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van Allen KA, Gang N, Hoyeck MP, Perera I, Zhang D, Atlas E, Lynn FC, Bruin JE. Characterizing the effects of Dechlorane Plus on β-cells: a comparative study across models and species. Islets 2024; 16:2361996. [PMID: 38833523 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2024.2361996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies consistently link environmental toxicant exposure with increased Type 2 diabetes risk. Our study investigated the diabetogenic effects of a widely used flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), on pancreatic β-cells using rodent and human model systems. We first examined pancreas tissues from male mice exposed daily to oral gavage of either vehicle (corn oil) or DP (10, 100, or 1000 μg/kg per day) and fed chow or high fat diet for 28-days in vivo. DP exposure did not affect islet size or endocrine cell composition in either diet group. Next, we assessed the effect of 48-hour exposure to vehicle (DMSO) or DP (1, 10, or 100 nM) in vitro using immortalized rat β-cells (INS-1 832/3), primary mouse and human islets, and human stem-cell derived islet-like cells (SC-islets). In INS-1 832/3 cells, DP did not impact glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) but significantly decreased intracellular insulin content. DP had no effect on GSIS in mouse islets or SC-islets but had variable effects on GSIS in human islets depending on the donor. DP alone did not affect insulin content in mouse islets, human islets, or SC-islets, but mouse islets co-exposed to DP and glucolipotoxic (GLT) stress conditions (28.7 mM glucose + 0.5 mM palmitate) had reduced insulin content compared to control conditions. Co-exposure of mouse islets to DP + GLT amplified the upregulation of Slc30a8 compared to GLT alone. Our study highlights the importance and challenges of using different in vitro models for studying chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A van Allen
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noa Gang
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Myriam P Hoyeck
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ineli Perera
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Bruin
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Di Piazza E, Todi L, Di Giuseppe G, Soldovieri L, Ciccarelli G, Brunetti M, Quero G, Alfieri S, Tondolo V, Pontecorvi A, Gasbarrini A, Nista EC, Giaccari A, Pani G, Mezza T. Advancing Diabetes Research: A Novel Islet Isolation Method from Living Donors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5936. [PMID: 38892122 PMCID: PMC11172646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet isolation is critical for type 2 diabetes research. Although -omics approaches have shed light on islet molecular profiles, inconsistencies persist; on the other hand, functional studies are essential, but they require reliable and standardized isolation methods. Here, we propose a simplified protocol applied to very small-sized samples collected from partially pancreatectomized living donors. Islet isolation was performed by digesting tissue specimens collected during surgery within a collagenase P solution, followed by a Lympholyte density gradient separation; finally, functional assays and staining with dithizone were carried out. Isolated pancreatic islets exhibited functional responses to glucose and arginine stimulation mirroring donors' metabolic profiles, with insulin secretion significantly decreasing in diabetic islets compared to non-diabetic islets; conversely, proinsulin secretion showed an increasing trend from non-diabetic to diabetic islets. This novel islet isolation method from living patients undergoing partial pancreatectomy offers a valuable opportunity for targeted study of islet physiology, with the primary advantage of being time-effective and successfully preserving islet viability and functionality. It enables the generation of islet preparations that closely reflect donors' clinical profiles, simplifying the isolation process and eliminating the need for a Ricordi chamber. Thus, this method holds promises for advancing our understanding of diabetes and for new personalized pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Piazza
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Todi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Giuseppe
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Soldovieri
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Gea Ciccarelli
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Brunetti
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quero
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Ospedale Isola Tiberina—Gemelli Isola, 00186 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Alfieri
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Ospedale Isola Tiberina—Gemelli Isola, 00186 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tondolo
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Ospedale Isola Tiberina—Gemelli Isola, 00186 Roma, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Pancreas Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Celestino Nista
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Pancreas Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, General Pathology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Pancreas Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
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3
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Morisseau L, Tokito F, Lucas M, Poulain S, Kim SH, Plaisance V, Pawlowski V, Legallais C, Jellali R, Sakai Y, Abderrahmani A, Leclerc E. Transcriptomic profiling analysis of the effect of palmitic acid on 3D spheroids of β-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Gene 2024; 917:148441. [PMID: 38608795 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is posing a serious public health concern with a considerable impact on human life and health expenditures worldwide. The disease develops when insulin plasma level is insufficient for coping insulin resistance, caused by the decline of pancreatic β-cell function and mass. In β-cells, the lipotoxicity exerted by saturated free fatty acids in particular palmitate (PA), which is chronically elevated in T2D, plays a major role in β-cell dysfunction and mass. However, there is a lack of human relevant in vitro model to identify the underlying mechanism through which palmitate induces β-cell failure. In this frame, we have previously developed a cutting-edge 3D spheroid model of β-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. In the present work, we investigated the signaling pathways modified by palmitate in β-like cells derived spheroids. When compared to the 2D monolayer cultures, the transcriptome analysis (FDR set at 0.1) revealed that the 3D spheroids upregulated the pancreatic markers (such as GCG, IAPP genes), lipids metabolism and transporters (CD36, HMGSC2 genes), glucose transporter (SLC2A6). Then, the 3D spheroids are exposed to PA 0.5 mM for 72 h. The differential analysis demonstrated that 32 transcription factors and 135 target genes were mainly modulated (FDR set at 0.1) including the upregulation of lipid and carbohydrates metabolism (HMGSC2, LDHA, GLUT3), fibrin metabolism (FGG, FGB), apoptosis (CASP7). The pathway analysis using the 135 selected targets extracted the fibrin related biological process and wound healing in 3D PA treated conditions. An overall pathway gene set enrichment analysis, performed on the overall gene set (with pathway significance cutoff at 0.2), highlighted that PA perturbs the citrate cycle, FOXO signaling and Hippo signaling as observed in human islets studies. Additional RT-PCR confirmed induction of inflammatory (IGFBP1, IGFBP3) and cell growth (CCND1, Ki67) pathways by PA. All these changes were associated with unaffected glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), suggesting that they precede the defect of insulin secretion and death induced by PA. Overall, we believe that our data demonstrate the potential of our spheroid 3D islet-like cells to investigate the pancreatic-like response to diabetogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Morisseau
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mathilde Lucas
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Valérie Plaisance
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Pawlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; CNRS/IIS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS/IIS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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4
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Varney MJ, Benovic JL. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Kinases in Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:267-299. [PMID: 38351071 PMCID: PMC10877731 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus has emerged as a major global health concern that has accelerated in recent years due to poor diet and lifestyle. Afflicted individuals have high blood glucose levels that stem from the inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin to meet demand. Although medication can help to maintain normal blood glucose levels in individuals with chronic disease, many of these medicines are outdated, have severe side effects, and often become less efficacious over time, necessitating the need for insulin therapy. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many physiologic processes, including blood glucose levels. In pancreatic β cells, GPCRs regulate β-cell growth, apoptosis, and insulin secretion, which are all critical in maintaining sufficient β-cell mass and insulin output to ensure euglycemia. In recent years, new insights into the signaling of incretin receptors and other GPCRs have underscored the potential of these receptors as desirable targets in the treatment of diabetes. The signaling of these receptors is modulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) that phosphorylate agonist-activated GPCRs, marking the receptor for arrestin binding and internalization. Interestingly, genome-wide association studies using diabetic patient cohorts link the GRKs and arrestins with T2D. Moreover, recent reports show that GRKs and arrestins expressed in the β cell serve a critical role in the regulation of β-cell function, including β-cell growth and insulin secretion in both GPCR-dependent and -independent pathways. In this review, we describe recent insights into GPCR signaling and the importance of GRK function in modulating β-cell physiology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pancreatic β cells contain a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been shown to improve β-cell function and survival, yet only a handful have been successfully targeted in the treatment of diabetes. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of β-cell GPCR pharmacology and regulation by GPCR kinases while also highlighting the necessity of investigating islet-enriched GPCRs that have largely been unexplored to unveil novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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5
