1
|
Wimalawansa SJ. Physiology of Vitamin D-Focusing on Disease Prevention. Nutrients 2024; 16:1666. [PMID: 38892599 PMCID: PMC11174958 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol regulates neuro-musculoskeletal activities by tightly controlling blood-ionized calcium concentrations through intestinal calcium absorption, renal tubular reabsorption, and skeletal mineralization. Beyond its classical roles, evidence underscores the impact of vitamin D on the prevention and reduction of the severity of diverse conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infection, and cancer. Peripheral target cells, like immune cells, obtain vitamin D and 25(OH)D through concentration-dependent diffusion from the circulation. Calcitriol is synthesized intracellularly in these cells from these precursors, which is crucial for their protective physiological actions. Its deficiency exacerbates inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders and infections; deficiency also causes premature deaths. Thus, maintaining optimal serum levels above 40 ng/mL is vital for health and disease prevention. However, achieving it requires several times more than the government's recommended vitamin D doses. Despite extensive published research, recommended daily intake and therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations have lagged and are outdated, preventing people from benefiting. Evidence suggests that maintaining the 25(OH)D concentrations above 40 ng/mL with a range of 40-80 ng/mL in the population is optimal for disease prevention and reducing morbidities and mortality without adverse effects. The recommendation for individuals is to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) for optimal clinical outcomes. Insights from metabolomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics offer promise for better clinical outcomes from vitamin D sufficiency. Given its broader positive impact on human health with minimal cost and little adverse effects, proactively integrating vitamin D assessment and supplementation into clinical practice promises significant benefits, including reduced healthcare costs. This review synthesized recent novel findings related to the physiology of vitamin D that have significant implications for disease prevention.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jassey A, Jackson WT. Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:309-321. [PMID: 38102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can be antiviral, degrading viral proteins or virions themselves. For many other viruses, the induction of the autophagic process provides a benefit and promotes viral replication. In this Review, we survey the roles that the autophagic pathway plays in the replication of viruses. Most viruses that benefit from autophagic induction block autophagic degradation, which is a 'bend, but don't break' strategy initiating but limiting a potentially antiviral response. In almost all cases, it is other effects of the redirected autophagic machinery that benefit these viruses. This rapid mechanism to generate small double-membraned vesicles can be usurped to shape membranes for viral genome replication and virion maturation. However, data suggest that autophagic maintenance of cellular homeostasis is crucial for the initiation of infection, as viruses have evolved to replicate in normal, healthy cells. Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pavlova JA, Guseva EA, Dontsova OA, Sergiev PV. Natural Activators of Autophagy. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1-26. [PMID: 38467543 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cell contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelles, and cell structures are sequestered by autophagosome and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a process that allows the cell to get rid of non-functional components that tend to accumulate with age, autophagy has been associated with many human diseases. In this regard, the search for autophagy activators and the study of their mechanism of action is an important task for treatment of many diseases, as well as for increasing healthy life expectancy. Plants are rich sources of autophagy activators, containing large amounts of polyphenolic compounds in their composition, which can be autophagy activators in their original form, or can be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota to active compounds. This review is devoted to the plant-based autophagy activators with emphasis on the sources of their production, mechanism of action, and application in various diseases. The review also describes companies commercializing natural autophagy activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Pavlova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Guseva
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Petr V Sergiev
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Viret C, Lavedrine A, Lamiral G, Rozières A, Faure M. Contextual influence of mammalian macro-autophagy in virus-bacteria coinfected cell phenotypes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011625. [PMID: 37733691 PMCID: PMC10513301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guénaëlle Lamiral
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tam D, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Hernández LR, Bach H. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Non-Structural Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13002. [PMID: 37629182 PMCID: PMC10455537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped respiratory β coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), leading to a deadly pandemic that has claimed millions of lives worldwide. Like other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 genome also codes for non-structural proteins (NSPs). These NSPs are found within open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) and open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and encode NSP1 to NSP11 and NSP12 to NSP16, respectively. This study aimed to collect the available literature regarding NSP inhibitors. In addition, we searched the natural product database looking for similar structures. The results showed that similar structures could be tested as potential inhibitors of the NSPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Tam
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (D.T.); (A.C.L.-L.)
| | - Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (D.T.); (A.C.L.-L.)
| | - Luis Ricardo Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación Fitoquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico;
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (D.T.); (A.C.L.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Papin L, Lehmann M, Lagisquet J, Maarifi G, Robert-Hebmann V, Mariller C, Guerardel Y, Espert L, Haucke V, Blanchet FP. The Autophagy Nucleation Factor ATG9 Forms Nanoclusters with the HIV-1 Receptor DC-SIGN and Regulates Early Antiviral Autophagy in Human Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109008. [PMID: 37240354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical cellular mediators of host immunity, notably by expressing a broad panel of pattern recognition receptors. One of those receptors, the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN, was previously reported as a regulator of endo/lysosomal targeting through functional connections with the autophagy pathway. Here, we confirmed that DC-SIGN internalization intersects with LC3+ autophagy structures in primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC). DC-SIGN engagement promoted autophagy flux which coincided with the recruitment of ATG-related factors. As such, the autophagy initiation factor ATG9 was found to be associated with DC-SIGN very early upon receptor engagement and required for an optimal DC-SIGN-mediated autophagy flux. The autophagy flux activation upon DC-SIGN engagement was recapitulated using engineered DC-SIGN-expressing epithelial cells in which ATG9 association with the receptor was also confirmed. Finally, Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy performed in primary human MoDC revealed DC-SIGN-dependent submembrane nanoclusters formed with ATG9, which was required to degrade incoming viruses and further limit DC-mediated transmission of HIV-1 infection to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Our study unveils a physical association between the Pattern Recognition Receptor DC-SIGN and essential components of the autophagy pathway contributing to early endocytic events and the host's antiviral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Papin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Justine Lagisquet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Mariller
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier-IRIM-CNRS UMR9004, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Problem of Host and Pathogen Genetic Variability for Developing Strategies of Universally Efficacious Vaccination against and Personalised Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis: Potential Solutions? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031887. [PMID: 36768222 PMCID: PMC9916249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational vaccination against and immunotherapy of any infectious disease requires knowledge of how protective and non-protective immune responses differ, and how immune responses are regulated, so their nature can be controlled. Strong Th1 responses are likely protective against M tuberculosis. Understanding how immune class regulation is achieved is pertinent to both vaccination and treatment. I argue that variables of infection, other than PAMPs, primarily determine the class of immunity generated. The alternative, non-PAMP framework I favour, allows me to propose strategies to achieve efficacious vaccination, transcending host and pathogen genetic variability, to prevent tuberculosis, and personalised protocols to treat disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang J, Chen D, Tian G, Mao X, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo Y, Luo J, Huang Z, Wu A, Yan H, Yu B. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Negatively Regulates the Inflammatory Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection by Inhibiting NF-κB and JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Porcine Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810603. [PMID: 36142545 PMCID: PMC9504568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes watery diarrhea and vomiting in piglets. The pathogenesis of PEDV infection is related to intestinal inflammation. It is known that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has potent anti-inflammatory activity, but it is unknown whether 1,25(OH)2D3 can inhibit the PEDV-induced inflammatory response and the underlying mechanism. We used transcriptome analysis, gene and protein expression, RNA interference and overexpression, and other techniques to study the anti-inflammatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on PEDV infection in IPEC-J2 cells. The results showed that interleukin 19 (IL-19) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) gene expression were enhanced with the increase in PEDV infection time in IPEC-J2 cells. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation obviously inhibited IL-19 and CCL20 expression induced by PEDV. Meanwhile, we also found that 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced p-NF-κB, p-STAT1, and p-STAT3 protein levels induced by PEDV at 24 h post-infection. IκBα and SOCS3, NF-κB, and STAT inhibitor respectively, were increased by 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation upon PEDV infection. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation inhibited ISG15 and MxA expression induced by PEDV. Although 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed the JAK/STAT signal pathway and antiviral gene expression, it had no significant effects on PEDV replication and IFN-α-induced antiviral effects. In addition, when the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was silenced by siRNA, the anti-inflammatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 was inhibited. Meanwhile, the overexpression of VDR significantly downregulated IL-19 and CCL20 expression induced by PEDV infection. Together, our results provide powerful evidence that 1,25(OH)2D3 could alleviate PEDV-induced inflammation by regulating the NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways through VDR. These results suggest that vitamin D could contribute to inhibiting intestinal inflammation and alleviating intestinal damage in PEDV-infected piglets, which offers new approaches for the development of nutritional strategies to prevent PEDV infection in piglets.
