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Fofie Tedongmo AD, Mvondo MA. Allium ampeloprasum var. Porrum (Alliaceae) Improves Metabolic and Reproductive Disorders Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Wistar Rats. Biochem Res Int 2024; 2024:8364343. [PMID: 38283184 PMCID: PMC10817811 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8364343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
To provide scientific evidence of the efficacy of Allium ampeloprasum against female infertility, the effects of the aqueous extract of the said plant (AE) were evaluated in rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AE was administered orally to PCOS rats at doses of 192, 384, and 768 mg/kg. The positive control was co-treated with clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg) and metformin (200 mg/kg). Normal and negative controls received distilled water. The vaginal contents of rats were examined daily under a microscope before (7 days) and during treatment. Treatments were administered orally for 15 days, and then, 6 rats from each group were sacrificed for biochemical and histological analyses. The remaining rats were mated with males of proven fertility for 5 days. The daily examination of vaginal smears allowed the evaluation of fertility index. After parturition, additional fertility parameters were determined. Results showed that in PCOS rats, AE decreased body weight (p < 0.001), abdominal fat weight (p < 0.001), serum levels of LH (p < 0.001), testosterone (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.05), and LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01). HDL cholesterol increased and atherogenic indices decreased (p < 0.001). The number of Graafian follicles and corpora lutea increased, while cystic (p < 0.001) and atretic (p < 0.05) follicles decreased. AE also decreased oxidative stress in the ovaries, restored the estrous cycle, induced uterine epithelial cell hypertrophy, and improved fertility. These effects were attributed to phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins present in AE. The overall results justify the traditional use of A. ampeloprasum against female infertility and suggest its potential use as a dietary supplement for PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Alfrede Mvondo
- Research Unit of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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2
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Gillard BK, Rosales C, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. The pathophysiology of excess plasma-free cholesterol. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:278-286. [PMID: 37732779 PMCID: PMC10624414 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several large studies have shown increased mortality due to all-causes and to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In most clinical settings, plasma HDL-cholesterol is determined as a sum of free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester, two molecules with vastly different metabolic itineraries. We examine the evidence supporting the concept that the pathological effects of elevations of plasma HDL-cholesterol are due to high levels of the free cholesterol component of HDL-C. RECENT FINDINGS In a small population of humans, a high plasma HDL-cholesterol is associated with increased mortality. Similar observations in the HDL-receptor deficient mouse (Scarb1 -/- ), a preclinical model of elevated HDL-C, suggests that the pathological component of HDL in these patients is an elevated plasma HDL-FC. SUMMARY Collective consideration of the human and mouse data suggests that clinical trials, especially in the setting of high plasma HDL, should measure free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters and not just total cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba K. Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonio M. Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Preechasuk L, Luksameejaroenchai C, Tangjittipokin W, Kunavisarut T. Short-term effects of allulose consumption on glucose homeostasis, metabolic parameters, incretin levels, and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2939-2948. [PMID: 37432472 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allulose is a rare monosaccharide with almost zero calories. There is no study of short-term allulose consumption in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thus, we aimed to study the effect of allulose consumption for 12 weeks on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, body composition, incretin levels, and inflammatory markers in patients with T2D. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover study was conducted on sixteen patients with T2D. Patients were randomly assigned to allulose 7 g twice daily or aspartame 0.03 g twice daily for 12 weeks. After a 2-week washout, patients were crossed over to the other sweetener for an additional 12 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance tests, laboratory measurements, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were conducted before and after each phase. RESULTS This study revealed that short-term allulose consumption exerted no significant effect on glucose homeostasis, incretin levels, or body composition but significantly increased MCP-1 levels (259 ± 101 pg/ml at baseline vs. 297 ± 108 pg/mL after 12 weeks of allulose, p = 0.002). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) significantly decreased from 51 ± 13 mg/dl at baseline to 41 ± 12 mg/dL after 12 weeks of allulose, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION Twelve weeks of allulose consumption had a neutral effect on glucose homeostasis, body composition, and incretin levels. Additionally, it decreased HDL-C levels and increased MCP-1 levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was retrospectively registered on the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20220516006) on December 5, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukana Preechasuk
- Siriraj Diabetes Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanoknan Luksameejaroenchai
- Siriraj Diabetes Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watip Tangjittipokin
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tada Kunavisarut
- Siriraj Diabetes Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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4
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Ikonen E, Olkkonen VM. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041404. [PMID: 37277190 PMCID: PMC10411867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid species of mammalian cells. Cells acquire it through synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and uptake from lipoprotein particles. Newly synthesized cholesterol is efficiently distributed from the ER to other organelles via lipid-binding/transfer proteins concentrated at membrane contact sites (MCSs) to reach the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and plasma membrane. Lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is exported from the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments via a combination of vesicle/tubule-mediated membrane transport and transfer through MCSs. In this review, we provide an overview of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways, including cholesterol flux from the ER to other membranes, cholesterol uptake from lipoprotein donors and transport from the plasma membrane to the ER, cellular cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein acceptors, as well as lipoprotein cholesterol secretion from enterocytes, hepatocytes, and astrocytes. We also briefly discuss human diseases caused by defects in these processes and therapeutic strategies available in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies detected an inverse relationship between HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), identifying HDL-C as a major risk factor for ASCVD and suggesting atheroprotective functions of HDL. However, the role of HDL-C as a mediator of risk for ASCVD has been called into question by the failure of HDL-C-raising drugs to reduce cardiovascular events in clinical trials. Progress in understanding the heterogeneous nature of HDL particles in terms of their protein, lipid, and small RNA composition has contributed to the realization that HDL-C levels do not necessarily reflect HDL function. The most examined atheroprotective function of HDL is reverse cholesterol transport, whereby HDL removes cholesterol from plaque macrophage foam cells and delivers it to the liver for processing and excretion into bile. Indeed, in several studies, HDL has shown inverse associations between HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and ASCVD in humans. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque formation, and a fundamental function of HDL is suppression of inflammatory signaling in macrophages and other cells. Oxidation is also a critical process to ASCVD in promoting atherogenic oxidative modifications of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and cellular inflammation. HDL and its proteins including apoAI (apolipoprotein AI) and PON1 (paraoxonase 1) prevent cellular oxidative stress and LDL modifications. Importantly, HDL in humans with ASCVD is oxidatively modified rendering HDL dysfunctional and proinflammatory. Modification of HDL with reactive carbonyl species, such as malondialdehyde and isolevuglandins, dramatically impairs the antiatherogenic functions of HDL. Importantly, treatment of murine models of atherosclerosis with scavengers of reactive dicarbonyls improves HDL function and reduces systemic inflammation, atherosclerosis development, and features of plaque instability. Here, we discuss the HDL antiatherogenic functions in relation to oxidative modifications and the potential of reactive dicarbonyl scavengers as a therapeutic approach for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F. Linton
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Patricia G. Yancey
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Huan Tao
- 1. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sean S. Davies
- 2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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6
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Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Ferrari A, Clifford BL, Whang E, Gao Y, Qian K, Sandhu J, Jarrett KE, Brearley-Sholto MC, Nguyen A, Nagari RT, Lee MS, Zhang S, Weston TA, Young SG, Bensinger SJ, Villanueva CJ, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Tontonoz P. Hepatic nonvesicular cholesterol transport is critical for systemic lipid homeostasis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:165-181. [PMID: 36646756 PMCID: PMC9995220 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In cell models, changes in the 'accessible' pool of plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol are linked with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum sterol synthesis and metabolism by the Aster family of nonvesicular transporters; however, the relevance of such nonvesicular transport mechanisms for lipid homeostasis in vivo has not been defined. Here we reveal two physiological contexts that generate accessible PM cholesterol and engage the Aster pathway in the liver: fasting and reverse cholesterol transport. During fasting, adipose-tissue-derived fatty acids activate hepatocyte sphingomyelinase to liberate sequestered PM cholesterol. Aster-dependent cholesterol transport during fasting facilitates cholesteryl ester formation, cholesterol movement into bile and very low-density lipoprotein production. During reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoprotein delivers excess cholesterol to the hepatocyte PM through scavenger receptor class B member 1. Loss of hepatic Asters impairs cholesterol movement into feces, raises plasma cholesterol levels and causes cholesterol accumulation in peripheral tissues. These results reveal fundamental mechanisms by which Aster cholesterol flux contributes to hepatic and systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Paul Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bethan L Clifford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Whang
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaspreet Sandhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey E Jarrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rohith T Nagari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Sub Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sicheng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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LCAT- targeted therapies: Progress, failures and future. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112677. [PMID: 35121343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the only enzyme in plasma which is able to esterify cholesterol and boost cholesterol esterify with phospholipid-derived acyl chains. In order to better understand the progress of LCAT research, it is always inescapable that it is linked to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Because LCAT plays a central role in HDL metabolism and RCT, many animal studies and clinical studies are currently aimed at improving plasma lipid metabolism by increasing LCAT activity in order to find better treatment options for familial LCAT deficiency (FLD), fish eye disease (FED), and cardiovascular disease. Recombinant human LCAT (rhLCAT) injections, cells and gene therapy, and small molecule activators have been carried out with promising results. Recently rhLCAT therapies have entered clinical phase II trials with good prospects. In this review, we discuss the diseases associated with LCAT and therapies that use LCAT as a target hoping to find out whether LCAT can be an effective therapeutic target for coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. Also, probing the mechanism of action of LCAT may help better understand the heterogeneity of HDL and the action mechanism of dynamic lipoprotein particles.
