kidney toxicity that might be useful in developing therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing tubular cell damage while maintaining the immunosuppressive effects of CsA.
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14
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Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 have different effects on human natural killer lymphocytes. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1013-7. [PMID: 21925225 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 share the common signal transducing receptor chains IL-2Rβ and γ(c) and give rise to the same signaling patterns in human natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, they differ in their effects on the development, activation, and proliferation of these cells in vivo. We have previously demonstrated that the activation of NK cells induces a cellular program characterized by the sequential transcription-regulated expression of IL-15 and IL-2 high-affinity receptors. We demonstrate here that these receptors induce different responses. IL-15 sustains the expression of its high-affinity receptor, leading to long-lasting STAT5 phosphorylation and BCL2 expression. By contrast, IL-2 induces the rapid disappearance of IL-2Rα and γ(c) chains when the gene transcription is downregulated, shutting down IL-2-responses as demonstrated by the absence of STAT5 phosphorylation and BCL2 expression.
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15
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Ono Y, Sorimachi H. Calpains: an elaborate proteolytic system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:224-36. [PMID: 21864727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calpain is an intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.17; Clan CA, family C02). Recent expansion of sequence data across the species definitively shows that calpain has been present throughout evolution; calpains are found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria, but not in archaebacteria. Fifteen genes within the human genome encode a calpain-like protease domain. Interestingly, some human calpains, particularly those with non-classical domain structures, are very similar to calpain homologs identified in evolutionarily distant organisms. Three-dimensional structural analyses have helped to identify calpain's unique mechanism of activation; the calpain protease domain comprises two core domains that fuse to form a functional protease only when bound to Ca(2+)via well-conserved amino acids. This finding highlights the mechanistic characteristics shared by the numerous calpain homologs, despite the fact that they have divergent domain structures. In other words, calpains function through the same mechanism but are regulated independently. This article reviews the recent progress in calpain research, focusing on those studies that have helped to elucidate its mechanism of action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Sorimachi H, Hata S, Ono Y. Expanding members and roles of the calpain superfamily and their genetically modified animals. Exp Anim 2011; 59:549-66. [PMID: 21030783 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular Ca²(+)-dependent cysteine proteases (Clan CA, family C02, EC 3.4.22.17) found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria. Calpains display limited proteolytic activity at neutral pH, proteolysing substrates to transform and modulate their structures and activities, and are therefore called "modulator proteases". The human genome has 15 genes that encode a calpain-like protease domain, generating diverse calpain homologues that possess combinations of several functional domains such as Ca²(+)-binding domains and Zn-finger domains. The importance of the physiological roles of calpains is reflected in the fact that particular defects in calpain functionality cause a variety of deficiencies in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies, lissencephaly, and tumorigenesis. In this review, the unique characteristics of this distinctive protease superfamily are introduced in terms of genetically modified animals, some of which are animal models of calpain deficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), Japan
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17
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Sorimachi H, Hata S, Ono Y. Calpain chronicle--an enzyme family under multidisciplinary characterization. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:287-327. [PMID: 21670566 PMCID: PMC3153876 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Calpain is an intracellular Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.17; Clan CA, family C02) discovered in 1964. It was also called CANP (Ca2+-activated neutral protease) as well as CASF, CDP, KAF, etc. until 1990. Calpains are found in almost all eukaryotes and a few bacteria, but not in archaebacteria. Calpains have a limited proteolytic activity, and function to transform or modulate their substrates' structures and activities; they are therefore called, "modulator proteases." In the human genome, 15 genes--CAPN1, CAPN2, etc.--encode a calpain-like protease domain. Their products are calpain homologs with divergent structures and various combinations of functional domains, including Ca2+-binding and microtubule-interaction domains. Genetic studies have linked calpain deficiencies to a variety of defects in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies, gastropathy, and diabetes. This review of the study of calpains focuses especially on recent findings about their structure-function relationships. These discoveries have been greatly aided by the development of 3D structural studies and genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Letavernier E, Dansou B, Lochner M, Perez J, Bellocq A, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Haymann JP, Eberl G, Baud L. Critical role of the calpain/calpastatin balance in acute allograft rejection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:473-84. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Hailfinger S, Rebeaud F, Thome M. Adapter and enzymatic functions of proteases in T-cell activation. Immunol Rev 2009; 232:334-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Singer A, Adoro S, Park JH. Lineage fate and intense debate: myths, models and mechanisms of CD4- versus CD8-lineage choice. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:788-801. [PMID: 18802443 DOI: 10.1038/nri2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Following successful gene rearrangement at alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) loci, developing thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors and undergo a life-or-death selection event, which is known as positive selection, to identify cells that express TCRs with potentially useful ligand specificities. Positively selected thymocytes must then differentiate into either CD4(+) helper T cells or CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, a crucial decision known as CD4/CD8-lineage choice. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular events involved in lineage-fate decision and discuss them in the context of the major models of CD4/CD8-lineage choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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21
