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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wei F. Research progress on the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza a virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2359470. [PMID: 38918890 PMCID: PMC11210920 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the leading cause of highly contagious respiratory infections, which poses a serious threat to public health. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is encoded by segment 8 of IAV genome and is expressed in high levels in host cells upon IAV infection. It is the determinant of virulence and has multiple functions by targeting type Ι interferon (IFN-I) and type III interferon (IFN-III) production, disrupting cell apoptosis and autophagy in IAV-infected cells, and regulating the host fitness of influenza viruses. This review will summarize the current research on the NS1 including the structure and related biological functions of the NS1 as well as the interaction between the NS1 and host cells. It is hoped that this will provide some scientific basis for the prevention and control of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Fanhua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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2
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An W, Lakhina S, Leong J, Rawat K, Husain M. Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape. Pathogens 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 39057788 PMCID: PMC11280125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus possesses an RNA genome of single-stranded, negative-sensed, and segmented configuration. Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory disease, commonly known as the "flu" in humans. In some individuals, flu can lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most significant because it causes recurring seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks in human populations, globally. The host innate immune response to IAV infection plays a critical role in sensing, preventing, and clearing the infection as well as in flu disease pathology. Host cells sense IAV infection through multiple receptors and mechanisms, which culminate in the induction of a concerted innate antiviral response and the creation of an antiviral state, which inhibits and clears the infection from host cells. However, IAV antagonizes and escapes many steps of the innate antiviral response by different mechanisms. Herein, we review those host and viral mechanisms. This review covers most aspects of the host innate immune response, i.e., (1) the sensing of incoming virus particles, (2) the activation of downstream innate antiviral signaling pathways, (3) the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (4) and viral antagonism and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (W.A.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (K.R.)
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3
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Goetz M, Thotathil N, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10663. [PMID: 39036089 PMCID: PMC11256182 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space. Translational impact statement In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Goetz
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Naaz Thotathil
- University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringBostonMassachusettsUSA
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4
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Gambadauro A, Galletta F, Li Pomi A, Manti S, Piedimonte G. Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6178. [PMID: 38892370 PMCID: PMC11172738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system is constantly exposed to viral infections that are responsible for mild to severe diseases. In this narrative review, we focalized the attention on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the last decades. We reviewed the human innate and adaptive immune responses in the airways following infection, focusing on a particular population: newborns and pregnant women. The recent Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted how our interest in viral pathologies must not decrease. Furthermore, we must increase our knowledge of infection mechanisms to improve our future defense strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gambadauro
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Francesca Galletta
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Alessandra Li Pomi
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (F.G.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Office for Research and Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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5
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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5909. [PMID: 38892096 PMCID: PMC11172706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant global threat to human health. A tightly controlled host immune response is critical to avoid any detrimental effects of IAV infection. It is critical to investigate the association between the response of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and influenza virus. Because TLRs may act as a double-edged sword, a balanced TLR response is critical for the overall benefit of the host. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the TLR response is essential for targeting TLRs as a novel therapeutic and prophylactic intervention. To date, a limited number of studies have assessed TLR and IAV interactions. Therefore, further research on TLR interactions in IAV infection should be conducted to determine their role in host-virus interactions in disease causation or clearance of the virus. Although influenza virus vaccines are available, they have limited efficacy, which should be enhanced to improve their efficacy. In this study, we discuss the current status of our understanding of the TLR response in IAV infection and the strategies adopted by IAVs to avoid TLR-mediated immune surveillance, which may help in devising new therapeutic or preventive strategies. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants to enhance influenza vaccine efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Li ZA, Bajpai AK, Wang R, Liu Y, Webby RJ, Wilk E, Gu W, Schughart K, Li K, Lu L. Systems genetics of influenza A virus-infected mice identifies TRIM21 as a critical regulator of pulmonary innate immune response. Virus Res 2024; 342:199335. [PMID: 38331257 PMCID: PMC10882161 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21) is a cytosolic Fc receptor that targets antibody-bound, internalized pathogens for destruction. Apart from this intrinsic defense role, TRIM21 is implicated in autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and autophagy. Whether TRIM21 participates in host interactions with influenza A virus (IAV), however, is unknown. By computational modeling of body weight and lung transcriptome data from the BXD parents (C57BL/6 J (B6) and DBA/2 J (D2)) and 41 BXD mouse strains challenged by IAV, we reveal that a Trim21-associated gene network modulates the early host responses to IAV infection. Trim21 transcripts were significantly upregulated in infected mice of both B6 and D2 backgrounds. Its expression was significantly higher in infected D2 than in infected B6 early after infection and significantly correlated with body weight loss. We identified significant trans-eQTL on chromosome 14 that regulates Trim21 expression. Nr1d2 and Il3ra were among the strongest candidate genes. Pathway analysis found Trim21 to be involved in inflammation and immunity related pathways, such as inflammation signaling pathways (TNF, IL-17, and NF-κB), viral detection signaling pathways (NOD-like and RIG-I-like), influenza, and other respiratory viral infections. Knockdown of TRIM21 in human lung epithelial A549 cells significantly augmented IAV-induced expression of IFNB1, IFNL1, CCL5, CXCL10, and IFN-stimulated genes including DDX58 and IFIH1, among others. Our data suggest that a TRIM21-associated gene network is involved in several aspects of inflammation and viral detection mechanisms during IAV infection. We identify and validate TRIM21 as a critical regulator of innate immune responses to IAV in human lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyuan Alex Li
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Esther Wilk
- Rochus Mummert Healthcare Consulting GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Weikuan Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Institute of Virology Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Kobori Y, Tachizaki M, Imaizumi T, Tanaka Y, Seya K, Miki Y, Kawaguchi S, Matsumiya T, Tobisawa Y, Ohyama C, Tasaka S. TMEM2 suppresses TLR3-mediated IFN-β/ISG56/CXCL10 expression in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:417. [PMID: 38483660 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial epithelial cells are at the front line of viral infections. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) cascade causes the expression of interferon (IFN)-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which in turn induce an antiviral response. Members of the transmembrane protein (TMEM) family are expressed in various cell types. Although the prognostic value of TMEM2 in various cancers has been reported, its association with infectious diseases remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of TMEM2 on antiviral immunity in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS TMEM2 protein was found in the cytoplasm of normal human bronchial epithelial cells and differed between organs using immunohistochemistry. Cultured BEAS-2B cells were transfected with TMEM2 siRNA, followed by administration of TLR3 ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) or recombinant human (r(h)) IFN-β. The expression of TMEM2, IFN-β, ISG56, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and hyaluronan were evaluated appropriately by western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TMEM2 expression was not altered by poly IC stimulation. Knockdown of TMEM2 increased poly IC-induced expression of IFN-β, CXCL10, and ISG56, while IFN-β-induced expression of ISG56 and CXCL10 were not changed by TMEM2 knockdown. The hyaluronan concentration in the medium was decreased by either TMEM2 knockdown or poly IC, but additive or synergistic effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS TMEM2 knockdown enhanced TLR3-mediated IFN-β, CXCL10, and ISG56 expression in BEAS-2B cells. This implies that TMEM2 suppresses antiviral immune responses and prevents tissue injury in bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kobori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Mayuki Tachizaki
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular and Inflammatory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chikara Ohyama
- Department of Advanced Transplant and Regenerative Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
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Hook JL, Bhattacharya J. The pathogenesis of influenza in intact alveoli: virion endocytosis and its effects on the lung's air-blood barrier. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328453. [PMID: 38343548 PMCID: PMC10853445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung infection by influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of global mortality from lung injury, a disease defined by widespread dysfunction of the lung's air-blood barrier. Endocytosis of IAV virions by the alveolar epithelium - the cells that determine barrier function - is central to barrier loss mechanisms. Here, we address the current understanding of the mechanistic steps that lead to endocytosis in the alveolar epithelium, with an eye to how the unique structure of lung alveoli shapes endocytic mechanisms. We highlight where future studies of alveolar interactions with IAV virions may lead to new therapeutic approaches for IAV-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Hook
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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9
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Chu GE, Park JY, Park CH, Cho WG. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in TRIF-Dependent Toll-like Receptor 3 Signaling in Bronchial Epithelial Cells against Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:226. [PMID: 38203397 PMCID: PMC10778811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays an important role in double-stranded RNA recognition and triggers the innate immune response by acting as a key receptor against viral infections. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in TLR3-induced inflammatory responses during viral infections; however, their relationship with mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a mimic of viral RNA, induced TLR3-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway activation and enhanced mtROS generation, leading to inflammatory cytokine production. TLR3-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) and Mito-TEMPO inhibited inflammatory cytokine production in poly(I:C)-treated BEAS-2B cells. Poly(I:C) recruited the TLR3 adaptor molecule Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor, inducing IFN (TRIF) and activated NF-κB signaling. Additionally, TLR3-induced mtROS generation suppression and siRNA-mediated TRIF downregulation attenuated mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) degradation. Our findings provide insights into the TLR3-TRIF signaling pathway and MAVS in viral infections, and suggest TLR3-mtROS as a therapeutic target for the treatment of airway inflammatory and viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Eul Chu
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (G.E.C.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Jun Young Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (G.E.C.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Won Gil Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; (G.E.C.); (C.H.P.)