Collapse
|
9
|
Human Cytomegalovirus Induces Vitamin-D Resistance In Vitro by Dysregulating the Transcriptional Repressor Snail. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092004. [PMID: 36146811 PMCID: PMC9505537 DOI: 10.3390/v14092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin-D supplementation is considered to play a beneficial role against multiple viruses due to its immune-regulating and direct antimicrobial effects. In contrast, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has shown to be resistant to treatment with vitamin D in vitro by downregulation of the vitamin-D receptor. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism and possible biological consequences of vitamin-D resistance during HCMV infection. Mechanistically, HCMV induced vitamin-D resistance by downregulating the vitamin-D receptor (VDR) within hours of lytic infection. We found that the VDR was inhibited at the promoter level, and treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors could restore VDR expression. VDR downregulation highly correlated with the upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Snail1, a mechanism likely contributing to the epigenetic inactivation of the VDR promoter, since siRNA-mediated knockdown of Snail partly restored levels of VDR expression. Finally, we found that direct addition of the vitamin-D-inducible antimicrobial peptide LL-37 strongly and significantly reduced viral titers in infected fibroblasts, highlighting VDR biological relevance and the potential of vitamin-D-inducible peptides for the antiviral treatment of vitamin-D deficient patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Khoza LJ, Kumar P, Dube A, Demana PH, Choonara YE. Insights into Innovative Therapeutics for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Host-Directed Therapy and Autophagy Inducing Modified Nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121893. [PMID: 35680110 PMCID: PMC9169426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Pedreño-López S, García E, Guerrero D, Gómez-Mora E, Molina Mateu L, Orera Pérez F, Senserrich J, Clotet B, Cabrera C. Modulation of the autophagic pathway inhibits HIV-1 infection in human lymphoid tissue cultured ex vivo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7439. [PMID: 35523829 PMCID: PMC9076641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex link exists between HIV-1 and autophagy, and discordant results have been reported in different in vitro models regarding the way HIV and autophagy modulate each other. Despite this, there is very limited knowledge about the interplay between HIV and autophagy in vivo in lymphoid tissue, due in part by the lack of cell models that recapitulate the in vivo setting. Here, we evaluate the interrelationship between HIV and autophagy using human ex vivo lymphoid tissue cultures as an HIV infection model. Our results showed that human lymphoid aggregated cultures (HLACs) from tonsillar tissue displayed fully functional autophagic activity. In this system, HIV infection resulted in an increase in autophagy. Notably, we observed that both, autophagy-enhancing (rapamycin) or blocking drugs (3-methyladenine, chloroquine and bafilomycin), were able to decrease HIV-DNA levels and HIV replication. Therefore, efficient HIV-1 replication requires a fine-tuned level of autophagy, so modifications of this balance will have a negative impact on its replication. Therefore, targeting the autophagic pathway could be a new therapeutic approach to be explored to treat HIV-1 infection. Ex vivo cultures of human lymphoid tissue are a suitable model to obtain further insights into HIV and its intricate relationship with autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Pedreño-López
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Elisabet García
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Dolores Guerrero
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Gómez-Mora
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Molina Mateu
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Fernando Orera Pérez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Senserrich
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona Spain ,grid.411438.b0000 0004 1767 6330Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.440820.aUniversitat de Vic Central de Catalunya, Vic, Catalonia Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park K, Lee MS. Current Status of Autophagy Enhancers in Metabolic Disorders and Other Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:811701. [PMID: 35237600 PMCID: PMC8882819 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.811701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is pivotal in the maintenance of organelle function and intracellular nutrient balance. Besides the role of autophagy in the homeostasis and physiology of the individual tissues and whole organism in vivo, dysregulated autophagy has been incriminated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory or immunological disorders, cancer and aging. Search for autophagy modulators has been widely conducted to amend dysregulation of autophagy or pharmacologically modulate autophagy in those diseases. Current data support the view that autophagy modulation could be a new modality for treatment of metabolic syndrome associated with lipid overload, human-type diabetes characterized by deposition of islet amyloid or other diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, infection and cardiovascular diseases. While clinically available bona fide autophagy modulators have not been developed yet, it is expected that on-going investigation will lead to the development of authentic autophagy modulators that can be safely administered to patients in the near future and will open a new horizon for treatment of incurable or difficult diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bell TAS, Velappan N, Gleasner CD, Xie G, Starkenburg SR, Waldo G, Banerjee S, Micheva-Viteva SN. Non-classical autophagy activation pathways are essential for production of infectious Influenza A virus in vitro. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:508-524. [PMID: 34931347 PMCID: PMC9305535 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical mechanism deployed by eukaryotic cells in response to stress, including viral infection, to boost the innate antimicrobial responses. However, an increasing number of pathogens hijack the autophagic machinery to facilitate their own replication. Influenza A virus (IAV), responsible for several global pandemics, has an intricate dependence on autophagy for successful replication in mammalian cells. To elucidate key chokepoints in the host stress responses facilitating IAV replication, we constructed a meta‐transcriptome of IAV and host gene expression dynamics during early (1–3 hpi), mid (4–6 hpi), and late (8–12 hpi) stages of the viral replication cycle at two multiplicities of infection (MOI): 1 and 5. We supplemented the global transcriptome study with phosphoproteomic analysis of stress‐activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) signaling in lung carcinoma (predominantly used as an in vitro model of IAV replication) and normal human bronchial epithelial cells. We report significant differences in the activation profiles of autophagy regulating genes upon IAV infection at the two MOI as well as divergent dependence on ULK1 signaling within the normal and cancer cells. Regardless of the cell model, JNK‐Thr187 signaling was crucial for the production of infectious viral particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tisza A S Bell
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nileena Velappan
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Cheryl D Gleasner
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Gang Xie
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shawn R Starkenburg
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Geoffrey Waldo
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Shounak Banerjee
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mongy NNE, Hilal RF. How far is vitamin D implicated in cutaneous infections. Clin Dermatol 2021; 40:198-205. [PMID: 34893391 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important cornerstone in the immunologic cascade of many skin infections, systemic infections with cutaneous presentations, and other infectious dermatologic diseases where infections could be a culprit. Vitamin D supplementation is proposed as a protective measure against their occurrence and exacerbation, especially with the emergence of several viral pandemics in recent years. Vitamin D plays a key role in the maintenance of a balanced immunologic profile which could be reflected by a lowered incidence and morbidity of infections. Vitamin D screening and supplementation in patients with deficiencies or insufficiencies should be a part of the dermatologic approach to patients with these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Nabil El Mongy
- Professor of Dermatology, Kasr Al Ainy Teaching Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana Fathy Hilal
- Associate Professor of Dermatology, Kasr Al Ainy Teaching Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hurst EA, Mellanby RJ, Handel I, Griffith DM, Rossi AG, Walsh TS, Shankar-Hari M, Dunning J, Homer NZ, Denham SG, Devine K, Holloway PA, Moore SC, Thwaites RS, Samanta RJ, Summers C, Hardwick HE, Oosthuyzen W, Turtle L, Semple MG, Openshaw PJM, Baillie JK, Russell CD. Vitamin D insufficiency in COVID-19 and influenza A, and critical illness survivors: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e055435. [PMID: 34686560 PMCID: PMC8728359 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The steroid hormone vitamin D has roles in immunomodulation and bone health. Insufficiency is associated with susceptibility to respiratory infections. We report 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements in hospitalised people with COVID-19 and influenza A and in survivors of critical illness to test the hypotheses that vitamin D insufficiency scales with illness severity and persists in survivors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Plasma was obtained from 295 hospitalised people with COVID-19 (International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)/WHO Clinical Characterization Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections UK study), 93 with influenza A (Mechanisms of Severe Acute Influenza Consortium (MOSAIC) study, during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic) and 139 survivors of non-selected critical illness (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). Total 25(OH)D was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Free 25(OH)D was measured by ELISA in COVID-19 samples. OUTCOME MEASURES Receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Vitamin D insufficiency (total 25(OH)D 25-50 nmol/L) and deficiency (<25 nmol/L) were prevalent in COVID-19 (29.3% and 44.4%, respectively), influenza A (47.3% and 37.6%) and critical illness survivors (30.2% and 56.8%). In COVID-19 and influenza A, total 25(OH)D measured early in illness was lower in patients who received IMV (19.6 vs 31.9 nmol/L (p<0.0001) and 22.9 vs 31.1 nmol/L (p=0.0009), respectively). In COVID-19, biologically active free 25(OH)D correlated with total 25(OH)D and was lower in patients who received IMV, but was not associated with selected circulating inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was present in majority of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 or influenza A and correlated with severity and persisted in critical illness survivors at concentrations expected to disrupt bone metabolism. These findings support early supplementation trials to determine if insufficiency is causal in progression to severe disease, and investigation of longer-term bone health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Handel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David M Griffith
- Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Timothy S Walsh
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Intensive Care Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jake Dunning
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natalie Z Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott G Denham
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kerri Devine
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul A Holloway
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Romit J Samanta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hayley E Hardwick
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wilna Oosthuyzen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clark D Russell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Upadhyay A. Natural compounds in the regulation of proteostatic pathways: An invincible artillery against stress, ageing, and diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2995-3014. [PMID: 34729300 PMCID: PMC8546668 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have different sets of molecules for performing an array of physiological functions. Nucleic acids have stored and carried the information throughout evolution, whereas proteins have been attributed to performing most of the cellular functions. To perform these functions, proteins need to have a unique conformation and a definite lifespan. These attributes are achieved by a highly coordinated protein quality control (PQC) system comprising chaperones to fold the proteins in a proper three-dimensional structure, ubiquitin-proteasome system for selective degradation of proteins, and autophagy for bulk clearance of cell debris. Many kinds of stresses and perturbations may lead to the weakening of these protective cellular machinery, leading to the unfolding and aggregation of cellular proteins and the occurrence of numerous pathological conditions. However, modulating the expression and functional efficiency of molecular chaperones, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and autophagic proteins may diminish cellular proteotoxic load and mitigate various pathological effects. Natural medicine and small molecule-based therapies have been well-documented for their effectiveness in modulating these pathways and reestablishing the lost proteostasis inside the cells to combat disease conditions. The present article summarizes various similar reports and highlights the importance of the molecules obtained from natural sources in disease therapeutics.
