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Gong F, Yu W, Zeng Q, Dong J, Cao K, Xu H, Zhou X. Rhododendron chrysanthum's Primary Metabolites Are Converted to Phenolics More Quickly When Exposed to UV-B Radiation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1700. [PMID: 38136571 PMCID: PMC10742171 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant defense system is immediately triggered by UV-B irradiation, particularly the production of metabolites and enzymes involved in the UV-B response. Although substantial research on UV-B-related molecular responses in Arabidopsis has been conducted, comparatively few studies have examined the precise consequences of direct UV-B treatment on R. chrysanthum. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methodology and TMT quantitative proteomics are used in this study to describe the metabolic response of R. chrysanthum to UV-B radiation and annotate the response mechanism of the primary metabolism and phenolic metabolism of R. chrysanthum. The outcomes demonstrated that following UV-B radiation, the primary metabolites (L-phenylalanine and D-lactose*) underwent considerable changes to varying degrees. This gives a solid theoretical foundation for investigating the use of precursor substances, such as phenylalanine, to aid plants in overcoming abiotic stressors. The external application of ABA produced a considerable increase in the phenolic content and improved the plants' resistance to UV-B damage. Our hypothesis is that externally applied ABA may work in concert with UV-B to facilitate the transformation of primary metabolites into phenolic compounds. This hypothesis offers a framework for investigating how ABA can increase a plant's phenolic content in order to help the plant withstand abiotic stressors. Overall, this study revealed alterations and mechanisms of primary and secondary metabolic strategies in response to UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaofu Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
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2
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Singh AA, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88281-88312. [PMID: 37440135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O3 exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge. Chronic exposure to O3 significantly accelerates the direction of carbon flows toward secondary metabolic pathways, resulting in a resource shift in favor of the synthesis of secondary products. Furthermore, since different cellular compartments have different levels of ROS sensitivity and metabolite sets, intracellular compartmentation of secondary antioxidative metabolites may play a role in O3-induced ROS detoxification. Plants' responses to resource partitioning often result in a trade-off between growth and defense under O3 stress. These metabolic adjustments help the plants to cope with the stress as well as for achieving new homeostasis. In this review, we discuss secondary metabolic pathways in response to O3 in plant species including crops, trees, and medicinal plants; and how the presence of this stressor affects their role as ROS scavengers and structural defense. Furthermore, we discussed how O3 affects key physiological traits in plants, foliar chemistry, and volatile emission, which affects plant-plant competition (allelopathy), and plant-insect interactions, along with an emphasis on soil dynamics, which affect the composition of soil communities via changing root exudation, litter decomposition, and other related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, -226007, Lucknow, India
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Niu T, Tian C, Yang Y, Liu Q, Liu L, Tao Q, Li Z, Wu Z. Complete Chloroplast Genome of Corethrodendron fruticosum (Papilionoideae: Fabaceae): Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1289. [PMID: 37372469 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Corethrodendron fruticosum is an endemic forage grasses in China with high ecological value. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of C. fruticosum was sequenced using Illumina paired-end sequencing. The C. fruticosum chloroplast genome was 123,100 bp and comprised 105 genes, including 74 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA-coding genes, and 27 tRNA-coding genes. The genome had a GC content of 34.53%, with 50 repetitive sequences and 63 simple repeat repetitive sequences that did not contain reverse repeats. The simple repeats included 45 single-nucleotide repeats, which accounted for the highest proportion and primarily comprised A/T repeats. A comparative analysis of C. fruticosum, C. multijugum, and four Hedysarum species revealed that the six genomes were highly conserved, with differentials primarily located in the conserved non-coding regions. Moreover, the accD and clpP genes in the coding regions exhibited high nucleotide variability. Accordingly, these genes may serve as molecular markers for the classification and phylogenetic analysis of Corethrodendron species. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that C. fruticosum and C. multijugum appeared in different clades than the four Hedysarum species. The newly sequenced chloroplast genome provides further insights into the phylogenetic position of C. fruticosum, which is useful for the classification and identification of Corethrodendron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiu Niu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Chunyu Tian
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Lemeng Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Qibo Tao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Zinian Wu
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010010, China
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4
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Wieloch T, Sharkey TD, Werner RA, Schleucher J. Intramolecular carbon isotope signals reflect metabolite allocation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2558-2575. [PMID: 35084456 PMCID: PMC9015809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes at natural abundance are key tools to study physiological processes occurring outside the temporal scope of manipulation and monitoring experiments. Whole-molecule carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C) enable assessments of plant carbon uptake yet conceal information about carbon allocation. Here, we identify an intramolecular 13C/12C signal at tree-ring glucose C-5 and C-6 and develop experimentally testable theories on its origin. More specifically, we assess the potential of processes within C3 metabolism for signal introduction based (inter alia) on constraints on signal propagation posed by metabolic networks. We propose that the intramolecular signal reports carbon allocation into major metabolic pathways in actively photosynthesizing leaf cells including the anaplerotic, shikimate, and non-mevalonate pathway. We support our theoretical framework by linking it to previously reported whole-molecule 13C/12C increases in cellulose of ozone-treated Betula pendula and a highly significant relationship between the intramolecular signal and tropospheric ozone concentration. Our theory postulates a pronounced preference for leaf cytosolic triose-phosphate isomerase to catalyse the forward reaction in vivo (dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). In conclusion, intramolecular 13C/12C analysis resolves information about carbon uptake and allocation enabling more comprehensive assessments of carbon metabolism than whole-molecule 13C/12C analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wieloch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas David Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Plant Resilience Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Roland Anton Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Liang W, Weimei Z, Chen Y, Sun J, Guo F, Hu J, Gao W, Li X. Quality evaluation of different varieties of rhubarb based on multicomponent and bioactivity: Committed to quality control in the production of rhubarb decoction pieces. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5368. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Provincial Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou PR China
| | - Zhang Weimei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Provincial Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou PR China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science Tianjin University of Commerce Tianjin PR China
| | - Fengxia Guo
- Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Provincial Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou PR China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin PR China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
- College of pharmacy Qinghai Minzu University Qinhai PR China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin PR China
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Kim MJ, Son SY, Jeon SG, Kim JG, Lee CH. Metabolite Profiling of Dioscorea (Yam) Leaves to Identify Bioactive Compounds Reveals Their Potential as Renewable Resources. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081751. [PMID: 34451796 PMCID: PMC8399132 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are cultivated and consumed as edible tubers, while their leaves are discarded as waste or burned with negative environmental impact. Herein, the metabolites of two yam species (Danma, DAN; Dunggeunma, DUN), harvested in June, July, and August, were profiled using GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated to stimulate the utilization of yam leaves as a by-product. We observed that the relative levels of amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and saponins decreased linearly with prolonged harvest time, while fatty acid, phenanthrene, and flavonoid levels gradually increased. Furthermore, the leaf extracts obtained in August exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. To determine the antioxidant-contributing metabolites, OPLS-DA was performed for the leaf metabolites of DAN and DUN leaves harvested in August. Hydroxytyrosol-glucoside, apigenin-rhamnoside, and rutin were more abundant in DUN, while luteolin, phenanthrene derivatives, epicatechin, and kaempferide were relatively higher in DAN and their respective metabolites were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. Moreover, secondary metabolites were more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and consequently, the antioxidant activity of the former was also higher. Overall, the potential value of yam leaves as a renewable source of bioactive compounds is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Su-Young Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Su-Gyeong Jeon
- Insititute for Bioresources Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Andong 36614, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.K.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6177 (C.-H.L.)
| | - Choong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
- Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- MetaMass Co. Ltd., Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.K.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6177 (C.-H.L.)