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Kumar PP, Rao GV, Shetty M, Pradeep R, PremaVani C, Sasikala M, Reddy DN. Understanding the Structural Arrangement of Islets in Chronic Pancreatitis. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:25-40. [PMID: 38063163 PMCID: PMC10795563 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231217552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation has become an established method for the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes such as type 1 and type 3C (pancreatogenic). An effective transplantation necessitates a thorough understanding of the islet architecture and related functions to improve engraftment outcomes. However, in chronic pancreatitis (CP), the structural and related functional information is inadequate. Hence, the present study is aimed to understand the cytoarchitecture of endocrine cells and their functional implications in CP with and without diabetes. Herein, a set of human pancreatic tissue specimens (normal, n=5 and CP, n=20) was collected and processed for islet isolation. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was used to assess the vascular densities, cell mass, organization, and cell-cell interactions. The glucose-stimulated insulin release results revealed that in chronic pancreatitis without diabetes mellitus altered (CPNDA), at basal glucose concentration the insulin secretion was increased by 24.2%, whereas at high glucose concentration the insulin levels were reduced by 77.4%. The impaired insulin secretion may be caused by alterations in the cellular architecture of islets during CP progression, particularly in chronic pancreatitis with diabetes mellitus and CPNDA conditions. Based on the results, a deeper comprehension of islet architecture would be needed to enhance successful transplantation in CP patients: (J Histochem Cytochem XX.XXX-XXX, XXXX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pondugala Pavan Kumar
- Translational Research Center, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
- AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Mitnala Sasikala
- Translational Research Center, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy
- Translational Research Center, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
- AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
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6
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So WY, Liao Y, Liu WN, Rutter GA, Han W. Paired box 6 gene delivery preserves beta cells and improves islet transplantation efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17928. [PMID: 37933577 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic beta cells is the central feature of all forms of diabetes. Current therapies fail to halt the declined beta cell mass. Thus, strategies to preserve beta cells are imperatively needed. In this study, we identified paired box 6 (PAX6) as a critical regulator of beta cell survival. Under diabetic conditions, the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1, db/db mouse and human islets displayed dampened insulin and incretin signalings and reduced beta cell survival, which were alleviated by PAX6 overexpression. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated PAX6 overexpression in beta cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and db/db mice led to a sustained maintenance of glucose homeostasis. AAV-PAX6 transduction in human islets reduced islet graft loss and improved glycemic control after transplantation into immunodeficient diabetic mice. Our study highlights a previously unappreciated role for PAX6 in beta cell survival and raises the possibility that ex vivo PAX6 gene transfer into islets prior to transplantation might enhance islet graft function and transplantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yilie Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
- Center for Neurometabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Bioland Laboratories, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510530, China
| | - Wai Nam Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lee Kong Chian Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Rahul R, Stinchcombe AR, Joseph JW, Ingalls B. Kinetic modelling of β-cell metabolism reveals control points in the insulin-regulating pyruvate cycling pathways. IET Syst Biol 2023; 17:303-315. [PMID: 37938890 PMCID: PMC10725709 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a key hormone in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis, is secreted by pancreatic β-cells in response to elevated glucose levels. Insulin is released in a biphasic manner in response to glucose metabolism in β-cells. The first phase of insulin secretion is triggered by an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio; the second phase occurs in response to both a rise in ATP:ADP and other key metabolic signals, including a rise in the NADPH:NADP+ ratio. Experimental evidence indicates that pyruvate-cycling pathways play an important role in the elevation of the NADPH:NADP+ ratio in response to glucose. The authors developed a kinetic model for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pyruvate cycling pathways. The authors successfully validated the model against experimental observations and performed a sensitivity analysis to identify key regulatory interactions in the system. The model predicts that the dicarboxylate carrier and the pyruvate transporter are the most important regulators of pyruvate cycling and NADPH production. In contrast, the analysis showed that variation in the pyruvate carboxylase flux was compensated by a response in the activity of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDm ) resulting in minimal effect on overall pyruvate cycling flux. The model predictions suggest starting points for further experimental investigation, as well as potential drug targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rahul
- Department of Applied MathematicsUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | | | - Jamie W. Joseph
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Brian Ingalls
- Department of Applied MathematicsUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
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8
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Perrier J, Nawrot M, Madec AM, Chikh K, Chauvin MA, Damblon C, Sabatier J, Thivolet CH, Rieusset J, Rautureau GJP, Panthu B. Human Pancreatic Islets React to Glucolipotoxicity by Secreting Pyruvate and Citrate. Nutrients 2023; 15:4791. [PMID: 38004183 PMCID: PMC10674605 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive decline in pancreatic beta-cell function is central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we explore the relationship between the beta cell and its nutritional environment, asking how an excess of energy substrate leads to altered energy production and subsequent insulin secretion. Alterations in intracellular metabolic homeostasis are key markers of islets with T2D, but changes in cellular metabolite exchanges with their environment remain unknown. We answered this question using nuclear magnetic resonance-based quantitative metabolomics and evaluated the consumption or secretion of 31 extracellular metabolites from healthy and T2D human islets. Islets were also cultured under high levels of glucose and/or palmitate to induce gluco-, lipo-, and glucolipotoxicity. Biochemical analyses revealed drastic alterations in the pyruvate and citrate pathways, which appear to be associated with mitochondrial oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) downregulation. We repeated these manipulations on the rat insulinoma-derived beta-pancreatic cell line (INS-1E). Our results highlight an OGDH downregulation with a clear effect on the pyruvate and citrate pathways. However, citrate is directed to lipogenesis in the INS-1E cells instead of being secreted as in human islets. Our results demonstrate the ability of metabolomic approaches performed on culture media to easily discriminate T2D from healthy and functional islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Perrier
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Margaux Nawrot
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Anne-Marie Madec
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Karim Chikh
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Chauvin
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Christian Damblon
- Unité de Recherche MolSys, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Liège, 99131 Liège, Belgium
| | - Julia Sabatier
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy for Diabetes (LTCD), PRIMS Facility, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), University Hospital of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Charles H. Thivolet
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Lyon Sud, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Gilles J. P. Rautureau
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs, UMR 5082 CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Baptiste Panthu
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRAE U1397, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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9
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Bergstrom JD. The lipogenic enzyme acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase and ketone body utilization for denovo lipid synthesis, a review. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100407. [PMID: 37356666 PMCID: PMC10388205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase (AACS) is the key enzyme in the anabolic utilization of ketone bodies (KBs) for denovo lipid synthesis, a process that bypasses citrate and ATP citrate lyase. This review shows that AACS is a highly regulated, cytosolic, and lipogenic enzyme and that many tissues can readily use KBs for denovo lipid synthesis. AACS has a low micromolar Km for acetoacetate, and supply of acetoacetate should not limit its activity in the fed state. In many tissues, AACS appears to be regulated in conjunction with the need for cholesterol, but in adipose tissue, it seems tied to fatty acid synthesis. KBs are readily utilized as substrates for lipid synthesis in lipogenic tissues, including liver, adipose tissue, lactating mammary gland, skin, intestinal mucosa, adrenals, and developing brain. In numerous studied cases, KBs served several-fold better than glucose as substrates for lipid synthesis, and when present, KBs suppressed the utilization of glucose for lipid synthesis. Here, it is hypothesized that a physiological role for the utilization of KBs for lipid synthesis is a metabolic process of lipid interconversion. Fatty acids are converted to KBs in liver, and then, the KBs are utilized to synthesize cholesterol and other long-chain fatty acids in liver and nonhepatic tissues. The conversion of fatty acids to cholesterol via the KBs may be a particularly important example of lipid interconversion. Utilizing KBs for lipid synthesis is glucose sparing and probably is important with low carbohydrate diets. Metabolic situations and tissues where this pathway may be important are discussed.