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Silva MJA, Vieira MCDS, Souza AB, dos Santos EC, Marcelino BDR, Casseb SMM, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Analysis of associations between the TLR3 SNPs rs3775291 and rs3775290 and COVID-19 in a cohort of professionals of Belém-PA, Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1320701. [PMID: 38173795 PMCID: PMC10763251 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1320701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article was to verify associations between the SNPs rs3775291 (Cytosine [C]>Thymine [T]) and rs3775290 (C>T) of TLR3 in professionals from Health Institutions (HI) who worked during the first pandemic wave and COVID-19. A case-control study was carried out with workers from HI in Belém-PA, Brazil, divided into symptomatology groups (Asymptomatic-AS, n=91; and Symptomatic-SI, n=121), and severity groups, classified by Chest CT scan (symptomatic with lung involvement - SCP, n=34; symptomatic without lung involvement - SSP, n=8). Genotyping was performed by Sanger sequencing and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. In the analysis of SNP rs3775291, the homozygous recessive genotype (T/T) was not found and the frequency of the mutant allele (T) was less than 2% in the cohort. For the rs3775290 SNP, the frequency of the mutant allele (T) was greater than 42% in the cohort. No significant associations were found for these SNPs in this cohort (N= 212 individuals). The scientific community and physicians can use these facts to find new methods of managing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Brito Souza
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Everaldina Cordeiro dos Santos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Beatriz dos Reis Marcelino
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
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Olímpio F, Andreata-Santos R, Rosa PC, Santos W, Oliveira C, Aimbire F. Lactobacillus rhamnosus Restores Antiviral Signaling and Attenuates Cytokines Secretion from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke and Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1513-1528. [PMID: 36346611 PMCID: PMC9643982 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more susceptible to exacerbation crisis triggered by secondary lung infections due to the dysfunction of antiviral signaling, principally via suppression of IFN-γ. Although the probiotic is known for controlling pulmonary inflammation in COPD, the influence of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lr) on antiviral signaling in bronchial epithelium exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and viruses, remains unknown. Thus, the present study investigated the Lr effect on the antiviral signaling and the secretion of inflammatory mediators from bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE cells) exposed to CSE and SARS-CoV-2. The 16HBE cells were cultured, treated with Lr, stimulated with CSE, and infected with SARS-CoV-2. The cellular viability was evaluated using the MTT assay and cytotoxicity measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The viral load, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, MAVS, MyD88, and TRIF were quantified using specific PCR. The pro-inflammatory mediators were measured by a multiplex biometric immunoassay, and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity, NF-κB, RIG-I, MAD5, and IRF3 were measured using specific ELISA kits. Lr decreased viral load, ACE2, pro-inflammatory mediators, TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 as well as TRIF and MyD88 expression in CSE and SARS-CoV-2 -exposed 16HBE cells. Otherwise, RIG-I, MAD5, IRF3, IFN-γ, and the MAVS expression were restored in 16HBE cells exposed to CSE and SARS-CoV-2 and treated with Lr. Lr induces antiviral signaling associated to IFN-γ secreting viral sensors and attenuates cytokine storm associated to NF-κB in bronchial epithelial cells, supporting its emerging role in prevention of COPD exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Olímpio
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-002, Brazil
- Department of Science and Technology, Lab. Immunopharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Lab. Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862 - 6° Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cristina Rosa
- Department of Science and Technology, Lab. Immunopharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Wellington Santos
- Nucleus of Research in Biotechnology - State University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, CEP, 64003-120, Brazil
| | - Carlos Oliveira
- Department of Science and Technology, Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Flavio Aimbire
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-002, Brazil.
- Department of Science and Technology, Lab. Immunopharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil.
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12
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Okuma N, Ito MA, Shimizu T, Hasegawa A, Ohmori S, Yoshida K, Matsuoka I. Amplification of poly(I:C)-induced interleukin-6 production in human bronchial epithelial cells by priming with interferon-γ. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21067. [PMID: 38030681 PMCID: PMC10687102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 was associated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19. The mechanism underlying the excessive IL-6 production by SARS-Cov-2 infection remains unclear. Respiratory viruses initially infect nasal or bronchial epithelial cells that produce various inflammatory mediators. Here, we show that pretreatment of human bronchial epithelial cells (NCl-H292) with interferon (IFN)-γ (10 ng/mL) markedly increased IL-6 production induced by the toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 agonist poly(I:C) (1 µg/mL) from 0.4 ± 0.1 to 4.1 ± 0.4 ng/mL (n = 3, P < 0.01). A similar effect was observed in human alveolar A549 and primary bronchial epithelial cells. TLR3 knockdown using siRNA in NCl-H292 cells diminished the priming effects of IFN-γ on poly(I:C)-induced IL-6 production. Furthermore, the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib (1 µM) inhibited IFN-γ-induced upregulation of TLR3, and suppressed poly(I:C)-induced IL-6 production. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that IFN-γ stimulated histone modifications at the IL-6 gene locus. Finally, IFN-γ priming significantly increased lung IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in poly(I:C)-administrated mice. Thus, priming bronchial epithelial cells with IFN-γ increases poly(I:C)-induced IL-6 production via JAK-dependent TLR3 upregulation and chromatin remodeling at the IL-6 gene locus. These mechanisms may be involved in severe respiratory inflammation following infection with RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Okuma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Japan Community Health Care Organization Gunma Chuo Hospital, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, 371-0025, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomoyoshi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Shin'ya Ohmori
- Laboratory of Allergy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Isao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
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13
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He M, Ren Z, Goraya MU, Lin Y, Ye J, Li R, Dai J. Anti-influenza drug screening and inhibition of apigetrin on influenza A virus replication via TLR4 and autophagy pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110943. [PMID: 37804654 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 plays important roles in the influenzaA virus (IAV) infection. To explore TLR4 inhibitors, 161 traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were screened. Further, we screened out Ixeris sonchifolia Hance, and its active compound, Apigetrin (apigenin-7-O-glucoside). Antiviral activity of Apigetrin was determined by plaque assay. We also further investigated the influence of Apigetrin on immune signaling pathways including TLRs, MAPK, NF-κB and autophagy pathways. The in-vitro results showed that the extract and its several ingredients could significantly inhibit IAV replication. Apigetrin significantly improved IAV-induced oxidative stress, inhibited the IAV-induced cytokine storm by suppressing the excessive activation of TLR3/4/7, JNK/p38 MAPK and NF-κB. Apigetrin decreased autophagosome accumulation and promoted degradation of IAV protein. Interestingly, Apigetrin antiviral activity was reversed by using H2O2 and the agonists of TLR4, JNK/p38, NF-κB and autophagy. Most important, the in-vitro effective concentration is higher than the reported plasma concentration. The in-vivo test showed that Apigetrin significantly increased the average survival time, reduced the lung edema and IAV replication. In conclusion, we have found that Ixeris sonchifolia Hance and its several ingredients can inhibit IAV infection, and the mechanisms of action of Apigetrin against IAV is by regulating TLR4 and autophagy signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhihui Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University. Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mohsan Ullah Goraya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Yinhong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jinghan Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jianping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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14