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7
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Watanabe M, Chiba Y, Hirai MY. Metabolism and Regulatory Functions of O-Acetylserine, S-Adenosylmethionine, Homocysteine, and Serine in Plant Development and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643403. [PMID: 34025692 PMCID: PMC8137854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of an organism is closely related to both its internal and external environments. Metabolites can act as signal molecules that regulate the functions of genes and proteins, reflecting the status of these environments. This review discusses the metabolism and regulatory functions of O-acetylserine (OAS), S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), homocysteine (Hcy), and serine (Ser), which are key metabolites related to sulfur (S)-containing amino acids in plant metabolic networks, in comparison to microbial and animal metabolism. Plants are photosynthetic auxotrophs that have evolved a specific metabolic network different from those in other living organisms. Although amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and common metabolites in all living organisms, their metabolism and regulation in plants have specific features that differ from those in animals and bacteria. In plants, cysteine (Cys), an S-containing amino acid, is synthesized from sulfide and OAS derived from Ser. Methionine (Met), another S-containing amino acid, is also closely related to Ser metabolism because of its thiomethyl moiety. Its S atom is derived from Cys and its methyl group from folates, which are involved in one-carbon metabolism with Ser. One-carbon metabolism is also involved in the biosynthesis of AdoMet, which serves as a methyl donor in the methylation reactions of various biomolecules. Ser is synthesized in three pathways: the phosphorylated pathway found in all organisms and the glycolate and the glycerate pathways, which are specific to plants. Ser metabolism is not only important in Ser supply but also involved in many other functions. Among the metabolites in this network, OAS is known to function as a signal molecule to regulate the expression of OAS gene clusters in response to environmental factors. AdoMet regulates amino acid metabolism at enzymatic and translational levels and regulates gene expression as methyl donor in the DNA and histone methylation or after conversion into bioactive molecules such as polyamine and ethylene. Hcy is involved in Met-AdoMet metabolism and can regulate Ser biosynthesis at an enzymatic level. Ser metabolism is involved in development and stress responses. This review aims to summarize the metabolism and regulatory functions of OAS, AdoMet, Hcy, and Ser and compare the available knowledge for plants with that for animals and bacteria and propose a future perspective on plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Parra-Galindo MA, Soto-Sedano JC, Mosquera-Vásquez T, Roda F. Pathway-based analysis of anthocyanin diversity in diploid potato. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250861. [PMID: 33914830 PMCID: PMC8084248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin biosynthesis is one of the most studied pathways in plants due to the important ecological role played by these compounds and the potential health benefits of anthocyanin consumption. Given the interest in identifying new genetic factors underlying anthocyanin content we studied a diverse collection of diploid potatoes by combining a genome-wide association study and pathway-based analyses. By using an expanded SNP dataset, we identified candidate genes that had not been associated with anthocyanin variation in potatoes, namely a Myb transcription factor, a Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase gene and a vacuolar membrane protein. Importantly, a genomic region in chromosome 10 harbored the SNPs with strongest associations with anthocyanin content in GWAS. Some of these SNPs were associated with multiple anthocyanin compounds and therefore could underline the existence of pleiotropic genes or anthocyanin biosynthetic clusters. We identified multiple anthocyanin homologs in this genomic region, including four transcription factors and five enzymes that could be governing anthocyanin variation. For instance, a SNP linked to the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene, encoding the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, was associated with all of the five anthocyanins measured. Finally, we combined a pathway analysis and GWAS of other agronomic traits to identify pathways related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in potatoes. We found that methionine metabolism and the production of sugars and hydroxycinnamic acids are genetically correlated to anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results contribute to the understanding of anthocyanins regulation in potatoes and can be used in future breeding programs focused on nutraceutical food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johana Carolina Soto-Sedano
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Teresa Mosquera-Vásquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Federico Roda
- Max Planck Tandem Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zhou D, Zhang Q, Li P, Pan L, Tu K. Combined transcriptomics and proteomics analysis provides insight into metabolisms of sugars, organic acids and phenols in UV-C treated peaches during storage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:148-159. [PMID: 33120107 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation is known for prolonging the shelf life of many fruit by regulating different pathways. To better understand the roles of UV-C treatment in regulating the metabolic pathways in peach fruit during cold storage, transcriptomics and proteomics approaches were applied to investigate changes in peaches treated with UV-C (1.5 kJ m-2). The results showed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were largely matched to carbohydrates and secondary metabolites. Further analysis found that peaches treated with UV-C exhibited higher sucrose, citric acid, malic acid, phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins compared with untreated peaches. Proteomics and transcriptomics together indicated that changes of sugars and acids were associated with the expressions of invertase, sucrose synthase, fructokinase, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. UV-C irradiation promoted the synthesis of phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins by up-regulating expressions of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and UDP-glucose:flavonoid glucosyltransferase. In summary, this research explained the general molecular mechanism of the changes of sugars, acids and phenols in peaches in response to UV-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pengxia Li
- Institute of Agricultural Facilities and Equipment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Abozeid A, Wu KX, Guo XR, Mu LQ, Tang ZH. UV-B Radiation Largely Promoted the Transformation of Primary Metabolites to Phenols in Astragalus mongholicus Seedlings. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E504. [PMID: 32225015 PMCID: PMC7226020 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (280-320 nm) may induce photobiological stress in plants, activate the plant defense system, and induce changes of metabolites. In our previous work, we found that between the two Astragalus varieties prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Astragalus mongholicus has better tolerance to UV-B. Thus, it is necessary to study the metabolic strategy of Astragalus under UV-B radiation further. In the present study, we used untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS techniques) to investigate the profiles of primary and secondary metabolic. The profiles revealed the metabolic response of Astragalus to UV-B radiation. We then used real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to obtain the transcription level of relevant genes under UV-B radiation (UV-B supplemented in the field, λmax = 313 nm, 30 W, lamp-leaf distance = 60 cm, 40 min·day-1), which annotated the responsive mechanism of phenolic metabolism in roots. Our results indicated that supplemental UV-B radiation induced a stronger shift from carbon assimilation to carbon accumulation. The flux through the phenylpropanoids pathway increased due to the mobilization of carbon reserves. The response of metabolism was observed to be significantly tissue-specific upon the UV-B radiation treatment. Among phenolic compounds, C6C1 carbon compounds (phenolic acids in leaves) and C6C3C6 carbon compounds (flavones in leaves and isoflavones in roots) increased at the expense of C6C3 carbon compounds. Verification experiments show that the response of phenolics in roots to UV-B is activated by upregulation of relevant genes rather than phenylalanine. Overall, this study reveals the tissues-specific alteration and mechanism of primary and secondary metabolic strategy in response to UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ann Abozeid
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom 32511, Egypt
| | - Ke-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li-Qiang Mu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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11
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Zhou D, Li R, Zhang H, Chen S, Tu K. Hot air and UV-C treatments promote anthocyanin accumulation in peach fruit through their regulations of sugars and organic acids. Food Chem 2020; 309:125726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Re GA, Piluzza G, Sanna F, Molinu MG, Sulas L. Polyphenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of legume-based swards are affected by light intensity in a Mediterranean agroforestry system. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:191-198. [PMID: 29855053 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mediterranean grazed woodlands, microclimate changes induced by trees influence the growth and development of the understory, although very little is known about its polyphenolic composition in relation to light intensity. We investigated the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of different legume-based swards and variations as a result of full sunlight and partial shade. The research was carried out in a cork oak agrosilvopastoral system in Sardinia. RESULTS The highest values of (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) (DPPH) reached 7 mmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity 100 g-1 dry weight (DW), total phenolics 67.1 g gallic acid equivalent kg-1 DW and total flavonoids 7.5 g catechin equivalent kg-1 DW. Compared to full sunlight, partial shade reduced DPPH values by 29% and 42%, and the total phenolic content by 23% and 53% in 100% legume mixture and semi-natural pasture, respectively. Twelve phenolic compounds were detected: chlorogenic acid in 80% legume mixture (partial shade) and verbascoside in pure sward of bladder clover (full sunlight) were the most abundant. CONCLUSION Light intensity significantly affected antioxidant capacity, composition and levels of phenolic compounds. The results of the present study provide new insights into the effects of light intensity on plant secondary metabolites from legume-based swards, highlighting the important functions provided by agroforestry systems. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Re