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10
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He H, Wang J, Mou X, Liu X, Li Q, Zhong M, Luo B, Yu Z, Zhang J, Xu T, Dou C, Wu D, Qing W, Wu L, Zhou K, Fan Z, Wang T, Hu T, Zhang X, Zhou J, Miao YL. Selective autophagic degradation of ACLY (ATP citrate lyase) maintains citrate homeostasis and promotes oocyte maturation. Autophagy 2023; 19:163-179. [PMID: 35404187 PMCID: PMC9809967 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2063005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular and energy homeostatic mechanism that contributes to maintain the number of primordial follicles, germ cell survival, and anti-ovarian aging. However, it remains unknown whether autophagy in granulosa cells affects oocyte maturation. Here, we show a clear tendency of reduced autophagy level in human granulosa cells from women of advanced maternal age, implying a potential negative correlation between autophagy levels and oocyte quality. We therefore established a co-culture system and show that either pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of autophagy in granulosa cells negatively affect oocyte quality and fertilization ability. Moreover, our metabolomics analysis indicates that the adverse impact of autophagy impairment on oocyte quality is mediated by downregulated citrate levels, while exogenous supplementation of citrate can significantly restore the oocyte maturation. Mechanistically, we found that ACLY (ATP citrate lyase), which is a crucial enzyme catalyzing the cleavage of citrate, was preferentially associated with K63-linked ubiquitin chains and recognized by the autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 for selective autophagic degradation. In human follicles, the autophagy level in granulosa cells was downregulated with maternal aging, accompanied by decreased citrate in the follicular fluid, implying a potential correlation between citrate metabolism and oocyte quality. We also show that elevated citrate levels in porcine follicular fluid promote oocyte maturation. Collectively, our data reveal that autophagy in granulosa cells is a beneficial mechanism to maintain a certain degree of citrate by selectively targeting ACLY during oocyte maturation.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACLY: ATP citrate lyase; AMA: advanced maternal age; CG: cortical granule; CHX: cycloheximide; CQ: chloroquine; CS: citrate synthase; COCs: cumulus-oocyte-complexes; GCM: granulosa cell monolayer; GV: germinal vesicle; MII: metaphase II stage of meiosis; PB1: first polar body; ROS: reactive oxygen species; shRNA: small hairpin RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; TOMM20/TOM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; UBA: ubiquitin-associated domain; Ub: ubiquitin; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan He
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Xingmei Mou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingyue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingbing Luo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Zhisheng Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengli Dou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danya Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Qing
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linhui Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengang Fan
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Taotao Hu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jilong Zhou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,CONTACT Jilong Zhou Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Yi-Liang Miao College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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11
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Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Baldi S, Bizzotto R, Olaniru O, Toczyska K, Huang GC, Seghieri M, Frascerra S, Amiel SA, Persaud S, Jones P, Mari A, Natali A. Lipid-induced glucose intolerance is driven by impaired glucose kinetics and insulin metabolism in healthy individuals. Metabolism 2022; 134:155247. [PMID: 35760117 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to comprehensively examine the effects of hypertriglyceridemia on major glucose homeostatic mechanisms involved in diabetes progression. METHODS In this randomized, cross-over, single-blinded study, two dual-labeled, 3-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed during 5-hour intravenous infusions of either 20 % Intralipid or saline in 12 healthy subjects (age 27.9 ± 2.6 years, 11 men, BMI 22.6 ± 1.4 kg/m2) to evaluate lipid-induced changes in insulin metabolism and glucose kinetics. Insulin sensitivity, β cell secretory function, and insulin clearance were assessed by modeling glucose, insulin and C-peptide data. Intestinal glucose absorption, endogenous glucose production, and glucose clearance were assessed from glucose tracers. The effect of triglycerides on β-cell secretory function was examined in perifusion experiments in murine pseudoislets and human pancreatic islets. RESULTS Mild acute hypertriglyceridemia impaired oral glucose tolerance (mean glucose: +0.9 [0.3, 1.5] mmol/L, p = 0.008) and whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index: -1.67 [-0.50, -2.84], p = 0.009). Post-glucose hyperinsulinemia (mean insulin: +99 [17, 182] pmol/L, p = 0.009) resulted from reduced insulin clearance (-0.16 [-0.32, -0.01] L min-1 m-2, p = 0.04) and enhanced hyperglycemia-induced total insulin secretion (+11.9 [1.1, 22.8] nmol/m2, p = 0.02), which occurred despite a decline in model-derived β cell glucose sensitivity (-41 [-74, -7] pmol min-1 m-2 mmol-1 L, p = 0.04). The analysis of tracer-derived glucose metabolic fluxes during lipid infusion revealed lower glucose clearance (-96 [-152, -41] mL/kgFFM, p = 0.005), increased 2-hour oral glucose absorption (+380 [42, 718] μmol/kgFFM, p = 0.04) and suppressed endogenous glucose production (-448 [-573, -123] μmol/kgFFM, p = 0.005). High-physiologic triglyceride levels increased acute basal insulin secretion in murine pseudoislets (+11 [3, 19] pg/aliquot, p = 0.02) and human pancreatic islets (+286 [59, 512] pg/islet, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings support a critical role for hypertriglyceridemia in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in otherwise healthy individuals and dissect the glucose homeostatic mechanisms involved, encompassing insulin sensitivity, β cell function and oral glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Bizzotto
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Oladapo Olaniru
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Klaudia Toczyska
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guo Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Seghieri
- Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit, "San Giovanni Di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Frascerra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stephanie A Amiel
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shanta Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Jones
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Ishihara H. Metabolism-secretion coupling in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetol Int 2022; 13:463-470. [PMID: 35693987 PMCID: PMC9174369 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin in response to blood glucose levels. Precise control of the amount of insulin secreted is of critical importance for maintaining systemic carbohydrate homeostasis. It is now well established that glucose induced production of ATP from ADP and the KATP channel closure elevate cytosolic Ca2+, triggering insulin exocytosis in β-cells. However, for full activation of insulin secretion by glucose, other mechanisms besides Ca2+ elevation are needed. These mechanisms are the targets of current research and include intracellular metabolic pathways branching from glycolysis. They are metabolic pathways originating from the TCA cycle intermediates, the glycerolipid/free fatty acid cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway. Signaling effects of these pathways including degradation (removal) of protein SUMOylation, modulation of insulin vesicular energetics, and lipid modulation of exocytotic machinery may converge to fulfill insulin secretion, though the precise mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. This mini-review summarize recent advances in research on metabolic coupling mechanisms functioning in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamitsu Ishihara
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan
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13
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Yin J, Meng H, Lin J, Ji W, Xu T, Liu H. Pancreatic islet organoids-on-a-chip: how far have we gone? J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:308. [PMID: 35764957 PMCID: PMC9238112 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by dysfunction or disruption of pancreatic islets. The advent and development of microfluidic organoids-on-a-chip platforms have facilitated reproduce of complex and dynamic environment for tissue or organ development and complex disease processes. For the research and treatment of DM, the platforms have been widely used to investigate the physiology and pathophysiology of islets. In this review, we first highlight how pancreatic islet organoids-on-a-chip have improved the reproducibility of stem cell differentiation and organoid culture. We further discuss the efficiency of microfluidics in the functional evaluation of pancreatic islet organoids, such as single-islet-sensitivity detection, long-term real-time monitoring, and automatic glucose adjustment to provide relevant stimulation. Then, we present the applications of islet-on-a-chip technology in disease modeling, drug screening and cell replacement therapy. Finally, we summarize the development and challenges of islet-on-a-chip and discuss the prospects of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Yin
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Wei Ji
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Hoyeck MP, Matteo G, MacFarlane EM, Perera I, Bruin JE. Persistent organic pollutants and β-cell toxicity: a comprehensive review. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E383-E413. [PMID: 35156417 PMCID: PMC9394781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00358.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a diverse family of contaminants that show widespread global dispersion and bioaccumulation. Humans are continuously exposed to POPs through diet, air particles, and household and commercial products; POPs are consistently detected in human tissues, including the pancreas. Epidemiological studies show a modest but consistent correlation between exposure to POPs and increased diabetes risk. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of epidemiological evidence and an in-depth evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro evidence that POPs cause β-cell toxicity. We review evidence for six classes of POPs: dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), flame retardants, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The available data provide convincing evidence implicating POPs as a contributing factor driving impaired glucose homeostasis, β-cell dysfunction, and altered metabolic and oxidative stress pathways in islets. These findings support epidemiological data showing that POPs increase diabetes risk and emphasize the need to consider the endocrine pancreas in toxicity assessments. Our review also highlights significant gaps in the literature assessing islet-specific endpoints after both in vivo and in vitro POP exposure. In addition, most rodent studies do not consider the impact of biological sex or secondary metabolic stressors in mediating the effects of POPs on glucose homeostasis and β-cell function. We discuss key gaps and limitations that should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam P Hoyeck
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geronimo Matteo
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin M MacFarlane
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ineli Perera
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Bruin