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Zeng S, Zhu W, Luo Z, Wu K, Lu Z, Li X, Wang W, Hu W, Qin Y, Chen W, Yi L, Fan S, Chen J. Role of OGDH in Atophagy-IRF3-IFN-β pathway during classical swine fever virus infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126443. [PMID: 37604413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe infectious disease caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) that poses significant challenges to the swine industry. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), the first rate-limiting enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, catalyzes α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to succinyl-CoA, playing a crucial role in glycometabolism. Our previous studies showed that CSFV disrupts the TCA cycle, resulting in α-KG accumulation. However, the interplay between CSFV and OGDH remains unclear. In this study, we found that CSFV significantly reduces OGDH protein levels and promotes α-KG secretion through OGDH in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, we observed CSFV C protein interacts with OGDH and revealed that CSFV utilizes NDP52/NBR1 to target OGDH protein degradation in the autophagy-lysosome pathway. We also unveiled that OGDH overexpression inhibits CSFV proliferation, whereas OGDH knockdown increases CSFV proliferation. Further investigation into the mechanisms of OGDH on CSFV replication revealed that OGDH regulates the AMPK-mTOR-autophagy pathway. Additionally, using the autophagy agonist/inhibitor, rapamycin/3-MA, we observed that OGDH modulates autophagy to regulate the IRF3-IFN-β network and CSFV replication. These findings shed light on the role of OGDH in CSFV infection and host metabolism, promoting the development of innovative strategies for combating CSFV and other viral infections via targeting metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zipeng Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenshuo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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15
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Mertowska P, Smolak K, Mertowski S, Grywalska E. Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10115. [PMID: 37373262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons are a group of immunomodulatory substances produced by the human immune system in response to the presence of pathogens, especially during viral and bacterial infections. Their remarkably diverse mechanisms of action help the immune system fight infections by activating hundreds of genes involved in signal transduction pathways. In this review, we focus on discussing the interplay between the IFN system and seven medically important and challenging viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza, hepatitis C virus (HCV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV coronavirus) to highlight the diversity of viral strategies. In addition, the available data also suggest that IFNs play an important role in the course of bacterial infections. Research is currently underway to identify and elucidate the exact role of specific genes and effector pathways in generating the antimicrobial response mediated by IFNs. Despite the numerous studies on the role of interferons in antimicrobial responses, many interdisciplinary studies are still needed to understand and optimize their use in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Ha YE, Ju So Y, Im J, Yun CH, Park JC, Hyun Han S. TLR3 recognition of viral double-stranded RNA in human dental pulp cells is important for the innate immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110161. [PMID: 37060811 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries or trauma can expose human dental pulp cells (DPCs) to various oral microorganisms, which play an important role in the development of an innate immune response. In the present study, we examined the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns in human DPCs. Interestingly, real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that TLR3 is the most highly expressed among 10 different TLRs in human DPCs. Poly(I:C), a representative TLR3 ligand mimicking viral double-stranded RNA, potently induced IL-8 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Concordantly, poly(I:C) treatment substantially increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10. Human DPCs transfected with TLR3 siRNA exhibited decreased IL-8 production compared with non-targeting siRNA-transfected cells, suggesting that the expression of poly(I:C)-induced inflammatory cytokines is dependent on TLR3. IL-8 secretion induced by poly(I:C) was down-regulated by MAP kinase inhibitors, indicating that the MAP kinase pathway contributes to IL-8 production. Furthermore, C/EBPβ and NF-κB were essential transcriptional factors for poly(I:C)-induced IL-8 expression, as demonstrated by the transient transfection and reporter gene assay. Since lipoproteins are known as major immunostimulatory components of bacteria, human DPCs were treated with poly(I:C) together with Pam2CSK4, a synthetic lipopeptide mimicking bacterial lipoproteins. Pam2CSK4 and poly(I:C) co-treatment synergistically increased IL-8 production in comparison to Pam2CSK4 or poly(I:C) alone, implying that co-infection of viruses and bacteria can synergistically induce inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. Taken together, these results suggest that human DPCs potentially sense and respond to viral double-stranded RNAs, leading to effective induction of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Ha
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ju So
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Cheol Park
- Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Arora S, Gupta S, Akram W, Altyar AE, Tagde P. Effect of TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor on Poly(I:C)-induced airway inflammation in Swiss albino mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28118-28132. [PMID: 36394807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rhinovirus infection frequently causes COPD and asthma exacerbations. Impaired anti-viral signaling and reduced viral clearance have both been seen in sick bronchial epithelium, potentially increasing exacerbations. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), a Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) ligand, has been shown to cause a viral exacerbation of severe asthma by detecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor-Calbiochem drug in the prevention of Poly(I:C)-induced airway inflammation following TLR3 activation and to uncover a potential pathway for the cure of asthma through TLR3 inhibition. Mice were sensitized with Poly(I:C) as an asthma model before being challenged by PBS and ovalbumin (OVA) chemicals. The mice were administered a TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor. Throughout the trial, the mice's body weight was measured after each dosage. Biochemical methods are used to analyze the protein as well as enzyme composition in airway tissues. BALF specimens are stained using Giemsa to identify inflammatory cells and lung histopathology to determine morphological abnormalities in lung tissues. By using the ELISA approach, cytokine levels such as TNF-α, IL-13, IL-6, IL-5, and IgE antibody expression in lung tissue and blood serum were assessed. TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor drug significantly lowered the number of cells in BALF and also on Giemsa staining slides. It also downregulated the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in contrast to OVA and Poly(I:C) administered in animals. A TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor decreased the fraction of oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, GPx, and CAT) in lung tissues while keeping the mice's body weight constant during the treatment period. By decreasing alveoli, bronchial narrowing, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and granulocyte levels, the TLR3/dsRNA complex blocker significantly reduced the histopathological damage caused by OVA and Poly(I:C) compounds. In an animal model utilizing ovalbumin, TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitors similarly reduced the bronchial damage produced by Poly(I:C). A novel TLR3/dsRNA complex inhibitor is expected to be employed in clinical studies since it suppresses airway inflammation without inducing antiviral approach resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swamita Arora
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, A -Block, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P., 201303, India
| | - Sangeetha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, A -Block, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P., 201303, India
| | - Wasim Akram
- Department of Pharmacology, SPER, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, A -Block, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, U.P., 201303, India.