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8
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Ong KL, Cochran BBiotech BJ, Manandhar B, Thomas S, Rye KA. HDL maturation and remodelling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159119. [PMID: 35121104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol in the circulation is mostly transported in an esterified form as a component of lipoproteins. The majority of these cholesteryl esters are produced in nascent, discoidal high density lipoproteins (HDLs) by the enzyme, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Discoidal HDLs are discrete populations of particles that consist of a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic acyl chains of which are shielded from the aqueous environment by apolipoproteins that also confer water solubility on the particles. The progressive LCAT-mediated accumulation of cholesteryl esters in discoidal HDLs generates the spherical HDLs that predominate in normal human plasma. Spherical HDLs contain a core of water insoluble, neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) that is surrounded by a surface monolayer of phospholipids with which apolipoproteins associate. Although spherical HDLs all have the same basic structure, they are extremely diverse in size, composition, and function. This review is concerned with how the biogenesis of discoidal and spherical HDLs is regulated and the mechanistic basis of their size and compositional heterogeneity. Current understanding of the impact of this heterogeneity on the therapeutic potential of HDLs of varying size and composition is also addressed in the context of several disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Leung Ong
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake J Cochran BBiotech
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bikash Manandhar
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shane Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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9
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Powers HR, Sahoo D. SR-B1's Next Top Model: Structural Perspectives on the Functions of the HDL Receptor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:277-288. [PMID: 35107765 PMCID: PMC8809234 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The binding of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to its primary receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), is critical for lowering plasma cholesterol levels and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. This review provides novel insights into how the structural elements of SR-B1 drive efficient function with an emphasis on bidirectional cholesterol transport. RECENT FINDINGS We have generated a new homology model of full-length human SR-B1 based on the recent resolution of the partial structures of other class B scavenger receptors. Interrogating this model against previously published observations allows us to generate structurally informed hypotheses about SR-B1's ability to mediate HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) transport. Furthermore, we provide a structural perspective as to why human variants of SR-B1 may result in impaired HDL-C clearance. A comprehensive understanding of SR-B1's structure-function relationships is critical to the development of therapeutic agents targeting SR-B1 and modulating cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R. Powers
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Cardiovascular Center, H4930 Health Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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10
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Zanotti I, Potì F, Cuchel M. HDL and reverse cholesterol transport in humans and animals: Lessons from pre-clinical models and clinical studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159065. [PMID: 34637925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accept cholesterol from cells and to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) represents the best characterized antiatherogenic function of HDL. Studies carried out in animal models have unraveled the multiple mechanisms by which these lipoproteins drive cholesterol efflux from macrophages and cholesterol uptake to the liver. Moreover, the influence of HDL composition and the role of lipid transporters have been clarified by using suitable transgenic models or through experimental design employing pharmacological or nutritional interventions. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), an in vitro assay developed to offer a measure of the first step of RCT, has been shown to associate with cardiovascular risk in several human cohorts, supporting the atheroprotective role of RCT in humans as well. However, negative data in other cohorts have raised concerns on the validity of this biomarker. In this review we will present the most relevant data documenting the role of HDL in RCT, as assessed in classical or innovative methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Potì
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39/F, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Abstract
Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations correlate negatively with the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). According to a widely cited model, HDL elicits its atheroprotective effect through its role in reverse cholesterol transport, which comprises the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages to early forms of HDL, followed by the conversion of free cholesterol (FCh) contained in HDL into cholesteryl esters, which are hepatically extracted from the plasma by HDL receptors and transferred to the bile for intestinal excretion. Given that increasing plasma HDL-cholesterol levels by genetic approaches does not reduce the risk of ASCVD, the focus of research has shifted to HDL function, especially in the context of macrophage cholesterol efflux. In support of the reverse cholesterol transport model, several large studies have revealed an inverse correlation between macrophage cholesterol efflux to plasma HDL and ASCVD. However, other studies have cast doubt on the underlying reverse cholesterol transport mechanism: in mice and humans, the FCh contained in HDL is rapidly cleared from the plasma (within minutes), independently of esterification and HDL holoparticle uptake by the liver. Moreover, the reversibility of FCh transfer between macrophages and HDL has implicated the reverse process - that is, the transfer of FCh from HDL to macrophages - in the aetiology of increased ASCVD under conditions of very high plasma HDL-FCh concentrations.
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12
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Liu J, Gillard BK, Yelamanchili D, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. High Free Cholesterol Bioavailability Drives the Tissue Pathologies in Scarb1 -/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e453-e467. [PMID: 34380332 PMCID: PMC8458258 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Overall and atherosclerosis-associated mortality is elevated in humans with very high HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations. Mice with a deficiency of the HDL receptor, Scarb1 (scavenger receptor class B type 1), are a robust model of this phenotype and exhibit several additional pathologies. We hypothesized that the previously reported high plasma concentration of free cholesterol (FC)-rich HDL in Scarb1-/- mice produces a state of high HDL-FC bioavailability that increases whole-body FC and dysfunction in multiple tissue sites. Approach and Results: The higher mol% FC in Scarb1-/- versus WT (wild type) HDL (41.1 versus 16.0 mol%) affords greater FC bioavailability for transfer to multiple sites. Plasma clearance of autologous HDL-FC mass was faster in WT versus Scarb1-/- mice. FC influx from Scarb1-/- HDL to LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and J774 macrophages was greater ([almost equal to]4x) than that from WT HDL, whereas FC efflux capacity was similar. The higher mol% FC of ovaries, erythrocytes, heart, and macrophages of Scarb1-/- versus WT mice is associated with previously reported female infertility, impaired cell maturation, cardiac dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The FC contents of other tissues were similar in the two genotypes, and these tissues were not associated with any overt pathology. In addition to the differences between WT versus Scarb1-/- mice, there were many sex-dependent differences in tissue-lipid composition and plasma FC clearance rates. Conclusions: Higher HDL-FC bioavailability among Scarb1-/- versus WT mice drives increased FC content of multiple cell sites and is a potential biomarker that is mechanistically linked to multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Baiba K. Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonio M. Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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13
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Gracia-Rubio I, Martín C, Civeira F, Cenarro A. SR-B1, a Key Receptor Involved in the Progression of Cardiovascular Disease: A Perspective from Mice and Human Genetic Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060612. [PMID: 34072125 PMCID: PMC8229968 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main driver of the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport and its ability to receive cholesterol that effluxes from macrophages in the artery wall. The scavenger receptor B class type 1 (SR-B1) was identified as the high-affinity HDL receptor, which facilitates the selective uptake of cholesterol ester (CE) into the liver via HDL and is also implicated in the plasma clearance of LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). Thus, SR-B1 is a multifunctional receptor that plays a main role in the metabolism of different lipoproteins. The aim of this review is to highlight the association between SR-B1 and CVD risk through mice and human genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gracia-Rubio
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (F.C.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-976-765-500 (ext. 142895)
| | - César Martín
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco UPB/EHU, 48940 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (F.C.); (A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (F.C.); (A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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14
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Cariello M, Salvia R, Härdfeldt J, Piglionica M, Rutigliano D, Caldarola P, Ossoli A, Vacca M, Graziano G, Battaglia S, Zerlotin R, Arconzo M, Crudele L, Sabbà C, Calabresi L, Moschetta A. Intracoronary monocyte expression pattern and HDL subfractions after non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166116. [PMID: 33667626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Coronary artery disease (CAD) is described as a range of clinical conditions including myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina. Lipid and apolipoprotein profiles together with the study of cholesterol deposit and efflux serve to identify novel pre and post infarct scenarios for the treatment of these patients. In (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction) NSTEMI patients, we analysed both systemic and intracoronary serum ability to accept cholesterol as well as cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of monocytes in terms of expression of genes involved in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). METHODS AND RESULTS While HDL-C quantity was similar between systemic and coronary arterial blood, in 21 NSTEMI patients we observed a significant reduction of the preβ-HDL fraction and the levels of Apolipoproteins AI, AII, B and E in coronary versus systemic serum. These data are complemented with the observed reduction of CEC. On the contrary, compared to systemic arterial monocytes, in coronary microenvironment of NSTEMI patients after myocardial infarction, the monocytes exhibited a higher mRNA expression of nuclear receptor LXRα and its targets ABCA1 and APOE, which drive cholesterol efflux capacity. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study we observe that in the immediate post infarction period, there is a spontaneous bona fide ligand-induced activation of the LXR driven cholesterol efflux capacity of intracoronary monocytes to overcome the reduced serum ability to accept cholesterol and to inhibit the post-infarction pro-inflammatory local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jennifer Härdfeldt
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Marilidia Piglionica
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Vacca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Giusi Graziano
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Battaglia
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Tissues and Organs Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Arconzo
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Crudele
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy; INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy.