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Henquin JC. Non-glucose modulators of insulin secretion in healthy humans: (dis)similarities between islet and in vivo studies. Metabolism 2021; 122:154821. [PMID: 34174327 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimal metabolic homeostasis requires precise temporal and quantitative control of insulin secretion. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have often focused on the regulation by glucose although many additional factors including other nutrients, neurotransmitters, hormones and drugs, modulate the secretory function of pancreatic β-cells. This review is based on the analysis of clinical investigations characterizing the effects of non-glucose modulators of insulin secretion in healthy subjects, and of experimental studies testing the same modulators in islets isolated from normal human donors. The aim was to determine whether the information gathered in vitro can reliably be translated to the in vivo situation. The comparison evidenced both convincing similarities and areas of discordance. The lack of coherence generally stems from the use of exceedingly high concentrations of test agents at too high or too low glucose concentrations in vitro, which casts doubts on the physiological relevance of a number of observations made in isolated islets. Future projects resorting to human islets should avoid extreme experimental conditions, such as oversized stimulations or inhibitions of β-cells, which are unlikely to throw light on normal insulin secretion and contribute to the elucidation of its defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Koike S, Hsu MF, Bettaieb A, Chu B, Matsumoto N, Morisseau C, Havel PJ, Huising MO, Hammock BD, Haj FG. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates high fat diet-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and loss. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:48-57. [PMID: 34038767 PMCID: PMC9901526 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are crucial regulators of systemic glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction and loss are central features in type 2 diabetes. Interventions that rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss are essential to combat this deadly malady. In the current study, we sought to delineate the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in β-cells under diet-induced metabolic stress. The expression of sEH was upregulated in murine and macaque diabetes models and islets of diabetic human patients. We postulated that hyperglycemia-induced elevation in sEH leads to a reduction in its substrates, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and attenuates the function of β-cells. Genetic deficiency of sEH potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice, likely in a cell-autonomous manner, contributing to better systemic glucose control. Consistent with this observation, genetic and pharmacological inactivation of sEH and the treatment with EETs exhibited insulinotropic effects in isolated murine islets ex vivo. Additionally, sEH deficiency enhanced glucose sensing and metabolism with elevated ATP and cAMP concentrations. This phenotype was associated with attenuated oxidative stress and diminished β-cell death in sEH deficient islets. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of sEH in vivo mitigated, albeit partly, high fat diet-induced β-cell loss and dedifferentiation. The current observations provide new insights into the role of sEH in β-cells and information that may be leveraged for the development of a mechanism-based intervention to rectify β-cell dysfunction and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Koike
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ming-Fo Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bryan Chu
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology & Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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17
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Siehler J, Blöchinger AK, Meier M, Lickert H. Engineering islets from stem cells for advanced therapies of diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:920-940. [PMID: 34376833 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 460 million people worldwide. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of β-cells, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by a hostile metabolic environment that leads to β-cell exhaustion and dysfunction. Currently, first-line medications treat the symptomatic insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, but do not prevent the progressive decline of β-cell mass and function. Thus, advanced therapies need to be developed that either protect or regenerate endogenous β-cell mass early in disease progression or replace lost β-cells with stem cell-derived β-like cells or engineered islet-like clusters. In this Review, we discuss the state of the art of stem cell differentiation and islet engineering, reflect on current and future challenges in the area and highlight the potential for cell replacement therapies, disease modelling and drug development using these cells. These efforts in stem cell and regenerative medicine will lay the foundations for future biomedical breakthroughs and potentially curative treatments for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Siehler
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Karolina Blöchinger
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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18
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Dutta SM, Chen G, Maiti S. Profiles of Two Glycaemia Modifying Drugs on the Expression of Rat and Human Sulfotransferases. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:240-248. [PMID: 33256575 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666201130123837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effects of blood glucose regulating compounds on human and rat sulfotransferases (SULTs) expressions. BACKGROUND Phase-II enzymes, sulfotransferases catalyze the sulfuryl-group-transfer to endogenous/exogenous compounds. The alteration of expressions of SULTs may have influence on the sulfation of its substrate and other biomolecules. OBJECTIVES The influence of the altered biotransformation might alter different biochemical events, drug-drug interactions and bioaccumulation or excretion pattern of certain drug. METHODS In this brief study, diabetes-inducing drug streptozotocin (STZ; 10 or 50 mg/kg to male Sprague Dawley rat for 2 weeks) or hyperglycemia controlling drug tolbutamide (TLB 0.1 or 10μM to human hepato-carcinoma cells, HepG2 for 10 days) was applied and the SULTs expressions were verified. Extensive protein-protein (STa, SULT2A1/DHEAST) interactions were studied by the STRING (Search-Tool-for-the-Retrieval-of-Interacting Genes/Proteins) Bioinformatics-software. RESULTS Present result suggests that while STZ increased the STa (in rat) (dehydroepiandrosterone catalyzing SULT; DHEAST in human HepG2), tolbutamide decreased PPST (phenol catalyzing SULT) and DHEAST activity in human HepG2 cells. Moderate decreases of MPST (monoamine catalyzing SULT) and EST (estrogen catalyzing) activities are noticed in this case. STa/DHEAST was found to be highly interactive to SHBG/- sex-hormone-binding-globulin; PPARα/lipid-metabolism-regulator; FABP1/fatty-acid-binding-protein. CONCLUSION Streptozotocin and tolbutamide, these two glycaemia-modifying drugs demonstrated regulation of rat and human SULTs activities. The reciprocal nature of these two drugs on SULTs expression may be associated with their contrasting abilities in influencing glucose-homeostasis. Possible association of certain SULT-isoform with hepatic fat-regulations may indicate an unfocused link between calorie-metabolism and the glycemic-state of an individual. Explorations of this work may uncover the role of sulfation metabolism of specific biomolecule on cellular glycemic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita M Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midnapore City College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Guangping Chen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India
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19
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Essaouiba A, Jellali R, Shinohara M, Scheidecker B, Legallais C, Sakai Y, Leclerc E. Analysis of the behavior of 2D monolayers and 3D spheroid human pancreatic beta cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells in a microfluidic environment. J Biotechnol 2021; 330:45-56. [PMID: 33617908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The limited availability of primary human β-cells/islets and their quality (due to donor diversity) restrict the development of in vitro models for diabetes research. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) may be a promising cell-source for diabetes studies, anti-diabetic drug screening and personalized therapies. However, achieving levels of maturity/functionality that are comparable to the in vivo situation and islets rebuilt from iPSCs is still challenging. Here, we compare and discuss two strategies for culturing human pancreatic β-cells derived from hiPSCs in microfluidic biochips. First, we confirmed that the protocol in conventional Petri 2D monolayer led to insulin, PDX1 and MAFA positive staining, to C-Peptide productive cells, and to tissue responsive to high/low glucose and GLP1 stimulation. This protocol and its subsequent modifications (including extracellular matrix coating, cell adhesion time, cell inoculation density, flow rate) was not successful in the 2D biochip culture. We proposed a second strategy using 3D spheroids created from honeycomb static cultures. Spheroids in static experiments carried out over 14 days demonstrated that they expressed high levels of β-cell markers (INS mRNA) and higher α-cell markers (GCG mRNA and glucagon positive staining), when compared to Petri 2D cultures. Furthermore, the 3D spheroids were specifically able to secrete insulin in response to both high/low glucose stimulation and GLP1 exposure. The spheroids were successfully inoculated into biochips and maintained for 10 days in perfusion. The 3D biochip cultures increased mRNA levels of GCG and maintained high levels of β-cell markers and responsiveness to both high/low glucose and GLP1 stimulation. Finally, C-peptide and insulin secretion were higher in biochips when compared to static spheroids. These results illustrate the promising potential for hiPSCs derived β-cells and their spheroid-based pancreas-on-chip model for pancreatic disease/diabetes modeling and anti-diabetic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Essaouiba
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France; CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Benedikt Scheidecker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60319, 60203, Compiègne Cedex, France; CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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20
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Lewandowski SL, Cardone RL, Foster HR, Ho T, Potapenko E, Poudel C, VanDeusen HR, Sdao SM, Alves TC, Zhao X, Capozzi ME, de Souza AH, Jahan I, Thomas CJ, Nunemaker CS, Davis DB, Campbell JE, Kibbey RG, Merrins MJ. Pyruvate Kinase Controls Signal Strength in the Insulin Secretory Pathway. Cell Metab 2020; 32:736-750.e5. [PMID: 33147484 PMCID: PMC7685238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells couple nutrient metabolism with appropriate insulin secretion. Here, we show that pyruvate kinase (PK), which converts ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into ATP and pyruvate, underlies β cell sensing of both glycolytic and mitochondrial fuels. Plasma membrane-localized PK is sufficient to close KATP channels and initiate calcium influx. Small-molecule PK activators increase the frequency of ATP/ADP and calcium oscillations and potently amplify insulin secretion. PK restricts respiration by cyclically depriving mitochondria of ADP, which accelerates PEP cycling until membrane depolarization restores ADP and oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings support a compartmentalized model of β cell metabolism in which PK locally generates the ATP/ADP required for insulin secretion. Oscillatory PK activity allows mitochondria to perform synthetic and oxidative functions without any net impact on glucose oxidation. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic route for diabetes based on PK activation that would not be predicted by the current consensus single-state model of β cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cardone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hannah R Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Thuong Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Evgeniy Potapenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Halena R VanDeusen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sophia M Sdao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Megan E Capozzi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Arnaldo H de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Craig S Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Richard G Kibbey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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21
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Demine S, Schulte ML, Territo PR, Eizirik DL. Beta Cell Imaging-From Pre-Clinical Validation to First in Man Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7274. [PMID: 33019671 PMCID: PMC7582644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are presently no reliable ways to quantify human pancreatic beta cell mass (BCM) in vivo, which prevents an accurate understanding of the progressive beta cell loss in diabetes or following islet transplantation. Furthermore, the lack of beta cell imaging hampers the evaluation of the impact of new drugs aiming to prevent beta cell loss or to restore BCM in diabetes. We presently discuss the potential value of BCM determination as a cornerstone for individualized therapies in diabetes, describe the presently available probes for human BCM evaluation, and discuss our approach for the discovery of novel beta cell biomarkers, based on the determination of specific splice variants present in human beta cells. This has already led to the identification of DPP6 and FXYD2ga as two promising targets for human BCM imaging, and is followed by a discussion of potential safety issues, the role for radiochemistry in the improvement of BCM imaging, and concludes with an overview of the different steps from pre-clinical validation to a first-in-man trial for novel tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Demine
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Michael L. Schulte
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.L.S.); (P.R.T.)
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.L.S.); (P.R.T.)