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Struewing IT, Barnett CD, Zhang W, Yadav S, Mao CD. Frizzled-7 turnover at the plasma membrane is regulated by cell density and the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain-1. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3526-41. [PMID: 17716656 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Frizzled are seven-transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptors involved in cell polarity and Wnt signaling. The mechanisms regulating their turnover at the plasma membrane remain unclear. We have identified a regulated C-terminus cleavage of Frizzled-7 in endothelial cells using ectopic expression of N- and C-termini-tagged Frizzled-7 proteins. This specific cleavage produced a 10 kDa C-terminus fragment that remained associated with intracellular vesicles and was localized within the 3rd intracytoplasmic loop using N-terminal sequencing and targeted mutagenesis. Frizzled-7 mutated forms displaying reduced C-terminus cleavage were also defective for dvl2 translocation at the plasma membrane. PMA, an activator of PKC and endocytosis, but not Wnt13A and Wnt5A, increased the appearance of Frizzled-7 C-terminus-containing vesicles and Frizzled-7 cleavage. Concanavalin-A, an inhibitor of receptor internalization decreased both constitutive and PMA-induced Frizzled-7 cleavage, while inhibition of the endocytic pathway with Delta95-295-Eps15 dominant-negative prevented only PMA-induced Frizzled-7 cleavage. Frizzled-7 C-terminus cleavage was increased with cell density and by the Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin and was decreased by specific calpain inhibitors, by the expression of DN-calpain-1 and the down-regulation of calpain-1 levels by siRNAs. Altogether, our findings pinpoint calpain-1 as a regulator of Frizzled-7 turnover at the plasma membrane and reveal a link between Frizzled-7 cleavage and its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Struewing
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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22
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Park JH, Adoro S, Lucas PJ, Sarafova SD, Alag AS, Doan LL, Erman B, Liu X, Ellmeier W, Bosselut R, Feigenbaum L, Singer A. 'Coreceptor tuning': cytokine signals transcriptionally tailor CD8 coreceptor expression to the self-specificity of the TCR. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1049-59. [PMID: 17873878 DOI: 10.1038/ni1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunity requires the long-term survival of T cells that are capable of recognizing self antigens but are not overtly autoreactive. How this balance is achieved remains incompletely understood. Here we identify a homeostatic mechanism that transcriptionally tailors CD8 coreceptor expression in individual CD8+ T cells to the self-specificity of their clonotypic T cell receptor (TCR). 'Coreceptor tuning' results from interplay between cytokine and TCR signals, such that signals from interleukin 7 and other common gamma-chain cytokines transcriptionally increase CD8 expression and thereby promote TCR engagement of self ligands, whereas TCR signals impair common gamma-chain cytokine signaling and thereby decrease CD8 expression. This dynamic interplay induces individual CD8+ T cells to express CD8 in quantities appropriate for the self-specificity of their TCR, promoting the engagement of self ligands, yet avoiding autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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23
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Orban T, Kis J, Szereday L, Engelmann P, Farkas K, Jalahej H, Treszl A. Reduced CD4+ T-cell-specific gene expression in human type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Autoimmun 2007; 28:177-87. [PMID: 17320348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans is characterized by the T-cell-dependent destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells; however, the precise pathogenesis of the disease, especially the initiation of pathologic immune response, is still largely unknown. We hypothesized that the function of human CD4+ T cells is altered in T1DM and analyzed unstimulated human peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell gene expression. We used a novel three-way comparison of DNA microarray data of CD4+ T cells isolated from patients with new onset T1DM, patients with long-term Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and from healthy control subjects in order to eliminate any possible influence of glucose homeostasis on our findings. We analyzed the T1DM specific gene-expression changes and their functional relevance to T1DM autoimmunity. Our genetic and functional data show that T1DM CD4+ T cells are down-regulated specifically affecting key immune functions and cell cycle. Histone deacetylase gene expression, a key regulator of epigenetic modification is also reduced. The CD4+ T cells showed impaired function, including an abnormal immune response, which may be a key element that leads to the breakdown of self-tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epigenesis, Genetic/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Histone Deacetylases/biosynthesis
- Histone Deacetylases/genetics
- Histone Deacetylases/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/enzymology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihamer Orban
- Section of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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de la Fuente MA, Sasahara Y, Calamito M, Antón IM, Elkhal A, Gallego MD, Suresh K, Siminovitch K, Ochs HD, Anderson KC, Rosen FS, Geha RS, Ramesh N. WIP is a chaperone for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:926-31. [PMID: 17213309 PMCID: PMC1783416 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610275104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is in a complex with WASP-interacting protein (WIP). WASP levels, but not mRNA levels, were severely diminished in T cells from WIP(-/-) mice and were increased by introduction of WIP in these cells. The WASP binding domain of WIP was shown to protect WASP from degradation by calpain in vitro. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and bortezomib increased WASP levels in T cells from WIP(-/-) mice and in T and B lymphocytes from two WAS patients with missense mutations (R86H and T45M) that disrupt WIP binding. The calpain inhibitor calpeptin increased WASP levels in activated T and B cells from the WASP patients, but not in primary T cells from the patients or from WIP(-/-) mice. Despite its ability to increase WASP levels proteasome inhibition did not correct the impaired IL-2 gene expression and low F-actin content in T cells from the R86H WAS patient. These results demonstrate that WIP stabilizes WASP and suggest that it may also be important for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. de la Fuente
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoji Sasahara
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marco Calamito
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
| | - Inés M. Antón
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa,” CS IC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maria D. Gallego
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Koduru Suresh
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Hans D. Ochs
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Fred S. Rosen
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raif S. Geha
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Narayanaswamy Ramesh
- *Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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25
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Kim HP, Imbert J, Leonard WJ. Both integrated and differential regulation of components of the IL-2/IL-2 receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006; 17:349-66. [PMID: 16911870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 was discovered in 1976 as a T-cell growth factor. It was the first type I cytokine cloned and the first for which a receptor component was cloned. Its importance includes its multiple actions, therapeutic potential, and lessons for receptor biology, with three components differentially combining to form high, intermediate, and low-affinity receptors. IL-2Ralpha and IL-2Rbeta, respectively, are markers for double-negative thymocytes and regulatory T-cells versus memory cells. gamma(c), which is shared by six cytokines, is mutated in patients with X-linked severe-combined immunodeficiency. We now cover an under-reviewed area-the regulation of genes encoding IL-2 and IL-2R components, with an effort to integrate/explain this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Pyo Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, United States.