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15
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Pownall HJ, Liu J, Gillard BK, Yelamanchili D, Rosales C. Physico-chemical and physiological determinants of lipo-nanoparticle stability. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 33:102361. [PMID: 33540069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposome-based nanoparticles (NPs) comprised mostly of phospholipids (PLs) have been developed to deliver diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Whereas reassembled plasma lipoproteins have been tested as NP carriers of hydrophobic molecules, they are unstable because the components can spontaneously transfer to other PL surfaces-cell membranes and lipoproteins-and can be degraded by plasma lipases. Here we review two strategies for NP stabilization. One is to use PLs that contain long acyl-chains: according to a quantitative thermodynamic model and in vivo tests, increasing the chain length of a PL reduces the spontaneous transfer rate and increases plasma lifetime. A second strategy is to substitute ether for ester bonds which makes the PLs lipase resistant. We conclude with recommendations of simple ex vivo and in vitro tests of NP stability that should be conducted before in vivo tests are begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Xu Y, Li Y, Jadhav K, Pan X, Zhu Y, Hu S, Chen S, Chen L, Tang Y, Wang HH, Yang L, Wang DQH, Yin L, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte ATF3 protects against atherosclerosis by regulating HDL and bile acid metabolism. Nat Metab 2021; 3:59-74. [PMID: 33462514 PMCID: PMC7856821 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor (ATF)3 is known to have an anti-inflammatory function, yet the role of hepatic ATF3 in lipoprotein metabolism or atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here we show that overexpression of human ATF3 in hepatocytes reduces the development of atherosclerosis in Western-diet-fed Ldlr-/- or Apoe-/- mice, whereas hepatocyte-specific ablation of Atf3 has the opposite effect. We further show that hepatic ATF3 expression is inhibited by hydrocortisone. Mechanistically, hepatocyte ATF3 enhances high-density lipoprotein (HDL) uptake, inhibits intestinal fat and cholesterol absorption and promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport by inducing scavenger receptor group B type 1 (SR-BI) and repressing cholesterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) in the liver through its interaction with p53 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, respectively. Our data demonstrate that hepatocyte ATF3 is a key regulator of HDL and bile acid metabolism and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, the Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kavita Jadhav
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Divison of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Shaoru Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Liuying Chen
- Divison of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Divison of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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17
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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18
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Allen JN, Dey A, Cai J, Zhang J, Tian Y, Kennett M, Ma Y, Liang TJ, Patterson AD, Hankey-Giblin PA. Metabolic Profiling Reveals Aggravated Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Lacking Ron Receptor Signaling. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080326. [PMID: 32796650 PMCID: PMC7464030 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents the progressive sub-disease of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that causes chronic liver injury initiated and sustained by steatosis and necroinflammation. The Ron receptor is a tyrosine kinase of the Met proto-oncogene family that potentially has a beneficial role in adipose and liver-specific inflammatory responses, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Since its discovery two decades ago, the Ron receptor has been extensively investigated for its differential roles on inflammation and cancer. Previously, we showed that Ron expression on tissue-resident macrophages limits inflammatory macrophage activation and promotes a repair phenotype, which can retard the progression of NASH in a diet-induced mouse model. However, the metabolic consequences of Ron activation have not previously been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of Ron receptor activation on major metabolic pathways that underlie the development and progression of NASH. Mice lacking apolipoprotein E (ApoE KO) and double knockout (DKO) mice that lack ApoE and Ron were maintained on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 18 weeks. We observed that, in DKO mice, the loss of ligand-dependent Ron signaling aggravated key pathological features in steatohepatitis, including steatosis, inflammation, oxidation stress, and hepatocyte damage. Transcriptional programs positively regulating fatty acid (FA) synthesis and uptake were upregulated in the absence of Ron receptor signaling, whereas lipid disposal pathways were downregulated. Consistent with the deregulation of lipid metabolism pathways, the DKO animals exhibited increased accumulation of FAs in the liver and decreased level of bile acids. Altogether, ligand-dependent Ron receptor activation provides protection from the deregulation of major metabolic pathways that initiate and aggravate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn N. Allen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Adwitia Dey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Jingtao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Mary Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yanling Ma
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.M.); (T.J.L.)
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (Y.M.); (T.J.L.)
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (P.A.H.-G.); Tel.: +1-814-867-4565; (A.D.P.); +1-814-863-0128 (P.A.H.-G.)
| | - Pamela A. Hankey-Giblin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (J.N.A.); (A.D.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.P.); (P.A.H.-G.); Tel.: +1-814-867-4565; (A.D.P.); +1-814-863-0128 (P.A.H.-G.)
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19
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Ma B, Jia J, Wang X, Zhang R, Niu S, Ni L, Di X, Liu C. Differential roles of Scavenger receptor class B type I: A protective molecule and a facilitator of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2599-2604. [PMID: 32945418 PMCID: PMC7453654 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a multi-ligand membrane protein receptor that binds to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) under physiological conditions, promoting the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from HDL into cells. SR-BI also promotes the reverse transport of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, contributing to the synthesis of bile acids for excretion and the removal of excess cholesterol from the body, thereby lowering the cholesterol load and exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Studies in mice and humans have demonstrated that a functional defect of SR-BI can cause atherosclerotic lesions and cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Additionally, SR-BI in vascular endothelial cells promoted the deposition of low-density lipoprotein under the endothelium. Although SR-BI is widely expressed in various tissues and cell types throughout the body, its expression level and function vary accordingly. The present review focuses on the biological functions and mechanisms of SR-BI in regulating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baitao Ma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Niu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Leng Ni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Di
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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20
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Silva JAX, Albertini AVP, Fonseca CSM, Silva DCN, Carvalho VCO, Lima VLM, Fontes A, Costa EVL, Nogueira RA. Biomechanical and biochemical investigation of erythrocytes in late stage human leptospirosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9268. [PMID: 32578717 PMCID: PMC7307891 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus
Leptospira, which can cause lipid changes in the
erythrocyte membrane. Optical tweezers were used to characterize rheological
changes in erythrocytes from patients with leptospirosis in the late stage.
Biochemical methods were also used for quantification of plasma lipid,
erythrocyte membrane lipid, and evaluation of liver function. Our data showed
that the mean elastic constant of erythrocytes from patients with leptospirosis
was around 67% higher than the control (healthy individuals), indicating that
patient’s erythrocytes were less elastic. In individuals with leptospirosis,
several alterations in relation to control were observed in the plasma lipids,
however, in the erythrocyte membrane, only phosphatidylcholine showed a
significant difference compared to control, increasing around 41%. With respect
to the evaluation of liver function of individuals with leptospirosis, there was
a significant increase in levels of alanine transaminase (154%) and aspartate
transaminase (150%), whereas albumin was 43.8% lower than control (P<0.01).
The lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase fractional activity was 3.6 times lower
in individuals with leptospirosis than in the healthy individuals (P<0.01).