Collapse
Key Words
- 17-AAG, 17-allylamino-geldanamycin
- APC, anaphase-promoting complex
- Ageing
- Autophagy
- BAG, BCL2-associated athanogene
- CAP, chaperone-assisted proteasomal degradation
- CASA, chaperone-assisted selective autophagy
- CHIP, carboxy-terminus of HSC70 interacting protein
- CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy
- Cancer
- Chaperones
- DUBs, deubiquitinases
- Drug discovery
- EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- HECT, homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus
- HSC70, heat shock cognate 70
- HSF1, heat shock factor 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- KFERQ, lysine-phenylalanine-glutamate-arginine-glutamine
- LAMP2a, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2a
- LC3, light chain 3
- NBR1, next to BRCA1 gene 1
- Natural molecules
- Neurodegeneration
- PQC, protein quality control
- Proteinopathies
- Proteostasis
- RING, really interesting new gene
- UPS, ubiquitin–proteasome system
- Ub, ubiquitin
- Ubiquitin proteasome system
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pietrobon AJ, Yoshikawa FSY, Oliveira LM, Pereira NZ, Matozo T, de Alencar BC, Duarte AJS, Sato MN. Antiviral Response Induced by TLR7/TLR8 Activation Inhibits HIV-1 Infection in Cord Blood Macrophages. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:510-519. [PMID: 34355765 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission is the main mechanism of HIV-1 infection in infants, who may develop high viremia and rapidly progress to AIDS. Innate immunity agonists can control HIV-1 replication in vitro, but the protective effect in the neonatal period remains unknown. Herein, we evaluated the immunomodulatory and antiviral effects of IFN-I adjuvants on cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages upon HIV-1 infection. Despite the phenotypic and transcriptional similarities between cord blood and adult macrophages, cord blood cells were prone to viral replication when infected with HIV-1. However, treatment with CL097 efficiently promoted the antiviral and inflammatory responses and inhibited HIV-1 replication in cord blood cells in an NF-κB and autophagy activation-independent manner. Our data suggest that cord blood macrophages are able to establish antiviral responses induced by IFN-I adjuvants similar to those of their adult counterparts, revealing a potential adjuvant candidate to enhance the neonatal immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Y Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Luana M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Natalli Z Pereira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Tais Matozo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna C de Alencar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto J S Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Maria N Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campbell GR, Spector SA. Induction of Autophagy to Achieve a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071798. [PMID: 34359967 PMCID: PMC8307643 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy has led to significant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppression and improvement in immune function. However, the persistence of integrated proviral DNA in latently infected reservoir cells, which drive viral rebound post-interruption of antiretroviral therapy, remains the major roadblock to a cure. Therefore, the targeted elimination or permanent silencing of this latently infected reservoir is a major focus of HIV-1 research. The most studied approach in the development of a cure is the activation of HIV-1 expression to expose latently infected cells for immune clearance while inducing HIV-1 cytotoxicity—the “kick and kill” approach. However, the complex and highly heterogeneous nature of the latent reservoir, combined with the failure of clinical trials to reduce the reservoir size casts doubt on the feasibility of this approach. This concern that total elimination of HIV-1 from the body may not be possible has led to increased emphasis on a “functional cure” where the virus remains but is unable to reactivate which presents the challenge of permanently silencing transcription of HIV-1 for prolonged drug-free remission—a “block and lock” approach. In this review, we discuss the interaction of HIV-1 and autophagy, and the exploitation of autophagy to kill selectively HIV-1 latently infected cells as part of a cure strategy. The cure strategy proposed has the advantage of significantly decreasing the size of the HIV-1 reservoir that can contribute to a functional cure and when optimised has the potential to eradicate completely HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-534-7477
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Robak O, Kastner MT, Stecher C, Schneider M, Andreas M, Greinix H, Kallay E, Honsig C, Steininger C. Cytomegalovirus Infection Downregulates Vitamin D Receptor in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplantation 2021; 105:1595-1602. [PMID: 32890131 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative option for patients with hematologic diseases but is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in HSCT patients and modulates vitamin D metabolism in vitro. We aimed at validating CMV-associated vitamin D metabolism in vivo in HSCT. METHODS Patients treated for significant CMV viremia after HSCT were evaluated for CMV load before, during, and after antiviral treatment. RNA was isolated from whole-blood samples to test for regulation of key components of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway during different phases of CMV viremia. RESULTS CMV viremia developed a mean time of 102 (±34) d post-HSCT. Maximum levels of CMV-DNA reached a mean of 5668 (±7257) copies/mL. VDR expression was downregulated to a mean of 64.3% (±42.5%) relative to the VDR expression pre-CMV viremia (P = 0.035) and lagged in recovery following antiviral treatment. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA was upregulated to 225.4% during CMV viremia relative to the expression pre-CMV viremia (P = 0.012) but not TLR6/7/8 and the TLR-adaptor protein MyD88. Levels of 25-OH vitamin D were reduced in all viremic patients (48.0 ± 4.8 versus 25.1 ± 3.7 ng/mL) and were even lower after periods of CMV viremia compared with the control group (48.3 ± 3.5 versus 17.8 ± 1.8 ng/mL; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS CMV viremia is associated with significant dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism in HSCT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Robak
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Theres Kastner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Stecher
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Andreas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hildegard Greinix
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Honsig
- Division of Clinical Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Steininger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Piloya TW, Bakeera–Kitaka S, Kisitu GP, Idro R, Cusick SE. Vitamin D status and associated factors among HIV-infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253689. [PMID: 34166428 PMCID: PMC8224887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A high prevalence of suboptimal serum vitamin D has been reported among HIV infected children even in countries with high sunshine abundance throughout the year. Vitamin D is a potent immune modulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Vitamin D regulates immune responses through the vitamin D receptor on CD4 cells. We aimed to determine the vitamin D status of HIV infected children and factors associated with suboptimal vitamin D. Methods This was a cross sectional study. We enrolled children aged between 6 months and 12 years attending an outpatient paediatric HIV clinic. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured using the electrochemoluminisence method. Suboptimal vitamin D was defined as 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml, vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were 21–29 ng/ml and <20 ng/ml respectively. Anthropometry, physical exam and medical history were documented. Logistic regression was performed. Results We enrolled 376 children with mean age (sd) 8.05 years (3.03), a median (IQR) duration of ART of 5.9 years (3.2–8.4). Majority of the children (64%) had been exposed to non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). A third were severely immunosuppressed (CD4% ≤15%) at ART initiation. At the time of the study, the majority (89%) were virologically suppressed (VL <1000 copies/ml). Prevalence of 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml was 49 (13%) of 375 participants and 11 (3%) had 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml. Lopinavir/ritonavir regimen was independently associated with 25(OH)D <30 ng/ml; OR 0.27 CI (0.13–0.57), p value-0.002. Serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml was associated with CD4 count ≤15% at ART initiation OR 6.55(1.30–32.9), p value—0.023 and use of NNRTIs; OR 10.9(1.22–96.2), p value—0.03. Conclusion We found a low prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D compared to earlier reports. Severe immunosuppression at ART initiation and use of NNRTIs increases odds of deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation should be considered in severely immunosuppressed children initiating ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Were Piloya
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabrina Bakeera–Kitaka
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Paul Kisitu
- Baylor College of Medicine, Paediatric Centre of Excellence, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Idro
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah E. Cusick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ciccosanti F, Corazzari M, Casetti R, Amendola A, Collalto D, Refolo G, Vergori A, Taibi C, D’Offizi G, Antinori A, Agrati C, Fimia GM, Ippolito G, Piacentini M, Nardacci R. High Levels of TRIM5α Are Associated with Xenophagy in HIV-1-Infected Long-Term Nonprogressors. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051207. [PMID: 34069225 PMCID: PMC8156091 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradative mechanism essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis, but it is also considered an ancient form of innate eukaryotic fighting against invading microorganisms. Mounting evidence has shown that HIV-1 is a critical target of autophagy that plays a role in HIV-1 replication and disease progression. In a special subset of HIV-1-infected patients that spontaneously and durably maintain extremely low viral replication, namely, long-term nonprogressors (LTNP), the resistance to HIV-1-induced pathogenesis is accompanied, in vivo, by a significant increase in the autophagic activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recently, a new player in the battle of autophagy against HIV-1 has been identified, namely, tripartite motif protein 5α (TRIM5α). In vitro data demonstrated that TRIM5α directly recognizes HIV-1 and targets it for autophagic destruction, thus protecting cells against HIV-1 infection. In this paper, we analyzed the involvement of this factor in the control of HIV-1 infection through autophagy, in vivo, in LTNP. The results obtained showed significantly higher levels of TRIM5α expression in cells from LTNP with respect to HIV-1-infected normal progressor patients. Interestingly, the colocalization of TRIM5α and HIV-1 proteins in autophagic vacuoles in LTNP cells suggested the participation of TRIM5α in the autophagy containment of HIV-1 in LTNP. Altogether, our results point to a protective role of TRIM5α in the successful control of the chronic viral infection in HIV-1-controllers through the autophagy mechanism. In our opinion, these findings could be relevant in fighting against HIV-1 disease, because autophagy inducers might be employed in combination with antiretroviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ciccosanti
