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Peyman M, Babin-Ebell A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Rigon M, Aguilar-Recarte D, Villarroya J, Planavila A, Villarroya F, Palomer X, Barroso E, Vázquez-Carrera M. SIRT1 regulates hepatic vldlr levels. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:297. [PMID: 38807218 PMCID: PMC11134955 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated increases in the hepatic levels of the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor (VLDLR) promote hepatic steatosis by increasing the delivery of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to the liver. Here, we examined whether the NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates hepatic lipid accumulation by modulating VLDLR levels and the subsequent uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. METHODS Rats fed with fructose in drinking water, Sirt1-/- mice, mice treated with the ER stressor tunicamycin with or without a SIRT1 activator, and human Huh-7 hepatoma cells transfected with siRNA or exposed to tunicamycin or different inhibitors were used. RESULTS Hepatic SIRT1 protein levels were reduced, while those of VLDLR were upregulated in the rat model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) induced by fructose-drinking water. Moreover, Sirt1-/- mice displayed increased hepatic VLDLR levels that were not associated with ER stress, but were accompanied by an increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-target genes. The pharmacological inhibition or gene knockdown of SIRT1 upregulated VLDLR protein levels in the human Huh-7 hepatoma cell line, with this increase abolished by the pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1α. Finally, SIRT1 activation prevented the increase in hepatic VLDLR protein levels in mice treated with the ER stressor tunicamycin. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings suggest that SIRT1 attenuates fatty liver development by modulating hepatic VLDLR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Peyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Anna Babin-Ebell
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, 08017, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Matilde Rigon
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Anna Planavila
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain.
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08950, Spain.
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Yi M, Toribio AJ, Salem YM, Alexander M, Ferrey A, Swentek L, Tantisattamo E, Ichii H. Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as a Key to Treatment for Diabetic Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5831. [PMID: 38892018 PMCID: PMC11172493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. DM-related complications affect multiple organ systems and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among people with DM. Of the numerous acute and chronic complications, atherosclerosis due to diabetic dyslipidemia is a condition that can lead to many life-threatening diseases, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is an emerging antioxidative pathway and a promising target for the treatment of DM and its complications. This review aims to explore the Nrf2 pathway's role in combating diabetic dyslipidemia. We will explore risk factors for diabetic dyslipidemia at a cellular level and aim to elucidate how the Nrf2 pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target for DM-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yi
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (A.J.T.); (Y.M.S.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Arvin John Toribio
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (A.J.T.); (Y.M.S.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Yusuf Muhammad Salem
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (A.J.T.); (Y.M.S.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (A.J.T.); (Y.M.S.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Antoney Ferrey
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (A.F.); (E.T.)
| | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (A.J.T.); (Y.M.S.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Ekamol Tantisattamo
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (A.F.); (E.T.)
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (A.J.T.); (Y.M.S.); (M.A.); (L.S.)
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3
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Pei L, Ouyang Z, Zhang H, Huang S, Jiang R, Liu B, Tang Y, Feng M, Yuan M, Wang H, Yao S, Shi S, Yu Z, Xu D, Gong G, Wei K. Thrombospondin 1 and Reelin act through Vldlr to regulate cardiac growth and repair. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:169-192. [PMID: 38147128 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have minimal cell cycle capacity, which leads to poor regeneration after cardiac injury such as myocardial infarction. Many positive regulators of cardiomyocyte cell cycle and cardioprotective signals have been identified, but extracellular signals that suppress cardiomyocyte proliferation are poorly understood. We profiled receptors enriched in postnatal cardiomyocytes, and found that very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr) inhibits neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle. Paradoxically, Reelin, the well-known Vldlr ligand, expressed in cardiac Schwann cells and lymphatic endothelial cells, promotes neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation. Thrombospondin1 (TSP-1), another ligand of Vldlr highly expressed in adult heart, was then found to inhibit cardiomyocyte proliferation through Vldlr, and may contribute to Vldlr's overall repression on proliferation. Mechanistically, Rac1 and subsequent Yap phosphorylation and nucleus translocation mediate the regulation of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle by TSP-1/Reelin-Vldlr signaling. Importantly, Reln mutant neonatal mice displayed impaired cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration after apical resection, while cardiac-specific Thbs1 deletion and cardiomyocyte-specific Vldlr deletion promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and are cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Our results identified a novel role of Vldlr in consolidating extracellular signals to regulate cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity and survival, and the overall suppressive TSP-1-Vldlr signal may contribute to the poor cardiac repair capacity of adult mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Pei
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhaohui Ouyang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bilin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yansong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Mengying Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Min Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haocun Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Su Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuyue Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dachun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Guohua Gong
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ke Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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4
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Li RX, Chen LY, Limbu SM, Yao B, Qian YF, Zhou WH, Chen LQ, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY, Luo Y. Atorvastatin remodels lipid distribution between liver and adipose tissues through blocking lipoprotein efflux in fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R281-R292. [PMID: 36572553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fish is still unclear. Statins play important roles in promoting cholesterol metabolism development in mammals. However, studies on the role of statins in cholesterol metabolism in fish are currently limited. The present study evaluated the effects of statins on cholesterol metabolism in fish. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed on control diets supplemented with three atorvastatin levels (0, 12, and 24 mg/kg diet, ATV0, ATV12, and ATV24, respectively) for 4 wk. Intriguingly, the results showed that both atorvastatin treatments increased hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents mainly through inhibiting bile acid synthesis and efflux, and compensatorily enhancing cholesterol synthesis in fish liver (P < 0.05). Moreover, atorvastatin treatment significantly inhibited hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and thus decreased serum VLDL content (P < 0.05). However, fish treated with atorvastatin significantly reduced cholesterol and triglycerides contents in adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Further molecular analysis showed that atorvastatin treatment promoted cholesterol synthesis and lipogenesis pathways, but inhibited lipid catabolism and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in the adipose tissue of fish (P < 0.05). In general, atorvastatin induced the remodeling of lipid distribution between liver and adipose tissues through blocking VLDL efflux from the liver to adipose tissue of fish. Our results provide a novel regulatory pattern of cholesterol metabolism response caused by atorvastatin in fish, which is distinct from mammals: cholesterol inhibition by atorvastatin activates hepatic cholesterol synthesis and inhibits its efflux to maintain cholesterol homeostasis, consequently reduces cholesterol storage in fish adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Samwel M Limbu
- Department of Aquaculture Technology, School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bing Yao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Qian
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Luo
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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5
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Brammer-Robbins E, Nouri MZ, Griffin EK, Aristizabal-Henao J, Denslow ND, Bowden JA, Larkin IV, Martyniuk CJ. Assessment of lipids and adrenal hormones in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) from different habitats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 337:114250. [PMID: 36858274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris), a federally protected species, are classified as threatened due to anthropogenic stressors. Manatees inhabit sites that are impacted by human activities that can negatively affect stress physiology and metabolism. Samples collected from healthy manatees (pregnant females, non-pregnant females, and males) at Crystal River and Indian River Lagoon in Florida, were assessed for adrenal hormones, proteins, glucose, and lipid content in plasma. The objective was to determine if healthy manatees sampled between 2010-2014 from the Indian River Lagoon exhibited evidence of stress compared to healthy manatees sampled between 2012-2019 from Crystal River. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different in male and non-pregnant female manatees between sites but were elevated in pregnant manatees. Plasma aldosterone concentrations were elevated in Indian River Lagoon manatees relative to those at Crystal River, possibly due to differences in salinity and available freshwater between the two environments. Site differences were noted for plasma protein and glucose concentrations in manatees; additionally, differences between the sexes were also observed in glucose concentrations. Fifteen lipid subclasses, including oxidized lysophosphatidylcholines, oxidized phosphatidylcholines, oxidized triacylglycerols, were elevated in manatees from the Indian River Lagoon relative to manatees from Crystal River. Evidence of a stress response in healthy Indian River Lagoon manatees was lacking compared to Crystal River manatees. Differences in metabolites related to energy (glucose, protein, and lipids) may be related to site-specific variables, such as salinity and food availability/quality. This study generates novel data on plasma lipid profiles and provides cortisol, aldosterone, glucose, and protein values from healthy Florida manatees in two disparate sites that can be referenced in future studies. These data contribute to an improved understanding of manatee physiology to better inform population management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brammer-Robbins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America
| | - Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America
| | - Emily K Griffin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America
| | - Juan Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; BPGbio Inc., 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA 01701, the United States of America
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, the United States of America
| | - Iske V Larkin
- Aquatic Animal Health Program, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, the United States of America
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, the United States of America.