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26
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Jin P, Wang E, Provenzano M, Deola S, Selleri S, Ren J, Voiculescu S, Stroncek D, Panelli MC, Marincola FM. Molecular signatures induced by interleukin-2 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cell subsets. J Transl Med 2006; 4:26. [PMID: 16805915 PMCID: PMC1557669 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally, interleukin-2 (IL-2) exerts complex immunological functions promoting the proliferation, survival and activation of T cells on one hand and inducing immune regulatory mechanisms on the other. This complexity results from a cross talk among immune cells which sways the effects of IL-2 according to the experimental or clinical condition tested. Recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 47 donors of different genetic background induced generalized T cell activation and anti-apoptotic effects. Most effects were dependent upon interactions among immune cells. Specialized functions of CD4 and CD8 T cells were less dependent upon and often dampened by the presence of other PBMC populations. In particular, cytotoxic T cell effector function was variably affected with a component strictly dependent upon the direct stimulation of CD8 T cells in the absence of other PBMC. This observation may provide a roadmap for the interpretation of the discrepant biological activities of rIL-2 observed in distinct pathological conditions or treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Maurizio Provenzano
- Immune Oncology Section, Department of Surgery, University Hospital ZLF, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Deola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Silvia Selleri
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Ren
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Sonia Voiculescu
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David Stroncek
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Monica C Panelli
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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27
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Hata S, Koyama S, Kawahara H, Doi N, Maeda T, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Abe K, Suzuki K, Sorimachi H. Stomach-specific calpain, nCL-2, localizes in mucus cells and proteolyzes the beta-subunit of coatomer complex, beta-COP. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:11214-24. [PMID: 16476741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509244200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain is a Ca2+-regulated cytosolic protease. Mammals have 14 calpain genes, half of which are predominantly expressed in specific organ(s); the rest are expressed ubiquitously. A defect in calpains causes lethality/pathogenicity, indicating their physiological indispensability. nCL-2/calpain-8a was identified as a stomach-specific calpain, whose physiological functions are unclear. To elucidate these, we characterized nCL-2 in detail. Unexpectedly, nCL-2 was localized strictly to the surface mucus cells in the gastric epithelium and the mucus-secreting goblet cells in the duodenum. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified several nCL-2-interacting molecules. Of these, the beta-subunit of coatomer complex (beta-COP) occurs in the stomach pit cells and is proteolyzed by nCL-2 in vitro. Furthermore, beta-COP and nCL-2 co-expressed in COS7 cells co-localized in the Golgi, and Ca2+-ionophore stimulation caused the proteolysis of beta-COP near the linker region, resulting in the dissociation of beta-COP from the Golgi. These results strongly suggest novel functions for nCL-2 that involve the membrane trafficking of mucus cells via interactions with coat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hata
- Department of Enzymatic Regulation for Cell Functions, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
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28
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Singer A, Bosselut R. CD4/CD8 coreceptors in thymocyte development, selection, and lineage commitment: analysis of the CD4/CD8 lineage decision. Adv Immunol 2004; 83:91-131. [PMID: 15135629 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)83003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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29
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Paliwal S, Shi J, Dhru U, Zhou Y, Schuger L. P311 binds to the latency associated protein and downregulates the expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:1104-9. [PMID: 14985127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
P311 is an 8-kDa protein originally found in neurons and muscle. We recently showed that expression of P311 in NIH 3T3 cells induced a myofibroblast phenotype with low TGF-beta1 expression. Here we demonstrate that P311 downregulates not only TGF-beta1, but also TGF-beta2, expression, with no effect on TGF-beta3. In addition, P311 interacts with TGF-beta2 in a yeast two-hybrid system through a sequence encompassing part of the TGF-beta latent associated protein (LAP) and part of mature TGF-beta2. Coimmunoprecipitations demonstrated interaction between P311 and TGF-beta1 and 2, but not TGF-beta3. Additional coimmunoprecipitations after introducing LAP or mature TGF-beta1 into cells demonstrated P311 binding to LAP, but not to mature TGF-beta. P311 has a conserved PEST domain, which generally serves as a rapid degradation signal. Deletion of the PEST domain reversed the effect of P311 on TGF-beta isoforms. Finally, Smad3 activity was decreased in P311-expressing cells, but was corrected by exogenous TGF-beta1 treatment, which also elevated TGF-beta1 mRNA level. This suggested that P311 downregulates TGF-beta1 and 2 in part by blocking TGF-beta autoinduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Paliwal
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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30