The decrease of the erythrocyte elasticity may be related to the changes of
erythrocyte membrane phospholipids composition caused by disturbances that occur
during human leptospirosis, with phosphatidylcholine being a strong candidate in
the erythrocyte rheological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A X Silva
- Laboratório de Biofísica Teórico-Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Centro de Apoio è Pesquisa, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - A V P Albertini
- Laboratório de Biofísica Teórico-Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Centro de Apoio è Pesquisa, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - C S M Fonseca
- Laboratório de Química e Metabolismo de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - D C N Silva
- Colegiado de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - V C O Carvalho
- Laboratório de Química e Metabolismo de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - V L M Lima
- Laboratório de Química e Metabolismo de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - A Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - E V L Costa
- Laboratório de Biofísica Teórico-Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Centro de Apoio è Pesquisa, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - R A Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biofísica Teórico-Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Centro de Apoio è Pesquisa, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil
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21
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Zhang T, Chen J, Tang X, Luo Q, Xu D, Yu B. Interaction between adipocytes and high-density lipoprotein:new insights into the mechanism of obesity-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:223. [PMID: 31842884 PMCID: PMC6913018 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and is associated with dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The hallmark of dyslipidemia in obesity is low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Moreover, the quality of HDL is also changed in the obese setting. However, there are still some disputes on the explanations for this phenomenon. There is increasing evidence that adipose tissue, as an energy storage tissue, participates in several metabolism activities, such as hormone secretion and cholesterol efflux. It can influence overall reverse cholesterol transport and plasma HDL-C level. In obesity individuals, the changes in morphology and function of adipose tissue affect plasma HDL-C levels and HDL function, thus, adipose tissue should be the main target for the treatment of HDL metabolism in obesity. In this review, we will summarize the cross-talk between adipocytes and HDL related to cardiovascular disease and focus on the new insights of the potential mechanism underlying obesity and HDL dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Helgadottir A, Sulem P, Thorgeirsson G, Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, Jensson BÖ, Arnadottir GA, Olafsson I, Eyjolfsson GI, Sigurdardottir O, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudbjartsson DF, Holm H, Stefansson K. Rare SCARB1 mutations associate with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not with coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:2172-2178. [PMID: 29596577 PMCID: PMC6001888 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Scavenger receptor Class B Type 1 (SR-BI) is a major receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that promotes hepatic uptake of cholesterol from HDL. A rare mutation p.P376L, in the gene encoding SR-BI, SCARB1, was recently reported to associate with elevated HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), suggesting that increased HDL-C caused by SR-BI impairment might be an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. We tested the hypothesis that alleles in or close to SCARB1 that associate with elevated levels of HDL-C also associate with increased risk of CAD in the relatively homogeneous population of Iceland. Methods and results Using a large resource of whole-genome sequenced Icelanders, we identified thirteen SCARB1 coding mutations that we examined for association with HDL-C (n = 136 672). Three rare SCARB1 mutations, encoding p.G319V, p.V111M, and p.V32M (combined allelic frequency = 0.2%) associate with elevated levels of HDL-C (p.G319V: β = 11.1 mg/dL, P = 8.0 × 10−7; p.V111M: β = 8.3 mg/dL, P = 1.1 × 10−6; p.V32M: β = 10.2 mg/dL, P = 8.1 × 10−4). These mutations do not associate with CAD (36 886 cases/306 268 controls) (odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.67–1.22, P = 0.49), despite effects on HDL-C comparable to that reported for p.P376L, both in terms of direction and magnitude. Furthermore, HDL-C raising alleles of three common SCARB1 non-coding variants, including one previously unreported (rs61941676-C: β = 1.25 mg/dL, P = 1.7 × 10−18), and of one low frequency coding variant (p.V135I) that independently associate with higher HDL-C, do not confer increased risk of CAD. Conclusion Elevated HDL-C due to genetically compromised SR-BI function is not a marker of CAD risk. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helgadottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali, National University Hospital of Iceland, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali, National University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Olof Sigurdardottir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Akureyri Hospital, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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23
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Li J, Pijut SS, Wang Y, Ji A, Kaur R, Temel RE, van der Westhuyzen DR, Graf GA. Simultaneous Determination of Biliary and Intestinal Cholesterol Secretion Reveals That CETP (Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein) Alters Elimination Route in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1986-1995. [PMID: 31462090 PMCID: PMC6761010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) on the route of cholesterol elimination in mice. Approach and Results: We adapted our protocol for biliary cholesterol secretion with published methods for measuring transintestinal cholesterol elimination. Bile was diverted and biliary lipid secretion maintained by infusion of bile acid. The proximal small bowel was perfused with bile acid micelles. In high-fat, high-cholesterol-fed mice, the presence of a CETP transgene increased biliary cholesterol secretion at the expense of transintestinal cholesterol elimination. The increase in biliary cholesterol secretion was not associated with increases in hepatic SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) or ABCG5 (ATP-binding cassette G5) ABCG8. The decline in intestinal cholesterol secretion was associated with an increase in intestinal Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, gene-like 1 mRNA. Finally, we followed the delivery of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesteryl esters (CE) from plasma to bile and intestinal perfusates. HDL-CE favored the biliary pathway. Following high-fat feeding, the presence of CETP directed HDL-CE away from the bile and towards the intestine. The presence of CETP increased LDL-CE delivery to bile, whereas the appearance of LDL-CE in intestinal perfusate was near the lower limit of detection. CONCLUSIONS Biliary and intestinal cholesterol secretion can be simultaneously measured in mice and used as a model to examine factors that alter cholesterol elimination. Plasma factors, such as CETP, alter the route of cholesterol elimination from the body. Intestinal and biliary cholesterol secretion rates are independent of transhepatic or transintestinal delivery of HDL-CE, whereas LDL-CE was eliminated almost exclusively in the hepatobiliary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sonja S Pijut
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ailing Ji
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deneys R van der Westhuyzen
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Gregory A Graf
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Barnstable Brown Center for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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24
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Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is of central importance for life. Therefore, cells have developed a divergent set of pathways to meet their cholesterol needs. In this review, we focus on the direct transfer of cholesterol from lipoprotein particles to the cell membrane. More molecular details on the transfer of lipoprotein-derived lipids were gained by recent studies using phospholipid bilayers. While amphiphilic lipids are transferred right after contact of the lipoprotein particle with the membrane, the transfer of core lipids is restricted. Amphiphilic lipid transfer gains special importance in genetic diseases impairing lipoprotein metabolism like familial hypercholesterolemia. Taken together, these data indicate that there is a constant exchange of amphiphilic lipids between lipoprotein particles and the cell membrane.
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25
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Schill RL, Knaack DA, Powers HR, Chen Y, Yang M, Schill DJ, Silverstein RL, Sahoo D. Modification of HDL by reactive aldehydes alters select cardioprotective functions of HDL in macrophages. FEBS J 2019; 287:695-707. [PMID: 31386799 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While increased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol correlate with protection against cardiovascular disease, recent findings demonstrate that HDL function, rather than HDL-cholesterol levels, may be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk. One mechanism by which HDL function can be compromised is through modification by reactive aldehydes such as acrolein (Acro), 4-hydroxynonenal, and malondialdehyde (MDA). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that modification of HDL with reactive aldehydes would impair HDL's athero-protective functions in macrophages. Compared to native HDL, Acro- and MDA-modified HDL have impaired abilities to promote migration of primary peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL6/J mice. Incubation of macrophages with MDA-HDL also led to an increased ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Our studies revealed that the changes in HDL function following aldehyde modification are likely not through activation of canonical nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways. Consistent with this finding, treatment of either noncholesterol-loaded macrophages or foam cells with modified forms of HDL does not lead to significant changes in expression levels of inflammatory markers. Importantly, our data also demonstrate that changes in HDL function are dependent on the type of modification present on the HDL particle. Our findings suggest that modification of HDL with reactive aldehydes can impair some, but not all, of HDL's athero-protective functions in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Schill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Darcy A Knaack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hayley R Powers
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Moua Yang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Schill
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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26
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Rosales C, Gillard BK, Xu B, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Revisiting Reverse Cholesterol Transport in the Context of High-Density Lipoprotein Free Cholesterol Bioavailability. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:47-54. [PMID: 31049149 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated free cholesterol (FC) metabolism has been implicated in nearly all stages of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. According to a widely cited model, the burden of macrophage FC in the arterial wall is relieved by transhepatic reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which comprises three successive steps: (1) macrophage FC efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and/or its major protein, apolipoprotein AI; (2) FC esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT); and (3) HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake via the hepatic HDL-receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Recent studies have challenged the validity of this model, most notably the role of LCAT, which appears to be of minor importance. In mice, most macrophage-derived FC is rapidly cleared from plasma (t1/2 < 5 min) without esterification by hepatic uptake; the remainder is taken up by multiple tissue and cell types, especially erythrocytes. Further, some FC is cleared by the nonhepatic transintestinal pathway. Lastly, FC movement among lipid surfaces is reversible, so that a higher-than-normal level of HDL-FC bioavailability-defined by high plasma HDL levels concurrent with a high mol% HDL-FC-leads to the transfer of excess FC to cells in vivo. SR-B1-/- mice provide an animal model to study the mechanistic consequences of high HDL-FC bioavailability that provokes atherosclerosis and other metabolic abnormalities. Future efforts should aim to reduce HDL-FC bioavailability, thereby reducing FC accretion by tissues and the attendant atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Rosales
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Bingqing Xu
- XIANGYA HOSPITAL, CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY, CHANGSHA, CHINA
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Henry J Pownall
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL, HOUSTON, TEXAS.,WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
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27
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Bashore AC, Liu M, Key CCC, Boudyguina E, Wang X, Carroll CM, Sawyer JK, Mullick AE, Lee RG, Macauley SL, Parks JS. Targeted Deletion of Hepatocyte Abca1 Increases Plasma HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Reverse Cholesterol Transport via the LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1747-1761. [PMID: 31167565 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of hepatocyte Abca1 (ATP binding cassette transporter A1) in trafficking hepatic free cholesterol (FC) into plasma versus bile for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is poorly understood. We hypothesized that hepatocyte Abca1 recycles plasma HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) taken up by the liver back into plasma, maintaining the plasma HDL-C pool, and decreasing HDL-mediated RCT into feces. Approach and Results: Chow-fed hepatocyte-specific Abca1 knockout (HSKO) and control mice were injected with human HDL radiolabeled with 125I-tyramine cellobiose (125I-TC; protein) and 3H-cholesteryl oleate (3H-CO). 125I-TC and 3H-CO plasma decay, plasma HDL 3H-CO selective clearance (ie, 3H-125I fractional catabolic rate), liver radiolabel uptake, and fecal 3H-sterol were significantly greater in HSKO versus control mice, supporting increased plasma HDL RCT. Twenty-four hours after 3H-CO-HDL injection, HSKO mice had reduced total hepatic 3H-FC (ie, 3H-CO hydrolyzed to 3H-FC in liver) resecretion into plasma, demonstrating Abca1 recycled HDL-derived hepatic 3H-FC back into plasma. Despite similar liver LDLr (low-density lipoprotein receptor) expression between genotypes, HSKO mice treated with LDLr-targeting versus control antisense oligonucleotide had slower plasma 3H-CO-HDL decay, reduced selective 3H-CO clearance, and decreased fecal 3H-sterol excretion that was indistinguishable from control mice. Increased RCT in HSKO mice was selective for 3H-CO-HDL, since macrophage RCT was similar between genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocyte Abca1 deletion unmasks a novel and selective FC trafficking pathway that requires LDLr expression, accelerating plasma HDL-selective CE uptake by the liver and promoting HDL RCT into feces, consequently reducing HDL-derived hepatic FC recycling into plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Bashore
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mingxia Liu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Chia-Chi C Key
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elena Boudyguina
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Caitlin M Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (C.M.C., S.L.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Janet K Sawyer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Group, Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M., R.G.L.)