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6
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cGMP-PKG dependent transcriptome in normal and degenerating retinas: Novel insights into the retinitis pigmentosa pathology. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108752. [PMID: 34478738 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa represents a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive vision loss via degeneration of photoreceptors, but there is in principle no treatment available. For any therapy development, a deeper comprehension of the disease-leading mechanism(s) at the molecular level is needed. Here we focused on the cGMP-PKG system, which has been suggested to be a driver in several models of the disease. To gain insights in its downstream signaling we manipulated the cGMP-PKG system with the aid of organotypic retinal explant cultures from either a mouse-based disease model, i.e. the rd1 mouse, or its healthy wild-type counterpart (wt), by adding different types of cGMP analogues to either inhibit or activate PKG in retinal explants from rd1 and wt, respectively. An RNA sequencing was then performed to study the cGMP-PKG dependent transcriptome. Expression changes of gene sets related to specific pathways or functions, that fulfilled criteria involving that the changes should match PKG activation and inhibition, were determined via bioinformatics. The analyses highlighted that several gene sets linked to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial pathways were regulated by this enzyme system. Specifically, the expression of such pathway components was upregulated in the rd1 treated with PKG inhibitor and downregulated in the wt with PKG activator treatment, suggesting that cGMP-PKG act as a negative regulator in this context. Downregulation of energy production pathways may thus play an integral part in the mechanism behind the degeneration for at least several RP mutations.
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7
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Goldberg IJ, Cabodevilla AG, Samovski D, Cifarelli V, Basu D, Abumrad NA. Lipolytic enzymes and free fatty acids at the endothelial interface. Atherosclerosis 2021; 329:1-8. [PMID: 34130222 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipids released from circulating lipoproteins by intravascular action of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) reach parenchymal cells in tissues with a non-fenestrated endothelium by transfer through or around endothelial cells. The actions of LpL are controlled at multiple sites, its synthesis and release by myocytes and adipocytes, its transit and association with the endothelial cell luminal surface, and finally its activation and inhibition by a number of proteins and by its product non-esterified fatty acids. Multiple pathways mediate endothelial transit of lipids into muscle and adipose tissues. These include movement of fatty acids via the endothelial cell fatty acid transporter CD36 and movement of whole or partially LpL-hydrolyzed lipoproteins via other apical endothelial cell receptors such as SR-B1and Alk1. Lipids also likely change the barrier function of the endothelium and operation of the paracellular pathway around endothelial cells. This review summarizes in vitro and in vivo support for the key role of endothelial cells in delivery of lipids and highlights incompletely understood processes that are the focus of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ainara G Cabodevilla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitri Samovski
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debapriya Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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Oshio Y, Hattori Y, Kamata H, Ozaki-Masuzawa Y, Seki A, Tsuruta Y, Takenaka A. Very low-density lipoprotein receptor increases in a liver-specific manner due to protein deficiency but does not affect fatty liver in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8003. [PMID: 33850206 PMCID: PMC8044231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a member of the LDL receptor family that is involved in the uptake of VLDL into cells. Increased hepatic VLDLR under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to cause fatty liver. In this study, the effect of dietary protein restriction on hepatic VLDLR and the role of VLDLR in fatty liver were investigated using Vldlr knockout (KO) mice. Growing wild-type (WT) and KO mice were fed a control diet containing 20% protein or a low protein diet containing 3% protein for 11 days. In WT mice, the amount of hepatic Vldlr mRNA and VLDLR protein increased by approximately 8- and 7-fold, respectively, due to protein restriction. Vldlr mRNA and protein levels increased in both type 1 and type 2 VLDLR. However, neither Vldlr mRNA nor protein levels were significantly increased in heart, muscle, and adipose tissue, demonstrating that VLDLR increase due to protein restriction occurred in a liver-specific manner. Increased liver triglyceride levels during protein restriction occurred in KO mice to the same extent as in WT mice, indicating that increased VLDLR during protein restriction was not the main cause of fatty liver, which was different from the case of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Oshio
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yuta Hattori
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kamata
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yori Ozaki-Masuzawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Arisa Seki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tsuruta
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Asako Takenaka
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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9
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Fu Z, Kern TS, Hellström A, Smith LEH. Fatty acid oxidation and photoreceptor metabolic needs. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100035. [PMID: 32094231 PMCID: PMC7905050 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors have high energy demands and a high density of mitochondria that produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of fuel substrates. Although glucose is the major fuel for CNS brain neurons, in photoreceptors (also CNS), most glucose is not metabolized through OXPHOS but is instead metabolized into lactate by aerobic glycolysis. The major fuel sources for photoreceptor mitochondria remained unclear for almost six decades. Similar to other tissues (like heart and skeletal muscle) with high metabolic rates, photoreceptors were recently found to metabolize fatty acids (palmitate) through OXPHOS. Disruption of lipid entry into photoreceptors leads to extracellular lipid accumulation, suppressed glucose transporter expression, and a duel lipid/glucose fuel shortage. Modulation of lipid metabolism helps restore photoreceptor function. However, further elucidation of the types of lipids used as retinal energy sources, the metabolic interaction with other fuel pathways, as well as the cross-talk among retinal cells to provide energy to photoreceptors is not fully understood. In this review, we will focus on the current understanding of photoreceptor energy demand and sources, and potential future investigations of photoreceptor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Expression level of VLDL receptor and VLDL-c levels in the malignant and benign breast tumors: The correlation with miRNA-4465 and miRNA-1297. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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The Pathogenic Role of Very Low Density Lipoprotein on Atrial Remodeling in the Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030891. [PMID: 32019138 PMCID: PMC7037013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common persistent arrhythmia, and can lead to systemic thromboembolism and heart failure. Aging and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are major risks for AF. One of the most important manifestations of MetS is dyslipidemia, but its correlation with AF is ambiguous in clinical observational studies. Although there is a paradoxical relationship between fasting cholesterol and AF incidence, the benefit from lipid lowering therapy in reduction of AF is significant. Here, we reviewed the health burden from AF and MetS, the association between two disease entities, and the metabolism of triglyceride, which is elevated in MetS. We also reviewed scientific evidence for the mechanistic links between very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which primarily carry circulatory triglyceride, to atrial cardiomyopathy and development of AF. The effects of VLDL to atria suggesting pathogenic to atrial cardiomyopathy and AF include excess lipid accumulation, direct cytotoxicity, abbreviated action potentials, disturbed calcium regulation, delayed conduction velocities, modulated gap junctions, and sarcomere protein derangements. The electrical remodeling and structural changes in concert promote development of atrial cardiomyopathy in MetS and ultimately lead to vulnerability to AF. As VLDL plays a major role in lipid metabolism after meals (rather than fasting state), further human studies that focus on the effects/correlation of postprandial lipids to atrial remodeling are required to determine whether VLDL-targeted therapy can reduce MetS-related AF. On the basis of our scientific evidence, we propose a pivotal role of VLDL in MetS-related atrial cardiomyopathy and vulnerability to AF.