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Tompa P, Buzder-Lantos P, Tantos A, Farkas A, Szilágyi A, Bánóczi Z, Hudecz F, Friedrich P. On the sequential determinants of calpain cleavage. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20775-85. [PMID: 14988399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural clues of substrate recognition by calpain are incompletely understood. In this study, 106 cleavage sites in substrate proteins compiled from the literature have been analyzed to dissect the signal for calpain cleavage and also to enable the design of an ideal calpain substrate and interfere with calpain action via site-directed mutagenesis. In general, our data underline the importance of the primary structure of the substrate around the scissile bond in the recognition process. Significant amino acid preferences were found to extend over 11 residues around the scissile bond, from P(4) to P(7)'. In compliance with earlier data, preferred residues in the P(2) position are Leu, Thr, and Val, and in P(1) Lys, Tyr, and Arg. In position P(1) ', small hydrophilic residues, Ser and to a lesser extent Thr and Ala, occur most often. Pro dominates the region flanking the P(2)-P(1)' segment, i.e. positions P(3) and P(2)'-P(4)'; most notable is its occurrence 5.59 times above chance in P(3)'. Intriguingly, the segment C-terminal to the cleavage site resembles the consensus inhibitory region of calpastatin, the specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Further, the position of the scissile bond correlates with certain sequential attributes, such as secondary structure and PEST score, which, along with the amino acid preferences, suggests that calpain cleaves within rather disordered segments of proteins. The amino acid preferences were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of the autolysis sites of Drosophila calpain B; when amino acids at key positions were changed to less preferred ones, autolytic cleavage shifted to other, adjacent sites. Based on these preferences, a new fluorogenic calpain substrate, DABCYLTPLKSPPPSPR-EDANS, was designed and synthesized. In the case of micro- and m-calpain, this substrate is kinetically superior to commercially available ones, and it can be used for the in vivo assessment of the activity of these ubiquitous mammalian calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 7, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Wang C, Barry JK, Min Z, Tordsen G, Rao AG, Olsen OA. The calpain domain of the maize DEK1 protein contains the conserved catalytic triad and functions as a cysteine proteinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:34467-74. [PMID: 12824178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300745200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the aleurone layer of maize grains requires the activity of the Defective kernel 1 (Dek1) gene, encoding a predicted 240-kDa membrane-anchored protein with a C terminus similar to animal calpain domain II&III. Three-dimensional modeling shows that DEK1 domain II contains a conserved calpain catalytic triad and that domain II&III has a predicted structure similar to m-calpain. Recombinant DEK1 domain II&III exhibits activity in the caseinolytic assay in the absence of calcium, although the activity is enhanced by calcium. This is in sharp contrast to animal calpains, which require Ca2+ to be active. Bacterially expressed DEK1 domain II does not display caseinolytic activity, suggesting an important role for DEK1 domain III. Mutation of the catalytic Cys residue to Ser leads to a loss of caseinolytic activity of DEK1 domain II&III. Two features of DEK1 calpain may contribute to maintaining the active site triad in an "active" configuration in the absence of Ca2+, both of which are predicted to keep m-calpain domains IIa and IIb apart. First, DEK1 lacks key charged residues in the basic loop of domain II, and secondly, the absence of an acidic loop in domain III, both of which are predicted to be neutralized upon Ca2+ binding. The Dek1 transcript is present in all cell types in developing maize endosperm, suggesting that the activity of the DEK1 calpain is regulated at the post-transcription level. The role of DEK1 in aleurone signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxi Wang
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, A DuPont Company, Johnston, Iowa 50131, USA
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32
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Kimura E, Abe K, Suzuki K, Sorimachi H. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K interacts with and is proteolyzed by calpain in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67:1786-96. [PMID: 12951515 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calpain is a cytosolic "modulator protease" that modulates cellular functions in response to Ca2+. To identify in vivo substrates of calpain, yeast two-hybrid screening was done using the 5-EF-hand (penta-EF-hand; PEF) domain of the micro-calpain large subunit (domain IV), since several possible in vivo substrates for calpain have been previously reported to bind to the 5-EF-hand domains. Other than the regulatory subunit of calpain, which binds to the domain IV, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) K and R were identified, and shown to be proteolyzed by micro-calpain in vitro. When expressed in COS7 cells, hnRNP K and micro-calpain co-localized in the cytosol, and Ca2+-ionophore stimulation of the cells resulted in proteolysis of hnRNP K, indicating that hnRNP K is an in vivo substrate for calpain. Now, hnRNP K is considered to function as a scaffold protein for its binding proteins, such as PKCdelta and C/EBPbeta, which were reported to be calpain substrates, suggesting that hnRNP-K is a scaffold for calpain to proteolyze these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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33
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Casas F, Daury L, Grandemange S, Busson M, Seyer P, Hatier R, Carazo A, Cabello G, Wrutniak-Cabello C. Endocrine regulation of mitochondrial activity: involvement of truncated RXRalpha and c-Erb Aalpha1 proteins. FASEB J 2003; 17:426-36. [PMID: 12631582 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0732com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitochondrial activity has recently been extended to the regulation of developmental processes. Numerous pathologies associated with organelle's dysfunctions emphasize their physiological importance. However, regulation of mitochondrial genome transcription, a key element for organelle's function, remains poorly understood. After characterization in the organelle of a truncated form of the triiodothyronine nuclear receptor (p43), a T3-dependent transcription factor of the mitochondrial genome, our purpose was to search for other mitochondrial receptors involved in the regulation of organelle transcription. We show that a 44 kDa protein related to RXRalpha (mt-RXR), another nuclear receptor, is located in the mitochondrial matrix. We found that mt-RXR is produced after cytosolic or intramitochondrial enzymatic cleavage of the RXRalpha nuclear receptor. After mitochondrial import and binding to specific sequences of the organelle genome, mt-RXR induces a ligand-dependent increase in mitochondrial RNA levels. mt-RXR physically interacts with p43 and acts alone or through a heterodimerical complex activated by 9-cis-retinoic acid and T3 to increase RNA levels. These data indicate that hormonal regulation of mitochondrial transcription occurs through pathways similar to those that take place in the nucleus and open a new way to better understand hormone and vitamin action at the cellular level.