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Piluzza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federico Sanna
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria G Molinu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sulas
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, Sassari, Italy
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13
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Pellegrini E, Hoshika Y, Dusart N, Cotrozzi L, Gérard J, Nali C, Vaultier MN, Jolivet Y, Lorenzini G, Paoletti E. Antioxidative responses of three oak species under ozone and water stress conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:390-399. [PMID: 30086491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently exposed to adverse environmental conditions such as drought and ozone (O3). Under these conditions, plants can survive due to their ability to adjust their metabolism. The aim of the present study was to compare the detoxification mechanisms of three oak species showing different O3 sensitivity and water use strategy. Two-year-old seedlings of Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur were grown under the combination of three levels of O3 (1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 times the ambient O3 concentration) and three levels of water availability (on average 100, 80 and 42% of field capacity i.e. well-watered, moderate drought and severe drought, respectively) in an O3 Free Air Controlled Exposure facility. Ozone and drought induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and this phenomenon was species-specific. Sometimes, ROS accumulation was not associated with membrane injury suggesting that several antioxidative defence mechanisms inhibited or alleviated the oxidative damage. Both O3 and drought increased total carotenoids that were able to prevent the peroxidation action by free radicals in Q. ilex, as confirmed by unchanged malondialdehyde by-product values. The concomitant decrease of total flavonoids may be related to the consumption of these compounds by the cell to inhibit the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Unchanged total phenols confirmed that Q. ilex has a superior ability to counteract oxidative conditions. Similar responses were found in Q. pubescens, although the negative impact of both factors was less efficiently faced than in the sympatric Q. ilex. In Q. robur, high O3 concentrations and severe drought induced a partial rearrangement of the phenylpropanoid pathways. These antioxidative mechanisms were not able to protect the cell structure (as confirmed by ROS accumulation) suggesting that Q. robur showed a lower degree of tolerance than the other two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Nicolas Dusart
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Joëlle Gérard
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
| | | | - Yves Jolivet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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14
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Coordinated downregulation of the photosynthetic apparatus as a protective mechanism against UV exposure in the diatom Corethron hystrix. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1837-1850. [PMID: 30617536 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on photosynthetic efficiency and the resulting mechanisms against UV exposure employed by phytoplankton are not completely understood. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a novel close-coupled, wavelength-configurable platform designed to produce precise and repeatable in vitro irradiation of Corethron hystrix, a member of a genera found abundantly in the Southern Ocean where UV exposure is high. We aimed to determine its metabolic, protective, and repair mechanisms as a function of varying levels of specific electromagnetic energy. Our results show that the physiological responses to each energy level of UV have a negative linear decrease in the photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II proportional to UV intensity, corresponding to a large increase in the turnover time of quinone reoxidation. Gene expression changes of photosystem II-related reaction center proteins D1, CP43, and CP47 showed coordinated downregulation whereas the central metabolic pathway demonstrated mixed expression of up and downregulated transcripts after UVR exposure. These results suggest that while UVR may damage photosynthetic machinery, oxidative damage may limit production of new photosynthetic and electron transport complexes as a result of UVR exposure.
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Sugioka N, Kawakami M, Hirai N, Osakabe M. A Pollen Diet Confers Ultraviolet-B Resistance in Phytoseiid Mites by Providing Antioxidants. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Yang Y, Yang X, Jang Z, Chen Z, Ruo X, Jin W, Wu Y, Shi X, Xu M. UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 From Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CmUVR8) Plays Important Roles in UV-B Signal Transduction and UV-B-Induced Accumulation of Flavonoids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:955. [PMID: 30022994 PMCID: PMC6040093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UV Resistance Locus 8 (UVR8), an ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) photoreceptor, participates in the regulation of various plant growth and developmental processes. UV-B radiation is an important factor enhancing the production of active components in medicinal plants. To-date, however, studies on UV-B photoreceptors have largely focused on Arabidopsis, and the functions of UVR8 in medicinal plants are still largely unknown. In the present study, a homolog of Arabidopsis UVR8, CmUVR8, was isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, and its structure and function were analyzed in detail. Protein sequence analysis showed that CmUVR8 contained nine conserved regulators of chromosome condensation 1 repeats, seven conserved bladed propellers, one C27 region, three "GWRHT" motifs and several crucial amino acid residues (such as 14 Trps and 2 Args), similar to AtUVR8. 3-D structural analysis of CmUVR8 indicated that its structure was similar to AtUVR8. Heterologous expression of CmUVR8 could rescued the deficient phenotype of uvr8-6, a mutant of UVR8 in Arabidopsis, indicating the role of CmUVR8 in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation and HY5 gene expression under UV-B irradiation. Moreover, CmUVR8 regulates UV-B-induced expression of four flavonoids biosynthesis-related genes and the UV-B-induced accumulation of flavonoids. Furthermore, the interaction between CmUVR8 and CmCOP1 were confirmed using a yeast two-hybrid assay. These results indicated that CmUVR8 plays important roles in UV-B signal transduction and the UV-B-induced accumulation of flavonoids, as a counterpart of AtUVR8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Jang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhehao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Ruo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maojun Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang H, Tian H, Chen M, Xiong J, Cai H, Liu Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals potential genes involved in flower pigmentation in a red-flowered mutant of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Genomics 2017; 110:191-200. [PMID: 28966045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
White clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been cultivated for ornamental use because of its flowers, leaf marks and creeping habit. Although a mutation in flower color is very infrequent in this species, the red-flowered mutant of white clover was a novel germplasm for ornamental white clover breeding. The mechanism of flower pigmentation in white clover is still limited because of the rarity of mutation materials and the lack of genomic data. In this study, two cDNA libraries from red-flowered white clover mutant between sunlight-exposed plants and shade-treated plants, respectively, were used for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 157,964 unigenes with an average length of 728bp and a median length of 1346bp were isolated. A large number of differentially expressed genes (6282) that were potentially involved in multiple biological and metabolic pathways, including anthocyanin flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, were obtained, 70 of which could be identified as putative homologues of color-related genes. Furthermore, eight key candidate genes (CHS, F3'H, F3'5'H, UFGT, FLS, LAR, ANS, and DFR) in flavonoid biological synthesis pathway were identified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Mass sequence data obtained by RNA-Seq of white clover and its red-flowered mutant provided basic sequence information and a platform for future molecular biological research on the red flower trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Junbo Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
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18
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Meristem Plant Cells as a Sustainable Source of Redox Actives for Skin Rejuvenation. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020040. [PMID: 28498360 PMCID: PMC5485729 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, aggressive advertisement claimed a “magic role” for plant stem cells in human skin rejuvenation. This review aims to shed light on the scientific background suggesting feasibility of using plant cells as a basis of anti-age cosmetics. When meristem cell cultures obtained from medicinal plants are exposed to appropriate elicitors/stressors (ultraviolet, ultrasound ultraviolet (UV), ultrasonic waves, microbial/insect metabolites, heavy metals, organic toxins, nutrient deprivation, etc.), a protective/adaptive response initiates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Highly bioavailable and biocompatible to human cells, low-molecular weight plant secondary metabolites share structural/functional similarities with human non-protein regulatory hormones, neurotransmitters, pigments, polyamines, amino-/fatty acids. Their redox-regulated biosynthesis triggers in turn plant cell antioxidant and detoxification molecular mechanisms resembling human cell pathways. Easily isolated in relatively large quantities from contaminant-free cell cultures, plant metabolites target skin ageing mechanisms, above all redox imbalance. Perfect modulators of cutaneous oxidative state via direct/indirect antioxidant action, free radical scavenging, UV protection, and transition-metal chelation, they are ideal candidates to restore photochemical/redox/immune/metabolic barriers, gradually deteriorating in the ageing skin. The industrial production of plant meristem cell metabolites is toxicologically and ecologically sustainable for fully “biological” anti-age cosmetics.