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12
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Andreadou I, Schulz R, Badimon L, Adameová A, Kleinbongard P, Lecour S, Nikolaou PE, Falcão-Pires I, Vilahur G, Woudberg N, Heusch G, Ferdinandy P. Hyperlipidaemia and cardioprotection: Animal models for translational studies. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5287-5311. [PMID: 31769007 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidaemia is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and therefore, many animal model have been developed to mimic the human abnormal elevation of blood lipid levels. In parallel, extensive research for the alleviation of ischaemia/reperfusion injury has revealed that hyperlipidaemia is a major co-morbidity that attenuates the cardioprotective effect of conditioning strategies (preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning) and that of pharmacological interventions by interfering with cardioprotective signalling pathways. In the present review article, we summarize the existing data on animal models of hypercholesterolaemia (total, low density and HDL abnormalities) and hypertriglyceridaemia used in ischaemia/reperfusion injury and protection from it. We also provide recommendations on preclinical animal models to be used for translations of the cardioprotective strategies into clinical practice. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute for Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Adameová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ines Falcão-Pires
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas Woudberg
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Lee SD, Priest C, Bjursell M, Gao J, Arneson DV, Ahn IS, Diamante G, van Veen JE, Massa MG, Calkin AC, Kim J, Andersén H, Rajbhandari P, Porritt M, Carreras A, Ahnmark A, Seeliger F, Maxvall I, Eliasson P, Althage M, Åkerblad P, Lindén D, Cole TA, Lee R, Boyd H, Bohlooly-Y M, Correa SM, Yang X, Tontonoz P, Hong C. IDOL regulates systemic energy balance through control of neuronal VLDLR expression. Nat Metab 2019; 1:1089-1100. [PMID: 32072135 PMCID: PMC7028310 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors limit cellular lipid uptake by stimulating the transcription of Inducible Degrader of the LDL Receptor (IDOL), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets lipoprotein receptors for degradation. The function of IDOL in systemic metabolism is incompletely understood. Here we show that loss of IDOL in mice protects against the development of diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction by altering food intake and thermogenesis. Unexpectedly, analysis of tissue-specific knockout mice revealed that IDOL affects energy balance, not through its actions in peripheral metabolic tissues (liver, adipose, endothelium, intestine, skeletal muscle), but by controlling lipoprotein receptor abundance in neurons. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the hypothalamus demonstrated that IDOL deletion altered gene expression linked to control of metabolism. Finally, we identify VLDLR rather than LDLR as the primary mediator of IDOL effects on energy balance. These studies identify a role for the neuronal IDOL-VLDLR pathway in metabolic homeostasis and diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mikael Bjursell
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas V Arneson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - In Sook Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Edward van Veen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan G Massa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna C Calkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harriet Andersén
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Porritt
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alba Carreras
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ahnmark
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Maxvall
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Althage
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Åkerblad
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tracy A Cole
- Central Nervous System Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Central Nervous System Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Helen Boyd
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca; Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stephanie M Correa
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Cynthia Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Bonezzi F, Piccoli M, Dei Cas M, Paroni R, Mingione A, Monasky MM, Caretti A, Riganti C, Ghidoni R, Pappone C, Anastasia L, Signorelli P. Sphingolipid Synthesis Inhibition by Myriocin Administration Enhances Lipid Consumption and Ameliorates Lipid Response to Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:986. [PMID: 31447688 PMCID: PMC6696899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarct requires prompt thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention to limit the extent of necrosis, but reperfusion creates additional damage. Along with reperfusion, a maladaptive remodeling phase might occur and it is often associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, as well as a reduced ability to recover metabolism homeostasis. Infarcted individuals can exhibit reduced lipid turnover and their accumulation in cardiomyocytes, which is linked to a deregulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), controlling fatty acids metabolism, energy production, and the anti-inflammatory response. We previously demonstrated that Myriocin can be effectively used as post-conditioning therapeutic to limit ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and infarct size, in a murine model. In this follow-up study, we demonstrate that Myriocin has a critical regulatory role in cardiac remodeling and energy production, by up-regulating the transcriptional factor EB, PPARs nuclear receptors and genes involved in fatty acids metabolism, such as VLDL receptor, Fatp1, CD36, Fabp3, Cpts, and mitochondrial FA dehydrogenases. The overall effects are represented by an increased β–oxidation, together with an improved electron transport chain and energy production. The potent immunomodulatory and metabolism regulatory effects of Myriocin elicit the molecule as a promising pharmacological tool for post-conditioning therapy of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Bonezzi
- Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Piccoli
- Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Clinical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mingione
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Caretti
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Cell Biochemistry Laboratory, Oncology Department, and Interdepartmental Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Signorelli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Zarei M, Barroso E, Palomer X, Escolà-Gil JC, Cedó L, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. Pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation upregulates VLDLR in hepatocytes. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2019; 31:111-118. [PMID: 30987865 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) plays an important function in the control of serum triglycerides and in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ activation in hepatic VLDLR regulation. Treatment of mice fed a high-fat diet with the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 increased the hepatic expression of Vldlr. Similarly, exposure of human Huh-7 hepatocytes to GW501516 increased the expression of VLDLR and triglyceride accumulation, the latter being prevented by VLDLR knockdown. Finally, treatment with another PPARβ/δ agonist increased VLDLR levels in the liver of wild-type mice, but not PPARβ/δ-deficient mice, confirming the regulation of hepatic VLDLR by this nuclear receptor. Our results suggest that upregulation of hepatic VLDLR by PPARβ/δ agonists might contribute to the hypolipidemic effect of these drugs by increasing lipoprotein delivery to the liver. Overall, these findings provide new effects by which PPARβ/δ regulate VLDLR levels and may influence serum triglyceride levels and NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Cedó
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Davis JP, Vadlamudi S, Roman TS, Zeynalzadeh M, Iyengar AK, Mohlke KL. Enhancer deletion and allelic effects define a regulatory molecular mechanism at the VLDLR cholesterol GWAS locus. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:888-895. [PMID: 30445632 PMCID: PMC6400044 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are heritable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the majority of blood lipid-associated genome-wide association studies signals remain elusive. One association signal is located in intron 3 of VLDLR; rs3780181-A is a risk allele associated (P ≤ 2 × 10-9) with increased TC and LDL-C. We investigated variants, genes and mechanisms underlying this association signal. We used a functional genetic approach to show that the intronic region spanning rs3780181 exhibited 1.6-7.6-fold enhancer activity in human HepG2 hepatocyte, THP-1 monocyte and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) preadipocyte cells and that the rs3780181-A risk allele showed significantly less enhancer activity compared with the G allele, consistent with the direction of an expression quantitative trait locus in liver. In addition, rs3780181 alleles showed differential binding to multiple nuclear proteins, including stronger IRF2 binding to the rs3780181 G allele. We used a CRISPR-cas9 approach to delete 475 and 663 bp of the putative enhancer element in HEK293T kidney cells; compared to expression of mock-edited cell lines, the homozygous enhancer deletion cell lines showed 1.2-fold significantly (P < 0.04) decreased expression of VLDLR, as well as 1.5-fold decreased expression of SMARCA2, located 388 kb away. Together, these results identify an enhancer of VLDLR expression and suggest that altered binding of one or more factors bound to rs3780181 alleles decreases enhancer activity and reduces at least VLDLR expression, leading to increased TC and LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Davis
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Tamara S Roman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Monica Zeynalzadeh
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Apoorva K Iyengar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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17