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Hasegawa S, Imai M, Yamasaki M, Takahashi N. Isolation and characterization of human acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase splice variants. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Butcher MJ, Trevino MB, Imai Y, Galkina EV. Characterization of Islet Leukocyte Populations in Human and Murine Islets by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2076:185-197. [PMID: 31586328 PMCID: PMC9255050 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9882-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence indicates that a local islet immune response is not only limited to type 1 diabetes, but also is associated with islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Recently, the presence of pancreatic CD68+ macrophages within islet tissues was demonstrated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. However, the precise profile and activation status of intraislet leukocytes, which are present in both murine and human islets, are poorly defined. Here, we describe a detailed flow cytometry protocol designed to analyze both human and murine islets for intraislet leukocytes and leukocyte subsets. This approach permits the simultaneous identification of multiple intraislet leukocyte subsets, as well as their activation statuses. The use of flow cytometry-based approaches will advance the field of islet biology and help to identify unique changes in the immune cell composition that accompanies pathological islet inflammation and dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butcher
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Michelle B Trevino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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24
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Urbanczyk M, Zbinden A, Layland SL, Duffy G, Schenke-Layland K. Controlled Heterotypic Pseudo-Islet Assembly of Human β-Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Using Magnetic Levitation. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:387-399. [PMID: 31680653 PMCID: PMC7187983 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell functionality and survival are highly dependent on the cells' microenvironment and cell–cell interactions. Since the pancreas is a highly vascularized organ, the crosstalk between β-cells and endothelial cells (ECs) is vital to ensure proper function. To understand the interaction of pancreatic β-cells with vascular ECs, we sought to investigate the impact of the spatial distribution on the interaction of human cell line-based β-cells (EndoC-βH3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We focused on the evaluation of three major spatial distributions, which can be found within human islets in vivo, in tissue-engineered heterotypic cell spheroids, so-called pseudo-islets, by controlling the aggregation process using magnetic levitation. We report that heterotypic spheroids formed by spontaneous aggregation cannot be maintained in culture due to HUVEC disassembly over time. In contrast, magnetic levitation allows the formation of stable heterotypic spheroids with defined spatial distribution and significantly facilitated HUVEC integration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that introduces a human-only cell line-based in vitro test system composed of a coculture of β-cells and ECs with a successful stimulation of β-cell secretory function monitored by a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assays. In addition, we systematically investigate the impact of the spatial distribution on cocultures of human β-cells and ECs, showing that the architecture of pseudo-islets significantly affects β-cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Urbanczyk
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aline Zbinden
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Garry Duffy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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25
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The relevance of AMP-activated protein kinase in insulin-secreting β cells: a potential target for improving β cell function? J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:423-432. [PMID: 31691163 PMCID: PMC6920233 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is present in different kinds of metabolically active cells. AMPK is an important intracellular energy sensor and plays a relevant role in whole-body energy homeostasis. AMPK is activated, among others, in response to glucose deprivation, caloric restriction and increased physical activity. Upon activation, AMPK affects metabolic pathways leading to increased formation of ATP and simultaneously reducing ATP-consuming processes. AMPK is also expressed in pancreatic β cells and is largely regulated by glucose, which is the main physiological stimulator of insulin secretion. Results of in vitro studies clearly show that glucose-induced insulin release is associated with a concomitant inhibition of AMPK in β cells. However, pharmacological activation of AMPK significantly potentiates the insulin-secretory response of β cells to glucose and to some other stimuli. This effect is primarily due to increased intracellular calcium concentrations. AMPK is also involved in the regulation of gene expression and may protect β cells against glucolipotoxic conditions. It was shown that in pancreatic islets of humans with type 2 diabetes, AMPK is downregulated. Moreover, studies with animal models demonstrated impaired link between glucose and AMPK activity in pancreatic islet cells. These data suggest that AMPK may be a target for compounds improving the functionality of β cells. However, more studies are required to better elucidate the relevance of AMPK in the (patho)physiology of the insulin-secreting cells.
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26
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Lytrivi M, Castell AL, Poitout V, Cnop M. Recent Insights Into Mechanisms of β-Cell Lipo- and Glucolipotoxicity in Type 2 Diabetes. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1514-1534. [PMID: 31628942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of chronically elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels on glucose homeostasis are referred to as lipotoxicity, and the concurrent exposure to high glucose may cause synergistic glucolipotoxicity. Lipo- and glucolipotoxicity have been studied for over 25 years. Here, we review the current evidence supporting the role of pancreatic β-cell lipo- and glucolipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes (T2D), including lipid-based interventions in humans, prospective epidemiological studies, and human genetic findings. In addition to total FFA quantity, the quality of FFAs (saturation and chain length) is a key determinant of lipotoxicity. We discuss in vitro and in vivo experimental models to investigate lipo- and glucolipotoxicity in β-cells and describe experimental pitfalls. Lipo- and glucolipotoxicity adversely affect many steps of the insulin production and secretion process. The molecular mechanisms underpinning lipo- and glucolipotoxic β-cell dysfunction and death comprise endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and inflammation. Crosstalk between these stress pathways exists at multiple levels and may aggravate β-cell lipo- and glucolipotoxicity. Lipo- and glucolipotoxicity are therapeutic targets as several drugs impact the underlying stress responses in β-cells, potentially contributing to their glucose-lowering effects in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lytrivi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Castell
- CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Poitout
- CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Westermeier F, Holyoak T, Asenjo JL, Gatica R, Nualart F, Burbulis I, Bertinat R. Gluconeogenic Enzymes in β-Cells: Pharmacological Targets for Improving Insulin Secretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:520-531. [PMID: 31213347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells express the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase (PCK), which modulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) through their ability to reverse otherwise irreversible glycolytic steps. Here, we review current knowledge about the expression and regulation of these enzymes in the context of manipulating them to improve insulin secretion in diabetics. Because the regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes in β-cells is so poorly understood, we propose novel research avenues to study these enzymes as modulators of insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction, with especial attention to FBP, which constitutes an attractive target with an inhibitor under clinical evaluation at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Westermeier
- FH JOANNEUM Gesellschaft mbH University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Science, Eggenberger Allee 13, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joel L Asenjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gatica
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, La Pirámide 5750, 8580745 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ian Burbulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 6022, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, 5501842 Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Romina Bertinat
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
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28
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Brain signalling systems: A target for treating type I diabetes mellitus. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:191-201. [PMID: 31325597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
From early to later stages of Type I Diabetes Mellitus (TIDM), signalling molecules including brain indolamines and protein kinases are altered significantly, and that has been implicated in the Metabolic Disorders (MD) as well as impairment of retinal, renal, neuronal and cardiovascular systems. Considerable attention has been focused to the effects of diabetes on these signalling systems. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of these signals are not completely understood in TIDM, but it is likely that hyperglycemia, acidosis, and insulin resistance play significant roles. Insulin maintains normal glycemic levels and it acts by binding to its receptor, so that it activates the receptor's tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in phosphorylation of several substrates. Those substrates provide binding/interaction sites for signalling molecules, including serine/threonine kinases and indolamines. For more than two decades, our research has been focused on the mechanisms of protein kinases, CaM Kinase and Serotonin transporter mediated alterations of indolamines in TIDM. In this review, we have also discussed how discrete areas of brain respond to insulin or some of the pharmacological agents that triggers or restores these signalling molecules, and it may be useful for the treatment of specific region wise changes/disorders of diabetic brain.
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29
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Zbinden A, Marzi J, Schlünder K, Probst C, Urbanczyk M, Black S, Brauchle EM, Layland SL, Kraushaar U, Duffy G, Schenke-Layland K, Loskill P. Non-invasive marker-independent high content analysis of a microphysiological human pancreas-on-a-chip model. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:205-220. [PMID: 31238092 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of diabetes, its heterogeneity, and the limited number of treatment options drive the need for physiologically relevant assay platforms with human genetic background that have the potential to improve mechanistic understanding and e\xpedite diabetes-related research and treatment. In this study, we developed an endocrine pancreas-on-a-chip model based on a tailored microfluidic platform, which enables self-guided trapping of single human pseudo-islets. Continuous, low-shear perfusion provides a physiologically relevant microenvironment especially important for modeling and monitoring of the endocrine function as well as sufficient supply with nutrients and oxygen. Human pseudo-islets, generated from the conditionally immortalized EndoC-βH3 cell line, were successfully injected by hydrostatic pressure-driven flow without altered viability. To track insulin secretion kinetics in response to glucose stimulation in a time-resolved manner, dynamic sampling of the supernatant as well as non-invasive real-time monitoring using Raman microspectroscopy was established on-chip. Dynamic sampling indicated a biphasic glucose-stimulated insulin response. Raman microspectroscopy allowed to trace glucose responsiveness in situ and to visualize different molecular structures such as lipids, mitochondria and nuclei. In-depth spectral analyses demonstrated a glucose stimulation-dependent, increased mitochondrial activity, and a switch in lipid composition of insulin secreting vesicles, supporting the high performance of our pancreas-on-a-chip model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Zbinden
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Marzi
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schlünder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher Probst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max Urbanczyk
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Scott Black
- The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Eva M Brauchle
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Garry Duffy
- Discipline of Anatomy and the Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Advanced Materials for Biomedical Engineering (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; Dept. of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Peter Loskill
- Dept. of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany.
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30
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Becker MW, Simonovich JA, Phelps EA. Engineered microenvironments and microdevices for modeling the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. Biomaterials 2019; 198:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Amino acid transporters in the regulation of insulin secretion and signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:571-590. [PMID: 30936244 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are increasingly recognised as modulators of nutrient disposal, including their role in regulating blood glucose through interactions with insulin signalling. More recently, cellular membrane transporters of amino acids have been shown to form a pivotal part of this regulation as they are primarily responsible for controlling cellular and circulating amino acid concentrations. The availability of amino acids regulated by transporters can amplify insulin secretion and modulate insulin signalling in various tissues. In addition, insulin itself can regulate the expression of numerous amino acid transporters. This review focuses on amino acid transporters linked to the regulation of insulin secretion and signalling with a focus on those of the small intestine, pancreatic β-islet cells and insulin-responsive tissues, liver and skeletal muscle. We summarise the role of the amino acid transporter B0AT1 (SLC6A19) and peptide transporter PEPT1 (SLC15A1) in the modulation of global insulin signalling via the liver-secreted hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). The role of vesicular vGLUT (SLC17) and mitochondrial SLC25 transporters in providing glutamate for the potentiation of insulin secretion is covered. We also survey the roles SNAT (SLC38) family and LAT1 (SLC7A5) amino acid transporters play in the regulation of and by insulin in numerous affective tissues. We hypothesise the small intestine amino acid transporter B0AT1 represents a crucial nexus between insulin, FGF21 and incretin hormone signalling pathways. The aim is to give an integrated overview of the important role amino acid transporters have been found to play in insulin-regulated nutrient signalling.