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19
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Ye Y, Sun-Waterhouse D, You L, Abbasi AM. Harnessing food-based bioactive compounds to reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation: a review exploring the link between food and human health. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ye
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Arshad Mehmood Abbasi
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Environmental Sciences; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT); Park Road ChakShahzad Islamabad 22060 Pakistan
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20
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Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Iizuka Y, Takahashi A, Yonemoto T. A kinetic model for flavonoid production in tea cell culture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:211-219. [PMID: 27699481 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As one of the strategies for efficient production of a metabolite from cell cultures, a kinetic model is very useful tool to predict productivity under various culture conditions. In this study, we propose a kinetic model for flavonoid production in tea cell culture based on the cell life cycle and expression of PAL, the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)-the key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis. The flavonoid production rate was considered to be related to the amount of active PAL. Synthesis of PAL was modelled based on a general gene expression/translation mechanism, including the transcription of DNA encoding PAL into mRNA and the translation of PAL mRNA into the PAL protein. The transcription of DNA was assumed to be promoted at high light intensity and suppressed by a feedback regulatory mechanism at high flavonoid concentrations. In the model, mRNA and PAL were considered to self-decompose and to be lost by cell rupture. The model constants were estimated by fitting the experimental results obtained from tea cell cultures under various light intensities. The model accurately described the kinetic behaviors of dry and fresh cell concentrations, glucose concentration, cell viability, PAL specific activity, and flavonoid content under a wide range of light intensities. The model simulated flavonoid productivity per medium under various culture conditions. Therefore, this model will be useful to predict optimum culture conditions for maximum flavonoid productivity in cultured tea cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Iizuka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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21
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Zheng W, Komatsu S, Zhu W, Zhang L, Li X, Cui L, Tian J. Response and Defense Mechanisms of Taxus chinensis Leaves Under UV-A Radiation are Revealed Using Comparative Proteomics and Metabolomics Analyses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1839-1853. [PMID: 27318281 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Taxus chinensis var. mairei is a species endemic to south-eastern China and one of the natural sources for the anticancer medicine paclitaxel. To investigate the molecular response and defense mechanisms of T. chinensis leaves to enhanced ultraviolet-A (UV-A) radiation, gel-free/label-free and gel-based proteomics and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed. The transmission electron microscopy results indicated damage to the chloroplast under UV-A radiation. Proteomics analyses in leaves and chloroplasts showed that photosynthesis-, glycolysis-, secondary metabolism-, stress-, and protein synthesis-, degradation- and activation-related systems were mainly changed under UV-A radiation. Forty-seven PSII proteins and six PSI proteins were identified as being changed in leaves and chloroplasts under UV-A treatment. This indicated that PSII was more sensitive to UV-A than PSI as the target of UV-A light. Enhanced glycolysis, with four glycolysis-related key enzymes increased, provided precursors for secondary metabolism. The 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase were identified as being significantly increased during UV-A radiation, which resulted in paclitaxel enhancement. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of genes involved in the paclitaxel biosynthetic pathway indicated a down-regulation under UV-A irradiation and up-regulation in dark incubation. These results reveal that a short-term high dose of UV-A radiation could stimulate the plant stress defense system and paclitaxel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
| | - Wei Zhu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Ximin Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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22
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Gao Y, Li XX, Han MM, Yang XF, Li Z, Wang J, Pan QH. Rain-Shelter Cultivation Modifies Carbon Allocation in the Polyphenolic and Volatile Metabolism of Vitis vinifera L. Chardonnay Grapes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156117. [PMID: 27218245 PMCID: PMC4878772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of rain-shelter cultivation on the biosynthesis of flavonoids and volatiles in grapes, with an aim of determining whether rain-shelter application could help to improve the sensory attributes and quality of grapes. Vitis vinifera L. Chardonnay grapes, grown in the Huaizhuo basin region of northern China, were selected within two consecutive years. A rain-shelter roof was constructed using a colorless polyethylene (PE) film with a light transmittance of 80%. Results showed that rain-shelter treatment did not affect the accumulation of soluble solids during grape maturation. However, the allocation of assimilated carbon in phenolic and volatile biosynthetic pathways varied significantly, leading to alterations in polyphenolic and volatile profiles. The rain-shelter cultivation enhanced the concentration of flavan-3-ols via the flavonoid-3’5’-hydroxylase (F3’5’H) pathway, but reduced the level of flavonols and flavan-3-ols via the flavonoid-3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) pathway. In addition, the rain-shelter cultivation significantly enhanced the synthesis of fatty acid-derived volatiles, isoprene-derived terpenoids and amino acid-derived branched-chain aliphatics, but led to a decrease in the accumulation of isoprene-derived norisoprenoids and amino acid-derived benzenoids. Principal component analysis revealed some key compounds that differentiated the grapes cultivated under open-field and rain-shelter conditions. Moreover, the effect of the rain-shelter application on the accumulation of these compounds appeared to be vintage dependent. The alteration of their profiles caused by the rain-shelter treatment was significant in the vintage that received higher rainfall, which usually took place in the first rapid growth and veraison phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Mei Han
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Analysis of differentially expressed genes under UV-B radiation in the desert plant Reaumuria soongorica. Gene 2015; 574:265-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Caretto S, Linsalata V, Colella G, Mita G, Lattanzio V. Carbon Fluxes between Primary Metabolism and Phenolic Pathway in Plant Tissues under Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26378-94. [PMID: 26556338 PMCID: PMC4661826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants synthesize an amazing diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites. Phenolics are defined secondary metabolites or natural products because, originally, they were considered not essential for plant growth and development. Plant phenolics, like other natural compounds, provide the plant with specific adaptations to changing environmental conditions and, therefore, they are essential for plant defense mechanisms. Plant defensive traits are costly for plants due to the energy drain from growth toward defensive metabolite production. Being limited with environmental resources, plants have to decide how allocate these resources to various competing functions. This decision brings about trade-offs, i.e., promoting some functions by neglecting others as an inverse relationship. Many studies have been carried out in order to link an evaluation of plant performance (in terms of growth rate) with levels of defense-related metabolites. Available results suggest that environmental stresses and stress-induced phenolics could be linked by a transduction pathway that involves: (i) the proline redox cycle; (ii) the stimulated oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; and, in turn, (iii) the reduced growth of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caretto
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vito Linsalata
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Colella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Lattanzio
- Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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25
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Zhang Y, Butelli E, Alseekh S, Tohge T, Rallapalli G, Luo J, Kawar PG, Hill L, Santino A, Fernie AR, Martin C. Multi-level engineering facilitates the production of phenylpropanoid compounds in tomato. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8635. [PMID: 26497596 PMCID: PMC4639801 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids comprise an important class of plant secondary metabolites. A number of transcription factors have been used to upregulate-specific branches of phenylpropanoid metabolism, but by far the most effective has been the fruit-specific expression of AtMYB12 in tomato, which resulted in as much as 10% of fruit dry weight accumulating as flavonols and hydroxycinnamates. We show that AtMYB12 not only increases the demand of flavonoid biosynthesis but also increases the supply of carbon from primary metabolism, energy and reducing power, which may fuel the shikimate and phenylalanine biosynthetic pathways to supply more aromatic amino acids for secondary metabolism. AtMYB12 directly binds promoters of genes encoding enzymes of primary metabolism. The enhanced supply of precursors, energy and reducing power achieved by AtMYB12 expression can be harnessed to engineer high levels of novel phenylpropanoids in tomato fruit, offering an effective production system for bioactives and other high value ingredients. Metabolic engineering offers an effective strategy for producing valuable bioactive compounds in plants. Here, the authors show that by harnessing transcriptional regulation of carbon flux, tomato fruit metabolism can be optimized for the production of phenylpropanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Prashant G Kawar
- Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lionel Hill
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Liu D, Gao Y, Li XX, Li Z, Pan QH. Attenuated UV Radiation Alters Volatile Profile in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes under Field Conditions. Molecules 2015; 20:16946-69. [PMID: 26393544 PMCID: PMC6331812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of attenuated UV radiation around grape clusters on the volatile profile of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) under field conditions. Grape bunches were wrapped with two types of polyester films that cut off 89% (film A) and 99% (film B) invisible sunlight of less than 380 nm wavelength, respectively. Solar UV radiation reaching the grape berry surface was largely attenuated, and an increase in the concentrations of amino acid-derived benzenoid volatiles and fatty acid-derived esters was observed in the ripening grapes. Meanwhile, the attenuated UV radiation significantly reduced the concentrations of fatty acid-derived aldehydes and alcohols and isoprenoid-derived norisoprenoids. No significant impact was observed for terpenes. In most case, these positive or negative effects were stage-dependent. Reducing UV radiation from the onset of veraison to grape harvest, compared to the other stages, caused a larger alteration in the grape volatile profile. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl benzaldehyde, 2-butoxyethyl acetate, (E)-2-heptenal, styrene, α-phenylethanol, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate were affected most significantly by the attenuated UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture & Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Tattini M, Loreto F, Fini A, Guidi L, Brunetti C, Velikova V, Gori A, Ferrini F. Isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids are part of the antioxidant defense orchestrated daily by drought-stressed Platanus × acerifolia plants during Mediterranean summers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:613-26. [PMID: 25784134 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids play a prominent role in countering photooxidative stress, following the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activity in plants exposed to severe drought stress under high solar irradiance and high temperatures. Platanus × acerifolia, a high isoprene-emitting species, was drought-stressed during summer (WS) and compared with unstressed controls (WW). Water relations and photosynthetic parameters were measured under mild, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. Volatile and nonvolatile isoprenoids, antioxidant enzymes, and phenylpropanoids were measured with the same time course, but in four different periods of the day. Drought severely inhibited photosynthesis, whereas it did not markedly affect the photochemical machinery. Isoprene emission and zeaxanthin concentration were higher in WS than in WW leaves, particularly at mild and moderate stresses, and during the hottest hours of the day. The activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase steeply declined during the day, while the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and the concentration of quercetin increased during the day, peaking in the hottest hours in both WW and WS plants. Our experiment reveals a sequence of antioxidants that were used daily by plants to orchestrate defense against oxidative stress induced by drought and associated high light and high temperature. Secondary metabolites seem valuable complements of antioxidant enzymes to counter oxidative stress during the hottest daily hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Zheng W, Li X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Lu X, Tian J. Improved metabolites of pharmaceutical ingredient gradeGinkgo bilobaand the correlated proteomics analysis. Proteomics 2015; 15:1868-83. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Ximin Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Lu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Jingkui Tian
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang P. R. China
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Zhang JJ, Li XQ, Sun JW, Jin SH. Nitric oxide functions as a signal in ultraviolet-B-induced baicalin accumulation in Scutellaria baicalensis suspension cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4733-46. [PMID: 24646913 PMCID: PMC3975422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress induced by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation stimulates the accumulation of various secondary metabolites in plants. Nitric oxide (NO) serves as an important secondary messenger in UV-B stress-induced signal transduction pathways. NO can be synthesized in plants by either enzymatic catalysis or an inorganic nitrogen pathway. The effects of UV-B irradiation on the production of baicalin and the associated molecular pathways in plant cells are poorly understood. In this study, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, NO release and the generation of baicalin were investigated in cell suspension cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis exposed to UV-B irradiation. UV-B irradiation significantly increased NOS activity, NO release and baicalin biosynthesis in S. baicalensis cells. Additionally, exogenous NO supplied by the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), led to a similar increase in the baicalin content as the UV-B treatment. The NOS inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine (LNNA), and NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) partially inhibited UV-B-induced NO release and baicalin accumulation. These results suggest that NO is generated by NOS or NOS-like enzymes and plays an important role in baicalin biosynthesis as part of the defense response of S. baicalensis cells to UV-B irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jie Zhang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xue-Qin Li
- Tianmu College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jun-Wei Sun
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, No. 258 Xueyuan Road, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Song-Heng Jin
- Tianmu College, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, China.
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Cheynier V, Comte G, Davies KM, Lattanzio V, Martens S. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:1-20. [PMID: 23774057 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land-adapted plants appeared between about 480 and 360 million years ago in the mid-Palaeozoic era, originating from charophycean green algae. The successful adaptation to land of these prototypes of amphibious plants - when they emerged from an aquatic environment onto the land - was achieved largely by massive formation of "phenolic UV light screens". In the course of evolution, plants have developed the ability to produce an enormous number of phenolic secondary metabolites, which are not required in the primary processes of growth and development but are of vital importance for their interaction with the environment, for their reproductive strategy and for their defense mechanisms. From a biosynthetic point of view, beside methylation catalyzed by O-methyltransferases, acylation and glycosylation of secondary metabolites, including phenylpropanoids and various derived phenolic compounds, are fundamental chemical modifications. Such modified metabolites have altered polarity, volatility, chemical stability in cells but also in solution, ability for interaction with other compounds (co-pigmentation) and biological activity. The control of the production of plant phenolics involves a matrix of potentially overlapping regulatory signals. These include developmental signals, such as during lignification of new growth or the production of anthocyanins during fruit and flower development, and environmental signals for protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. For some of the key compounds, such as the flavonoids, there is now an excellent understanding of the nature of those signals and how the signal transduction pathway connects through to the activation of the phenolic biosynthetic genes. Within the plant environment, different microorganisms can coexist that can establish various interactions with the host plant and that are often the basis for the synthesis of specific phenolic metabolites in response to these interactions. In the rhizosphere, increasing evidence suggests that root specific chemicals (exudates) might initiate and manipulate biological and physical interactions between roots and soil organisms. These interactions include signal traffic between roots of competing plants, roots and soil microbes, and one-way signals that relate the nature of chemical and physical soil properties to the roots. Plant phenolics can also modulate essential physiological processes such as transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. Some interesting effects of plant phenolics are also the ones associated with the growth hormone auxin. An additional role for flavonoids in functional pollen development has been observed. Finally, anthocyanins represent a class of flavonoids that provide the orange, red and blue/purple colors to many plant tissues. According to the coevolution theory, red is a signal of the status of the tree to insects that migrate to (or move among) the trees in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Cheynier