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Huynh H, Wei W, Wan Y. mTOR Inhibition Subdues Milk Disorder Caused by Maternal VLDLR Loss. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2014-2025. [PMID: 28591574 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether and how very-low density lipoprotein receptors (VLDLRs) impact skeletal homeostasis. Here, we report that maternal and offspring VLDLRs play opposite roles in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. VLDLR deletion in the offspring augments osteoclast differentiation by enhancing RANKL signaling, leading to osteoporosis. In contrast, VLDLR deletion in the mother alters milk metabolism, which inhibits osteoclast differentiation and causes osteopetrosis in the offspring. The maternal effects are dominant. VLDLR-null lactating mammary gland exhibits higher mTORC1 signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis. Pharmacological probing reveals that rapamycin, but not statin, treatment of the VLDLR-null mother can prevent both the low bone resorption and our previously described inflammatory fur loss in their offspring. Genetic rescue reveals that maternal mTORC1 attenuation in adipocytes, but not in myeloid cells, prevents offspring osteopetrosis and fur loss. Our studies uncover functions of VLDLR and mTORC1 in lactation and osteoclastogenesis, illuminating key mechanisms and therapeutic insights for bone and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- HoangDinh Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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18
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Sangüesa G, Montañés JC, Baena M, Sánchez RM, Roglans N, Alegret M, Laguna JC. Chronic fructose intake does not induce liver steatosis and inflammation in female Sprague-Dawley rats, but causes hypertriglyceridemia related to decreased VLDL receptor expression. Eur J Nutr 2018. [PMID: 29516226 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sugar-sweetened beverage intake is a risk factor for insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, and steatohepatitis (NASH). Sub-chronic supplementation of liquid fructose, but not glucose, in female rats increases liver and plasma triglycerides without inflammation. We hypothesized that chronic supplementation of fructose would cause NASH and liver insulin resistance. METHODS We supplemented female Sprague-Dawley rats with water or either fructose or glucose 10% w/v solutions under isocaloric conditions for 7 months. At the end, plasma analytes, insulin, and adiponectin were determined, as well as liver triglyceride content and the expression of key genes controlling inflammation, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and plasma VLDL clearance, by biochemical and histological methods. RESULTS Although sugar-supplemented rats increased their energy intake by 50-60%, we found no manifestation of liver steatosis, fibrosis or necrosis, unchanged plasma or tissue markers of inflammation or fibrosis, and reduced liver expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, despite both sugars increased fatty acid synthesis, mTORC1, and IRE1 activity, while decreasing fatty acid oxidation and PPARα activity. Only fructose-supplemented rats were hypertriglyceridemic, showing a reduced expression of VLDL receptor and lipoprotein lipase in skeletal muscle and vWAT. Glucose-supplemented rats showed increased adiponectinemia, which would explain the different metabolic outcomes of the two sugars. CONCLUSIONS Chronic liquid simple sugar supplementation, as the sole risk factor, is not enough for female rats to develop NASH and increased liver gluconeogenesis. Nevertheless, under isocaloric conditions, only fructose induced hypertriglyceridemia, thus confirming that also the type of nutrient matters in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sangüesa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Montañés
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Baena
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Roglans
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Alegret
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Laguna
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Zarei M, Barroso E, Palomer X, Dai J, Rada P, Quesada-López T, Escolà-Gil JC, Cedó L, Zali MR, Molaei M, Dabiri R, Vázquez S, Pujol E, Valverde ÁM, Villarroya F, Liu Y, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. Hepatic regulation of VLDL receptor by PPARβ/δ and FGF21 modulates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2017; 8:117-131. [PMID: 29289645 PMCID: PMC5985050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) plays an important role in the development of hepatic steatosis. In this study, we investigated the role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β/δ and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in hepatic VLDLR regulation. Methods Studies were conducted in wild-type and Pparβ/δ-null mice, primary mouse hepatocytes, human Huh-7 hepatocytes, and liver biopsies from control subjects and patients with moderate and severe hepatic steatosis. Results Increased VLDLR levels were observed in liver of Pparβ/δ-null mice and in Pparβ/δ-knocked down mouse primary hepatocytes through mechanisms involving the heme-regulated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) kinase (HRI), activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 and the oxidative stress-induced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathways. Moreover, by using a neutralizing antibody against FGF21, Fgf21-null mice and by treating mice with recombinant FGF21, we show that FGF21 may protect against hepatic steatosis by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced VLDLR upregulation. Finally, in liver biopsies from patients with moderate and severe hepatic steatosis, we observed an increase in VLDLR levels that was accompanied by a reduction in PPARβ/δ mRNA abundance and DNA-binding activity compared with control subjects. Conclusions Overall, these findings provide new mechanisms by which PPARβ/δ and FGF21 regulate VLDLR levels and influence hepatic steatosis development. PPARβ/δ deficiency leads to increased levels of hepatic VLDLR levels. FGF21 protects against hepatic steatosis by attenuating ER stress-induced VLDLR upregulation. Human hepatic steatosis is accompanied by increased levels of VLDLR and reduced expression of PPARβ/δ. PPARβ/δ and FGF21 may influence NAFLD development by regulating VLDLR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jianli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Quesada-López
- Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Cedó
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Molaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Dabiri
- lnternal Medicine Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugènia Pujol
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and IBUB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ming-liang C, Cong W, Xuan D, Lu L, Tang-jie Z. A Novel Polymorphism of VLDLR Signal Peptide Coding Region and Its Association with Growth and Abdominal Fat Traits of Gaoyou Domestic Ducks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W Cong
- Yangzhou University, China
| | - D Xuan
- Yangzhou University, China
| | - L Lu
- Yangzhou University, China
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Xiao HB, Wang JY, Sun ZL. ANGPTL3 is part of the machinery causing dyslipidemia majorily via LPL inhibition in mastitis mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:242-248. [PMID: 29104012 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown that inflammation induces changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and increased expression of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) contributes to the development of dyslipidemia. Here we investigated whether there is a correlation between increased ANGPTL3 expression and dyslipidemia in mastitis mice. Thirty mice were divided into two groups: control group and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis mice group. Changes in the levels of blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]; activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO); concentrations of plasma inflammation biomarkers [interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α)]; concentration of plasma ANGPTL3 protein; lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities in postheparin plasma; expressions of hepatic N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2), hepatic ANGPTL3 and adipose LPL were determined. The major results indicated specific pathological mammary tissue changes, elevated MPO activity, reduced GALNT2 mRNA expression, elevated ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein expression and reduced LPL mRNA and protein expression. In plasma samples the S.aureus infused mice displayed elevated ANGPTL3 protein concentration, TG, TC and LDL-C levels, and reduced postheparin LPL activities and HDL-C level. The data suggests that ANGPTL3 is part of the machinery causing dyslipidemia majorily via LPL inhibition in mastitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Ji-Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Huai Hua Vocational and Technical College, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Biological Veterinary Drugs Branch, National Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Takahashi S. Triglyceride Rich Lipoprotein -LPL-VLDL Receptor and Lp(a)-VLDL Receptor Pathways for Macrophage Foam Cell Formation. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:552-559. [PMID: 28428482 PMCID: PMC5453679 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor is a member of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. It binds triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TGRL) but not LDL, because it recognizes apolipoprotein (apo)E only but not apoB. The VLDL receptor functions as a peripheral lipoprotein receptor in concert with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in heart, muscle, adipose tissue and macrophages. In contrast to the LDL receptor, VLDL receptor binds apo E2/2 VLDL and apoE3/3 VLDL particles, and its expression is not down-regulated by intracellular lipoproteins. It has been reported that both LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and postprandial triglyceride (chyromicron and VLDL remnants) are risk factors for human atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). True ligands such as lipoprotein particles of the VLDL receptor are chyromicron remnant (CMR) and VLDL remnant (postprandial hyperlipidemia). Although the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-scavenger receptors pathway is considered to be the main mechanism for macrophage foam cell formation, it seems that the TGRL-LPL-VLDL receptor pathway is also involved. Since Lp(a) is one of the ligands for the VLDL receptor, the Lp(a)- VLDL receptor pathway is another potential alternative. The expression of VLDL receptor protein in mouse macrophages is modest compared to that in rabbit and human macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we need to elucidate the mechanism of human ASCVD not by using the mouse model and scavenger receptors pathway but instead using the rabbit model and VLDL receptor pathway, respectively.