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Corazzari
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandra Amendola
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Diletta Collalto
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Giulia Refolo
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandra Vergori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (C.T.); (G.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (C.T.); (G.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (C.T.); (G.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.V.); (C.T.); (G.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Nardacci
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (M.C.); (R.C.); (A.A.); (D.C.); (G.R.); (C.A.); (G.M.F.); (G.I.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Estévez-Herrera J, Márquez-Arce D, Cabrera C, Espert L, Blanco J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The Interplay of HIV and Autophagy in Early Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661446. [PMID: 33995324 PMCID: PMC8113651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is still a global threat despite the notable efforts made by the scientific and health communities to understand viral infection, to design new drugs or to improve existing ones, as well as to develop advanced therapies and vaccine designs for functional cure and viral eradication. The identification and analysis of HIV-1 positive individuals that naturally control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment has provided clues about cellular processes that could interact with viral proteins and RNA and define subsequent viral replication and clinical progression. This is the case of autophagy, a degradative process that not only maintains cell homeostasis by recycling misfolded/old cellular elements to obtain nutrients, but is also relevant in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses, such as HIV-1. Several studies suggest that early steps of HIV-1 infection, such as virus binding to CD4 or membrane fusion, allow the virus to modulate autophagy pathways preparing cells to be permissive for viral infection. Confirming this interplay, strategies based on autophagy modulation are able to inhibit early steps of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, autophagy dysregulation in late steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle may promote autophagic cell-death of CD4+ T cells or control of HIV-1 latency, likely contributing to disease progression and HIV persistence in infected individuals. In this scenario, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV/autophagy interplay may contribute to the development of new strategies to control HIV-1 replication. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of the interplay between autophagy and the early events of HIV-1 infection, and how autophagy modulation could impair or benefit HIV-1 infection and persistence, impacting viral pathogenesis, immune control of viral replication, and clinical progression of HIV-1 infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Márquez-Arce
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucile Espert
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, e IUETSPC de la Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mado H, Reichman-Warmusz E, Dudek D, Warmusz O. Is Vitamin D Supplementation Protective against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/9762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
24
|
Sharma V, Makhdoomi M, Singh L, Kumar P, Khan N, Singh S, Verma HN, Luthra K, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Trehalose limits opportunistic mycobacterial survival during HIV co-infection by reversing HIV-mediated autophagy block. Autophagy 2021; 17:476-495. [PMID: 32079455 PMCID: PMC7610453 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacterial infections amongst HIV-infected individuals contribute significantly to HIV-associated mortality. The role of HIV-mediated modulation of innate mechanisms like autophagy in promoting opportunistic infections, however, remains obscure. Here we show, HIV reactivation in or infection of macrophages inhibits autophagy and helps the survival of pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nonpathogenic non-tuberculous mycobacterial strains (NTMs). The HIV-mediated impairment of xenophagy flux facilitated bacterial survival. Activation of autophagy by trehalose could induce xenophagy flux and kill intracellular Mtb or NTMs either during single or co-infections. Trehalose, we delineate, activates PIKFYVE leading to TFEB nuclear translocation in MCOLN1-dependent manner to induce autophagy. Remarkably, trehalose significantly reduced HIV-p24 levels in ex-vivo-infected PBMCs or PBMCs from treatment-naive HIV patients and also controlled mycobacterial survival within Mtb-infected animals. To conclude, we report leveraging of HIV-mediated perturbed host innate-immunity by opportunistic bacterial pathogens and show an attractive therapeutic strategy for HIV and associated co-morbidities.Abbreviations: AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CFU: colony forming unit; CTSD: cathepsin D; CD63: CD63 molecule; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; FRET: Förster resonance energy transfer; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT: glucose transporter; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; hMDMs: human monocyte derived macrophages; IL2: interleukin 2; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B-II: lipidated microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor; NAC: N- acetyl- L -cysteine; NTM's: non-tuberculous mycobacteria; PBMC: Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells; PIKFYVE: phosphoinositide kinase; FYVE-Type Zinc Finger; PHA: phytohemagglutinin; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PtdIns(3,5)P2: Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate; ptfLC3: pEGFP-mRFP-LC3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1: sequestosome1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; PIP4P1/TMEM55B: Human trans-membrane Protein 55B; UVRAG: UV Radiation Resistance Associate; VPS35: vacuolar protein sorting associated protein 35; WDR45: WD repeat domain 45; YCAM: Yellow Chameleon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Muzamil Makhdoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshyaveer Singh
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nabab Khan
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - H N Verma
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
L Bishop E, Ismailova A, Dimeloe S, Hewison M, White JH. Vitamin D and Immune Regulation: Antibacterial, Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10405. [PMID: 32904944 PMCID: PMC7461279 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of immune function continues to be one of the most well-recognized extraskeletal actions of vitamin D. This stemmed initially from the discovery that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages could actively metabolize precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) to active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). Parallel observation that activated cells from the immune system expressed the intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR) for 1,25D suggested a potential role for vitamin D as a localized endogenous modulator of immune function. Subsequent studies have expanded our understanding of how vitamin D exerts effects on both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. At an innate level, intracrine synthesis of 1,25D by macrophages and dendritic cells stimulates expression of antimicrobial proteins such as cathelicidin, as well as lowering intracellular iron concentrations via suppression of hepcidin. By potently enhancing autophagy, 1,25D may also play an important role in combatting intracellular pathogens such as M. tuberculosis and viral infections. Local synthesis of 1,25D by macrophages and dendritic cells also appears to play a pivotal role in mediating T-cell responses to vitamin D, leading to suppression of inflammatory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells, and concomitant induction of immunotolerogenic T-regulatory responses. The aim of this review is to provide an update on our current understanding of these prominent immune actions of vitamin D, as well as highlighting new, less well-recognized immune effects of vitamin D. The review also aims to place this mechanistic basis for the link between vitamin D and immunity with studies in vivo that have explored a role for vitamin D supplementation as a strategy for improved immune health. This has gained prominence in recent months with the global coronavirus disease 2019 health crisis and highlights important new objectives for future studies of vitamin D and immune function. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Bishop
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Aiten Ismailova
- Department of PhysiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Sarah Dimeloe
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Martin Hewison
- Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - John H White
- Department of PhysiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
García-Pérez BE, González-Rojas JA, Salazar MI, Torres-Torres C, Castrejón-Jiménez NS. Taming the Autophagy as a Strategy for Treating COVID-19. Cells 2020; 9:E2679. [PMID: 33322168 PMCID: PMC7764362 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, an efficient treatment for COVID-19 is still unavailable, and people are continuing to die from complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the development of new therapeutic approaches is urgently needed, and one alternative is to target the mechanisms of autophagy. Due to its multifaceted role in physiological processes, many questions remain unanswered about the possible advantages of inhibiting or activating autophagy. Based on a search of the literature in this field, a novel analysis has been made to highlight the relation between the mechanisms of autophagy in antiviral and inflammatory activity in contrast with those of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The present analysis reveals a remarkable coincidence between the uncontrolled inflammation triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and autophagy defects. Particularly, there is conclusive evidence about the substantial contribution of two concomitant factors to the development of severe COVID-19: a delayed or absent type I and III interferon (IFN-I and IFN-III) response together with robust cytokine and chemokine production. In addition, a negative interplay exists between autophagy and an IFN-I response. According to previous studies, the clinical decision to inhibit or activate autophagy should depend on the underlying context of the pathological timeline of COVID-19. Several treatment options are herein discussed as a guide for future research on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-R.), (M.I.S.)
| | - Juan Antonio González-Rojas
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-R.), (M.I.S.)