- PRISAL Foundation (Pharmaceutical Royal International Society), 462042, Bhopal, India.
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18
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Dobashi M, Shiratori T, Imaizumi T, Hashimoto S, Kawaguchi S, Seya K, Tasaka S. Toll-like receptor 3 signaling induces interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 in BEAS-2B cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1917-1922. [PMID: 36112878 PMCID: PMC9742747 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bronchial epithelium plays a crucial role in mediating antiviral immune reactions. When double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binds to the receptor named Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, activation of antiviral innate immune reactions is initiated by producing interferon (IFN) type I. Then, type I IFN promotes the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Proteins encoded by ISGs reveal antiviral effects. The IFN-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is an ISG family member that inhibits viral infection by preventing the entry of viruses with a cell membrane. However, IFITM1 expression in human bronchial epithelium remains largely undetermined. Here, we investigated whether IFITM1 is expressed in cultured BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) was used for treatment of BEAS-2B as a TLR3 ligand. IFITM1 expression levels were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Using RNA interference, we determined the significance of IFN-β and ISG56 on IFITM1 upregulation. Poly I:C treatment significantly upregulated IFITM1 expression in BEAS-2B cells, and it was concentration- and time-dependent. Knockdown of IFN-β or ISG56 decreased poly I:C-induced IFITM1 expression levels. Recombinant IFN-β also increased expression levels of IFITM1. In BEAS-2B cells, IFITM1 expression is upregulated by poly I:C, at least partly, via the TLR3/IFN-β/ISG56 axis. Thus, IFITM1 may contribute to antiviral innate immunity in bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Dobashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
- Masaki Dobashi.
| | - Toshihiro Shiratori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shun Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Tasaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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Kelly JN, Laloli L, V’kovski P, Holwerda M, Portmann J, Thiel V, Dijkman R. Comprehensive single cell analysis of pandemic influenza A virus infection in the human airways uncovers cell-type specific host transcriptional signatures relevant for disease progression and pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978824. [PMID: 36268025 PMCID: PMC9576848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium constitutes the first line of defense against invading respiratory pathogens, such as the 2009 pandemic strain of influenza A virus (IAV, H1N1pdm09), and plays a crucial role in the host antiviral response to infection. Despite its importance, however, it remains unknown how individual cell types within the respiratory epithelium respond to IAV infection or how the latter may influence IAV disease progression and pathogenesis. Here, we used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect the host response to IAV infection in its natural target cells. scRNA-seq was performed on human airway epithelial cell (hAEC) cultures infected with either wild-type pandemic IAV (WT) or with a mutant version of IAV (NS1R38A) that induced a robust innate immune response. We then characterized both the host and viral transcriptomes of more than 19,000 single cells across the 5 major cell types populating the human respiratory epithelium. For all cell types, we observed a wide spectrum of viral burden among single infected cells and a disparate host response between infected and bystander populations. Interestingly, we also identified multiple key differences in the host response to IAV among individual cell types, including high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in secretory and basal cells and an important role for luminal cells in sensing and restricting incoming virus. Multiple infected cell types were shown to upregulate interferons (IFN), with type III IFNs clearly dominating the antiviral response. Transcriptional changes in genes related to cell differentiation, cell migration, and tissue repair were also identified. Strikingly, we also detected a shift in viral host cell tropism from non-ciliated cells to ciliated cells at later stages of infection and observed major changes in the cellular composition. Microscopic analysis of both WT and NS1R38A virus-infected hAECs at various stages of IAV infection revealed that the transcriptional changes we observed at 18 hpi were likely driving the downstream histopathological alterations in the airway epithelium. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive analysis of the cell type-specific host antiviral response to influenza virus infection in its natural target cells – namely, the human respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N. Kelly
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Laloli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip V’kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ronald Dijkman,
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20
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Manan A, Pirzada RH, Haseeb M, Choi S. Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810716. [PMID: 36142620 PMCID: PMC9502216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynthesis of molecular mediators. TLRs on cell membranes are adept at recognizing viral components. Viruses can modulate the innate immune response with the help of proteins and RNAs that downregulate or upregulate the expression of various TLRs. In the case of COVID-19, molecular modulators such as type 1 interferons interfere with signaling pathways in the host cells, leading to an inflammatory response. Coronaviruses are responsible for an enhanced immune signature of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. TLRs have been employed as therapeutic agents in viral infections as numerous antiviral Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are TLR agonists. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the TLRs involved in COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Manan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
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21