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MESH Headings
- Alitretinoin
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Calpain/metabolism
- DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- Genome
- Ligands
- Male
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria, Liver/genetics
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/ultrastructure
- Models, Biological
- Protein Transport
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA, Mitochondrial
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/physiology
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha/chemistry
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha/physiology
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- François Casas
- UMR-866 Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance (INRA-UMII-ENSAM), Unité d'Endocrinologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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34
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Maki M, Kitaura Y, Satoh H, Ohkouchi S, Shibata H. Structures, functions and molecular evolution of the penta-EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1600:51-60. [PMID: 12445459 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(02)00444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Penta-EF-hand (PEF) proteins comprise a family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins that have five repetitive EF-hand motifs. Among the eight alpha-helices (alpha1-alpha8), alpha4 and alpha7 link EF2-EF3 and EF4-EF5, respectively. In addition to the structural similarities in the EF-hand regions, the PEF protein family members have common features: (i) dimerization through unpaired C-terminal EF5s, (ii) possession of hydrophobic Gly/Pro-rich N-terminal domains, and (iii) Ca(2+)-dependent translocation to membranes. Based on comparison of amino acid sequences, mammalian PEF proteins are classified into two groups: Group I PEF proteins (ALG-2 and peflin) and Group II PEF proteins (Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpain subfamily members, sorcin and grancalcin). The Group I genes have also been found in lower animals, plants, fungi and protists. Recent findings of specific interacting proteins have started to gradually unveil the functions of the noncatalytic mammalian PEF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Maki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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35
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Fung TK, Siu WY, Yam CH, Lau A, Poon RYC. Cyclin F is degraded during G2-M by mechanisms fundamentally different from other cyclins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35140-9. [PMID: 12122006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205503200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin F, a cyclin that can form SCF complexes and bind to cyclin B, oscillates in the cell cycle with a pattern similar to cyclin A and cyclin B. Ectopic expression of cyclin F arrests the cell cycle in G(2)/M. How the level of cyclin F is regulated during the cell cycle is completely obscure. Here we show that, similar to cyclin A, cyclin F is degraded when the spindle assembly checkpoint is activated and accumulates when the DNA damage checkpoint is activated. Cyclin F is a very unstable protein throughout much of the cell cycle. Unlike other cyclins, degradation of cyclin F is independent of ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated pathways. Interestingly, proteolysis of cyclin F is likely to involve metalloproteases. Rapid destruction of cyclin F does not require the N-terminal F-box motif but requires the COOH-terminal PEST sequences. The PEST region alone is sufficient to interfere with the degradation of cyclin F and confer instability when fused to cyclin A. These data show that although cyclin F is degraded at similar time as the mitotic cyclins, the underlying mechanisms are entirely distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kan Fung
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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36
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Lundin K, Tuukkanen AM, Jansson C, Nordström T, Lindqvist C. No soluble common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma(c)) in activated human lymphocyte cultures-comparison with soluble IL-2Ralpha. Immunol Lett 2002; 82:235-40. [PMID: 12036606 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a soluble form of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma(c)) in cell free supernatants from unstimulated and 1-6 days PHA stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures was analyzed using a sandwich ELISA. No naturally produced soluble gamma(c) could be detected in these cell free culture supernatants, although a sensitivity in the nanogram range was achieved for recombinant baculovirus expressed human soluble gamma(c) with this assay (detection limit 0.2 ng hIL-2 sRgamma). Analysis of the very same supernatants for soluble IL-2Ralpha demonstrated increased concentrations (up to 20.4 ng/ml) of this other IL-2R member. The membrane-associated form of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain was detected in cell lysates prepared from stimulated PBL at a concentration of 3.5 ng per 0.5 x 10(6) cells. Analysis of a small panel of serum samples from patients with different disorders verified that the soluble form of hIL-2Ralpha, but not hIL-2 sRgamma, can be detected, which thereby strongly suggests that the human soluble gamma(c) seems to be a valuable marker only for a limited number of clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Lundin
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Tykistokatu 6, Fin-20520, Turku, Finland
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37
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Suzuki K, Nakajima H, Kagami SI, Suto A, Ikeda K, Hirose K, Hiwasa T, Takeda K, Saito Y, Akira S, Iwamoto I. Proteolytic processing of Stat6 signaling in mast cells as a negative regulatory mechanism. J Exp Med 2002; 196:27-38. [PMID: 12093868 PMCID: PMC2194019 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown the importance of Stat6-mediated signaling in allergic diseases. In this study, we show a novel regulatory mechanism of Stat6-mediated signaling in mast cells. When Stat6 is activated by interleukin (IL)-4 and translocated to the nucleus, Stat6 is cleaved by a nucleus-associated protease in mast cells. The cleaved 65-kD Stat6 lacks the COOH-terminal transactivation domain and functions as a dominant-negative molecule to Stat6-mediated transcription. The retrovirus-mediated expression of cleavage-resistant Stat6 mutants prolongs the nuclear accumulation of Stat6 upon IL-4 stimulation and enhances IL-4-induced gene expression and growth inhibition in mast cells. These results indicate that the proteolytic processing of Stat6 functions as a lineage-specific negative regulator of Stat6-dependent signaling in mast cells, and thus suggest that it may account for the limited role of Stat6 in IL-4 signaling in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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38