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.A.G.-R.), (M.I.S.)
| | - Carlos Torres-Torres
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km. 1. Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa A.P. 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Nair N, Babalyan V, Hutchings N, Napoli N, Accili D, Binkley N, Landry DW, Giustina A. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:R133-R147. [PMID: 32755992 PMCID: PMC9494342 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has generated an explosion of interest both in the mechanisms of infection leading to dissemination and expression of this disease, and in potential risk factors that may have a mechanistic basis for disease propagation or control. Vitamin D has emerged as a factor that may be involved in these two areas. The focus of this article is to apply our current understanding of vitamin D as a facilitator of immunocompetence both with regard to innate and adaptive immunity and to consider how this may relate to COVID-19 disease. There are also intriguing potential links to vitamin D as a factor in the cytokine storm that portends some of the most serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, cardiac and coagulopathic features of COVID-19 disease deserve attention as they may also be related to vitamin D. Finally, we review the current clinical data associating vitamin D with SARS-CoV-2 infection, a putative clinical link that at this time must still be considered hypothetical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina – Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Formenti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Aakriti Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mahesh V Madhavan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nandini Nair
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil Binkley
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donald W Landry
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Anderson SM, Thurman AR, Chandra N, Jackson SS, Asin S, Rollenhagen C, Ghosh M, Daniels J, Vann NC, Clark MR, Doncel GF. Vitamin D Status Impacts Genital Mucosal Immunity and Markers of HIV-1 Susceptibility in Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103176. [PMID: 33080839 PMCID: PMC7602985 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While vitamin D insufficiency is known to impact a multitude of health outcomes, including HIV-1, little is known about the role of vitamin D-mediated immune regulation in the female reproductive tract (FRT). We performed a pilot clinical study of 20 women with circulating 25(OH)D levels <62.5 nmol/L. Participants were randomized into either weekly or daily high-dose oral vitamin D supplementation groups. In addition to serum vitamin D levels, genital mucosal endpoints, including soluble mediators, immune cell populations, gene expression, and ex vivo HIV-1 infection, were assessed. While systemic vitamin D levels showed a significant increase following supplementation, these changes translated into modest effects on the cervicovaginal factors studied. Paradoxically, post-supplementation vitamin D levels were decreased in cervicovaginal fluids. Given the strong correlation between vitamin D status and HIV-1 infection and the widespread nature of vitamin D deficiency, further understanding of the role of vitamin D immunoregulation in the female reproductive tract is important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Anderson
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea R. Thurman
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Neelima Chandra
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Suzanne S. Jackson
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Susana Asin
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA; (S.A.); (C.R.)
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Christiane Rollenhagen
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA; (S.A.); (C.R.)
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Milken Institute School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Jason Daniels
- Milken Institute School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.G.); (J.D.)
| | - Nikolas C. Vann
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Meredith R. Clark
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA; (A.R.T.); (N.C.); (S.S.J.); (N.C.V.); (M.R.C.); (G.F.D.)
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Arlington, VA 22209, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
CD4 + T Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Broadly Neutralize HIV-1 and Suppress Viral Replication through Autophagy. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00903-20. [PMID: 32934078 PMCID: PMC7492730 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00903-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is a major global health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine and/or a therapeutic cure is a top priority. The creation of vaccines that focus an antibody response toward a particular epitope of a protein has shown promise, but the genetic diversity of HIV-1 hinders this progress. Here we developed an approach using nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP). Not only do TNP effectively neutralize all strains of HIV-1, but they also selectively bind to infected cells and decrease the release of HIV-1 particles through an autophagy-dependent mechanism with no drug-induced off-target or cytotoxic effects on bystander cells. Therapeutic strategies that provide effective and broad‐spectrum neutralization against HIV-1 infection are highly desirable. Here, we investigate the potential of nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP) to neutralize a broad range of HIV-1 strains. TNP displayed outstanding neutralizing breadth and potency; they neutralized all 125 HIV-1-pseudotyped viruses tested, including global subtypes/recombinant forms, and transmitted/founder viruses, with a geometric mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) of 819 μg ml−1 (range, 72 to 8,570 μg ml−1). TNP also selectively bound to and induced autophagy in HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages, while having no effect on uninfected cells. This TNP-mediated autophagy inhibited viral release and reduced cell-associated HIV-1 in a dose- and phospholipase D1-dependent manner. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy ablated this effect. Thus, we can use TNP as therapeutic agents to neutralize cell-free HIV-1 and to target HIV-1 gp120-expressing cells to decrease the HIV-1 reservoir.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091979. [PMID: 32867365 PMCID: PMC7563212 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is tightly controlled at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of gene sets involved in, for example, metabolic and immune homeostasis. Several NRs show promise as host-directed anti-infectives through the modulation of autophagy activities by their natural ligands or small molecules (agonists/antagonists). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of NRs (vitamin D receptors, estrogen receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) in linking immunity and autophagy during infection. We also discuss the potential of emerging NRs (REV-ERBs, retinoic acid receptors, retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and thyroid hormone receptors) as candidate antimicrobials. The identification of novel roles and mechanisms for NRs will enable the development of autophagy-adjunctive therapeutics for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rawat P, Hon S, Teodorof-Diedrich C, Spector SA. Trehalose Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Primary Human Macrophages and CD4 + T Lymphocytes through Two Distinct Mechanisms. J Virol 2020; 94:e00237-20. [PMID: 32554696 PMCID: PMC7431788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00237-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling pathway that promotes cell survival during periods of stress. We previously reported that induction of autophagy through the inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) inhibits HIV replication in human macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes (T cells). However, the inhibition of MTOR has modulatory effects beyond autophagy that might affect viral replication. Here, we examined the effect on HIV replication of trehalose, a nontoxic, nonreducing disaccharide that induces autophagy through an MTOR-independent mechanism. Treatment of HIV-infected macrophages and T cells with trehalose inhibited infection in a dose-dependent manner. Uninfected and HIV-infected macrophages and T cells treated with trehalose exhibited increased markers of autophagy, including LC3B lipidation with further accumulation following bafilomycin A1 treatment, and increased levels of LAMP1, LAMP2, and RAB7 proteins required for lysosomal biogenesis and fusion. Moreover, the inhibition of HIV by trehalose was significantly reduced by knockdown of ATG5 Additionally, trehalose downregulated the expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in T cells and CD4 in both T cells and macrophages, which reduced HIV entry in these cells. Our data demonstrate that the naturally occurring sugar trehalose at doses safely achieved in humans inhibits HIV through two mechanisms: (i) decreased entry through the downregulation of CCR5 in T cells and decreased CD4 expression in both T cells and macrophages and (ii) degradation of intracellular HIV through the induction of MTOR-independent autophagy. These findings demonstrate that cellular mechanisms can be modulated to inhibit HIV entry and intracellular replication using a naturally occurring, nontoxic sugar.IMPORTANCE Induction of autophagy through inhibition of MTOR has been shown to inhibit HIV replication. However, inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) has cellular effects that may alter HIV infection through other mechanisms. Here, we examined the HIV-inhibitory effects of the MTOR-independent inducer of autophagy, trehalose. Of note, we identified that in addition to the inhibition of the intracellular replication of HIV by autophagy, trehalose decreased viral entry in human primary macrophages and CD4+ T cells through the downregulation of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in T cells and CD4 in both T cells and macrophages. Thus, we showed that trehalose uniquely inhibits HIV replication through inhibition of viral entry and intracellular degradation in the two most important target cells for HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Simson Hon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carmen Teodorof-Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shan C, Hui W, Li H, Wang Z, Guo C, Peng R, Gu J, Chen Y, Ouyang Q. Discovery of Novel Autophagy Inhibitors and Their Sensitization Abilities for Vincristine-Resistant Esophageal Cancer Cell Line Eca109/VCR. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:970-981. [PMID: 32207878 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance phenomena, especially acquired drug resistance, have been severely hampering the application of chemotherapeutics during cancer chemotherapy. Autophagy plays a role in maintaining the survival of cancer cells and might mediate resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Herein, a new series of 5-amino-2-ether-benzamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as autophagy inhibitors. Selected from 14 synthesized compounds as lead autophagy inhibitor, N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(((cyclohexylmethyl)amino)methyl)-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)oxy)benzamide (4 d) showed the most obvious effect of LC3B protein conversion. Further, its autophagy inhibition, evaluated by using transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy, showed that the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the final stage of autophagic flux was suppressed. We also found that 4 d could enhance the chemosensitivity of vincristine in vincristine-resistant esophageal cancer cell line Eca109/VCR in a synergistic, associative manner. Moreover, a computational study showed that 4 d might bind with p62-zz to inhibit autophagy. We also found 4 d to be relatively less cytotoxic to normal cells versus cancer cells than the reported p62-zz inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wenqi Hui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Pharmacy Department, Xi' an Fifth Hospital, Xi' an, Shanxi Province, 710082, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Chunling Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ruikun Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abhimanyu, Meyer V, Jones BR, Bornman L. Autophagy efficacy and vitamin D status: Population effects. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104082. [PMID: 32241530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/1 signalling is linked to autophagy through transcriptional actions of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3)-vitamin D receptor (VDR) complex. Population-specific effects have been reported for TLR2/1-VDR signalling. We hypothesized that population effects extend to autophagy and are influenced by vitamin D status. Serum 25(OH)D3 of healthy South Africans (Black individuals n = 10, White individuals n = 10) was quantified by LC-MS/MS. Primary monocytes-macrophages were supplemented in vitro with 1,25(OH)2D3 and stimulated with the lipoprotein Pam3CysSerLys4. TLR2, VDR, hCAP18, Beclin1, LC3-IIB, cytokines and CYP24A1 mRNA were quantified by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR, respectively. Black individuals showed significantly lower overall cumulative LC3-IIB (P < 0.010), but higher Beclin1, VDR, IL6 and TNFA (P < 0.050) than White individuals. 