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Evans RD, Hauton D. The role of triacylglycerol in cardiac energy provision. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1481-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adipose tissue is a critical endocrine and immunological organ that regulates systemic energy homeostasis. During the pathogenesis of obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy is accompanied by adipose tissue inflammation, impeding insulin sensitivity and endocrine function of adipose tissue and other tissues. Adipocyte cholesterol accumulates in proportion to triglyceride as adipocytes undergo hypertrophy. Recent studies suggest that dietary cholesterol contributes to increased adipocyte cholesterol. However, how dietary cholesterol accumulates in adipocytes and its metabolic consequences are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge of adipocyte cholesterol balance and highlights the emerging role of dietary cholesterol in adipose tissue cholesterol balance, inflammation, and systemic energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Perturbation of cholesterol balance in adipocytes alters intracellular cholesterol distribution and modulates adipocyte insulin and proinflammatory signaling. Adipocyte cholesterol levels are maintained by a balance between dietary cholesterol uptake from triglyceride-enriched lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol efflux to HDL. Recent animal studies established a critical role for dietary cholesterol in promoting adipose tissue inflammation, thereby worsening obesity-mediated metabolic complications. SUMMARY Recent studies identified high dietary cholesterol as a potentiator of adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction. Reducing excessive dietary cholesterol intake is suggested as a simple, but novel, way to attenuate obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68516
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
- Corresponding author: John S. Parks; Department of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 phone: 336-716-2145 fax: 336-716-6279
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Hijmans BS, Tiemann CA, Grefhorst A, Boesjes M, van Dijk TH, Tietge UJF, Kuipers F, van Riel NAW, Groen AK, Oosterveer MH. A systems biology approach reveals the physiological origin of hepatic steatosis induced by liver X receptor activation. FASEB J 2014; 29:1153-64. [PMID: 25477282 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists exert potent antiatherosclerotic actions but simultaneously induce excessive triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the liver. To obtain a detailed insight into the underlying mechanism of hepatic TG accumulation, we used a novel computational modeling approach called analysis of dynamic adaptations in parameter trajectories (ADAPT). We revealed that both input and output fluxes to hepatic TG content are considerably induced on LXR activation and that in the early phase of LXR agonism, hepatic steatosis results from only a minor imbalance between the two. It is generally believed that LXR-induced hepatic steatosis results from increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL). In contrast, ADAPT predicted that the hepatic influx of free fatty acids is the major contributor to hepatic TG accumulation in the early phase of LXR activation. Qualitative validation of this prediction showed a 5-fold increase in the contribution of plasma palmitate to hepatic monounsaturated fatty acids on acute LXR activation, whereas DNL was not yet significantly increased. This study illustrates that complex effects of pharmacological intervention can be translated into distinct patterns of metabolic regulation through state-of-the-art mathematical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda S Hijmans
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian A Tiemann
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Boesjes
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Groningen Centre for Systems Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sahebkar A, Chew GT, Watts GF. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:47-66. [PMID: 25083925 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), hepatic steatosis and pancreatitis. Existing pharmacotherapies, such as fibrates, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and niacin, are partially efficacious in correcting elevated plasma TG. However, several new TG-lowering agents are in development that can regulate the transport of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) by modulating key enzymes, receptors or ligands involved in their metabolism. Balanced dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonists, inhibitors of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1), incretin mimetics, and apolipoprotein (apo) B-targeted antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can all decrease the production and secretion of TRLs; inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) 3 and 4, monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), apoC-III-targeted ASOs, selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators (SPPARMs), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene replacement therapy (alipogene tiparvovec) enhance the catabolism and clearance of TRLs; dual PPAR-α/δ agonists and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can lower plasma TG by regulating both TRL secretion and catabolism. Varying degrees of TG reduction have been reported with the use of these therapies, and for some agents such as CETP inhibitors and PCSK9 Mabs findings have not been consistent. Whether they reduce CVD events has not been established. Trials investigating the effect of CETP inhibitors (anacetrapib and evacetrapib) and PCSK9 Mabs (AMG-145 and REGN727/SAR236553) on CVD outcomes are currently in progress, although these agents also regulate LDL metabolism and, in the case of CETP inhibitors, HDL metabolism. Further to CVD risk reduction, these new treatments might also have a potential role in the management of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease owing to their insulin-sensitizing action (PPAR-α/γ agonists) and potential capacity to decrease hepatic TG accumulation (PPAR-α/δ agonists and DGAT-1 inhibitors), but this needs to be tested in future trials. We summarize the clinical trial findings regarding the efficacy and safety of these novel therapies for hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gerard T Chew
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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Gao Y, Shen W, Lu B, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Chen Y. Upregulation of hepatic VLDLR via PPARα is required for the triglyceride-lowering effect of fenofibrate. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1622-33. [PMID: 24899625 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) play major roles in TG and VLDL metabolism. However, the exact role of liver VLDLR is not well known because of the absence of or difficulty in detecting VLDLR in the liver. In this study, we demonstrate that fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist and widely used TG-lowering drug, markedly upregulated hepatic VLDLR, which is essential for lowering TG. This study also shows that the distinct regulatory roles of PPARα agonists on VLDLR in the liver and peripheral tissues including adipose tissues, heart, and skeletal muscles are due to the pattern of expression of PPARα. The in vivo portion of our study demonstrated that oral fenofibrate robustly increased liver VLDLR expression levels in hyperlipidemic and diabetic mice and significantly reduced the increase in serum TG observed in wt mice after feeding with high-fat diet (HFD) but not in Vldlr(-/-) mice or Pparα(-/-) mice. However, overexpression of mouse VLDLR in livers of Vldlr(-/-) mice significantly prevented the increase in serum TG induced by HFD. The in vitro portion of our study showed that fenofibrate upregulated VLDLR transcriptional activity through PPAR response element binding to the VLDLR promoter. The conclusions of our study provide a novel mechanism for the TG-lowering effects of fenofibrate in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Boyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Abstract
The endothelium is often viewed solely as the barrier that prevents the penetration of circulating lipoproteins into the arterial wall. However, recent research has demonstrated that the endothelium has an important part in regulating circulating fatty acids and lipoproteins, and is in turn affected by these lipids/lipoproteins in ways that appear to have important repercussions for atherosclerosis. Thus, a number of potentially toxic lipids are produced during lipolysis of lipoproteins at the endothelial cell surface. Catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins creates free fatty acids that are readily taken up by endothelial cells, and, likely through the action of acyl-CoA synthetases, exacerbate inflammatory processes. In this article, we review how the endothelium participates in lipoprotein metabolism, how lipids alter endothelial functions, and how lipids are internalized, processed, and transported into the subendothelial space. Finally, we address the many endothelial changes that might promote atherogenesis, especially in the setting of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine & Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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Wang Z, Dou X, Li S, Zhang X, Sun X, Zhou Z, Song Z. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 activation-induced hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression in response to oxidative stress contributes to alcoholic liver disease in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59:1381-92. [PMID: 24170703 PMCID: PMC3966965 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic alcohol consumption leads to hypertriglyceridemia, which is positively associated with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, whether and how it contributes to the development of fatty liver and liver injury are largely unknown. In this study we demonstrate that chronic alcohol exposure differently regulates the expression of very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in adipose tissue and the liver. Whereas adipose tissue VLDLR is significantly down-regulated, its hepatic expression is dramatically increased after chronic alcohol feeding. While HepG2 cells stably overexpressing VLDLR manifests increased intracellular triglyceride accumulation, VLDLR-deficient mice are protective against fatty liver and liver injury after chronic alcohol exposure. Mechanistic investigations using both in vitro and in vivo systems reveal that oxidative stress-induced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activation plays a critical role in alcohol-induced VLDLR up-regulation in hepatocytes, but not in adipocytes. Oxidative stress enhances VLDLR gene expression and protein abundance in primary hepatocytes, concomitant with the Nrf2 activation. Conversely, Nrf2 gene silencing abrogates oxidative stress-induced VLDLR up-regulation in the liver, but not in adipose tissue. In mice, alcohol exposure induces hepatic oxidative stress and Nrf2 activation. Supplementation of N-acetylcysteine alleviates fatty liver and liver injury induced by chronic alcohol exposure, which is associated with suppressed Nrf2 activation and attenuated VLDLR increase in the liver. Furthermore, in comparison to wild-type counterparts, Nrf2-deficient mice demonstrate attenuated hepatic VLDLR expression increase in response to chronic alcohol exposure. CONCLUSION Chronic alcohol consumption differently alters VLDLR expression in adipose tissue and the liver. Oxidative stress-induced Nrf2 activation is mechanistically involved in VLDLR overexpression in hepatocytes in response to chronic alcohol consumption. Hepatic VLDLR overexpression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,College of Laboratory Medical Science, Harbin Medical University at Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Dou