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Li YJ, Chen CY, Yang JH, Chiu YF. Modulating cholesterol-rich lipid rafts to disrupt influenza A virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982264. [PMID: 36177026 PMCID: PMC9513517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is widely disseminated across different species and can cause recurrent epidemics and severe pandemics in humans. During infection, IAV attaches to receptors that are predominantly located in cell membrane regions known as lipid rafts, which are highly enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Following IAV entry into the host cell, uncoating, transcription, and replication of the viral genome occur, after which newly synthesized viral proteins and genomes are delivered to lipid rafts for assembly prior to viral budding from the cell. Moreover, during budding, IAV acquires an envelope with embedded cholesterol from the host cell membrane, and it is known that decreased cholesterol levels on IAV virions reduce infectivity. Statins are commonly used to inhibit cholesterol synthesis for preventing cardiovascular diseases, and several studies have investigated whether such inhibition can block IAV infection and propagation, as well as modulate the host immune response to IAV. Taken together, current research suggests that there may be a role for statins in countering IAV infections and modulating the host immune response to prevent or mitigate cytokine storms, and further investigation into this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jyun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-How Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ya-Fang Chiu,
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22
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In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Cigarette Smoke Effects on Innate Responses to Influenza Virus: A Matter of Models? Viruses 2022; 14:v14081824. [PMID: 36016446 PMCID: PMC9415757 DOI: 10.3390/v14081824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a significant public health problem and a leading risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the developed world. Respiratory viral infections, such as the influenza A virus (IAV), are associated with acute exacerbations of COPD and are more severe in cigarette smokers. To fight against viral infection, the host has developed an innate immune system, which has complicated mechanisms regulating the expression and activation of cytokines and chemokines to maximize the innate and adaptive antiviral response, as well as limiting the immunopathology that leads to exaggerated lung damage. In the case of IAV, responders include airway and alveolar epithelia, lung macrophages and dendritic cells. To achieve a successful infection, IAV must overcome these defenses. In this review, we summarize the detrimental role of CS in influenza infections. This includes both immunosuppressive and proinflammatory effects on innate immune responses during IAV infection. Some of the results, with respect to CS effects in mouse models, appear to have discordant results, which could be at least partially addressed by standardization of animal viral infection models to evaluate the effect of CS exposure in this context.
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23
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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24
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Thomas S, Lappin DF, Spears J, Bennett D, Nile C, Riggio M. Expression of toll-like receptor and cytokine mRNAs in feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Li W, Wang H, Zheng SJ. Roles of RNA Sensors in Host Innate Response to Influenza Virus and Coronavirus Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158285. [PMID: 35955436 PMCID: PMC9368391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronavirus are two important respiratory viruses, which often cause serious respiratory diseases in humans and animals after infection. In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and SARS-CoV-2 have become major pathogens causing respiratory diseases in humans. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between viral infection and host innate immunity is particularly important to the stipulation of effective control strategies. As the first line of defense against pathogens infection, innate immunity not only acts as a natural physiological barrier, but also eliminates pathogens through the production of interferon (IFN), the formation of inflammasomes, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this process, the recognition of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is the initiation and the most important part of the innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the roles of RNA sensors in the host innate immune response to influenza virus and coronavirus infections in different species, with a particular focus on innate immune recognition of viral nucleic acids in host cells, which will help to develop an effective strategy for the control of respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.L.); (H.W.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongnuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.L.); (H.W.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (W.L.); (H.W.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-62834681
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26
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Shiraki K, Sato N, Sakai K, Matsumoto S, Kaszynski RH, Takemoto M. Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108121. [PMID: 35121001 PMCID: PMC8806403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at significantly lower concentrations than the plasma trough levels achieved by the dosage adopted for influenza treatment and exhibits efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Although high doses of favipiravir are required due to the molecule being a purine analog, its conversion into the active form in infected cells with active viral RNA synthesis enhances the antiviral specificity and selectivity as a chain terminator with lethal mutagenesis. Another characteristic feature is the lack of generation of favipiravir-resistant virus. COVID-19 pneumonia is caused by strong cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells, and the inflammatory response induced by adaptive immunity continues to peak for 3 to 5 days despite antiviral treatment. This has also been observed in herpes zoster (HZ) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. Inflammation due to an immune response may mask the effectiveness of favipiravir against COVID-19 pneumonia. Favipiravir significantly shortened the recovery time in patients with mild COVID-19 pneumonia by 3 days with the start of treatment by the 5th day of symptom onset. Since both CMV and COVID-19 pneumonia are caused by adaptive immunity and prevention of cytomegalovirus pneumonia is the standard treatment due to difficulties in treating refractory CMV pneumonia, COVID-19 pneumonia should be prevented with early treatment as well. In the present study, we have comprehensively reviewed the optimal antiviral therapy for COVID-19 based on clinical trials of favipiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia and the concurrently established therapies for other viral infections, particularly HZ and CMV pneumonia. Optimally, antivirals should be administered immediately after COVID-19 diagnosis, similar to that after influenza diagnosis, to prevent COVID-19 pneumonia and complications resulting from microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Sato
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Richard H Kaszynski
- Stanford Solutions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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27