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'oenologie, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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Zhang ZZ, Li XX, Chu YN, Zhang MX, Wen YQ, Duan CQ, Pan QH. Three types of ultraviolet irradiation differentially promote expression of shikimate pathway genes and production of anthocyanins in grape berries. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:74-83. [PMID: 22683531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berries has always aroused great attention among researchers. However, little study has been made on the shikimate pathway that guides photo-assimilate flow into flavonoid metabolism. The present study indicated that the treatments of three ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths differentially up-regulated transcriptional expression of some structural genes in the shikimate pathway and post-chorismate pathway of grape berries and this up-regulation was developmental stage-dependent and not synchronous. Of these genes, VvDAHPS-1 and VvDAHPS-2 encoding the entry enzymes of the shikimate pathway showed most significant UV-response and their transcription was strongly promoted by UV-A stimuli in the 3-week grapes and by UV-B and UV-C in the 7-week and 11-week grapes. The elevation of VvAS expression by UV induction appeared in the 3-week grapes and VvCM-1 was expressed relatively more concomitantly with berry mature. Correspondently, UV-B and UV-C irradiation increased the content of various anthocyanins in the 11-week grapes, but UV-A did not. These data suggest that UV-responsive production of anthocyanins is in part a consequence of the increase in carbon supply via promoting the shikimate pathway and the Phe/Trp specific pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Kanazawa K, Hashimoto T, Yoshida S, Sungwon P, Fukuda S. Short photoirradiation induces flavonoid synthesis and increases its production in postharvest vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4359-68. [PMID: 22506664 DOI: 10.1021/jf300107s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to increase the flavonoid contents of postharvest vegetables since flavonoids play a beneficial role in human health promotion. In the present study, we show that postharvest vegetables increasingly produced flavonoids when irradiated with light near the absorption wavelength of flavonoids in the plant. Three-day exposure to UV-B for 5 min, 98 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ per day, increased the contents of jaceidin in spinach, kaempherol glycoside in radish sprout, apigenin glycosides in parsley, and isovitexin in Indian spinach after 6 days of storage in a refrigerator, compared to the contents in plants without irradiation. Six days of storage of unripe green strawberry under green light for 5 min, 98 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ per day, enabled them to mature and turn red, accompanied by 3.5-fold increased contents of pelargonidin. Elucidation of the mechanism in parsley found the stimulating expression of the flavonoid synthesis gene, PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, and FNS, 6 h after exposure to single irradiation with UV-B for 5 min, and the higher expression was maintained for 24 h. After 3 days irradiation during 6 days of storage, parsley did not show adverse changes in the contents of ascorbic acid, β-carotene, chlorophyll, and moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Kooke R, Keurentjes JJB. Multi-dimensional regulation of metabolic networks shaping plant development and performance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3353-65. [PMID: 22140247 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The metabolome is an integral part of a plant's life cycle and determines for a large part its external phenotype. It is the final, internal product of chemical interactions, obtained through developmental, genetic, and environmental inputs, and as such, it defines the state of a plant in terms of development and performance. Understanding its regulation will provide knowledge and new insights into the biochemical pathways and genetic interactions that shape the plant and its surroundings. In this review, we will focus on four dimensions that contribute to the huge diversity of metabolomes and we will illustrate how this diversity shapes the plant in terms of development and performance: (i) temporal regulation: the metabolome is extremely dynamic and temporal changes in the environment can have an immense impact on its composition; (ii) spatial regulation: metabolites can be very specific, in both quantitative and qualitative terms, to specialized organs, tissues, and cell types; (iii) environmental regulation: the metabolic profile of plants is highly dependent on environmental signals, such as light, temperature, and nutrients, and very susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses; and (iv) genetic regulation: the biosynthesis, structure, and accumulation of metabolites have a genetic origin, and there is quantitative and qualitative variation for metabolomes within a species. We will address the contribution of these dimensions to the wide diversity of metabolomes and highlight how the multi-dimensional regulation of metabolism defines the plant's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kooke
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Raffo MD, Ponce NMA, Sozzi GO, Vicente AR, Stortz CA. Compositional changes in 'Bartlett' pear ( Pyrus communis L.) cell wall polysaccharides as affected by sunlight conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12155-62. [PMID: 21980919 DOI: 10.1021/jf203950d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest conditions can have a great impact on fruit quality attributes and postharvest responses. Firmness is an important quality attribute in pear, and excessive softening increases susceptibility to bruising and decay, thus limiting fruit postharvest life. Textural characteristics of fruits are determined at least in part by cell wall structure and disassembly. Few studies have analyzed the influence of fruit preharvest environment in softening, cell wall composition, and degradation. In the current work 'Bartlett' pears grown either facing the sun (S) or in the shade (H) were harvested and stored for 13 days at 20 °C. An evaluation of fruit soluble solids, acidity, color, starch degradation, firmness, cell wall yield, pectin and matrix glycan solubilization, depolymerization, and monosaccharide composition was carried out. Sun-exposed pears showed more advanced color development and similar levels of starch degradation, sugars, and acids than shaded fruit. Sunlight-grown pears were at harvest firmer than shade-grown pears. Both fruit groups softened during storage at 20 °C, but even after ripening, sun-exposed pears remained firmer. Sunlight exposure did not have a great impact on pectin molecular weight. Instead, at harvest a higher proportion of water-solubilized uronic acids and alkali-solubilized neutral sugars and a larger mean molecular size of tightly bound glycans was found in sun-exposed pears. During ripening cell wall catabolism took place in both sun- and shade-grown pears, but pectin solubilization was clearly delayed in sun-exposed fruit. This was associated with decreased removal of RG I-arabinan side chains rather than with reduced depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Raffo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Alto Valle de Río Negro, Ruta Nac 22 Km 1190, 8332 Allen, Argentina
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Arnerup J, Lind M, Olson Å, Stenlid J, Elfstrand M. The pathogenic white-rot fungus Heterobasidion parviporum triggers non-specific defence responses in the bark of Norway spruce. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1262-72. [PMID: 22084022 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] is one of the economically most important conifer species in Europe. The major pathogen on Norway spruce is Heterobasidion parviporum (Fr.) Niemelä & Korhonen. To achieve a better understanding of Norway spruce's defence mechanisms, transcriptional responses in bark to H. parviporum infection were compared with the response to wounding using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism. The majority of the recovered transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) showed a similar expression pattern for infection and wounding treatment, although inoculated samples showed an enhanced reaction. Genes related to systemic acquired resistance, e.g., PR1, accumulated after H. parviporum infection. Simultaneously, several transcripts involved in various aspects of jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-mediated signalling accumulated. Genes involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome system were also regulated. Expression patterns have been confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression patterns of the isolated TDFs suggest that infection with H. parviporum in Norway spruce induces a broad defence, with many similarities to non-specific defence responses in angiosperms. The parallel induction of salicylic acid- and JA/ET-mediated pathways implies spatially separated responses in different cell layers, with and without hyphal contact. A set of TDFs were analysed in an independent experiment with unrelated material treated with wounding or with inoculation with H. parviporum or Phlebiopsis gigantea, verifying the original observations and underlining the non-specific defence responses. In addition, our data suggest that rerouting of carbon in secondary metabolism is an integral part of Norway spruce induced defence. We report the sequences of three 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase genes (PaDAHP1, PaDAHP2 and PaDAHP3) and their relative expression in response to wounding and infection with H. parviporum and P. gigantea. The results clearly indicate differential regulation of the three DAHPs in the induced defence responses in Norway spruce. This study gives insights into the central mechanisms in the induced defences in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Arnerup
- Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Molecular characterization and expression analysis on two isogenes encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in grapes. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4739-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Moliné M, Arbeloa EM, Flores MR, Libkind D, Farías ME, Bertolotti SG, Churio MS, van Broock MR. UVB photoprotective role of mycosporines in yeast: photostability and antioxidant activity of mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside. Radiat Res 2010; 175:44-50. [PMID: 21175346 DOI: 10.1667/rr2245.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several yeast species are able to synthesize and accumulate UV-radiation-absorbing mycosporine metabolites that are of unclear physiological function. In this work we analyzed the relationship between mycosporine-glutaminol glucoside (MGG) production, cell survival after UVB irradiation, and formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We also assessed the photostability and singlet oxygen quenching activity of MGG. A set of nine isolates of the basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus steppossus cultured in both dark and light conditions was used for the studies. Survival of the UVB-irradiated isolates and MGG concentration had a linear relationship when the concentration was over 2.5 mg g(-1). CPD accumulation and MGG accumulation were inversely related. MGG in aqueous solution was photostable with a photodecomposition quantum yield of 1.16 × 10(-5). MGG quenching of singlet oxygen was also observed, and the rate constant for the process in D(2)O was 5.9 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). Our results support the idea that MGG plays an important role as a UVB photoprotective metabolite in yeasts by protecting against direct damage on DNA and probably against indirect damage by singlet oxygen quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Moliné