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, P. R. China
| | - Songtao Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC 28081
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC 28081
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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30
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Nasarre L, Juan-Babot O, Gastelurrutia P, Llucia-Valldeperas A, Badimon L, Bayes-Genis A, Llorente-Cortés V. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is upregulated in epicardial fat from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and correlates with glucose and triglyceride plasma levels. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:23-30. [PMID: 23096408 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-012-0436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein receptor expression plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of adipose tissue in in vivo models of diabetes. However, there are no studies in diabetic patients. The aims of this study were to analyze (a) low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) expression in epicardial and subcutaneous fat from type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with nondiabetic patients and (b) the possible correlation between the expression of these receptors and plasmatic parameters. Adipose tissue biopsy samples were obtained from diabetic (n = 54) and nondiabetic patients (n = 22) undergoing cardiac surgery before the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Adipose LRP1 and VLDLR expression was analyzed at mRNA level by real-time PCR and at protein level by Western blot analysis. Adipose samples were also subjected to lipid extraction, and fat cholesterol ester, triglyceride, and free cholesterol contents were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. LRP1 expression was higher in epicardial fat from diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients (mRNA 17.63 ± 11.37 versus 7.01 ± 4.86; P = 0.02; protein 11.23 ± 7.23 versus 6.75 ± 5.02, P = 0.04). VLDLR expression was also higher in epicardial fat from diabetic patients but only at mRNA level (231.25 ± 207.57 versus 56.64 ± 45.64, P = 0.02). No differences were found in the expression of LRP1 or VLDLR in the subcutaneous fat from diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients. Epicardial LRP1 and VLDLR mRNA overexpression positively correlated with plasma triglyceride levels (R(2) = 0.50, P = 0.01 and R(2) = 0.44, P = 0.03, respectively) and epicardial LRP1 also correlated with plasma glucose levels (R(2) = 0.33, P = 0.03). These results suggest that epicardial overexpression of certain lipoprotein receptors such as LRP1 and VLDLR expression may play a key role in the alterations of lipid metabolism associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nasarre
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, UAB, Sant Antoni Mª Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Xiao HB, Lu XY, Zhang HB, Sun ZL, Fang J. Undaria pinnatifida soluble fiber regulates Angptl3-LPL pathway to lessen hyperlipidemia in mice. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:719-25. [PMID: 23595961 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (Angptl3)-lipoprotein lipase (LPL) pathway may be a useful pharmacologic target for hyperlipidemia. The present study was conducted to test the effect of soluble fiber extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (UP), on hyperlipidemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control group (C57BL/6J mice), ApoE(-/-) mice group, and two groups of ApoE(-/-) mice treated with UP fiber (5 or 10 % per day). UP soluble fiber treatment significantly decreased plasma and hepatic total cholesterol, triglycerides levels, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde concentrations and increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and downregulated protein expression of Angptl3 concomitantly with upregulated protein expression of LPL. In addition, T0901317 caused elevated expression of hepatic Angptl3 protein, and the effect of T0901317 was also abrogated by UP soluble fiber in C57BL/6J mice. The present results suggest that the UP soluble fiber regulates Angptl3-LPL pathway to lessen hyperlipidemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China,
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32
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Nguyen A, Tao H, Metrione M, Hajri T. Very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) expression is a determinant factor in adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte-macrophage interaction. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1688-703. [PMID: 24293365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with adipose tissue remodeling, characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration. Previously, we have shown that very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is virtually absent in preadipocytes but is strongly induced during adipogenesis and actively participates in adipocyte hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated the role of VLDLR in adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte-macrophage interactions in wild type and VLDLR-deficient mice fed a high fat diet. The results show that VLDLR deficiency reduced high fat diet-induced inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in adipose tissue in conjunction with reduced macrophage infiltration, especially those expressing pro-inflammatory markers. In adipocyte culture, VLDLR deficiency prevented adipocyte hypertrophy and strongly reduced VLDL-induced ER stress and inflammation. Likewise, cultures of primary peritoneal macrophages show that VLDLR deficiency reduced lipid accumulation and inflammation but did not alter chemotactic response of macrophages to adipocyte signals. Moreover, VLDLR deficiency tempered the synergistic inflammatory interactions between adipocytes and macrophages in a co-culture system. Collectively, these results show that VLDLR contributes to adipose tissue inflammation and mediates VLDL-induced lipid accumulation and induction of inflammation and ER stress in adipocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nguyen
- From the Department of Surgery, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601 and
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33
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Yamaguchi M, Murata T. Involvement of regucalcin in lipid metabolism and diabetes. Metabolism 2013; 62:1045-51. [PMID: 23453039 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin (RGN/SMP30) was originally discovered in 1978 as a unique calcium-binding protein that does not contain the EF-hand motif of calcium-binding domain. The regucalcin gene (rgn) is localized on the X chromosome and is identified in over 15 species consisting the regucalcin family. Regucalcin has been shown to play a multifunctional role in cell regulation; maintaining of intracellular calcium homeostasis and suppressing of signal transduction, translational protein synthesis, nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in many cell types. Moreover, regucalcin may play a pathophysiological role in metabolic disorder. The expression of regucalcin is stimulated through the action of insulin in liver cells in vitro and in vivo and it is decreased in the liver of rats with type I diabetes induced by streptozotocin administration in vivo. Overexpression of endogenous regucalcin stimulates glucose utilization and lipid production in liver cells with glucose supplementation in vitro. Regucalcin reveals insulin resistance in liver cells. Deficiency of regucalcin induces an impairment of glucose tolerance and lipid accumulation in the liver of mice in vivo. Overexpression of endogenous regucalcin has been shown to decrease triglyceride, total cholesterol and glycogen contents in the liver of rats, inducing hyperlipidemia. Leptin and adiponectin mRNA expressions in the liver tissues are decreased in regucalcin transgenic rats. Decrease in hepatic regucalcin is associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis in human patients. Regucalcin may be a key molecule in lipid metabolic disorder and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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34
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Du Y, Yang M, Wei W, Huynh HD, Herz J, Saghatelian A, Wan Y. Macrophage VLDL receptor promotes PAFAH secretion in mother's milk and suppresses systemic inflammation in nursing neonates. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1008. [PMID: 22910354 PMCID: PMC3520613 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother’s milk is widely accepted as nutritious and protective to the newborn mammals by providing not only macronutrients but also immune-defensive factors. However, the mechanisms accounting for these benefits are not fully understood. Here we show that maternal very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) deletion in mice causes the production of defective milk containing diminished level of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAFAH). As a consequence, the nursing neonates suffer from alopecia, anemia and growth retardation owing to elevated levels of pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factors (PAFs). VLDLR deletion significantly impairs the expression of phospholipase A2 group 7 (Pla2g7) in macrophages, which decreases PAFAH secretion. Exogenous oral supplementation of neonates with PAFAH effectively rescues the toxicity. These findings not only reveal a novel role of VLDLR in suppressing inflammation by maintaining macrophage PAFAH secretion, but also identify the maternal VLDLR as a key genetic program that ensures milk quality and protects the newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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35
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Kok BPC, Brindley DN. Myocardial fatty acid metabolism and lipotoxicity in the setting of insulin resistance. Heart Fail Clin 2012; 8:643-61. [PMID: 22999246 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Management of diabetes and insulin resistance in the setting of cardiovascular disease has become an important issue in an increasingly obese society. Besides the development of hypertension and buildup of atherosclerotic plaques, the derangement of fatty acid and lipid metabolism in the heart plays an important role in promoting cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress. This review discusses the mechanisms by which metabolic inflexibility in the use of fatty acids as the preferred cardiac substrate in diabetes produces detrimental effects on mechanical efficiency, mitochondrial function, and recovery from ischemia. Lipid accumulation and the consequences of toxic lipid metabolites are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P C Kok