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Künstle G, Laine J, Pierron G, Kagami Si SI, Nakajima H, Hoh F, Roumestand C, Stern MH, Noguchi M. Identification of Akt association and oligomerization domains of the Akt kinase coactivator TCL1. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1513-25. [PMID: 11839817 PMCID: PMC134690 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.5.1513-1525.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase Akt/protein kinase B, the cellular homologue of the transforming viral oncogene v-Akt, plays a central role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. We have previously demonstrated that the proto-oncogene TCL1 is an Akt kinase coactivator. TCL1 binds to Akt and mediates the formation of oligomeric TCL1-Akt high-molecular-weight protein complexes in vivo. Within these protein complexes, Akt is preferentially phosphorylated and activated. The MTCP1/TCL1/TCL1b oncogene activation is the hallmark of human T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), a form of adult leukemia. In the present study, using a PCR-generated random TCL1 library combined with a yeast two-hybrid screening detecting loss of interaction, we identified D16 and I74 as amino acid residues mediating the association of TCL1 with Akt. Based on molecular modeling, we determined that the beta C-sheet of TCL1 is essential for TCL1 homodimerization. Studies with mammalian overexpression systems demonstrated that both Akt association and oligomerization domains of TCL1 are distinct functional domains. In vitro kinase assays and overexpression experiments in mammalian cells demonstrated that both TCL1-Akt interaction and oligomerization of TCL1 were required for TCL1-induced Akt activation and substrate phosphorylation. Assays for mitochondrial permeability transition, nuclear translocation, and cell recovery demonstrated that both Akt association and homodimerization of TCL1 are similarly needed for the full function of TCL1 as an Akt kinase coactivator in vivo. The results demonstrate the structural basis of TCL1-induced activation of Akt, which causes human T-PLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Künstle
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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39
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Migone TS, Humbert M, Rascle A, Sanden D, D'Andrea A, Johnston JA. The deubiquitinating enzyme DUB-2 prolongs cytokine-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription activation and suppresses apoptosis following cytokine withdrawal. Blood 2001; 98:1935-41. [PMID: 11535532 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), activate intracellular signaling pathways via rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of their receptors, resulting in the activation of many genes involved in cell growth and survival. The deubiquitinating enzyme DUB-2 is induced in response to IL-2 but as yet its function has not been determined. The results of this study show that DUB-2 is expressed in human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-1)-transformed T cells that exhibit constitutive activation of the IL-2 JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) pathway, and when expressed in Ba/F3 cells DUB-2 markedly prolonged IL-2-induced STAT5 phosphorylation. Although DUB-2 did not enhance IL-2-mediated proliferation, when withdrawn from growth factor, cells expressing DUB-2 had sustained STAT5 phosphorylation and enhanced expression of IL-2-induced genes cis and c-myc. Moreover, DUB-2 expression markedly inhibited apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal allowing cells to survive. Taken together these data suggest that DUB-2 can enhance signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, prolong lymphocyte survival, and, when constitutively expressed, may contribute to the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway observed in some transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Migone
- DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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40
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)2 and its receptor (IL-2R) constitute one of the most extensively studied cytokine receptor systems. IL-2 is produced primarily by activated T cells and is involved in early T cell activation as well as in maintaining homeostatic immune responses that prevent autoimmunity. This review focuses on molecular signaling pathways triggered by the IL-2/IL-2R complex, with an emphasis on how the IL-2R physically translates its interaction with IL-2 into a coherent biological outcome. The IL-2R is composed of three subunits, IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbeta and gammac. Although IL-2Ralpha is an important affinity modulator that is essential for proper responses in vivo, it does not contribute to signaling due a short cytoplasmic tail. In contrast, IL-2Rbeta and gammac together are necessary and sufficient for effective signal transduction, and they serve physically to connect the receptor complex to cytoplasmic signaling intermediates. Despite an absolute requirement for gammac in signaling, the majority of known pathways physically link to the receptor via IL-2Rbeta, generally through phosphorylated cytoplasmic tyrosine residues. This review highlights work performed both in cultured cells and in vivo that defines the functional contributions of specific receptor subdomains-and, by inference, the specific signaling pathways that they activate-to IL-2-dependent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY14214, USA.
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41
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Sporri B, Kovanen PE, Sasaki A, Yoshimura A, Leonard WJ. JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is an interleukin-2-induced inhibitor of IL-2 signaling. Blood 2001; 97:221-6. [PMID: 11133764 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
JAB/suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) STAT-induced STAT inhibitor-1 (SSI-1) (JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1) is an SH2-domain-containing protein that is induced by and negatively regulates signaling by a number of cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, prolactin, growth hormone, and erythropoietin. The role of JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 in IL-2 signaling has been analyzed. JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is strongly induced by IL-2 in peripheral blood T cells, and JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 overexpression strongly inhibits IL-2-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (Stat5) phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. In cotransfection experiments, JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 associates with both Jak1 and Jak3; however, JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 had a greater effect on Jak1 tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity. JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 also interacts with IL-2Rbeta, and this interaction requires the A region (residues 313-382) of IL-2Rbeta. However, this interaction was not essential for the inhibitory action of JAB. Thus, JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is an IL-2-induced inhibitor of IL-2 signaling that functions by inhibiting Jak kinase activity. This suggests an important role for JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 in regulating T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sporri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Meissner U, Blum H, Schnare M, Röllinghoff M, Gessner A. A soluble form of the murine common gamma chain is present at high concentrations in vivo and suppresses cytokine signaling. Blood 2001; 97:183-91. [PMID: 11133759 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gamma-chain (gammac) is a component of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 and is essential for their signal transduction. Western blotting and a newly established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected substantial constitutive levels (50-250 ng/mL) of soluble gammac (sgammac) in sera of murine inbred strains. It was