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Group, Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA (A.E.M., R.G.L.)
| | - Shannon L Macauley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (C.M.C., S.L.M.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John S Parks
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine (A.C.B., M.L., C-C.C.K., E.B., X.W., J.K.S., J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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28
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Pownall HJ, Gotto AM. Cholesterol: Can't Live With It, Can't Live Without It. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2019; 15:9-15. [PMID: 31049144 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-15-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its role in many biochemical processes essential to life, cholesterol remains a topic of intense research. Of all the plasma lipids, cholesterol is distinctive because it is a precursor to steroidogenic molecules, some of which regulate metabolism, and its blood concentration in the form of low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are positive and negative risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). New research, however, has challenged the widely held belief that high HDL-C levels are atheroprotective and is showing that both low and high plasma HDL-C levels confer an increased risk of ASCVD. Furthermore, it is disputing the widely cited mechanism involved in reverse cholesterol transport. This review explores the evolution of cholesterol research starting with the Gofman and Framingham studies, the development of traditional and emerging lipid-lowering therapies, and the role of reverse cholesterol transport in HDL cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Pownall
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON, TEXAS; WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOUSTON, TEXAS; WEILL CORNELL MEDICINE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK
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29
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Plochberger B, Axmann M, Röhrl C, Weghuber J, Brameshuber M, Rossboth BK, Mayr S, Ros R, Bittman R, Stangl H, Schütz GJ. Direct observation of cargo transfer from HDL particles to the plasma membrane. Atherosclerosis 2018; 277:53-59. [PMID: 30173079 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exchange of cholesterol between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and cells is a key process for maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Recently, we have shown that amphiphilic cargo derived from HDL can be transferred directly to lipid bilayers. Here we pursued this work using a fluorescence-based method to directly follow cargo transfer from HDL particles to the cell membrane. METHODS HDL was either immobilized on surfaces or added directly to cells, while transfer of fluorescent cargo was visualized via fluorescence imaging. RESULTS In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), transfer of amphiphilic cargo from HDL particles to the plasma membrane was observed immediately after contact, whereas hydrophobic cargo remained associated with the particles; about 60% of the amphiphilic cargo of surface-bound HDL was transferred to the plasma membrane. Essentially no cargo transfer was observed in cells with low endogenous SR-B1 expression. Interestingly, transfer of fluorescently-labeled cholesterol was also facilitated by using an artificial linker to bind HDL to the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Our data hence indicate that the tethering function of SR-B1 is sufficient for efficient transfer of free cholesterol to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Plochberger
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna, 1040, Austria; Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Wels, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600, Wels, Austria
| | | | | | - Sandra Mayr
- Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Campus Linz, Garnisonstrasse 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Robert Ros
- Arizona State University, Department of Physics, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1504, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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30
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Huang J, Wang Y, Ying C, Liu L, Lou Z. Effects of mulberry leaf on experimental hyperlipidemia rats induced by high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:547-556. [PMID: 30116313 PMCID: PMC6090255 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mulberry leaf (ML) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used to treat hyperlipidemia in clinical settings. The aim of the present study was to identify the potential effect and possible target of ML in anti-hypercholesterolemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with ML for 5 weeks. Blood lipid levels, total cholesterol (TC) and total bile acid (TBA) in the liver and feces were measured to assess the effects of ML on hypercholesterolemia. Harris's hematoxylin staining and oil red O staining was applied to observe the pathological change and lipid accumulation in the liver. Immunohistochemical assay was performed to observe the location of expressions of scavenger receptor class B type I and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (-R), and western blotting was applied to determine the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8), nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1). The results demonstrated that ML treatment reduced serum TC and LDL-cholesterol levels, and liver TC and TBA contents; increased serum HDL-C levels, and fecal TC and TBA contents; and alleviated hepatocyte lipid degeneration. In addition, ML treatment inhibited liver LDL-R, PPARα and FXR protein expression, promoted protein expression of CYP7A1, and maintained the ratio of ABCG5/ABCG8. The findings of the present study provide a positive role of ML on cholesterol clearance via promoting cholesterol and TBA execration via FXR- and CYP7A1-mediated pathways; RCT regulation may be a potential mechanism of ML on anti-hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yangpeng Wang
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ying
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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31
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Shen WJ, Asthana S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Scavenger receptor B type 1: expression, molecular regulation, and cholesterol transport function. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1114-1131. [PMID: 29720388 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is required for maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity and integrity and for many cellular functions. Cellular cholesterol can be obtained from lipoproteins in a selective pathway of HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake without parallel apolipoprotein uptake. Scavenger receptor B type 1 (SR-B1) is a cell surface HDL receptor that mediates HDL-CE uptake. It is most abundantly expressed in liver, where it provides cholesterol for bile acid synthesis, and in steroidogenic tissues, where it delivers cholesterol needed for storage or steroidogenesis in rodents. SR-B1 transcription is regulated by trophic hormones in the adrenal gland, ovary, and testis; in the liver and elsewhere, SR-B1 is subject to posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation. SR-B1 operates in several metabolic processes and contributes to pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, inflammation, hepatitis C virus infection, and other conditions. Here, we summarize characteristics of the selective uptake pathway and involvement of microvillar channels as facilitators of selective HDL-CE uptake. We also present the potential mechanisms of SR-B1-mediated selective cholesterol transport; the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational regulation of SR-B1; and the impact of gene variants on expression and function of human SR-B1. A better understanding of this unique pathway and SR-B1's role may yield improved therapies for a wide variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Drug Discovery Research Center (DDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Research Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 and Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Gillard BK, Rosales C, Xu B, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Rethinking reverse cholesterol transport and dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:849-856. [PMID: 29731282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations are a negative risk factor for atherosclerosis-linked cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological attempts to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by increasing plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have been disappointing so that recent research has shifted from HDL quantity to HDL quality, that is, functional vs dysfunctional HDL. HDL has varying degrees of dysfunction reflected in impaired reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In the context of atheroprotection, RCT occurs by 2 mechanisms: one is the well-known trans-hepatic pathway comprising macrophage free cholesterol (FC) efflux, which produces early forms of FC-rich nascent HDL (nHDL). Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase converts HDL-FC to HDL-cholesteryl ester while converting nHDL from a disc to a mature spherical HDL, which transfers its cholesteryl ester to the hepatic HDL receptor, scavenger receptor B1 for uptake, conversion to bile salts, or transfer to the intestine for excretion. Although widely cited, current evidence suggests that this is a minor pathway and that most HDL-FC and nHDL-FC rapidly transfer directly to the liver independent of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. A small fraction of plasma HDL-FC enters the trans-intestinal efflux pathway comprising direct FC transfer to the intestine. SR-B1-/- mice, which have impaired trans-hepatic FC transport, are characterized by high plasma levels of a dysfunctional FC-rich HDL that increases plasma FC bioavailability in a way that produces whole-body hypercholesterolemia and multiple pathologies. The design of future therapeutic strategies to improve RCT will have to be formulated in the context of these dual RCT mechanisms and the role of FC bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba K Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bingqing Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Vitali C, Khetarpal SA, Rader DJ. HDL Cholesterol Metabolism and the Risk of CHD: New Insights from Human Genetics. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19:132. [PMID: 29103089 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-017-0940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the blood (HDL-C) represent one of the strongest epidemiological surrogates for protection against coronary heart disease (CHD), but recent human genetic and pharmacological intervention studies have raised controversy about the causality of this relationship. Here, we review recent discoveries from human genome studies using new analytic tools as well as relevant animal studies that have both addressed, and in some cases, fueled this controversy. RECENT FINDINGS Methodologic developments in genotyping and sequencing, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), exome sequencing, and exome array genotyping, have been applied to the study of HDL-C and risk of CHD in large, multi-ethnic populations. Some of these efforts focused on population-wide variation in common variants have uncovered new polymorphisms at novel loci associated with HDL-C and, in some cases, CHD risk. Other efforts have discovered loss-of-function variants for the first time in genes previously implicated in HDL metabolism through common variant studies or animal models. These studies have allowed the genetic relationship between these pathways, HDL-C and CHD to be explored in humans for the first time through analysis tools such as Mendelian randomization. We explore these discoveries for selected key HDL-C genes CETP, LCAT, LIPG, SCARB1, and novel loci implicated from GWAS including GALNT2, KLF14, and TTC39B. Recent human genetics findings have identified new nodes regulating HDL metabolism while reshaping our current understanding of known candidate genes to HDL and CHD risk through the study of critical variants across model systems. Despite their effect on HDL-C, variants in many of the reviewed genes were found to lack any association with CHD. These data collectively indicate that HDL-C concentration, which represents a static picture of a very dynamic and heterogeneous metabolic milieu, is unlikely to be itself causally protective against CHD. In this context, human genetics represent an extremely valuable tool to further explore the biological mechanisms regulating HDL metabolism and investigate what role, if any, HDL plays in the pathogenesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vitali
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-162 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-162 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-162 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 11-125 TRC, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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34
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Xu B, Gillard BK, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. ABCA1-Derived Nascent High-Density Lipoprotein-Apolipoprotein AI and Lipids Metabolically Segregate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2260-2270. [PMID: 29074589 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reverse cholesterol transport comprises cholesterol efflux from ABCA1-expressing macrophages to apolipoprotein (apo) AI, giving nascent high-density lipoprotein (nHDL), esterification of nHDL-free cholesterol (FC), selective hepatic extraction of HDL lipids, and hepatic conversion of HDL cholesterol to bile salts, which are excreted. We tested this model by identifying the fates of nHDL-[3H]FC, [14C] phospholipid (PL), and [125I]apo AI in serum in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS During in vitro incubation of human serum, nHDL-[3H]FC and [14C]PL rapidly transfer to HDL and low-density lipoproteins (t1/2=2-7 minutes), whereas nHDL-[125I]apo AI transfers solely to HDL (t1/2<10 minutes) and to the lipid-free form (t1/2>480 minutes). After injection into mice, nHDL-[3H]FC and [14C]PL rapidly transfer to liver (t1/2=≈2-3 minutes), whereas apo AI clears with t1/2=≈460 minutes. The plasma nHDL-[3H]FC esterification rate is slow (0.46%/h) compared with hepatic uptake. PL transfer protein enhances nHDL-[14C]PL but not nHDL-[3H]FC transfer to cultured Huh7 hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS nHDL-FC, PL, and apo AI enter different pathways in vivo. Most nHDL-[3H]FC and [14C]PL are rapidly extracted by the liver via SR-B1 (scavenger receptor class B member 1) and spontaneous transfer; hepatic PL uptake is promoted by PL transfer protein. nHDL-[125I]apo AI transfers to HDL and to the lipid-free form that can be recycled to nHDL formation. Cholesterol esterification by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase is a minor process in nHDL metabolism. These findings could guide the design of therapies that better mobilize peripheral tissue-FC to hepatic disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Xu
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Corina Rosales
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.)
| | - Henry J Pownall
- From the Center for Bioenergetics and Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (B.X., B.K.G., A.M.G., C.R., H.J.P.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (B.X.).
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35
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Veeravalli S, Karu K, Scott F, Fennema D, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Effect of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Genotype, Mouse Strain, and Gender on Trimethylamine N-oxide Production, Plasma Cholesterol Concentration, and an Index of Atherosclerosis. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:20-25. [PMID: 29070510 PMCID: PMC5733448 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the contribution, in mice, of members of the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) family to the production of trimethylamine (TMA) N-oxide (TMAO), a potential proatherogenic molecule, and whether under normal dietary conditions differences in TMAO production were associated with changes in plasma cholesterol concentration or with an index of atherosclerosis (Als). Concentrations of urinary TMA and TMAO and plasma cholesterol were measured in 10-week-old male and female C57BL/6J and CD-1 mice and in mouse lines deficient in various Fmo genes (Fmo1−/−, 2−/−, 4−/−, and Fmo5−/−). In female mice most TMA N-oxygenation was catalyzed by FMO3, but in both genders 11%–12% of TMA was converted to TMAO by FMO1. Gender-, Fmo genotype-, and strain-related differences in TMAO production were accompanied by opposite effects on plasma cholesterol concentration. Plasma cholesterol was negatively, but weakly, correlated with TMAO production and urinary TMAO concentration. Fmo genotype had no effect on Als. There was no correlation between Als and either TMAO production or urinary TMAO concentration. Our results indicate that under normal dietary conditions TMAO does not increase plasma cholesterol or act as a proatherogenic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Veeravalli
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (S.V., F.S., D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.) and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry (K.K.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.P.)
| | - Kersti Karu
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (S.V., F.S., D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.) and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry (K.K.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.P.)
| | - Flora Scott
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (S.V., F.S., D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.) and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry (K.K.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.P.)
| | - Diede Fennema
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (S.V., F.S., D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.) and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry (K.K.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.P.)
| | - Ian R Phillips
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (S.V., F.S., D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.) and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry (K.K.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.P.)
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology (S.V., F.S., D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.) and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry (K.K.), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (I.R.P.)