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, School of Translational Medicine, University of Alberta, 11207 87th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Go GW, Mani A. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family orchestrates cholesterol homeostasis. YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012. [PMID: 22461740 DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0006138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The LDLR family of proteins is involved in lipoproteins trafficking. While the role of LDLR in cardiovascular disease has been widely studied, only recently the role of other members of the LDLR proteins in lipoprotein homeostasis and atherosclerosis has emerged. LDLR, VLDLR, and LRPs bind and internalize apoE- and apoB-containing lipoprotein, including LDL and VLDL, and regulate their cellular uptake. LRP6 is a unique member of this family for its function as a co-receptor for Wnt signal transduction. The work in our laboratory has shown that LRP6 also plays a key role in lipoprotein and TG clearance, glucose homoeostasis, and atherosclerosis. The role of these receptor proteins in pathogenesis of diverse metabolic risk factors is emerging, rendering them targets of novel therapeutics for metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. This manuscript reviews the physiological role of the LDLR family of proteins and describes its involvement in pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Woong Go
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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37
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Hauton D, Caldwell GM. Cardiac lipoprotein lipase activity in the hypertrophied heart may be regulated by fatty acid flux. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:627-36. [PMID: 22226882 PMCID: PMC3793859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is characterised by an imbalance between lipid uptake and fatty acid β-oxidation leading to an accumulation of lipids, particularly triacylglycerol (TAG). It is unclear whether uptake mechanisms such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL) can be attenuated to diminish this uptake. Rats were cold acclimated to induce cardiac hypertrophy and increase cardiac LPL. Lipid uptake and metabolism were altered by feeding a ‘Western-style’ high fat diet (WSD) or feeding oxfenicine (2 g/L) in the drinking water. Diastolic stiffness (increased volume change/unit pressure change) was induced in hypertrophied hearts for rats fed WSD (P < 0.05) or WSD + oxfenicine (P < 0.01), although absolute performance of cardiac muscle, estimated from stress–strain calculations was unchanged. Cold acclimation increased cardiac endothelial LPL (P < 0.05) but this was diminished following oxfenicine. Following WSD LPL was further decreased below WSD-fed control hearts (P < 0.05) with no further decrease by oxfenicine supplementation. A negative correlation was noted between plasma TAG and endothelial LPL (correlation coefficient = − 0.654; P < 0.001) but not cardiac TAG concentration. Transcript levels of angiopoietin-like protein-4 (ANGPTL4) were increased 6-fold by WSD (P < 0.05) and increased 15-fold following WSD + oxfenicine (P < 0.001). For CA-hearts fed WSD or WSD + oxfenicine ANGPTL4 mRNA levels were preserved at chow-fed levels. VLDLR protein levels were increased 10-fold (P < 0.01) by CA. ANGPTL4 protein levels were increased 2-fold (P < 0.05) by WSD, but restored following oxfenicine. For CA-hearts WSD increased ANGPTL4 protein levels 3-fold (P < 0.01) with WSD + oxfenicine increasing ANGPTL4 protein 4-fold (P < 0.01). These data suggest that endothelial LPL levels in the heart are altered to maintain FA flux and may exploit ANGPTL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hauton
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicinal and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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38
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Very low density lipoprotein receptor promotes adipocyte differentiation and mediates the proadipogenic effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1950-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rana K, Fam BC, Clarke MV, Pang TPS, Zajac JD, MacLean HE. Increased adiposity in DNA binding-dependent androgen receptor knockout male mice associated with decreased voluntary activity and not insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E767-78. [PMID: 21712531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00584.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In men, as testosterone levels decrease, fat mass increases and muscle mass decreases. Increased fat mass in men, in particular central obesity, is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. Testosterone treatment has been shown to decrease fat mass and increase fat-free mass. We hypothesize that androgens act directly via the DNA binding-dependent actions of the androgen receptor (AR) to regulate genes controlling fat mass and metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a global DNA binding-dependent (DBD) AR knockout (DBD-ARKO) on the metabolic phenotype in male mice by measuring body mass, fat mass, food intake, voluntary physical activity, resting energy expenditure, substrate oxidation rates, serum glucose, insulin, lipid, and hormone levels, and metabolic gene expression levels and second messenger protein levels. DBD-ARKO males have increased adiposity despite a decreased total body mass compared with wild-type (WT) males. DBD-ARKO males showed reduced voluntary activity, decreased food intake, increased serum leptin and adiponectin levels, an altered lipid metabolism gene profile, and increased phosphorylated CREB levels compared with WT males. This study demonstrates that androgens acting via the DNA binding-dependent actions of the AR regulate fat mass and metabolism in males and that the increased adiposity in DBD-ARKO male mice is associated with decreased voluntary activity, hyperleptinemia and hyperadiponectinemia and not with insulin resistance, increased food intake, or decreased resting energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesha Rana
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Cox B, Sharma P, Evangelou AI, Whiteley K, Ignatchenko V, Ignatchenko A, Baczyk D, Czikk M, Kingdom J, Rossant J, Gramolini AO, Adamson SL, Kislinger T. Translational analysis of mouse and human placental protein and mRNA reveals distinct molecular pathologies in human preeclampsia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.012526. [PMID: 21986993 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) adversely impacts ~5% of pregnancies. Despite extensive research, no consistent biomarkers or cures have emerged, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms may cause clinically similar disease. To address this, we undertook a proteomics study with three main goals: (1) to identify a panel of cell surface markers that distinguish the trophoblast and endothelial cells of the placenta in the mouse; (2) to translate this marker set to human via the Human Protein Atlas database; and (3) to utilize the validated human trophoblast markers to identify subgroups of human preeclampsia. To achieve these goals, plasma membrane proteins at the blood tissue interfaces were extracted from placentas using intravascular silica-bead perfusion, and then identified using shotgun proteomics. We identified 1181 plasma membrane proteins, of which 171 were enriched at the maternal blood-trophoblast interface and 192 at the fetal endothelial interface with a 70% conservation of expression in humans. Three distinct molecular subgroups of human preeclampsia were identified in existing human microarray data by using expression patterns of trophoblast-enriched proteins. Analysis of all misexpressed genes revealed divergent dysfunctions including angiogenesis (subgroup 1), MAPK signaling (subgroup 2), and hormone biosynthesis and metabolism (subgroup 3). Subgroup 2 lacked expected changes in known preeclampsia markers (sFLT1, sENG) and uniquely overexpressed GNA12. In an independent set of 40 banked placental specimens, GNA12 was overexpressed during preeclampsia when co-incident with chronic hypertension. In the current study we used a novel translational analysis to integrate mouse and human trophoblast protein expression with human microarray data. This strategy identified distinct molecular pathologies in human preeclampsia. We conclude that clinically similar preeclampsia patients exhibit divergent placental gene expression profiles thus implicating divergent molecular mechanisms in the origins of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Johnson LA, Arbones-Mainar JM, Fox RG, Pendse AA, Altenburg MK, Kim HS, Maeda N. Apolipoprotein E4 exaggerates diabetic dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice lacking the LDL receptor. Diabetes 2011; 60:2285-94. [PMID: 21810592 PMCID: PMC3161311 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the differential roles of apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms in modulating diabetic dyslipidemia-a potential cause of the increased cardiovascular disease risk of patients with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) in human apoE3 (E3) or human apoE4 (E4) mice deficient in the LDL receptor (LDLR(-/-)). RESULTS Diabetic E3LDLR(-/-) and E4LDLR(-/-) mice have indistinguishable levels of plasma glucose and insulin. Despite this, diabetes increased VLDL triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in E4LDLR(-/-) mice twice as much as in E3LDLR(-/-) mice. Diabetic E4LDLR(-/-) mice had similar lipoprotein fractional catabolic rates compared with diabetic E3LDLR(-/-) mice but had larger hepatic fat stores and increased VLDL secretion. Diabetic E4LDLR(-/-) mice demonstrated a decreased reliance on lipid as an energy source based on indirect calorimetry. Lower phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase content and higher gene expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver indicated reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased fatty acid synthesis. E4LDLR(-/-) primary hepatocytes cultured in high glucose accumulated more intracellular lipid than E3LDLR(-/-) hepatocytes concomitant with a 60% reduction in fatty acid oxidation. Finally, the exaggerated dyslipidemia in diabetic E4LDLR(-/-) mice was accompanied by a dramatic increase in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS ApoE4 causes severe dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis independent of its interaction with LDLR in a model of STZ-induced diabetes. ApoE4-expressing livers have reduced fatty acid oxidation, which contributes to the accumulation of tissue and plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A. Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jose M. Arbones-Mainar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raymond G. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Avani A. Pendse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael K. Altenburg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hyung-Suk Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nobuyo Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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42
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Very-low-density lipoprotein: complex particles in cardiac energy metabolism. J Lipids 2011; 2011:189876. [PMID: 21773049 PMCID: PMC3136095 DOI: 10.1155/2011/189876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is a major consumer of energy and is able to utilise a wide range of substrates including lipids. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were thought to be a favoured carbon source, but their quantitative contribution is limited because of their relative histotoxicity. Circulating triacylglycerols (TAGs) in the form of chylomicrons (CMs) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) are an alternative source of fatty acids and are now believed to be important in cardiac metabolism. However, few studies on cardiac utilisation of VLDL have been performed and the role of VLDL in cardiac energy metabolism remains unclear. Hearts utilise VLDL to generate ATP, but the oxidation rate of VLDL-TAG is relatively low under physiological conditions; however, in certain pathological states switching of energy substrates occurs and VLDL may become a major energy source for hearts. We review research regarding myocardial utilisation of VLDL and suggest possible roles of VLDL in cardiac energy metabolism: metabolic regulator and extracardiac energy storage for hearts.