1,25(OH)2D3 enhanced autophagic flux in monocytes-macrophages from Black individuals upon TLR2/1 stimulation and strengthened autophagy in 25(OH)D3 deficient individuals (independent cohort, n = 20). These findings support population-directed vitamin D supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Vanessa Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Brandon R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Liza Bornman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bearden A, Van Winden K, Frederick T, Kono N, Operskalski E, Pandian R, Barton L, Stek A, Kovacs A. Low maternal vitamin D is associated with increased risk of congenital and peri/postnatal transmission of Cytomegalovirus in women with HIV. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228900. [PMID: 32053638 PMCID: PMC7018030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CMV infection of the fetus or neonate can lead to devastating disease, and there are no effective prevention strategies to date. Vitamin D is a potent immunomodulator, supports antiviral immune responses, and plays an important role in placental immunity. Methods Retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of low maternal vitamin D on congenital and early postnatal transmission of CMV among HIV-infected, non-breastfeeding women and their HIV exposed but negative infants from an urban HIV clinic. Vitamin D panel was performed on stored maternal plasma obtained near time of delivery. Infant CMV testing at 0–6 months included urine and oral cultures, and/or serum polymerase chain reaction testing. Results Cohort included 340 mother-infant pairs (births 1991–2014). Among 38 infants (11%) with a CMV+ test between 0–6 months, 4.7% (14/300) had congenital CMV transmission (CMV+ test 0–3 weeks), and 7.6% (24/315) had peri/postnatal CMV (CMV+ test >3 weeks-6 months). Women with lower calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), the active form of vitamin D, were more likely to have an infant with congenital (OR 12.2 [95% CI 1.61–92.2] P = 0.02) and peri/postnatal (OR 9.84 [95% CI 2.63–36.8] P = 0.0007) infections in multivariate analyses, independent of maternal HIV viral load and CD4 count. Conclusion This study demonstrates an association between inadequate maternal calcitriol during pregnancy and increased congenital and early postnatal acquisition of CMV among non-breastfeeding women with HIV and their HIV negative infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Bearden
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal, Child, Adolescent/Adult Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristi Van Winden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, and Maternal, Child, Adolescent/Adult Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Toni Frederick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal, Child, Adolescent/Adult Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Naoko Kono
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Eva Operskalski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal, Child, Adolescent/Adult Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Raj Pandian
- Pan Laboratories, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Lorayne Barton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Alice Stek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, and Maternal, Child, Adolescent/Adult Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrea Kovacs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal, Child, Adolescent/Adult Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chung C, Silwal P, Kim I, Modlin RL, Jo EK. Vitamin D-Cathelicidin Axis: at the Crossroads between Protective Immunity and Pathological Inflammation during Infection. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e12. [PMID: 32395364 PMCID: PMC7192829 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling plays an essential role in innate defense against intracellular microorganisms via the generation of the antimicrobial protein cathelicidin. In addition to directly binding to and killing a range of pathogens, cathelicidin acts as a secondary messenger driving vitamin D-mediated inflammation during infection. Recent studies have elucidated the biological and clinical functions of cathelicidin in the context of vitamin D signaling. The vitamin D-cathelicidin axis is involved in the activation of autophagy, which enhances antimicrobial effects against diverse pathogens. Vitamin D studies have also revealed positive and negative regulatory effects of cathelicidin on inflammatory responses to pathogenic stimuli. Diverse innate and adaptive immune signals crosstalk with functional vitamin D receptor signals to enhance the role of cathelicidin action in cell-autonomous effector systems. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate how the vitamin D-cathelicidin pathway regulates autophagy machinery, protective immune defenses, and inflammation, and contributes to immune cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Understanding how the vitamin D-cathelicidin axis operates in the host response to infection will create opportunities for the development of new therapeutic approaches against a variety of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaeuk Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Insoo Kim
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Teixeira HC, Dias LDS, Bizarro HDDS, Castro JMDA. Efeitos contrastantes da vitamina D sobre a resposta imune inata e adquirida e seu impacto na recuperação da tuberculose. HU REVISTA 2019. [DOI: 10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vitamina D é um hormônio essencial para o organismo, podendo ser obtida da dieta ou, principalmente, gerada pela pele após exposição à luz solar ultravioleta B. Na sua forma ativa (1,25(OH)2D) ela controla a absorção de cálcio e fósforo do intestino para a corrente sanguínea e participa de diversos processos celulares e fisiológicos. A ligação da 1,25(OH)2D ao receptor da vitamina D (VDR) presente em diversas células, como as células do sistema imunológico, induz a transcrição de genes que podem, por exemplo, modular a resposta imune inata e adquirida. A deficiência de vitamina D ou do VDR é associada a problemas de saúde como desordens esqueléticas, hipertensão, doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, doenças autoimunes e doenças infecciosas. Neste sentido, a suplementação com vitamina D tem sido proposta como uma possível medida preventiva, podendo ser aplicada em muitas patologias, em especial na tuberculose. Principal causa de morte por um único agente infeccioso, a tuberculose é responsável por cerca de 1,3 milhões de óbitos por ano no mundo. Publicações recentes apontam efeitos diversos da vitamina D na resposta imune inata e adquirida. A 1,25(OH)2D3 na presença do interferon (IFN)-γ é capaz de aumentar a atividade bactericida do macrófago contra o M. tuberculosis, aumentando a produção de peptídios antimicrobianos e estimulando a autofagia, favorecendo assim a lise de bacilos localizados em fagossomos. Por outro lado, a vitamina D em linfócitos T mostra efeito tolerogênico que favorece o controle de respostas inflamatórias excessivas. Neste trabalho de revisão são apresentados estudos recentes envolvendo efeitos da vitamina D na resposta imune inata e adquirida. Além disso, considerações sobre deficiência de vitamina D e maior risco de contrair tuberculose, e efeitos contrastantes da suplementação com vitamina D na prevenção e tratamento da TB, são discutidos.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang G, Luk BT, Wei X, Campbell GR, Fang RH, Zhang L, Spector SA. Selective cell death of latently HIV-infected CD4 + T cells mediated by autosis inducing nanopeptides. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:419. [PMID: 31142734 PMCID: PMC6541658 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection, antiretroviral therapy only suppresses viral replication but is unable to eliminate infection. Thus, discontinuation of antiretrovirals results in viral reactivation and disease progression. A major reservoir of HIV latent infection resides in resting central memory CD4+ T cells (TCM) that escape clearance by current therapeutic regimens and will require novel strategies for elimination. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of autophagy-inducing peptides, Tat-Beclin 1 and Tat-vFLIP-α2, which can induce a novel Na+/K+-ATPase dependent form of cell death (autosis), to kill latently HIV-infected TCM while preventing virologic rebound. In this study, we encapsulated autophagy inducing peptides into biodegradable lipid-coated hybrid PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for controlled intracellular delivery. A single dose of nanopeptides was found to eliminate latent HIV infection in an in vitro primary model of HIV latency and ex vivo using resting CD4+ T cells obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral with fully suppressed virus for greater than 12 months. Notably, increased LC3B lipidation, SQSTM1/p62 degradation and Na+/K+-ATPase activity characteristic of autosis, were detected in nanopeptide treated latently HIV-infected cells compared to untreated uninfected or infected cells. Nanopeptide-induced cell death could be reversed by knockdown of autophagy proteins, ATG5 and ATG7, and inhibition or knockdown of Na+/K+-ATPase. Importantly, viral rebound was not detected following the induction of the Na+/K+-ATPase dependent form of cell death induced by the Tat-Beclin 1 and Tat-vFLIP-α2 nanopeptides. These findings provide a novel strategy to eradicate HIV latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells, the major reservoir of HIV latency, through the induction of Na+/K+-ATPase dependent autophagy, while preventing reactivation of virus and new infection of uninfected bystander cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian T Luk
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Aguilar-Jimenez W, Zapata W, Rivero-Juárez A, Pineda JA, Laplana M, Taborda NA, Biasin M, Clerici M, Caruz A, Fibla J, Rugeles MT. Genetic associations of the vitamin D and antiviral pathways with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection are influenced by interpopulation variability. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:276-286. [PMID: 31103723 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) may modulate anti-HIV-1 responses modifying the risk to acquire the HIV-1-infection. We performed a nested case-control exploratory study involving 413 individuals; HIV-1-exposed seropositives (cases) and seronegatives (HESN) (controls) from three cohorts: sexually-exposed from Colombia and Italy and parenterally-exposed from Spain. The association and interactions of 139 variants in 9 VitD pathway genes, and in 14 antiviral genes with resistance/susceptibility (R/S) to HIV-1 infection was evaluated. Associations between variants and mRNA levels were also analyzed in the Colombian samples. Variants and haplotypes in genes of VitD and antiviral pathways were associated with R/S, but specific associations were not reproduced in all cohorts. Allelic heterogeneity could explain such inconsistency since the associations found in all cohorts were consistently in the same genes: VDR and RXRA of the VitD pathway genes and in TLR2 and RNASE4. Remarkably, the multi-locus genotypes (interacting variants) observed in genes of VitD and antiviral pathways were present in most HESNs of all cohorts. Finally, HESNs carrying resistance-associated variants had higher levels of VitD in plasma, of VDR mRNA in blood cells, and of ELAFIN and defensins mRNA in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, despite allelic heterogeneity, most likely due to differences in the genetic history of the populations, the associations were locus dependent suggesting that genes of the VitD pathway might act in concert with antiviral genes modulating the resistance phenotype of the HESNs. Although these associations were significant after permutation test, only haplotype results remained statistically significant after Bonferroni test, requiring further replications in larger cohorts and functional analyzes to validate these conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wbeimar Aguilar-Jimenez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellín, Colombia; Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 050012 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimonides para la Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A Pineda
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, 41014 Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Laplana
- Unitat de Genètica Humana, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas UniRemington, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Universitaria Remington, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mara Biasin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche-L. Sacco, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Mario Clerici
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy; Fondazione Don C, Gnocchi IRCCS, 20100 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Unidad de Inmunogenética, Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Joan Fibla