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36
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Scott Kiss R, Sniderman A. Shunts, channels and lipoprotein endosomal traffic: a new model of cholesterol homeostasis in the hepatocyte. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:95-107. [PMID: 28808191 PMCID: PMC5445212 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver directs cholesterol metabolism in the organism. All the major fluxes of cholesterol within the body involve the liver: dietary cholesterol is directed to the liver; cholesterol from peripheral cells goes to the liver; the liver is a major site of cholesterol synthesis for the organism; cholesterol is secreted from the liver within the bile, within apoB lipoproteins and translocated to nascent HDL. The conventional model of cholesterol homeostasis posits that cholesterol from any source enters a common, rapidly exchangeable pool within the cell, which is in equilibrium with a regulatory pool. Increased influx of cholesterol leads rapidly to decreased synthesis of cholesterol. This model was developed based on in vitro studies in the fibroblast and validated only for LDL particles. The challenges the liver must meet in vivo to achieve cholesterol homeostasis are far more complex. Our model posits that the cholesterol derived from three different lipoproteins endosomes has three different fates: LDL-derived cholesterol is largely recycled within VLDL with most of the cholesterol shunted through the hepatocyte without entering the exchangeable pool of cholesterol; high density lipoprotein-derived CE is transcytosed into bile; and chylomicron remnant-derived cholesterol primarily enters the regulatory pool within the hepatocyte. These endosomal channels represent distinct physiological pathways and hepatic homeostasis represents the net result of the outcomes of these distinct channels. Our model takes into account the distinct physiological challenges the hepatocyte must meet, underlie the pathophysiology of many of the apoB dyslipoproteinemias and account for the sustained effectiveness of therapeutic agents such as statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Scott Kiss
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Allan Sniderman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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37
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Chadwick AC, Jensen DR, Hanson PJ, Lange PT, Proudfoot SC, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, Sahoo D. NMR Structure of the C-Terminal Transmembrane Domain of the HDL Receptor, SR-BI, and a Functionally Relevant Leucine Zipper Motif. Structure 2017; 25:446-457. [PMID: 28162952 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with its receptor, scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), is critical for lowering plasma cholesterol levels and reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease. The HDL/SR-BI complex facilitates delivery of cholesterol into cells and is likely mediated by receptor dimerization. This work describes the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to generate the first high-resolution structure of the C-terminal transmembrane domain of SR-BI. This region of SR-BI harbors a leucine zipper dimerization motif, which when mutated impairs the ability of the receptor to bind HDL and mediate cholesterol delivery. These losses in function correlate with the inability of SR-BI to form dimers. We also identify juxtamembrane regions of the extracellular domain of SR-BI that may interact with the lipid surface to facilitate cholesterol transport functions of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Chadwick
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Davin R Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Philip T Lange
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sarah C Proudfoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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38
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Yang Y, Rosales C, Gillard BK, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Acylation of lysine residues in human plasma high density lipoprotein increases stability and plasma clearance in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1787-1795. [PMID: 27594697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) concentrations negatively correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, underlying mechanisms are unknown. Thus, there is continued interest in HDL structure and functionality. Numerous plasma factors disrupt HDL structure while inducing the release of lipid free apolipoprotein (apo) AI. Given that HDL is an unstable particle residing in a kinetic trap, we tested whether HDL could be stabilized by acylation with acetyl and hexanoyl anhydrides, giving AcHDL and HexHDL respectively. Lysine analysis with fluorescamine showed that AcHDL and HexHDL respectively contained 11 acetyl and 19 hexanoyl groups. Tests with biological and physicochemical perturbants showed that HexHDL was more stable than HDL to perturbant-induced lipid free apo AI formation. Like the reaction of streptococcal serum opacity factor against HDL, the interaction of HDL with its receptor, scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1), removes CE from HDL. Thus, we tested and validated the hypothesis that selective uptake of HexHDL-[3H]CE by Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing SR-B1 is less than that of HDL-[3H]CE; thus, selective SR-B1 uptake of HDL-CE depends on HDL instability. However, in mice, plasma clearance, hepatic uptake and sterol secretion into bile were faster from HexHDL-[3H]CE than from HDL-[3H]CE. Collectively, our data show that acylation increases HDL stability and that the reaction of plasma factors with HDL and SR-B1-mediated uptake are reduced by increased HDL stability. In vivo data suggest that HexHDL promotes charge-dependent reverse cholesterol transport, by a mechanism that increases hepatic sterol uptake via non SR-B1 receptors, thereby increasing bile acid output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaliu Yang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| | - Corina Rosales
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Baiba K Gillard
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Henry J Pownall
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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39
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Wang J, Bie J, Ghosh S. Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins enhance hydrolysis of HDL-CEs and facilitate elimination of cholesterol into bile. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1712-9. [PMID: 27381048 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While HDL-associated unesterified or free cholesterol (FC) is thought to be rapidly secreted into the bile, the fate of HDL-associated cholesteryl esters (HDL-CEs) that represent >80% of HDL-cholesterol, is only beginning to be understood. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that intracellular cholesterol transport proteins [sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1)] not only facilitate CE hydrolase-mediated hydrolysis of HDL-CEs, but also enhance elimination of cholesterol into bile. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of FABP1 or SCP2 in primary hepatocytes significantly increased hydrolysis of HDL-[(3)H]CE, reduced resecretion of HDL-CE-derived FC as nascent HDL, and increased its secretion as bile acids. Consistently, the flux of [(3)H]cholesterol from HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary bile acids was increased by overexpression of SCP2 or FABP1 in vivo and reduced in SCP2(-/-) mice. Increased flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC was noted with FABP1 overexpression and in SCP2(-/-) mice that have increased FABP1 expression. Lack of a significant decrease in the flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC or bile acids in FABP1(-/-) mice indicates the likely compensation of its function by an as yet unidentified mechanism. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that FABP1 and SCP2 facilitate the preferential movement of HDL-CEs to bile for final elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jinghua Bie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
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40
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Ossoli A, Pavanello C, Calabresi L. High-Density Lipoprotein, Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase, and Atherosclerosis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:223-9. [PMID: 27302716 PMCID: PMC4923405 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data clearly show the existence of a strong inverse correlation between plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and the incidence of coronary heart disease. This relation is explained by a number of atheroprotective properties of HDL, first of all the ability to promote macrophage cholesterol transport. HDL are highly heterogeneous and are continuously remodeled in plasma thanks to the action of a number of proteins and enzymes. Among them, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a crucial role, being the only enzyme able to esterify cholesterol within lipoproteins. LCAT is synthetized by the liver and it has been thought to play a major role in reverse cholesterol transport and in atheroprotection. However, data from animal studies, as well as human studies, have shown contradictory results. Increased LCAT concentrations are associated with increased HDL-C levels but not necessarily with atheroprotection. On the other side, decreased LCAT concentration and activity are associated with decreased HDL-C levels but not with increased atherosclerosis. These contradictory results confirm that HDL-C levels per se do not represent the functionality of the HDL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
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41
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Zanoni P, Khetarpal SA, Larach DB, Hancock-Cerutti WF, Millar JS, Cuchel M, DerOhannessian S, Kontush A, Surendran P, Saleheen D, Trompet S, Jukema JW, De Craen A, Deloukas P, Sattar N, Ford I, Packard C, Majumder AAS, Alam DS, Di Angelantonio E, Abecasis G, Chowdhury R, Erdmann J, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Schmidt RF, Kuulasmaa K, Liu DJ, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Salomaa V, Männistö S, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Ferrieres J, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ferrario M, Kee F, Willer CJ, Samani N, Schunkert H, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Peloso GM, Stitziel NO, Danesh J, Kathiresan S, Rader DJ. Rare variant in scavenger receptor BI raises HDL cholesterol and increases risk of coronary heart disease. Science 2016; 351:1166-71. [PMID: 26965621 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is the major receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C). In humans, high amounts of HDL-C in plasma are associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Mice that have depleted Scarb1 (SR-BI knockout mice) have markedly elevated HDL-C levels but, paradoxically, increased atherosclerosis. The impact of SR-BI on HDL metabolism and CHD risk in humans remains unclear. Through targeted sequencing of coding regions of lipid-modifying genes in 328 individuals with extremely high plasma HDL-C levels, we identified a homozygote for a loss-of-function variant, in which leucine replaces proline 376 (P376L), in SCARB1, the gene encoding SR-BI. The P376L variant impairs posttranslational processing of SR-BI and abrogates selective HDL cholesterol uptake in transfected cells, in hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from the homozygous subject, and in mice. Large population-based studies revealed that subjects who are heterozygous carriers of the P376L variant have significantly increased levels of plasma HDL-C. P376L carriers have a profound HDL-related phenotype and an increased risk of CHD (odds ratio = 1.79, which is statistically significant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sumeet A Khetarpal
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel B Larach
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William F Hancock-Cerutti
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
| | - John S Millar
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie DerOhannessian
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM UMR 1166 ICAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
| | - Praveen Surendran
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. The Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anton De Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Packard
- Glasgow Clinical Research Facility, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Dewan S Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Epidemiology, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Ferrario