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Perman JC, Boström P, Lindbom M, Lidberg U, StÅhlman M, Hägg D, Lindskog H, Scharin Täng M, Omerovic E, Mattsson Hultén L, Jeppsson A, Petursson P, Herlitz J, Olivecrona G, Strickland DK, Ekroos K, Olofsson SO, Borén J. The VLDL receptor promotes lipotoxicity and increases mortality in mice following an acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2625-40. [PMID: 21670500 DOI: 10.1172/jci43068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cardiac function is associated with myocardial triglyceride accumulation, but it is not clear how the lipids accumulate or whether this accumulation is detrimental. Here we show that hypoxia/ischemia-induced accumulation of lipids in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and mouse hearts is dependent on expression of the VLDL receptor (VLDLR). Hypoxia-induced VLDLR expression in HL-1 cells was dependent on HIF-1α through its interaction with a hypoxia-responsive element in the Vldlr promoter, and VLDLR promoted the endocytosis of lipoproteins. Furthermore, VLDLR expression was higher in ischemic compared with nonischemic left ventricles from human hearts and was correlated with the total lipid droplet area in the cardiomyocytes. Importantly, Vldlr-/- mice showed improved survival and decreased infarct area following an induced myocardial infarction. ER stress, which leads to apoptosis, is known to be involved in ischemic heart disease. We found that ischemia-induced ER stress and apoptosis in mouse hearts were reduced in Vldlr-/- mice and in mice treated with antibodies specific for VLDLR. These findings suggest that VLDLR-induced lipid accumulation in the ischemic heart worsens survival by increasing ER stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanna C Perman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Goldberg IJ, Eckel RH, McPherson R. Triglycerides and heart disease: still a hypothesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1716-25. [PMID: 21527746 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the basic and clinical science relating plasma triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. Although many aspects of the basic physiology of triglyceride production, its plasma transport, and its tissue uptake have been known for several decades, the relationship of plasma triglyceride levels to vascular disease is uncertain. Are triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, their influence on high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein, or the underlying diseases that lead to defects in triglyceride metabolism the culprit? Animal models have failed to confirm that anything other than early fatty lesions can be produced by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Metabolic products of triglyceride metabolism can be toxic to arterial cells; however, these studies are primarily in vitro. Correlative studies of fasting and postprandial triglycerides and genetic diseases implicate very-low-density lipoprotein and their remnants and chylomicron remnants in atherosclerosis development, but the concomitant alterations in other lipoproteins and other risk factors obscure any conclusions about direct relationships between disease and triglycerides. Genes that regulate triglyceride levels also correlate with vascular disease. Human intervention trials, however, have lacked an appropriately defined population and have produced outcomes without definitive conclusions. The time is more than ripe for new and creative approaches to understanding the relationship of triglycerides and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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45
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Kolovou GD, Kostakou PM, Anagnostopoulou KK. Familial hypercholesterolemia and triglyceride metabolism. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147:349-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Yuan G, Liu Y, Sun T, Xu Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang M, Cianflone K, Wang DW. The Therapeutic Role of Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene in Hyperlipidemia in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:302-12. [PMID: 21087152 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhuan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Muxun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Baitsch D, Bock HH, Engel T, Telgmann R, Müller-Tidow C, Varga G, Bot M, Herz J, Robenek H, von Eckardstein A, Nofer JR. Apolipoprotein E induces antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1160-8. [PMID: 21350196 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.222745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exerts potent antiinflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the effect of apoE on the functional phenotype of macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Human apoE receptors very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R) and apoE receptor-2 (apoER2) were stably expressed in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. In these cells, apoE downregulated markers of the proinflammatory M1 phenotype (inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin [IL]-12, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) but upregulated markers of the antiinflammatory M2 phenotype (arginase I, SOCS3, IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA]). In addition, M1 macrophage responses (migration, generation of reactive oxygen species, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, phagocytosis), as well as poly(I:C)- or interferon-γ-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines; cyclooxygenase-2 expression; and activation of nuclear factor-κB, IκB, and STAT1, were suppressed in VLDL-R- or apoER2-expressing cells. Conversely, the suppression of the M2 phenotype and the enhanced response to poly(I:C) were observed in apoE-producing bone marrow macrophages derived from VLDL-R-deficient mice but not wild-type or low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. The modulatory effects of apoE on macrophage polarization were inhibited in apoE receptor-expressing RAW264.7 cells exposed to SB220025, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, and PP1, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Accordingly, apoE induced tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in VLDL-R- or apoER2-expressing macrophages. Under in vivo conditions, apoE-/- mice transplanted with apoE-producing wild-type bone marrow showed increased plasma IL-1RA levels, and peritoneal macrophages of transplanted animals were shifted to the M2 phenotype (increased IL-1RA production and CD206 expression). CONCLUSIONS ApoE signaling via VLDL-R or apoER2 promotes macrophage conversion from the proinflammatory M1 to the antiinflammatory M2 phenotype. This effect may represent a novel antiinflammatory activity of apoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baitsch
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Münster, and Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Albert Schweizer Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany
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48
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Dieckmann M, Dietrich MF, Herz J. Lipoprotein receptors--an evolutionarily ancient multifunctional receptor family. Biol Chem 2011; 391:1341-63. [PMID: 20868222 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family represents a class of widely expressed cell surface receptors. Since the dawn of the first primitive multicellular organisms, several structurally and functionally distinct families of lipoprotein receptors have evolved. In accordance with the now obsolete 'one-gene-one-function' hypothesis, these cell surface receptors were originally perceived as mere transporters of lipoproteins, lipids, and nutrients or as scavenger receptors, which remove other kinds of macromolecules, such as proteases and protease inhibitors from the extracellular environment and the cell surface. This picture has since undergone a fundamental change. Experimental evidence has replaced the perception that these receptors serve merely as cargo transporters. Instead it is now clear that the transport of macromolecules is inseparably intertwined with the molecular machinery by which cells communicate with each other. Lipoprotein receptors are essentially sensors of the extracellular environment that participate in a wide range of physiological processes by physically interacting and coevolving with primary signal transducers as co-regulators. Furthermore, lipoprotein receptors modulate cellular trafficking and localization of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, compelling evidence shows that LDL receptor family members are involved in tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
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49
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Liu DJ, Leal SM. A novel adaptive method for the analysis of next-generation sequencing data to detect complex trait associations with rare variants due to gene main effects and interactions. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001156. [PMID: 20976247 PMCID: PMC2954824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is solid evidence that rare variants contribute to complex disease etiology. Next-generation sequencing technologies make it possible to uncover rare variants within candidate genes, exomes, and genomes. Working in a novel framework, the kernel-based adaptive cluster (KBAC) was developed to perform powerful gene/locus based rare variant association testing. The KBAC combines variant classification and association testing in a coherent framework. Covariates can also be incorporated in the analysis to control for potential confounders including age, sex, and population substructure. To evaluate the power of KBAC: 1) variant data was simulated using rigorous population genetic models for both Europeans and Africans, with parameters estimated from sequence data, and 2) phenotypes were generated using models motivated by complex diseases including breast cancer and Hirschsprung's disease. It is demonstrated that the KBAC has superior power compared to other rare variant analysis methods, such as the combined multivariate and collapsing and weight sum statistic. In the presence of variant misclassification and gene interaction, association testing using KBAC is particularly advantageous. The KBAC method was also applied to test for associations, using sequence data from the Dallas Heart Study, between energy metabolism traits and rare variants in ANGPTL 3,4,5 and 6 genes. A number of novel associations were identified, including the associations of high density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein with ANGPTL4. The KBAC method is implemented in a user-friendly R package. It has been demonstrated that both rare and common variants are involved in complex disease etiology. Until recently it was only possible to perform large scale analysis of common variants. With the development of next-generation sequencing technologies, detection and mapping of rare variants have been made possible. However, methods used to analyze common variants are not powerful for the analysis of rare variants. To address the problems of rare variant analysis working in a novel framework, the kernel-based adaptive cluster (KBAC) method was developed to perform gene/locus based analysis. The KBAC combines variant classification and association testing in a coherent framework. Through simulations motivated by population genetic and disease data, it is demonstrated that the KBAC has superior power to other rare variant analysis methods, especially in the presence of variant misclassification and gene interaction. Using data from the Dallas Heart Study, the KBAC method was applied to test for associations between energy metabolism traits and rare variants in ANGPTL 3,4,5 and 6 genes. A number of novel associations were identified. The KBAC method is implemented in a user-friendly R package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang J. Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Marrades MP, González-Muniesa P, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. A dysregulation in CES1, APOE and other lipid metabolism-related genes is associated to cardiovascular risk factors linked to obesity. Obes Facts 2010; 3:312-8. [PMID: 20975297 PMCID: PMC6452131 DOI: 10.1159/000321451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the differential expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome features in lean and obese subjects with habitual high fat intake. METHODS Microarray and RT-PCR analysis were used to analyze and validate differential gene expression in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples from lean and obese phenotype subjects. RESULTS Several genes and transcripts involved in lipolysis were down-regulated, such as AKAP1, PRKAR2B, Gi and CIDEA, whereas NPY1R and CES1 were up-regulated, when comparing obese to lean subjects. Similarly, transcripts associated with cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism showed a differential expression, with APOE and ABCA being decreased and VLDLR being increased in obese versus lean subjects. In addition, positive correlations were found between different markers of the metabolic syndrome and CES1 and NPY1R mRNA expressions, while APOE showed an inverse association with some of them. CONCLUSION Different expression patterns in transcripts encoding for proteins involved in lipolysis and lipoprotein metabolism were found between lean and obese subjects. Moreover, the dysregulation of genes such as CES1 and APOE seems to be associated with some physiopathological markers of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María J. Moreno-Aliaga
- *Dr. María J. Moreno-Aliaga, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology., University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain, Tel. +34 948 4256–00, Fax -49,
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