- Unitat de Genètica Humana, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - María T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Panda PK, Fahrner A, Vats S, Seranova E, Sharma V, Chipara M, Desai P, Torresi J, Rosenstock T, Kumar D, Sarkar S. Chemical Screening Approaches Enabling Drug Discovery of Autophagy Modulators for Biomedical Applications in Human Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:38. [PMID: 30949479 PMCID: PMC6436197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway for malfunctioning aggregation-prone proteins, damaged organelles, unwanted macromolecules and invading pathogens. This process is essential for maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis that contribute to organismal survival. Autophagy dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases, and therefore, therapeutic exploitation of autophagy is of potential biomedical relevance. A number of chemical screening approaches have been established for the drug discovery of autophagy modulators based on the perturbations of autophagy reporters or the clearance of autophagy substrates. These readouts can be detected by fluorescence and high-content microscopy, flow cytometry, microplate reader and immunoblotting, and the assays have evolved to enable high-throughput screening and measurement of autophagic flux. Several pharmacological modulators of autophagy have been identified that act either via the classical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway or independently of mTOR. Many of these autophagy modulators have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in transgenic models of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, infectious diseases, liver diseases, myopathies as well as in lifespan extension. This review describes the commonly used chemical screening approaches in mammalian cells and the key autophagy modulators identified through these methods, and highlights the therapeutic benefits of these compounds in specific disease contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Fahrner
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Somya Vats
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Miruna Chipara
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Priyal Desai
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Torresi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rosenstock
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abhimanyu, Coussens AK. The role of UV radiation and vitamin D in the seasonality and outcomes of infectious disease. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:314-338. [PMID: 28078341 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The seasonality of infectious disease outbreaks suggests that environmental conditions have a significant effect on disease risk. One of the major environmental factors that can affect this is solar radiation, primarily acting through ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and its subsequent control of vitamin D production. Here we show how UVR and vitamin D, which are modified by latitude and season, can affect host and pathogen fitness and relate them to the outcomes of bacterial, viral and vector-borne infections. We conducted a thorough comparison of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of UVR and vitamin D on pathogen fitness and host immunity and related these to the effects observed in animal models and clinical trials to understand their independent and complementary effects on infectious disease outcome. UVR and vitamin D share common pathways of innate immune activation primarily via antimicrobial peptide production, and adaptive immune suppression. Whilst UVR can induce vitamin D-independent effects in the skin, such as the generation of photoproducts activating interferon signaling, vitamin D has a larger systemic effect due to its autocrine and paracrine modulation of cellular responses in a range of tissues. However, the seasonal patterns in infectious disease prevalence are not solely driven by variation in UVR and vitamin D levels across latitudes. Vector-borne pathogens show a strong seasonality of infection correlated to climatic conditions favoring their replication. Conversely, pathogens, such as influenza A virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, have strong evidence to support their interaction with vitamin D. Thus, UVR has both vitamin D-dependent and independent effects on infectious diseases; these effects vary depending on the pathogen of interest and the effects can be complementary or antagonistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, Western Cape, South Africa. and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, Western Cape, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a key role in skeletal and cardiovascular disorders, cancers, central nervous system diseases, reproductive diseases, infections, and autoimmune and dermatological disorders. The two main sources of vitamin D are sun exposure and oral intake, including vitamin D supplementation and dietary intake. Multiple factors are linked to vitamin D status, such as Fitzpatrick skin type, sex, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Patients with photosensitive disorders tend to avoid sun exposure, and this practice, along with photoprotection, can put this category of patients at risk for vitamin D deficiency. Maintaining a vitamin D serum concentration within normal levels is warranted in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, polymorphous light eruption, mycosis fungoides, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus, and melanoma patients. The potential determinants of vitamin D status, as well as the benefits and risks of vitamin D (with a special focus on the skin), will be discussed in this article.
Collapse
|
42
|
Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Martínez I, Medrano LM, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Resino S. Vitamin D in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Influence on Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:458. [PMID: 29593721 PMCID: PMC5857570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection typically have hypovitaminosis D, which is linked to a large number of pathologies, including immune disorders and infectious diseases. Vitamin D (VitD) is a key regulator of host defense against infections by activating genes and pathways that enhance innate and adaptive immunity. VitD mediates its biological effects by binding to the Vitamin D receptor (VDR), and activating and regulating multiple cellular pathways. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes from those pathways have been associated with protection from HIV-1 infection. High levels of VitD and VDR expression are also associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Conversely, VitD deficiency is linked to more inflammation and immune activation, low peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells, faster progression of HIV disease, and shorter survival time in HIV-infected patients. VitD supplementation and restoration to normal values in HIV-infected patients may improve immunologic recovery during combination antiretroviral therapy, reduce levels of inflammation and immune activation, and increase immunity against pathogens. Additionally, VitD may protect against the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome events, pulmonary tuberculosis, and mortality among HIV-infected patients. In summary, this review suggests that VitD deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Also, VitD supplementation seems to reverse some alterations of the immune system, supporting the use of VitD supplementation as prophylaxis, especially in individuals with more severe VitD deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Luz María Medrano
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, Herns SD, Joshi S, Durden DL, Spector SA. Induction of autophagy by PI3K/MTOR and PI3K/MTOR/BRD4 inhibitors suppresses HIV-1 replication. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5808-5820. [PMID: 29475942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of the dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/MTOR) inhibitor dactolisib (NVP-BEZ235), the PI3K/MTOR/bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor SF2523, and the bromodomain and extra terminal domain inhibitor JQ1 on the productive infection of primary macrophages with human immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV). These inhibitors did not alter the initial susceptibility of macrophages to HIV infection. However, dactolisib, JQ1, and SF2523 all decreased HIV replication in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner via degradation of intracellular HIV through autophagy. Macrophages treated with dactolisib, JQ1, or SF2523 displayed an increase in LC3B lipidation combined with SQSTM1 degradation without inducing increased cell death. LC3B-II levels were further increased in the presence of pepstatin A suggesting that these inhibitors induce autophagic flux. RNA interference for ATG5 and ATG7 and pharmacological inhibitors of autophagosome-lysosome fusion and of lysosomal hydrolases all blocked the inhibition of HIV. Thus, we demonstrate that the mechanism of PI3K/MTOR and PI3K/MTOR/BRD4 inhibitor suppression of HIV requires the formation of autophagosomes, as well as their subsequent maturation into autolysosomes. These data provide further evidence in support of a role for autophagy in the control of HIV infection and open new avenues for the use of this class of drugs in HIV therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
| | - Rachel S Bruckman
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
| | - Shayna D Herns
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
| | - Shweta Joshi
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0819.,the Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, and
| | - Donald L Durden
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0819.,the Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, and.,SignalRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92130
| | - Stephen A Spector
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672, .,the Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kolloli A, Subbian S. Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategies for Tuberculosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:171. [PMID: 29094039 PMCID: PMC5651239 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Currently, the standard treatment for TB involves multiple antibiotics administered for at least 6 months. Although multiple antibiotics therapy is necessary to prevent the development of drug resistance, the prolonged duration of treatment, combined with toxicity of drugs, contributes to patient non-compliance that can leads to the development of drug-resistant Mtb (MDR and XDR) strains. The existence of comorbid conditions, including HIV infection, not only complicates TB treatment but also elevates the mortality rate of patients. These facts underscore the need for the development of new and/or improved TB treatment strategies. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new and emerging concept in the treatment of TB, where host response is modulated by treatment with small molecules, with or without adjunct antibiotics, to achieve better control of TB. Unlike antibiotics, HDT drugs act by directly modulating host cell functions; therefore, development of drug resistance by infecting Mtb is avoided. Thus, HDT is a promising treatment strategy for the management of MDR- and XDR-TB cases as well as for patients with existing chronic, comorbid conditions such as HIV infection or diabetes. Functionally, HDT drugs fine-tune the antimicrobial activities of host immune cells and limit inflammation and tissue damage associated with TB. However, current knowledge and clinical evidence is insufficient to implement HDT molecules as a stand-alone, without adjunct antibiotics, therapeutic modality to treat any form of TB in humans. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on small molecule HDT agents that target autophagy, vitamin D pathway, and anti-inflammatory response as adjunctive agents along with standard antibiotics for TB therapy. Data from recent publications show that this approach has the potential to improve clinical outcome and can help to reduce treatment duration. Thus, HDT can contribute to global TB control programs by potentially increasing the efficiency of anti-TB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01226-17. [PMID: 28760906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01226-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the most effective regimen for therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). As many patients with PCP are allergic or do not respond to it, efforts have been devoted to develop alternative therapies for PCP. We have found that the combination of vitamin D3 (VitD3) (300 IU/kg/day) and primaquine (PMQ) (5 mg/kg/day) was as effective as TMP-SMX for therapy of PCP. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which vitamin D enhances the efficacy of PMQ. C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed by CD4+ cell depletion, infected with Pneumocystismurina for 8 weeks, and then treated for 9 days with the combination of VitD3 and PMQ (VitD3-PMQ) or with TMP-SMX or PMQ to serve as controls. The results showed that vitamin D supplementation increased the number of CD11c+ cells, suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and enhanced the expression of genes related to antioxidation (glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin), and autophagy (ATG5 and beclin-1). These results suggest that the main action of vitamin D is enhancing the ability of the host to defend against Pneumocystis infection.