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Seo SU, Seong BL. Prospects on Repurposing a Live Attenuated Vaccine for the Control of Unrelated Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877845. [PMID: 35651619 PMCID: PMC9149153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines use attenuated microbes to acquire immunity against pathogens in a safe way. As live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) still maintain infectivity, the vaccination stimulates diverse immune responses by mimicking natural infection. Induction of pathogen-specific antibodies or cell-mediated cytotoxicity provides means of specific protection, but LAV can also elicit unintended off-target effects, termed non-specific effects. Such mechanisms as short-lived genetic interference and non-specific innate immune response or long-lasting trained immunity and heterologous immunity allow LAVs to develop resistance to subsequent microbial infections. Based on their safety and potential for interference, LAVs may be considered as an alternative for immediate mitigation and control of unexpected pandemic outbreaks before pathogen-specific therapeutic and prophylactic measures are deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Guillon A, Brea-Diakite D, Cezard A, Wacquiez A, Baranek T, Bourgeais J, Picou F, Vasseur V, Meyer L, Chevalier C, Auvet A, Carballido JM, Nadal Desbarats L, Dingli F, Turtoi A, Le Gouellec A, Fauvelle F, Donchet A, Crépin T, Hiemstra PS, Paget C, Loew D, Herault O, Naffakh N, Le Goffic R, Si-Tahar M. Host succinate inhibits influenza virus infection through succinylation and nuclear retention of the viral nucleoprotein. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108306. [PMID: 35506364 PMCID: PMC9194747 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality, but current therapies have limited efficacy. We hypothesized that investigating the metabolic signaling during infection may help to design innovative antiviral approaches. Using bronchoalveolar lavages of infected mice, we here demonstrate that influenza virus induces a major reprogramming of lung metabolism. We focused on mitochondria‐derived succinate that accumulated both in the respiratory fluids of virus‐challenged mice and of patients with influenza pneumonia. Notably, succinate displays a potent antiviral activity in vitro as it inhibits the multiplication of influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 strains and strongly decreases virus‐triggered metabolic perturbations and inflammatory responses. Moreover, mice receiving succinate intranasally showed reduced viral loads in lungs and increased survival compared to control animals. The antiviral mechanism involves a succinate‐dependent posttranslational modification, that is, succinylation, of the viral nucleoprotein at the highly conserved K87 residue. Succinylation of viral nucleoprotein altered its electrostatic interactions with viral RNA and further impaired the trafficking of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. The finding that succinate efficiently disrupts the influenza replication cycle opens up new avenues for improved treatment of influenza pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Guillon
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Deborah Brea-Diakite
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Adeline Cezard
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alan Wacquiez
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Bourgeais
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CNRS ERL 7001 LNOx "Leukemic niche and redox metabolism", Tours, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Picou
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CNRS ERL 7001 LNOx "Leukemic niche and redox metabolism", Tours, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Léa Meyer
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAe, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAe, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Adrien Auvet
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Florent Dingli
- Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France.,Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Le Gouellec
- CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Fauvelle
- UGA/INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.,UGA/INSERM US17, Grenoble MRI Facility IRMaGe, Grenoble, France
| | - Amélie Donchet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Thibaut Crépin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CEA, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Herault
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,CNRS ERL 7001 LNOx "Leukemic niche and redox metabolism", Tours, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN et Virus Influenza, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAe, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
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29
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Lei X, Wang H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Bi K, Diao H. Influenza A virus NS1 protein hijacks YAP/TAZ to suppress TLR3-mediated innate immune response. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010505. [PMID: 35503798 PMCID: PMC9122210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway, which is historically considered as a dominator of organ development and homeostasis has recently been implicated as an immune regulator. However, its role in host defense against influenza A virus (IAV) has not been widely investigated. Here, we found that IAV could activate the Hippo effectors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) through physical binding of the IAV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) with C-terminal domain of YAP/TAZ, facilitating their nuclear location. Meanwhile, YAP/TAZ downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines against IAV infection, therefore benefiting virus replication and host cell apoptosis. A mouse model of IAV infection further demonstrated Yap deficiency protected mice against IAV infection, relieving lung injury. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ blocked anti-viral innate immune signaling via downregulation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression. YAP directly bound to the putative TEADs binding site on the promoter region of TLR3. The elimination of acetylated histone H3 occupancy in the TLR3 promoter resulted in its transcriptional silence. Moreover, treatment of Trichostatin A, a histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor or disruption of HDAC4/6 reversed the inhibition of TLR3 expression by YAP/TAZ, suggesting HDAC4/6 mediated the suppression function of YAP/TAZ. Taken together, we uncovered a novel immunomodulatory mechanism employed by IAV, where YAP/TAZ antagonize TLR3-mediated innate immunity. The mechanisms of influenza A virus (IAV) infection, host immune responses and interplay of host cells and virus have been under intensive study for decades of years. This has largely improved our understanding on how human immune system responses against virus and how virus evolves and develops various strategies to evade host immune surveillance. However, the panorama is far from fully elucidated, and therapeutic strategies with higher specificity of IAV are still in urgent need. In this study, we uncovered a new strategy employed by IAV to mute host innate immune response, of which NS1, a multi-functional protein of IAV activates host proteins YAP/TAZ to antagonize TLR3 expression. TLR3 mediates important innate immune signaling that produces pro-inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines against infection, thus, loss of YAP/TAZ enhances host innate immune response and protects mice from lung injuries induced by IAV infection. Our study may provide a new potential target for prevention and treatment of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XL); (HD)