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Henquin JC. Influence of organ donor attributes and preparation characteristics on the dynamics of insulin secretion in isolated human islets. Physiol Rep 2019. [PMID: 29536672 PMCID: PMC5849575 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies of human pancreatic islets are critical for understanding normal insulin secretion and its perturbations in diabetic β-cells, but the influence of islet preparation characteristics and organ donor attributes in such experiments is poorly documented. Preparations from normal donors were tested with a standardized protocol evaluating dynamic insulin secretion induced by glucose, tolbutamide, and cAMP (forskolin). Secretion rates, normalized to insulin content (fractional insulin secretion), were analyzed as a function of preparation and donor characteristics. Low purity (25-45%) of the preparation (n = 8) blunted the first phase of insulin secretion induced by glucose or tolbutamide and increased basal secretion, resulting in threefold lower stimulation index than in more pure (55-95%) preparations (n = 43). In these more pure preparations, cold ischemia time (1-13 h) before pancreas digestion did not impact insulin secretion. Islet size (estimated by the islet size index) did not influence the dynamics of secretion, but fractional insulin secretion rates were greater in large than small islets, and positively correlated with islet size. Age of the donors (20-68 years) had no influence on islet size and insulin content or on dynamics and amplitude of insulin secretion, which were also similar in islets from male and female donors. In contrast, islet size and islet insulin content (normalized for size), and basal or stimulated insulin secretion positively correlated with Body-Mass Index (19-33). These results contradict previous reports on the impact of donor age and islet size and point to possible confounding effects of donor BMI in insulin secretion studies with isolated human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Kohoutová M, Dejmek J, Tůma Z, Kuncová J. Variability of mitochondrial respiration in relation to sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction. Physiol Res 2019; 67:S577-S592. [PMID: 30607965 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample experimental evidence suggests that sepsis could interfere with any mitochondrial function; however, the true role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction is still a matter of controversy. This review is primarily focused on mitochondrial oxygen consumption in various animal models of sepsis in relation to human disease and potential sources of variability in experimental results documenting decrease, increase or no change in mitochondrial respiration in various organs and species. To date, at least three possible explanations of sepsis-associated dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory system and consequently impaired energy production have been suggested: 1. Mitochondrial dysfunction is secondary to tissue hypoxia. 2. Mitochondria are challenged by various toxins or mediators of inflammation that impair oxygen utilization (cytopathic hypoxia). 3. Compromised mitochondrial respiration could be an active measure of survival strategy resembling stunning or hibernation. To reveal the true role of mitochondria in sepsis, sources of variability of experimental results based on animal species, models of sepsis, organs studied, or analytical approaches should be identified and minimized by the use of appropriate experimental models resembling human sepsis, wider use of larger animal species in preclinical studies, more detailed mapping of interspecies differences and organ-specific features of oxygen utilization in addition to use of complex and standardized protocols evaluating mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kohoutová
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň, Charles University, Plzeň, Czech Republic.
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Design principles of the paradoxical feedback between pancreatic alpha and beta cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10694. [PMID: 30013127 PMCID: PMC6048053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian glucose homeostasis is controlled by the antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted by pancreatic beta and alpha cells respectively. These two cell types are adjacently located in the islets of Langerhans and affect each others’ secretions in a paradoxical manner: while insulin inhibits glucagon secretion from alpha cells, glucagon seems to stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells. Here we ask what are the design principles of this negative feedback loop. We systematically simulate the dynamics of all possible islet inter-cellular connectivity patterns and analyze different performance criteria. We find that the observed circuit dampens overshoots of blood glucose levels after reversion of glucose drops. This feature is related to the temporal delay in the rise of insulin concentrations in peripheral tissues, compared to the immediate hormone action on the liver. In addition, we find that the circuit facilitates coordinate secretion of both hormones in response to protein meals. Our study highlights the advantages of a paradoxical paracrine feedback loop in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
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35
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Gerencser AA. Metabolic activation-driven mitochondrial hyperpolarization predicts insulin secretion in human pancreatic beta-cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:817-828. [PMID: 29886047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism plays a central role in insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Generation of protonmotive force and ATP synthesis from glucose-originated pyruvate are critical steps in the canonical pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Mitochondrial metabolism is intertwined with pathways that are thought to amplify insulin secretion with mechanisms distinct from the canonical pathway, and the relative importance of these two pathways is controversial. Here I show that glucose-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) hyperpolarization is necessary for, and predicts, the rate of insulin secretion in primary cultured human beta-cells. When glucose concentration is elevated, increased metabolism results in a substantial MMP hyperpolarization, as well as in increased rates of ATP synthesis and turnover marked by faster cell respiration. Using modular kinetic analysis I explored what properties of cellular energy metabolism enable a large glucose-induced change in MMP in human beta-cells. I found that an ATP-dependent pathway activates glucose or substrate oxidation, acting as a positive feedback in energy metabolism. This activation mechanism is essential for concomitant fast respiration and high MMP, and for a high magnitude glucose-induced MMP hyperpolarization and therefore for insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos A Gerencser
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Image Analyst Software, 43 Nova Lane, Novato, CA 94945, United States.
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36
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Kyotani Y, Itaya-Hironaka A, Yamauchi A, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Makino M, Takasawa S, Yoshizumi M. Intermittent hypoxia-induced epiregulin expression by IL-6 production in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:868-876. [PMID: 29744301 PMCID: PMC5929938 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) experience repetitive episodes of desaturation and resaturation of blood oxygen (known as intermittent hypoxia or IH), during sleep. We showed previously that IH induced excessive proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells through upregulation of members of the epidermal growth factor family, especially epiregulin (EREG), and the erbB2 receptor. In this study, we exposed human coronary artery smooth muscle cells to IH and found that IH significantly increased the expression of EREG. IH increased the production of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in smooth muscle cells, and the addition of IL‐6 induced EREG expression. Small interfering RNA for IL‐6 or IL‐6 receptor attenuated the IH‐induced increase in EREG. IL‐6 may play a pivotal role in EREG upregulation by IH and consequently OSA‐related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kyotani
- Department of Pharmacology Nara Medical University Kashihara Japan
| | | | - Akiyo Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry Nara Medical University Kashihara Japan
| | | | - Mai Makino
- Department of Biochemistry Nara Medical University Kashihara Japan
| | - Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry Nara Medical University Kashihara Japan
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37
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Benten D, Behrang Y, Unrau L, Weissmann V, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Burdak-Rothkamm S, Stahl FR, Anlauf M, Grabowski P, Möbs M, Dieckhoff J, Sipos B, Fahl M, Eggers C, Perez D, Bockhorn M, Izbicki JR, Lohse AW, Schrader J. Establishment of the First Well-differentiated Human Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Model. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:496-507. [PMID: 29330294 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical options for systemic therapy of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are limited. Development of new drugs requires suitable representative in vitro and in vivo model systems. So far, the unavailability of a human model with a well-differentiated phenotype and typical growth characteristics has impaired preclinical research in NET. Herein, we establish and characterize a lymph node-derived cell line (NT-3) from a male patient with well-differentiated pancreatic NET. Neuroendocrine differentiation and tumor biology was compared with existing NET cell lines BON and QGP-1. In vivo growth was assessed in a xenograft mouse model. The neuroendocrine identity of NT-3 was verified by expression of multiple NET-specific markers, which were highly expressed in NT-3 compared with BON and QGP-1. In addition, NT-3 expressed and secreted insulin. Until now, this well-differentiated phenotype is stable since 58 passages. The proliferative labeling index, measured by Ki-67, of 14.6% ± 1.0% in NT-3 is akin to the original tumor (15%-20%), and was lower than in BON (80.6% ± 3.3%) and QGP-1 (82.6% ± 1.0%). NT-3 highly expressed somatostatin receptors (SSTRs: 1, 2, 3, and 5). Upon subcutaneous transplantation of NT-3 cells, recipient mice developed tumors with an efficient tumor take rate (94%) and growth rate (139% ± 13%) by 4 weeks. Importantly, morphology and neuroendocrine marker expression of xenograft tumors resembled the original human tumor.Implications: High expression of somatostatin receptors and a well-differentiated phenotype as well as a slow growth rate qualify the new cell line as a relevant model to study neuroendocrine tumor biology and to develop new tumor treatments. Mol Cancer Res; 16(3); 496-507. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benten
- I. Medical Department - Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Helios Klinik Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yasmin Behrang
- I. Medical Department - Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludmilla Unrau
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victoria Weissmann
- Department of General-, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General-, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix R Stahl
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Patricia Grabowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Charite Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Möbs
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Dieckhoff
- Department for Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Fahl
- I. Medical Department - Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Eggers
- I. Medical Department - Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General-, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximillian Bockhorn
- Department of General-, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General-, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Medical Department - Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schrader