demonstrated that purified immune cells, such as T, B, and natural killer cells, and macrophages released this protein after activation. Transfection experiments with cDNA encoding the full-length gammac showed that shedding of the transmembrane receptor led to the release of sgammac. The shedding enzymes, however, appeared to be distinct from those cleaving other cytokine receptors because inhibitors of metalloproteases (eg, TAPI) did not influence sgammac release. In vivo, superantigen-induced stimulation of T cells enhanced sgammac serum concentrations up to 10-fold within 6 hours. Because these findings demonstrated regulated expression of a yet unknown molecule in the immune response, further experiments were performed to assess the possible function(s) of sgammac. A physiological role of sgammac was indicated by its capacity to specifically inhibit cell growth induced by gammac-dependent cytokines. Mutational analysis revealed that the C-terminus and the WSKWS motif are essential for the cytokine inhibitory effect of the sgammac and for binding of the molecule to cytokine receptor-expressing cells. Thus, competitive displacement of the transmembrane gammac by excess sgammac is the most likely mechanism of cell growth inhibition. It was implied that naturally produced sgammac is a negative modulator of gammac-dependent cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Depression, Chemical
- Female
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Male
- Metalloendopeptidases
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains/metabolism
- Mice, Mutant Strains/metabolism
- Mice, SCID/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Subunits
- Receptors, Interleukin/blood
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Solubility
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meissner
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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43
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Li XC, Demirci G, Ferrari-Lacraz S, Groves C, Coyle A, Malek TR, Strom TB. IL-15 and IL-2: a matter of life and death for T cells in vivo. Nat Med 2001; 7:114-8. [PMID: 11135625 DOI: 10.1038/83253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15 are redundant in stimulating T-cell proliferation in vitro. Their precise role in vivo in governing T-cell expansion and T-cell homeostasis is less clear. Each may have distinct functions and regulate distinct aspects of T-cell activation. The functional receptors for IL-2 and IL-15 consist of a private alpha-chain, which defines the binding specificity for IL-2 or IL-15, and shared IL-2 receptor beta- and gamma-chains. The gamma-chain is also a critical signaling component of IL-4, IL-7 and IL-9 receptors. Thus, the gamma-chain is called the common gamma or gamma-c. As these receptor subunits can be expressed individually or in various combinations resulting in the formation of receptors with different affinities, distinct signaling capabilities or both, we hypothesized that differential expression of IL-2 and IL-15 receptor subunits on cycling T cells in vivo may direct activated T cells to respond to IL-2 or IL-15, thereby regulating the homeostasis of T-cell response in vivo. By observing in vivo T-cell divisions and expression of IL-2 and IL-15 receptor subunits, we demonstrate that IL-15 is a critical growth factor in initiating T cell divisions in vivo, whereas IL-2 limits continued T-cell expansion via downregulation of the gamma-c expression. Decreased gamma-c expression on cycling T cells reduced sustained Bcl-2 expression and rendered cells susceptible to apoptotic cell death. Our study provides data that IL-2 and IL-15 regulate distinct aspects of primary T-cell expansion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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44
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Liu W, Linn S. Proteolysis of the human DNA polymerase epsilon catalytic subunit by caspase-3 and calpain specifically during apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:4180-8. [PMID: 11058115 PMCID: PMC113151 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.21.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2000] [Revised: 09/15/2000] [Accepted: 09/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human DNA polymerase epsilon (pol epsilon) normally contains a 261-kDa catalytic subunit (p261), but from some sources it is isolated as a 140-kDa catalytic core of p261. This shortened form possesses normal or somewhat enhanced polymerase activity and its significance is unknown. We report here that caspase-3 and calpain can form p140 from p261 in vitro and in vivo and that during early stages of apoptosis induced in Jurkat cells by staurosporine or anti-Fas-activating antibody, p261 is cleaved into p140 by caspase-3. At later stages, activated calpain might also contribute to this conversion. The sites of cleavage by caspase-3 have been identified, and mutations at these 'DEAD boxes' resulted in cleavage-resistant enzyme. Cleavage at these sites separates the 'N-terminal catalytic core' from the 'C-terminal' regions described for p261. Cleavage does not occur during necrosis or following exposure to H(2)O(2) or methanesulfonic acid methyl ester. p140 is unlikely to be able to functionally replace p261 in vivo, since it does not bind to PCNA or the other pol epsilon subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Liu
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 229 Stanley Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3206, USA
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45
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Yu A, Olosz F, Choi CY, Malek TR. Efficient internalization of IL-2 depends on the distal portion of the cytoplasmic tail of the IL-2R common gamma-chain and a lymphoid cell environment. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2556-62. [PMID: 10946282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The common gamma-chain (gammac), a subunit of the IL-2R, is essential for high affinity ligand binding and signal transduction due to Jak3 association to gammac. Another consequence of IL-2/IL-2R interaction is rapid receptor-mediated endocytosis of the receptor-ligand complex. In the present study, we establish that this rapid endocytosis of IL-2 in a T cell tumor line is dependent upon the cytoplasmic tail of gammac. Deletion mutants of the cytoplasmic tail mapped this activity to 9 aa of gammac, 45-54 aa distal to the transmembrane region. In contrast, ligand-independent constitutive endocytosis of gammac occurred more slowly and was dependent upon a PEST sequence in a more membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic tail of gammac. Thus, this receptor subunit may use distinct sorting signals for its constitutive regulation and ligand-induced endocytosis. Rapid endocytosis of IL-2 was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, implicating a role for a signal transduction pathway in IL-2 internalization. However, one T cell line bearing a mutant gammac exhibited impaired endocytosis of IL-2, despite normal IL-2-induced Jak/STAT activation. Furthermore, inefficient endocytosis of IL-2 was noted after transfection of the COS7 epithelial cell line with the IL-2R, and further reconstitution of these cells with Jak/STAT proteins did not enhance this internalization. Collectively, these latter findings indicate that rapid endocytosis of IL-2 is dependent upon cellular signaling in lymphoid cell environment that is not solely a consequence of the presence of the Jak/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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46
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Abstract