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
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Xu HX, Chen JW, Xie M. Effect of different light transmittance paper bags on fruit quality and antioxidant capacity in loquat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1783-8. [PMID: 20602521 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bagging has been widely used to improve the commercial value of fruit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different light transmittance paper bags on the quality and antioxidant capacity of loquat fruit. Two loquat cultivars, Baiyu and Ninghaibai (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), were used for materials. One-layered white paper bags (OWPB) with approximately 50% light transmittance and two-layered paper bags with a black inner layer and a grey outer layer (TGDPB) with approximately 0% light transmittance were used as treatments and unbagged fruits were used as the control (CK) in this experiment. Fruit quality was determined by physicochemical characteristics, the quantity of sugar, total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid and vitamin C. The antioxidant capacities of the methanol extracted from the pulp were tested using three different assays. RESULTS The results showed that bagging decreased the weight of fruit but promoted the appearance of loquat fruits. The total sugar content in the fruit bagged with OWPB was higher than in controls and in fruit bagged with TGDPB. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were decreased by both bagging treatments, with the lowest occurring in the fruit bagged with TGDPB. Bagging also decreased the total antioxidant capacity of the fruit pulp, which was again lower in TGDPB-treated fruits than in those bagged using OWPB. Correlation analysis showed a linear relationship between total antioxidant capacity and the content of total phenolic and flavonoid. CONCLUSION The results showed that different light transmittance bags had different effects on fruit quality and antioxidant capacity. In particular, bags with low light transmittance (TGDPB) decreased the inner quality and total antioxidant capacity of loquat fruit. All results indicated that bagging with OWPB was more suitable for maintaining the quality of the loquat fruit than bagging with TGDPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Xu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
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Behn H, Albert A, Marx F, Noga G, Ulbrich A. Ultraviolet-B and photosynthetically active radiation interactively affect yield and pattern of monoterpenes in leaves of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7361-7367. [PMID: 20481601 DOI: 10.1021/jf9046072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation is a key environmental signal in regulation of plant secondary metabolism. Since metabolic responses to light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure are known to depend on the ratio of spectral ranges (e.g., UV-B/PAR), we examined effects of different UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) levels and ratios on yield and pattern of monoterpenoid essential oil of peppermint. Experiments were performed in exposure chambers, technically equipped for realistic simulation of natural climate and radiation. The experimental design comprised four irradiation regimes created by the combination of two PAR levels including or excluding UV-B radiation. During flowering, the highest essential oil yield was achieved at high PAR (1150 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) and approximate ambient UV-B radiation (0.6 W m(-2)). Regarding the monoterpene pattern, low PAR (550 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) and the absence of UV-B radiation led to reduced menthol and increased menthone contents and thereby to a substantial decrease in oil quality. Essential oil yield could not be correlated with density or diameter of peltate glandular trichomes, the epidermal structures specialized on biosynthesis, and the accumulation of monoterpenes. The present results lead to the conclusion that production of high quality oils (fulfilling the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia Europaea) requires high levels of natural sunlight. In protected cultivation, the use of UV-B transmitting covering materials is therefore highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Behn
- Section Crop and Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Mialoundama AS, Heintz D, Debayle D, Rahier A, Camara B, Bouvier F. Abscisic acid negatively regulates elicitor-induced synthesis of capsidiol in wild tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1556-66. [PMID: 19420326 PMCID: PMC2705044 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the Solanaceae, biotic and abiotic elicitors induce de novo synthesis of sesquiterpenoid stress metabolites known as phytoalexins. Because plant hormones play critical roles in the induction of defense-responsive genes, we have explored the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on the synthesis of capsidiol, the major wild tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, using wild-type plants versus nonallelic mutants Npaba2 and Npaba1 that are deficient in ABA synthesis. Npaba2 and Npaba1 mutants exhibited a 2-fold higher synthesis of capsidiol than wild-type plants when elicited with either cellulase or arachidonic acid or when infected by Botrytis cinerea. The same trend was observed for the expression of the capsidiol biosynthetic genes 5-epi-aristolochene synthase and 5-epi-aristolochene hydroxylase. Treatment of wild-type plants with fluridone, an inhibitor of the upstream ABA pathway, recapitulated the behavior of Npaba2 and Npaba1 mutants, while the application of exogenous ABA reversed the enhanced synthesis of capsidiol in Npaba2 and Npaba1 mutants. Concomitant with the production of capsidiol, we observed the induction of ABA 8'-hydroxylase in elicited plants. In wild-type plants, the induction of ABA 8'-hydroxylase coincided with a decrease in ABA content and with the accumulation of ABA catabolic products such as phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid, suggesting a negative regulation exerted by ABA on capsidiol synthesis. Collectively, our data indicate that ABA is not required per se for the induction of capsidiol synthesis but is essentially implicated in a stress-response checkpoint to fine-tune the amplification of capsidiol synthesis in challenged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Zhang WJ, Björn LO. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the accumulation of medicinal compounds in plants. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:207-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Abstract
UV-B radiation is a key environmental signal that initiates diverse responses in plants that affect metabolism, development, and viability. Many effects of UV-B involve the differential regulation of gene expression. The response to UV-B depends on the nature of the UV-B treatment, the extent of adaptation and acclimation to UV-B, and interaction with other environmental factors. Responses to UV-B are mediated by both nonspecific signaling pathways, involving DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and wound/defense signaling molecules, and UV-B-specific pathways that mediate photomorphogenic responses to low levels of UV-B. Importantly, photomorphogenic signaling stimulates the expression of genes involved in UV-protection and hence promotes plant survival in UV-B. Photomorphogenic UV-B signaling is mediated by the UV-B-specific component UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8). Both UVR8 and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) are required for UV-B-induced expression of the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) transcription factor, which plays a central role in the regulation of genes involved in photomorphogenic UV-B responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth I. Jenkins
- Plant Science Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Zulak KG, Khan MF, Alcantara J, Schriemer DC, Facchini PJ. Plant defense responses in opium poppy cell cultures revealed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 8:86-98. [PMID: 18682378 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800211-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) produces a diverse array of bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, including the narcotic analgesic morphine and the antimicrobial agent sanguinarine. In contrast to the plant, cell cultures of opium poppy do not accumulate alkaloids constitutively but produce sanguinarine in response to treatment with certain fungal-derived elicitors. The induction of sanguinarine biosynthesis provides a model platform to characterize the regulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathways and other defense responses. Proteome analysis of elicitor-treated opium poppy cell cultures by two-dimensional denaturing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of 219 of 340 protein spots based on peptide fragment fingerprint searches of a combination of databases. Of the 219 hits, 129 were identified through pre-existing plant proteome databases, 63 were identified by matching predicted translation products in opium poppy-expressed sequence tag databases, and the remainder shared evidence from both databases. Metabolic enzymes represented the largest category of proteins and included S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, several glycolytic, and a nearly complete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, one alkaloid, and several other secondary metabolic enzymes. The abundance of chaperones, heat shock proteins, protein degradation factors, and pathogenesis-related proteins provided a comprehensive proteomics view on the coordination of plant defense responses. Qualitative comparison of protein abundance in control and elicitor-treated cell cultures allowed the separation of induced and constitutive or suppressed proteins. DNA microarrays were used to corroborate increases in protein abundance with a corresponding induction in cognate transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Zulak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Pandey SP, Baldwin IT. Silencing RNA-directed RNA polymerase 2 increases the susceptibility of Nicotiana attenuata to UV in the field and in the glasshouse. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:845-62. [PMID: 18298673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RNA-directed RNA-polymerases (RdRs) are essential in small interfering RNA (siRNA) biogenesis and appear to be functionally specialized. We examined the consequences of silencing RdR2 in Nicotiana attenuata with a field release, and transcriptional, two-dimensional proteomic and metabolite analyses. NaRdR2-silenced plants (irRdR2) had large reductions (46% of wild type) in 22-24-nt small RNAs (smRNAs), and smaller reductions (35, 23 and 26% of wild type) in the 19-21, 25-27 and 28-30-nt smRNAs, respectively. When planted into their native habitats in the Great Basin Desert, irRdR2 plants had impaired growth and reproductive output, which were associated with reduced levels of leaf phenolics (rutin and 4'-chlorogenic acid) and MYB and PAL transcripts, but were unaffected in their herbivore resistance. These phenotypes were confirmed in glasshouse experiments, but only when irRdR2 plants were grown with UV-B radiation. irRdR2 plants had wild-type levels of elicited phytohormones and resistance to Manduca sexta attack, but when exposed to UV-B, had reduced growth, fitness, levels of MYB and PAL transcripts, and phenolics. Proteins related to protection against oxidative and physiological stresses, chromatin remodeling and transcription were also downregulated. Silencing the MYB gene by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in wild-type plants reduced levels of PAL transcripts and phenolics, as it did in UV-exposed irRdR2 plants. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis contained a large number of smRNA binding motives, suggesting that these genes are targets of smRNAs. We conclude that although NaRdR2 transcripts are upregulated in response to both UV-B and herbivore elicitation, the responses they regulate have been tailored to provide protection from UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree P Pandey
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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Wang H, Hao J, Chen X, Hao Z, Wang X, Lou Y, Peng Y, Guo Z. Overexpression of rice WRKY89 enhances ultraviolet B tolerance and disease resistance in rice plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:799-815. [PMID: 17960484 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins are a large family of transcriptional regulators involved in a variety of biological processes in plants. Here we report functional characterization of a rice WRKY gene, OsWRKY89. RNA gel blot analysis indicated that OsWRKY89 was strongly induced by treatments of methyl jasmonate and UV-B radiation. The transient expression analysis of the OsWRKY89-eGFP reporter in onion epidermal cells revealed that OsWRKY89 was targeted to nuclei. Transcriptional activity assays of OsWRKY89 and its mutants fused with a GAL4 DNA binding domain indicated that the 67 C-terminal amino acids were required for the transcriptional activation and that the leucine zipper region at the N-terminus enhanced its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of OsWRKY89 led to growth retardation at the early stage and reduction of internode length. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an increase in wax deposition on leaf surfaces of the OsWRKY89 overexpression lines and a decrease in wax loading in the RNAi-mediated OsWRKY89 suppression lines. Moreover, extractable and cell-wall-bound phenolic compounds were decreased in the overexpressor lines, but its SA levels were increased. Lignin staining showed an increase in lignification in culms of the overexpressor lines. Interestingly, overexpression of the OsWRKY89 gene enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus and white-backed planthopper as well as tolerance to UV-B irradiation. These results suggest that OsWRKY89 plays an important role in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Yuanmenyuan West Rd. 2, Beijing 100094, China
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Kong WF, Chen JY, Hou ZX, Wen PF, Zhan JC, Pan QH, Huang WD. Activity and subcellular localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in peach fruits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:934-44. [PMID: 16884825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) were studied in developing peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Zaoyu) fruit. Fruit tissues were separated by differential centrifugation at 15,000g into plastidic and cytosolic fractions. There was no serious loss of enzyme activity (or activation) during the preparation of fractions. G6PDH activity was found in both the plastidic and cytosolic compartments. Moreover, DTT had no effect on the plastidic G6PDH activities, that is, the redox regulatory mechanism did not play an important role in the peach fleshy tissue. Results from the immunogold electron-microscope localization revealed that G6PDH isoenzymes were mainly present in the cytosol, the secondary wall and plastids (chloroplasts and chromoplasts), but scarcely found in the starch granules or the cell wall. In addition to a decrease in fruit firmness, the G6PDH activity in the cytotolic and plastidic fractions increased, and anthocyanin started to accumulate during fruit maturation. These results suggest that G6PDH, by providing precursors for metabolic processes, might be associated with the red coloration that occurs in peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fu Kong
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Zinser C, Seidlitz HK, Welzl G, Sandermann H, Heller W, Ernst D, Rau W. Transcriptional profiling of summer wheat, grown under different realistic UV-B irradiation regimes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:913-22. [PMID: 16893592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information on the impact of present-day ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on a reprogramming of gene expression in crops. Summer wheat was cultivated in controlled environmental facilities under simulated realistic climatic conditions. We investigated the effect of different regimes of UV-B radiation on summer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Nandu, Star and Turbo. Until recently, these were most important in Bavaria. Different cultivars of crops often show great differences in their sensitivity towards UV-B radiation. To identify genes that might be involved in UV-B defence mechanisms, we first analyzed selected genes known to be involved in plant defence mechanisms. RNA gel blot analysis of RNA isolated from the flag leaf of 84-day-old plants showed differences in transcript levels among the cultivars. Flag leaves are known to be important for grain development, which was completed at 84 days post-anthesis. Catalase 2 (Cat2) transcripts were elevated by increased UV irradiation in all cultivars with highest levels in cv. Nandu. Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) transcripts were elevated only in cv. Star. A minor influence on transcripts for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was observed in all three cultivars. This indicates different levels of acclimation to UV-B radiation in the wheat cultivars studied. To analyze these responses in more detail, UV-B-exposed flag leaves of 84-day-old wheat (cv. Nandu) were pooled to isolate cDNAs of induced genes by suppression-subtractive hybridization (SSH). Among the initially isolated cDNA clones, 13 were verified by RNA gel blot analysis showing an up-regulation at elevated levels of UV-B radiation. Functional classification revealed genes encoding proteins associated with protein assembly, chaperonins, programmed cell death and signal transduction. We also studied growth, flowering time, ear development and yield as more typical agricultural parameters. Plant growth of young plants was reduced at increased UV-B radiation. Flowering and ear development were delayed concomitantly, whereas total grain weight was not influenced at any of the UV-B irradiation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zinser
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Gebhardt YH, Witte S, Steuber H, Matern U, Martens S. Evolution of flavone synthase I from parsley flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase by site-directed mutagenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:1442-54. [PMID: 17535823 PMCID: PMC1914147 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.098392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase (FHT) and flavone synthase I (FNS I) are 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases with 80% sequence identity, which catalyze distinct reactions in flavonoid biosynthesis. However, FNS I has been reported exclusively from a few Apiaceae species, whereas FHTs are more abundant. Domain-swapping experiments joining the N terminus of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) FHT with the C terminus of parsley FNS I and vice versa revealed that the C-terminal portion is not essential for FNS I activity. Sequence alignments identified 26 amino acid substitutions conserved in FHT versus FNS I genes. Homology modeling, based on the related anthocyanidin synthase structure, assigned seven of these amino acids (FHT/FNS I, M106T, I115T, V116I, I131F, D195E, V200I, L215V, and K216R) to the active site. Accordingly, FHT was modified by site-directed mutagenesis, creating mutants encoding from one to seven substitutions, which were expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for FNS I and FHT assays. The exchange I131F in combination with either M106T and D195E or L215V and K216R replacements was sufficient to confer some FNS I side activity. Introduction of all seven FNS I substitutions into the FHT sequence, however, caused a nearly complete change in enzyme activity from FHT to FNS I. Both FHT and FNS I were proposed to initially withdraw the beta-face-configured hydrogen from carbon-3 of the naringenin substrate. Our results suggest that the 7-fold substitution affects the orientation of the substrate in the active-site pocket such that this is followed by syn-elimination of hydrogen from carbon-2 (FNS I reaction) rather than the rebound hydroxylation of carbon-3 (FHT reaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Helen Gebhardt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie , Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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