- I. Medical Department - Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of General-, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Gelin L, Li J, Corbin KL, Jahan I, Nunemaker CS. Metformin Inhibits Mouse Islet Insulin Secretion and Alters Intracellular Calcium in a Concentration-Dependent and Duration-Dependent Manner near the Circulating Range. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9163052. [PMID: 29862303 PMCID: PMC5971297 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9163052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is considered the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. While metformin primarily increases insulin sensitivity, evidence also suggests that metformin affects the activity of insulin-secreting pancreatic islets. This study was designed to systematically examine the direct effects of metformin by measuring insulin secretion and the kinetics of the calcium response to glucose stimulation in isolated mouse islets using varying concentrations (20 μM, 200 μM, and 1 mM) and durations (~1, 2, and 3 days) of metformin exposure. We observed both concentration- and duration-dependent inhibitory effects of metformin. Concentrations as little as 20 μM (nearing circulating therapeutic levels) were sufficient to reduce insulin secretion following 3-day treatment. Concentrations of 200 μM and 1 mM produced more pronounced effects more rapidly. With 1 mM metformin, islets showed severe impairments in calcium handling, inhibition of insulin secretion, and increased cell death. No stimulatory effects of metformin were observed for any experimental endpoint. We conclude that the direct effects of metformin on islets are inhibitory at near-physiological concentrations. Beneficial effects of metformin observed on islets under various stressors may occur by "resting" fatigued cellular processes. However, metformin may have unintended consequences on normally functioning islets within the circulating range that require further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindor Gelin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jiewen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Corbin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Craig S. Nunemaker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Lu M, Li C. Nutrient sensing in pancreatic islets: lessons from congenital hyperinsulinism and monogenic diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1411:65-82. [PMID: 29044608 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells sense changes in nutrients during the cycles of fasting and feeding and release insulin accordingly to maintain glucose homeostasis. Abnormal beta cell nutrient sensing resulting from gene mutations leads to hypoglycemia or diabetes. Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in beta cell glucose sensing. As one form of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), activating mutations of GCK result in a decreased threshold for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and hypoglycemia. In contrast, inactivating mutations of GCK result in diabetes, including a mild form (MODY2) and a severe form (permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM)). Mutations of beta cell ion channels involved in insulin secretion regulation also alter glucose sensing. Activating or inactivating mutations of ATP-dependent potassium (KATP ) channel genes result in severe but completely opposite clinical phenotypes, including PNDM and CHI. Mutations of the other ion channels, including voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv 7.1) and voltage-gated calcium channels, also lead to abnormal glucose sensing and CHI. Furthermore, amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-independent manner in some forms of CHI, including activating mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene, HDAH deficiency, and inactivating mutations of KATP channel genes. These genetic defects have provided insight into a better understanding of the complicated nature of beta cell fuel-sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics & Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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40
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Henquin JC, Dufrane D, Gmyr V, Kerr-Conte J, Nenquin M. Pharmacological approach to understanding the control of insulin secretion in human islets. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1061-1070. [PMID: 28116849 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To understand better the control of insulin secretion by human β cells and to identify similarities to and differences from rodent models. METHODS Dynamic insulin secretion was measured in perifused human islets treated with pharmacological agents of known modes of action. RESULTS Glucokinase activation (Ro28-1675) lowered the glucose threshold for stimulation of insulin secretion to 1 mmol/L (G1), augmented the response to G3-G5 but not to G8-G15, whereas tolbutamide remained active in G20, which indicates that not all KATP channels were closed by high glucose concentrations. An almost 2-fold greater response to G15 than to supramaximal tolbutamide in G3 or to KCl+diazoxide in G15 vs G3 quantified the contribution of metabolic amplification to insulin secretion. Both disruption (latrunculin-B) and stabilization (jasplakinolide) of microfilaments augmented insulin secretion without affecting metabolic amplification. Tolbutamide-induced insulin secretion was consistently greater in G10 than G3, with a threshold at 1 and maximum at 10 µmol/L tolbutamide in G10, vs 10 and 25 µmol/L in G3. Sulphonylurea effects were thus clearly glucose-dependent. Insulin secretion was also increased by inhibiting K channels other than KATP channels: Kv or BK channels (tetraethylammonium), TASK-1 channels (ML-365) and SK4 channels (TRAM-34). Opening KATP channels with diazoxide inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion with half maximum inhibitory concentrations of 9.6 and 24 µmol/L at G7 and G15. Blockade of L-type Ca channels (nimodipine) abolished insulin secretion, whereas a blocker of T-type Ca channels (NNC-55-0396) was ineffective at specific concentrations. Blockade of Na channels (tetrodotoxin) did not affect glucose-induced insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS In addition to sharing a KATP channel-dependent triggering pathway and a metabolic amplifying pathway, human and rodent β cells were found to display more similarities than differences in the control of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Dufrane
- Endocrine Cell Therapy Unit, University Clinics Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valery Gmyr
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1190, Translational Research for Diabetes, and European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Kerr-Conte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1190, Translational Research for Diabetes, and European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Nenquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Harb G, Poh YC, Pagliuca F. Stem Cell-Derived Insulin-Producing β Cells to Treat Diabetes. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Abstract
The pancreatic β-cell secretes insulin in response to elevated plasma glucose. This review applies an external bioenergetic critique to the central processes of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, including glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, the cytosolic adenine nucleotide pool, and its interaction with plasma membrane ion channels. The control mechanisms responsible for the unique responsiveness of the cell to glucose availability are discussed from bioenergetic and metabolic control standpoints. The concept of coupling factor facilitation of secretion is critiqued, and an attempt is made to unravel the bioenergetic basis of the oscillatory mechanisms controlling secretion. The need to consider the physiological constraints operating in the intact cell is emphasized throughout. The aim is to provide a coherent pathway through an extensive, complex, and sometimes bewildering literature, particularly for those unfamiliar with the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Nicholls
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California; and Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmo, Sweden
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Hunter CS, Stein RW. Evidence for Loss in Identity, De-Differentiation, and Trans-Differentiation of Islet β-Cells in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Genet 2017; 8:35. [PMID: 28424732 PMCID: PMC5372778 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The two main types of diabetes mellitus have distinct etiologies, yet a similar outcome: loss of islet β-cell function that is solely responsible for the secretion of the insulin hormone to reduce elevated plasma glucose toward euglycemic levels. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has traditionally been characterized by autoimmune-mediated β-cell death leading to insulin-dependence, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) has hallmarks of peripheral insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and cell death. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that, especially during T2D, key components of β-cell failure involves: (1) loss of cell identity, specifically proteins associated with mature cell function (e.g., insulin and transcription factors like MAFA, PDX1, and NKX6.1), as well as (2) de-differentiation, defined by regression to a progenitor or stem cell-like state. New technologies have allowed the field to compare islet cell characteristics from normal human donors to those under pathophysiological conditions by single cell RNA-Sequencing and through epigenetic analysis. This has revealed a remarkable level of heterogeneity among histologically defined "insulin-positive" β-cells. These results not only suggest that these β-cell subsets have different responses to insulin secretagogues, but that defining their unique gene expression and epigenetic modification profiles will offer opportunities to develop cellular therapeutics to enrich/maintain certain subsets for correcting pathological glucose levels. In this review, we will summarize the recent literature describing how β-cell heterogeneity and plasticity may be influenced in T2D, and various possible avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Hunter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA
| | - Roland W Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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Nagy E, Liu Y, Prentice KJ, Sloop KW, Sanders PE, Batchuluun B, Hammond CD, Wheeler MB, Durham TB. Synthesis and Characterization of Urofuranoic Acids: In Vivo Metabolism of 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic Acid (CMPF) and Effects on in Vitro Insulin Secretion. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1860-1875. [PMID: 28171722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CMPF (2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid) is a metabolite that circulates at high concentrations in type 2 and gestational diabetes patients. Further, human clinical studies suggest it might have a causal role in these diseases. CMPF inhibits insulin secretion in mouse and human islets in vitro and in vivo in rodents. However, the metabolic fate of CMPF and the relationship of structure to effects on insulin secretion have not been significantly studied. The syntheses of CMPF and analogues are described. These include isotopically labeled molecules. Study of these materials in vivo has led to the first observation of a metabolite of CMPF. In addition, a wide range of CMPF analogues have been prepared and characterized in insulin secretion assays using both mouse and human islets. Several molecules that influence insulin secretion in vitro were identified. The molecules described should serve as interesting probes to further study the biology of CMPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Nagy
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Phillip E Sanders
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Craig D Hammond