Human T cell prolymphocytic leukemia can result from chromosomal translocations involving 14q32.1 or Xq28 regions. The regions encode a family of protooncogenes (TCL1, MTCP1, and TCL1b) of unknown function. In yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that TCL1 interacts with Akt. All TCL1 isoforms bind to the Akt pleckstrin homology domain. Both in vitro and in vivo TCL1 increases Akt kinase activity and as a consequence enhances substrate phosphorylation. In vivo, TCL1 stabilizes the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and enhances cell proliferation and survival. In vivo, TCL1 forms trimers, which associate with Akt. TCL1 facilitates the oligomerization and activation of Akt. Our data show that TCL1 is a novel Akt kinase coactivator, which promotes Akt-induced cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laine
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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47
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Brugnera E, Bhandoola A, Cibotti R, Yu Q, Guinter TI, Yamashita Y, Sharrow SO, Singer A. Coreceptor reversal in the thymus: signaled CD4+8+ thymocytes initially terminate CD8 transcription even when differentiating into CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2000; 13:59-71. [PMID: 10933395 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A central paradigm of T cell development is that CD4+8+ (DP) thymocytes differentiate into CD4+ or CD8+ T cells in response to intrathymic signals that extinguish transcription of the inappropriate coreceptor molecule. Contrary to this prevailing paradigm, we now demonstrate that signaled DP thymocytes initially terminate CD8 transcription even when differentiating into CD8+ T cells. Remarkably, thymocytes that have selectively terminated CD8 transcription can be signaled by IL-7 to differentiate into CD8+ T cells by silencing CD4 transcription and reinitiating CD8 transcription, events we refer to as "coreceptor reversal." These observations significantly alter our understanding of CD8+ T cell differentiation and lead to a new perspective ("kinetic signaling") on CD4/CD8 lineage determination in the thymus. These observations also suggest a novel mechanism by which bipotential cells throughout development can determine their appropriate cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brugnera
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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48
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Lich JD, Elliott JF, Blum JS. Cytoplasmic processing is a prerequisite for presentation of an endogenous antigen by major histocompatibility complex class II proteins. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1513-24. [PMID: 10790426 PMCID: PMC2213437 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.9.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and functional studies have demonstrated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted presentation of select epitopes derived from cytoplasmic antigens, with few insights into the processing reactions necessary for this alternate pathway. Efficient presentation of an immunodominant epitope derived from glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was observed regardless of whether this antigen was delivered exogenously or via a cytoplasmic route into human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class II-DR4(+) antigen-presenting cells. Presentation of exogenous as well as cytoplasmic GAD required the intersection of GAD peptides and newly synthesized class II proteins. By contrast, proteolytic processing of this antigen was highly dependent upon the route of antigen delivery. Exogenous GAD followed the classical pathway for antigen processing, with an absolute requirement for endosomal/lysosomal acidification as well as cysteine and aspartyl proteases resident within these organelles. Presentation of endogenous GAD was dependent upon the action of cytoplasmic proteases, including the proteasome and calpain. Thus, translocation of processed antigen from the cytoplasm into membrane organelles is necessary for class II-restricted presentation via this alternate pathway. Further trimming of these peptides after translocation was mediated by acidic proteases within endosomes/lysosomes, possibly after or before class II antigen binding. These studies suggest that processing of exogenous and cytoplasmic proteins occurs through divergent but overlapping pathways. Furthermore, two cytoplasmic proteases, the proteasome and calpain, appear to play important roles in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - John F. Elliott
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Janice S. Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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49
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Nakajima H, Noguchi M, Leonard WJ. Role of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac) in thymocyte selection. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:88-94. [PMID: 10652467 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During thymocyte development, T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta-mediated intracellular signals can elicit two entirely different cellular responses: positive selection (resulting in rescue from death and maturation or differentiation) and negative selection (induction of apoptosis). Here, Hiroshi Nakajima and colleagues discuss how survival signals that are dependent on the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac) might affect the TCR-driven selection process in thymocytes, underscoring the potential role of cytokines in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakajima
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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50
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Webb LM, Foxwell BM, Feldmann M. Putative role for interleukin-7 in the maintenance of the recirculating naive CD4+ T-cell pool. Immunology 1999; 98:400-5. [PMID: 10583600 PMCID: PMC2326939 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the immune system to respond efficiently to new antigens depends upon a continuous source of naive CD4+ T cells. Such cells exit from the thymus and join the recirculated T-cell pool. Factors present at the sites of naive CD4+ T-cell circulation must be responsible for their survival, since upon removal from their host, naive CD4+ T cells die. However, such factors remain unknown. The presence of the cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) in secondary lymphoid organs and the continuous expression of its receptor on naive CD4+ T cells prompted us to examine the possibility that IL-7 might be a survival factor for naive CD4+ T cells. Using naive CD4+ T cells isolated from cord blood we show that IL-7, but not IL-2, can maintain naive CD4+ T-cell viability in vitro for at least 15 days. In addition, we find that IL-7 can induce modest proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells without affecting either their cell surface phenotype or their ability to respond to antigenic stimulation. We also find that after anti-CD3 stimulation, naive CD4+ T cells lose that ability to respond to IL-7. However, if cells are primed with IL-7 prior to antigenic stimulation, their proliferative responses are enhanced. Together, these data suggest a novel and important role for IL-7 in the maintenance and maturation of naive CD4+ T cells, ensuring that they can respond maximally when they first meet antigen in secondary lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Webb
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, UK
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