Collapse
|
46
|
Majdoul S, Cosette J, Seye AK, Bernard E, Frin S, Holic N, Chazal N, Briant L, Espert L, Galy A, Fenard D. Peptides derived from evolutionarily conserved domains in Beclin-1 and Beclin-2 enhance the entry of lentiviral vectors into human cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18672-18681. [PMID: 28928217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin-1 are involved in an array of complex processes, including antiviral responses, and may also modulate the efficiency of gene therapy viral vectors. The Tat-Beclin-1 (TB1) peptide has been reported as an autophagy-inducing factor inhibiting the replication of pathogens such as HIV, type 1 (HIV-1). However, autophagy-related proteins are also essential for the early steps of HIV-1 infection. Therefore, we examined the effects of the Beclin-1 evolutionarily conserved domain in TB1 on viral transduction and autophagy in single-round HIV infection or with nonreplicative HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors. TB1 enhanced transduction with various pseudotypes but without inducing the autophagy process. TB1 augmented the transduction of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells while maintaining their capacity to engraft in vivo into humanized mice. TB1 was as effective as other transduction additives and functioned by enhancing the adhesion and fusion of viral particles with target cells but not their aggregation. We also found that the N-terminal L1 loop was critical for TB1 transduction-enhancing activity. Interestingly, the Tat-Beclin-2 (TB2) peptide, derived from the human Beclin-2 protein, was even more potent than TB1 in promoting viral transduction and infection. Taken together, our findings suggest that the TB1 and TB2 peptides enhance the viral entry step. Tat-Beclin peptides therefore represent a new family of viral transduction enhancers for potential use in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Majdoul
- From Integrare Research Unit, UMR_S951, Généthon, INSERM, University of Evry, EPHE, Evry F 91000, France
| | | | - Ababacar K Seye
- From Integrare Research Unit, UMR_S951, Généthon, INSERM, University of Evry, EPHE, Evry F 91000, France
| | - Eric Bernard
- IRIM (ex-CPBS) UMR 9004, Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier F34293, France
| | - Sophie Frin
- From Integrare Research Unit, UMR_S951, Généthon, INSERM, University of Evry, EPHE, Evry F 91000, France
| | - Nathalie Holic
- From Integrare Research Unit, UMR_S951, Généthon, INSERM, University of Evry, EPHE, Evry F 91000, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- IRIM (ex-CPBS) UMR 9004, Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier F34293, France
| | - Laurence Briant
- IRIM (ex-CPBS) UMR 9004, Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier F34293, France
| | - Lucile Espert
- IRIM (ex-CPBS) UMR 9004, Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier F34293, France
| | - Anne Galy
- From Integrare Research Unit, UMR_S951, Généthon, INSERM, University of Evry, EPHE, Evry F 91000, France,
| | - David Fenard
- From Integrare Research Unit, UMR_S951, Généthon, INSERM, University of Evry, EPHE, Evry F 91000, France,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Importance of Autophagy in Mediating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Morphine-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction and Inflammation in Human Astrocytes. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080201. [PMID: 28788100 PMCID: PMC5580458 DOI: 10.3390/v9080201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the function of astrocytes in providing brain metabolic support is compromised under pathophysiological conditions caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids. Herein, we examined the role of autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway important for cellular homeostasis and survival, as a potential regulatory mechanism during pathophysiological conditions in primary human astrocytes. Blocking autophagy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting BECN1, but not the Autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) gene, caused a significant decrease in HIV and morphine-induced intracellular calcium release. On the contrary, inducing autophagy pharmacologically with rapamycin further enhanced calcium release and significantly reverted HIV and morphine-decreased glutamate uptake. Furthermore, siBeclin1 caused an increase in HIV-induced nitric oxide (NO) release, while viral-induced NO in astrocytes exposed to rapamycin was decreased. HIV replication was significantly attenuated in astrocytes transfected with siRNA while significantly induced in astrocytes exposed to rapamycin. Silencing with siBeclin1, but not siATG5, caused a significant decrease in HIV and morphine-induced interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release, while secretion of IL-8 was significantly induced with rapamycin. Mechanistically, the effects of siBeclin1 in decreasing HIV-induced calcium release, viral replication, and viral-induced cytokine secretion were associated with a decrease in activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Immunology is a central theme when it comes to tuberculosis (TB). The outcome of human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the ability of the immune response to clear or contain the infection. In cases where this fails, the bacterium replicates, disseminates within the host, and elicits a pathologic inflammatory response, and disease ensues. Clinical presentation of TB disease is remarkably heterogeneous, and the disease phenotype is largely dependent on host immune status. Onward transmission of M. tuberculosis to new susceptible hosts is thought to depend on an excessive inflammatory response causing a breakdown of the lung matrix and formation of lung cavities. But this varies in cases of underlying immunological dysfunction: for example, HIV-1 infection is associated with less cavitation, while diabetes mellitus comorbidity is associated with increased cavitation and risk of transmission. In compliance with the central theme of immunology in tuberculosis, we rely on detection of an adaptive immune response, in the form of interferon-gamma release assays or tuberculin skin tests, to diagnose infection with M. tuberculosis. Here we review the immunology of TB in the human host, focusing on cellular and humoral adaptive immunity as well as key features of innate immune responses and the underlying immunological dysfunction which associates with human TB risk factors. Our review is restricted to human immunology, and we highlight distinctions from the immunological dogma originating from animal models of TB, which pervade the field.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ojha CR, Lapierre J, Rodriguez M, Dever SM, Zadeh MA, DeMarino C, Pleet ML, Kashanchi F, El-Hage N. Interplay between Autophagy, Exosomes and HIV-1 Associated Neurological Disorders: New Insights for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Applications. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070176. [PMID: 28684681 PMCID: PMC5537668 DOI: 10.3390/v9070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy–lysosomal pathway mediates a degradative process critical in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis as well as the preservation of proper organelle function by selective removal of damaged proteins and organelles. In some situations, cells remove unwanted or damaged proteins and RNAs through the release to the extracellular environment of exosomes. Since exosomes can be transferred from one cell to another, secretion of unwanted material to the extracellular environment in exosomes may have an impact, which can be beneficial or detrimental, in neighboring cells. Exosome secretion is under the influence of the autophagic system, and stimulation of autophagy can inhibit exosomal release and vice versa. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to degeneration, especially as the brain ages, and studies indicate that imbalances in genes regulating autophagy are a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive and motor disease associated with severe dementia and neuronal damage is well-documented in the brains of HIV-infected individuals. Neurodegeneration seen in the brain in HIV-1 infection is associated with dysregulation of neuronal autophagy. In this paradigm, we herein provide an overview on the role of autophagy in HIV-associated neurodegenerative disease, focusing particularly on the effect of autophagy modulation on exosomal release of HIV particles and how this interplay impacts HIV infection in the brain. Specific autophagy–regulating agents are being considered for therapeutic treatment and prevention of a broad range of human diseases. Various therapeutic strategies for modulating specific stages of autophagy and the current state of drug development for this purpose are also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Seth M Dever
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Mohammad Asad Zadeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the anti-HIV-1 effects of vitamin D (VitD) have been reported, mechanisms behind such protection remain largely unexplored. METHODS The effects of two precursor forms (cholecalciferol/calciol at 0.01, 1 and 100 nM and calcidiol at 100 and 250 nM) on HIV-1 infection, immune activation, and gene expression were analyzed in vitro in cells of Colombian and Italian healthy donors. We quantified levels of released p24 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, of intracellular p24 and cell-surface expression of CD38 and HLA-DR by flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of antiviral and immunoregulatory genes by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Cholecalciferol decreased the frequency of HIV-1-infected p24CD4 T cells and levels of p24 in supernatants in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the CD4CD38HLA-DR and CD4CD38HLA-DR subpopulations were more susceptible to infection but displayed the greatest cholecalciferol-induced decreases in infection rate by an X4-tropic strain. Likewise, cholecalciferol at its highest concentration decreased the frequency of CD38HLA-DR but not of CD38HLA-DR T-cell subsets. Analyzing the effects of calcidiol, the main VitD source for immune cells and an R5-tropic strain as the most frequently transmitted virus, a reduction in HIV-1 productive infection was also observed. In addition, an increase in mRNA expression of APOBEC3G and PI3 and a reduction of TRIM22 and CCR5 expression, this latter positively correlated with p24 levels, was noted. CONCLUSIONS VitD reduces HIV-1 infection in T cells possibly by inducing antiviral gene expression, reducing the viral co-receptor CCR5 and, at least at the highest cholecalciferol concentration, by promoting an HIV-1-restrictive CD38HLA-DR immunophenotype.
Collapse
|