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Ansari IUH, Longacre MJ, Stoker SW, Kendrick MA, O'Neill LM, Zitur LJ, Fernandez LA, Ntambi JM, MacDonald MJ. Characterization of Acyl-CoA synthetase isoforms in pancreatic beta cells: Gene silencing shows participation of ACSL3 and ACSL4 in insulin secretion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 618:32-43. [PMID: 28193492 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoAs to regulate various physiologic processes. We characterized the ACSL isoforms in a cell line of homogeneous rat beta cells (INS-1 832/13 cells) and human pancreatic islets. ACSL4 and ACSL3 proteins were present in the beta cells and human and rat pancreatic islets and concentrated in insulin secretory granules and less in mitochondria and negligible in other intracellular organelles. ACSL1 and ACSL6 proteins were not seen in INS-1 832/13 cells or pancreatic islets. ACSL5 protein was seen only in INS-1 832/13 cells. With shRNA-mediated gene silencing we developed stable ACSL knockdown cell lines from INS-1 832/13 cells. Glucose-stimulated insulin release was inhibited ∼50% with ACSL4 and ACSL3 knockdown and unaffected in cell lines with knockdown of ACSL5, ACLS6 and ACSL1. Lentivirus shRNA-mediated gene silencing of ACSL4 and ACSL3 in human pancreatic islets inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release. ACSL4 and ACSL3 knockdown cells showed inhibition of ACSL enzyme activity more with arachidonate than with palmitate as a substrate, consistent with their preference for unsaturated fatty acids as substrates. ACSL4 knockdown changed the patterns of fatty acids in phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylethanolamines. The results show the involvement of ACLS4 and ACLS3 in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr-Ul H Ansari
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Melissa J Longacre
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Scott W Stoker
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Mindy A Kendrick
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Lucas M O'Neill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Laura J Zitur
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Luis A Fernandez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Michael J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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True C, Abbott DH, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Sex Differences in Androgen Regulation of Metabolism in Nonhuman Primates. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:559-574. [PMID: 29224110 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth characterization of sex differences relevant to human physiology requires the judicious use of a variety of animal models and human clinical data. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) represent an important experimental system that bridges rodent studies and clinical investigations. NHP studies have been especially useful in understanding the role of sex hormones in development and metabolism and also allow the elucidation of the effects of pertinent dietary influences on physiology pertinent to disease states such as obesity and diabetes. This chapter summarizes the current state of our understanding of androgen effects on male and female NHP metabolism relevant to hypogonadism in human males and polycystic ovary syndrome in human females. This review will also focus on the interaction between altered androgen levels and dietary restriction and excess, in particular the Western-style diet that underlies significant human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadence True
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Phannasil P, Ansari IUH, El Azzouny M, Longacre MJ, Rattanapornsompong K, Burant CF, MacDonald MJ, Jitrapakdee S. Mass spectrometry analysis shows the biosynthetic pathways supported by pyruvate carboxylase in highly invasive breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:537-551. [PMID: 27890529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that the anaplerotic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is up-regulated in human breast cancer tissue and its expression is correlated with the late stages of breast cancer and tumor size [Phannasil et al., PloS One 10, e0129848, 2015]. In the current study we showed that PC enzyme activity is much higher in the highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 than in less invasive breast cancer cell lines. We generated multiple stable PC knockdown cell lines from the MDA-MB-231 cell line and used mass spectrometry with 13C6-glucose and 13C5-glutamine to discern the pathways that use PC in support of cell growth. Cells with severe PC knockdown showed a marked reduction in viability and proliferation rates suggesting the perturbation of pathways that are involved in cancer invasiveness. Strong PC suppression lowered glucose incorporation into downstream metabolites of oxaloacetate, the product of the PC reaction, including malate, citrate and aspartate. Levels of pyruvate, lactate, the redox partner of pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA were also lower suggesting the impairment of mitochondrial pyruvate cycles. Serine, glycine and 5-carbon sugar levels and flux of glucose into fatty acids were decreased. ATP, ADP and NAD(H) levels were unchanged indicating that PC suppression did not significantly affect mitochondrial energy production. The data indicate that the major metabolic roles of PC in invasive breast cancer are primarily anaplerosis, pyruvate cycling and mitochondrial biosynthesis of precursors of cellular components required for breast cancer cell growth and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatchariya Phannasil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Israr-Ul H Ansari
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mahmoud El Azzouny
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa J Longacre
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarawut Jitrapakdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Single-cell transcriptomes identify human islet cell signatures and reveal cell-type-specific expression changes in type 2 diabetes. Genome Res 2016; 27:208-222. [PMID: 27864352 PMCID: PMC5287227 DOI: 10.1101/gr.212720.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by the coordinated action of at least four cell types constituting pancreatic islets. Changes in the proportion and/or function of these cells are associated with genetic and molecular pathophysiology of monogenic, type 1, and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. Cellular heterogeneity impedes precise understanding of the molecular components of each islet cell type that govern islet (dys)function, particularly the less abundant delta and gamma/pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. Here, we report single-cell transcriptomes for 638 cells from nondiabetic (ND) and T2D human islet samples. Analyses of ND single-cell transcriptomes identified distinct alpha, beta, delta, and PP/gamma cell-type signatures. Genes linked to rare and common forms of islet dysfunction and diabetes were expressed in the delta and PP/gamma cell types. Moreover, this study revealed that delta cells specifically express receptors that receive and coordinate systemic cues from the leptin, ghrelin, and dopamine signaling pathways implicating them as integrators of central and peripheral metabolic signals into the pancreatic islet. Finally, single-cell transcriptome profiling revealed genes differentially regulated between T2D and ND alpha, beta, and delta cells that were undetectable in paired whole islet analyses. This study thus identifies fundamental cell-type–specific features of pancreatic islet (dys)function and provides a critical resource for comprehensive understanding of islet biology and diabetes pathogenesis.
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El Azzouny M, Longacre MJ, Ansari IUH, Kennedy RT, Burant CF, MacDonald MJ. Knockdown of ATP citrate lyase in pancreatic beta cells does not inhibit insulin secretion or glucose flux and implicates the acetoacetate pathway in insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2016; 5:980-987. [PMID: 27689010 PMCID: PMC5034614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells requires metabolic signals including the generation of glucose-derived short chain acyl-CoAs in the cytosol from mitochondrially-derived metabolites. One concept of insulin secretion is that ATP citrate lyase generates short chain acyl-CoAs in the cytosol from mitochondrially-derived citrate. Of these, malonyl-CoA, is believed to be an important signal in insulin secretion. Malonyl-CoA is also a precursor for lipids. Our recent evidence suggested that, in the mitochondria of beta cells, glucose-derived pyruvate can be metabolized to acetoacetate that is exported to the cytosol and metabolized to the same short chain acyl-CoAs and fatty acids that can be derived from citrate. We tested for redundancy of the citrate pathway. Methods We inhibited ATP citrate lyase activity using hydroxycitrate as well as studying a stable cell line generated with shRNA knockdown of ATP citrate lyase in the pancreatic beta cell line INS-1 832/13. Results In both instances glucose-stimulated insulin release was not inhibited. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the flux of carbon from [U-13C]glucose and/or [U-13C]α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) into short chain acyl-CoAs in cells with hydroxycitrate-inhibited ATP citrate lyase or in the cell line with stable severe (>90%) shRNA knockdown of ATP citrate lyase was similar to the controls. Both 13C-glucose and 13C-KIC introduced substantial 13C labeling into acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and HMG-CoA under both conditions. Glucose flux into fatty acids was not affected by ATP citrate lyase knockdown. Conclusion The results establish the involvement of the acetoacetate pathway in insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. In pancreatic beta cells mitochondria synthesize metabolites from glucose. Mitochondria-derived citrate and acetoacetate can transfer carbon to the cytosol. The citrate pathway requires ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). Inhibition of ACLY did not stop metabolite export to the cytosol or insulin release. The results establish the role of the acetoacetate pathway in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El Azzouny
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Melissa J Longacre
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Israr-Ul H Ansari
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Charles F Burant
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Michael J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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50
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MacDonald MJ, Hasan NM, Ansari IUH, Longacre MJ, Kendrick MA, Stoker SW. Discovery of a Genetic Metabolic Cause for Mauriac Syndrome in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2051-9. [PMID: 27207549 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic cause for Mauriac syndrome, a syndrome of growth failure and delayed puberty associated with massive liver enlargement from glycogen deposition in children with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes, is unknown. We discovered a mutation in the catalytic subunit of liver glycogen phosphorylase kinase in a patient with Mauriac syndrome whose liver extended into his pelvis. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in glycogen breakdown. We show that the mutant subunit acts in a dominant manner to completely inhibit glycogen phosphorylase kinase enzyme activity and that this interferes with glycogenolysis causing increased levels of glycogen in human liver cells. It is known that even normal blood glucose levels physiologically inhibit glycogen phosphorylase to diminish glucose release from the liver when glycogenolysis is not needed. The patient's mother possessed the same mutant glycogen phosphorylase kinase subunit, but did not have diabetes or hepatomegaly. His father had childhood type 1 diabetes in poor glycemic control, but lacked the mutation and had neither hepatomegaly nor growth failure. This case proves that the effect of a mutant enzyme of glycogen metabolism can combine with hyperglycemia to directly hyperinhibit glycogen phosphorylase, in turn blocking glycogenolysis causing the massive liver in Mauriac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J MacDonald
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Noaman M Hasan
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Israr-Ul H Ansari
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Melissa J Longacre
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Mindy A Kendrick
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Scott W Stoker
- Childrens Diabetes Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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