- Research Centre in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Human Genetics, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nilesh Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hotel, Leicester, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Genetics, and the McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Wüstner D, Lund FW, Röhrl C, Stangl H. Potential of BODIPY-cholesterol for analysis of cholesterol transport and diffusion in living cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 194:12-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Holme RL, Miller JJ, Nicholson K, Sahoo D. Tryptophan 415 Is Critical for the Cholesterol Transport Functions of Scavenger Receptor BI. Biochemistry 2015; 55:103-13. [PMID: 26652912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) are anti-atherogenic particles, primarily due to their role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway whereby HDL delivers cholesteryl esters (CE) to the liver for excretion upon interaction with its receptor, scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI). We designed experiments to test the hypothesis that one or more of the eight highly conserved tryptophan (Trp; W) residues in SR-BI are critical for mediating function. We created a series of Trp-to-phenylalanine (Phe, F) mutant receptors, as well as Trp-less SR-BI (ΔW-SR-BI), and assessed their ability to mediate cholesterol transport. Wild-type (WT) or mutant SR-BI receptors were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells, and cell surface expression was confirmed. Next, we showed that Trp-less- and W415F-SR-BI had significantly decreased abilities to bind HDL and promote selective uptake of HDL-CE, albeit with higher selective uptake efficiency as compared to WT-SR-BI. Interestingly, only Trp-less-, but not W415F-SR-BI, showed an impaired ability to mediate efflux of free cholesterol (FC). Furthermore, both W415F- and Trp-less-SR-BI were unable to reorganize plasma membrane pools of FC based on lack of sensitivity to exogenous cholesterol oxidase. Restoration of Trp 415 into the Trp-less-SR-BI background was unable to rescue Trp-less-SR-BI's impaired functions, suggesting that Trp 415 is critical, but not sufficient for full receptor function. Furthermore, with the exception of Trp 262, restoration of individual extracellular Trp residues, in combination with Trp 415, into the Trp-less-SR-BI background partially rescued SR-BI function, indicating that Trp 415 must be present in combination with other Trp residues for proper cholesterol transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Holme
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - James J Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kay Nicholson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Gillard BK, Rodriguez PJ, Fields DW, Raya JL, Lagor WR, Rosales C, Courtney HS, Gotto AM, Pownall HJ. Streptococcal serum opacity factor promotes cholesterol ester metabolism and bile acid secretion in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1861:196-204. [PMID: 26709142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations negatively correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. HDL is thought to have several atheroprotective functions, which are likely distinct from the epidemiological inverse relationship between HDL-C levels and risk. Specifically, strategies that reduce HDL-C while promoting reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) may have therapeutic value. The major product of the serum opacity factor (SOF) reaction versus HDL is a cholesteryl ester (CE)-rich microemulsion (CERM), which contains apo E and the CE of ~400,000 HDL particles. Huh7 hepatocytes take up CE faster when delivered as CERM than as HDL, in part via the LDL-receptor (LDLR). Here we compared the final RCT step, hepatic uptake and subsequent intracellular processing to cholesterol and bile salts for radiolabeled HDL-, CERM- and LDL-CE by Huh7 cells and in vivo in C57BL/6J mice. In Huh7 cells, uptake from LDL was greater than from CERM (2-4X) and HDL (5-10X). Halftimes for [(14)C]CE hydrolysis were 3.0±0.2, 4.4±0.6 and 5.4±0.7h respectively for HDL, CERM and LDL-CE. The fraction of sterols secreted as bile acids was ~50% by 8h for all three particles. HDL, CERM and LDL-CE metabolism in mice showed efficient plasma clearance of CERM-CE, liver uptake and metabolism, and secretion as bile acids into the gall bladder. This work supports the therapeutic potential of the SOF reaction, which diverts HDL-CE to the LDLR, thereby increasing hepatic CE uptake, and sterol disposal as bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba K Gillard
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Perla J Rodriguez
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - David W Fields
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Joe L Raya
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Corina Rosales
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Harry S Courtney
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue Room H300A, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
| | - Antonio M Gotto
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Henry J Pownall
- The Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Hu Z, Hu J, Shen WJ, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. A Novel Role of Salt-Inducible Kinase 1 (SIK1) in the Post-Translational Regulation of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 Activity. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6917-30. [PMID: 26567857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the stress- and energy-sensing AMPK family of kinases. SIK1 expression is rapidly induced in Y1 adrenal cells in response to ACTH via the cAMP-PKA signaling cascade, and it has been suggested that an increased level of SIK1 expression inhibits adrenal steroidogenesis by repressing the cAMP-dependent transcription of steroidogenic proteins, CYP11A1 and StAR, by attenuating CREB transcriptional activity. Here we show that SIK1 stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis by modulating the selective HDL-CE transport activity of SR-B1. Overexpression of SIK1 increases cAMP-stimulated and SR-B1-mediated selective HDL-BODIPY-CE uptake in cell lines without impacting SR-B1 protein levels, whereas knockdown of SIK1 attenuated cAMP-stimulated selective HDL-BODIPY-CE uptake. SIK1 forms a complex with SR-B1 by interacting with its cytoplasmic C-terminal domain, and in vitro kinase activity measurements indicate that SIK1 can phosphorylate the C-terminal domain of SR-B1. Among potential phosphorylation sites, SIK1-catalyzed phosphorylation of Ser496 is critical for SIK1 stimulation of the selective CE transport activity of SR-B1. Mutational studies further demonstrated that both the intact catalytic activity of SIK1 and its PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation are essential for SIK1 stimulation of SR-B1 activity. Finally, overexpression of SIK1 caused time-dependent increases in SR-B1-mediated and HDL-supported steroid production in Y1 cells; however, these effects were lost with knockdown of SR-B1. Taken together, these studies establish a role for SIK1 in the positive regulation of selective HDL-CE transport function of SR-B1 and steroidogenesis and suggest a potential mechanism for SIK1 signaling in modulating SR-B1-mediated selective CE uptake and associated steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Jie Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
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Niemsiri V, Wang X, Pirim D, Radwan ZH, Bunker CH, Barmada MM, Kamboh MI, Demirci FY. Genetic contribution of SCARB1 variants to lipid traits in African Blacks: a candidate gene association study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:106. [PMID: 26563154 PMCID: PMC4643515 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) exerts many anti-atherogenic properties including its role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1) plays a key role in RCT by selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters. We aimed to explore the genetic contribution of SCARB1 to affecting lipid levels in African Blacks from Nigeria. Methods We resequenced 13 exons and exon-intron boundaries of SCARB1 in 95 individuals with extreme HDL-C levels using Sanger method. Then, we genotyped 147 selected variants (78 sequence variants, 69 HapMap tagSNPs, and 2 previously reported relevant variants) in the entire sample of 788 African Blacks using either the iPLEX Gold or TaqMan methods. A total of 137 successfully genotyped variants were further evaluated for association with major lipid traits. Results The initial gene-based analysis demonstrated evidence of association with HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I). The follow-up single-site analysis revealed nominal evidence of novel associations of nine common variants with HDL-C and/or ApoA-I (P < 0.05). The strongest association was between rs11057851 and HDL-C (P = 0.0043), which remained significant after controlling for multiple testing using false discovery rate. Rare variant association testing revealed a group of 23 rare variants (frequencies ≤1 %) associated with HDL-C (P = 0.0478). Haplotype analysis identified four SCARB1 regions associated with HDL-C (global P < 0.05). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of a comprehensive association study of SCARB1 variations with lipid traits in an African Black population. Our results showed the consistent association of SCARB1 variants with HDL-C across various association analyses, supporting the role of SCARB1 in lipoprotein-lipid regulatory mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0250-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipavee Niemsiri
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Dilek Pirim
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Zaheda H Radwan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Clareann H Bunker
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - M Michael Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - F Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Zhao Y, Hoekstra M, Korporaal SJA, Van Berkel TJC, Van Eck M. HDL Receptor Scavenger Receptor BI. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Valacchi G, Maioli E, Sticozzi C, Cervellati F, Pecorelli A, Cervellati C, Hayek J. Exploring the link between scavenger receptor B1 expression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1340:47-54. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnologies; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | | | - Claudia Sticozzi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnologies; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnologies; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences; Section of Medical Biochemistry; Molecular Biology and Genetics; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit; University Hospital; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (AOUS); Siena Italy
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Andriani Y, Tengku-Muhammad TS, Mohamad H, Saidin J, Syamsumir DF, Chew GS, Abdul Wahid ME. Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) leaves increase SR-BI expression and reduce cholesterol levels in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Molecules 2015; 20:4410-29. [PMID: 25759957 PMCID: PMC6272643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosie Andriani
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Bengkulu (UNIB), Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia.
| | | | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Jasnizat Saidin
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Desy Fitrya Syamsumir
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Guat-Siew Chew
- Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat 3350, Australia.
| | - Mohd Effendy Abdul Wahid
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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50
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Mvondo MA, Njamen D, Kretzschmar G, Imma Bader M, Tanee Fomum S, Wandji J, Vollmer G. Alpinumisoflavone and abyssinone V 4'-methylether derived from Erythrina lysistemon (Fabaceae) promote HDL-cholesterol synthesis and prevent cholesterol gallstone formation in ovariectomized rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:990-6. [PMID: 25683903 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Erythrina lysistemon was found to improve lipid profile in ovariectomized rats. Alpinumisoflavone (AIF) and abyssinone V 4'-methylether (AME) derived from this plant induced analogous effects on lipid profile and decreased atherogenic risks. To highlight the molecular mechanism of action of these natural products, we evaluated their effects on the expression of some estrogen-sensitive genes associated with cholesterol synthesis (Esr1 and Apoa1) and cholesterol clearance (Ldlr, Scarb1 and Cyp7a1). METHODS Ovariectomized rats were subcutaneously treated for three consecutive days with either compound at the daily dose of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were sacrificed thereafter and their liver was collected. The mRNA of genes of interest was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. KEY FINDINGS Both compounds downregulated the mRNA expression of Esr1, a gene associated with cholesterogenesis and cholesterol gallstone formation. AME leaned the Apoa1/Scarb1 balance in favour of Apoa1, an effect promoting high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol formation. It also upregulated the mRNA expression of Ldlr at 1 mg/kg/BW per day (25%) and 10 mg/kg/BW per day (133.17%), an effect favouring the clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. Both compounds may also promote the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids as they upregulated Cyp7a1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION AIF and AME atheroprotective effects may result from their ability to upregulate mechanisms promoting HDL-cholesterol and bile acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Mvondo
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Georg Kretzschmar
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Imma Bader
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephen Tanee Fomum
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Wandji
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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