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kefan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (HD)
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30
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Barman S, Soni D, Brook B, Nanishi E, Dowling DJ. Precision Vaccine Development: Cues From Natural Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:662218. [PMID: 35222350 PMCID: PMC8866702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional vaccine development against infectious diseases has been guided by the overarching aim to generate efficacious vaccines normally indicated by an antibody and/or cellular response that correlates with protection. However, this approach has been shown to be only a partially effective measure, since vaccine- and pathogen-specific immunity may not perfectly overlap. Thus, some vaccine development strategies, normally focused on targeted generation of both antigen specific antibody and T cell responses, resulting in a long-lived heterogenous and stable pool of memory lymphocytes, may benefit from better mimicking the immune response of a natural infection. However, challenges to achieving this goal remain unattended, due to gaps in our understanding of human immunity and full elucidation of infectious pathogenesis. In this review, we describe recent advances in the development of effective vaccines, focusing on how understanding the differences in the immunizing and non-immunizing immune responses to natural infections and corresponding shifts in immune ontogeny are crucial to inform the next generation of infectious disease vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dheeraj Soni
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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31
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Zamzam SH, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Khosravi AR. Comparative trachea transcriptome analysis in SPF broiler chickens infected with avian infectious bronchitis and avian influenza viruses. Virus Genes 2022; 58:203-213. [PMID: 35301621 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) are two major respiratory infections in chickens. The coinfection of these viruses can cause significant financial losses and severe complications in the poultry industry across the world. To examine transcriptome profile changes during the early stages of infection, differential transcriptional profiles in tracheal tissue of three infected groups (i.e., IBV, AIV, and coinfected) were compared with the control group. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were challenged with Iranian variant-2-like IBV (IS/1494), UT-Barin isolates of H9N2 (A/chicken/Mashhad/UT-Barin/2017), and IBV-AIV coinfection; then, RNA was extracted from tracheal tissue. The Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technique was employed to investigate changes in the Transcriptome. Up- and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the trachea transcriptome of all groups. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology databases were examined to identify possible relationships between DEGs. In the experimental groups, upregulated genes were higher compared to downregulated genes. A more severe immune response was observed in the coinfected group; further, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, RIG-I-like receptor signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, Janus kinase/signal transducer, and activator of transcription, and apoptotic pathways were important upregulated genes in this group. The findings of this paper may give a better understanding of transcriptome changes in the trachea during the early stages of infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Zamzam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 1419963111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 1419963111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 1419963111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Lee JW, Kim MN, Kim EG, Leem JS, Baek SM, Kim MJ, Kim KW, Sohn MH. Chitinase 3-like 1 is involved in the induction of IL-8 expression by double-stranded RNA in airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 592:106-112. [PMID: 35033868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infection causes inflammatory lung disease. Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) contributes to airway inflammation, but its role in human airway epithelial cells following viral infection is unclear. Thus, we investigated whether CHI3L1 regulates inflammatory responses caused by viral infections in airway epithelial cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B, were stimulated with a synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). To confirm the specific role of CHI3L1, CHI3L1 was knocked down in BEAS-2B cells using shRNA lentivirus. The expression of CHI3L1 and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were analyzed. In addition to poly(I:C), BEAS-2B cells were infected with the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A2 strain, and CHI3L1 and IL-8 expression was analyzed. Stimulating the cells with poly(I:C) increased CHI3L1 and IL-8 expression, whereas IL-8 expression was abrogated in CHI3L1 knockdown BEAS-2B cells. Poly(I:C) stimulation of BEAS-2B cells resulted in phosphorylation of MAPK pathways, and inhibition of MAPK pathways significantly abolished IL-8 secretion. Phosphorylation of MAPK pathways was diminished in CHI3L1 knockdown BEAS-2B cells. Infection with RSV increased CHI3L1 and IL-8 expression. IL-8 expression induced by RSV infection was abrogated in CHI3L1 knockdown cells. In conclusion, CHI3L1 may be involved in IL-8 secretion by regulating MAPK pathways during respiratory viral infections in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Eun Gyul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Ji Su Leem
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Seung Min Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Yongin Severance Hospital, 363 Dongbaekjukjeon-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16995, South Korea.
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Alseoudy MM, Elgamal M, Abdelghany DA, Borg AM, El-Mesery A, Elzeiny D, Hammad MO. Prognostic impact of toll-like receptors gene polymorphism on outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia: A case-control study. Clin Immunol 2022; 235:108929. [PMID: 35063671 PMCID: PMC8767970 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7 genes are involved in the host immune response against viral infections including SARS-COV-2. This study aimed to investigate the association between the TLR3(rs3775290) and TLR7(rs179008) polymorphisms with the prognosis and susceptibility to COVID-19 pneumonia accompanying SARS-COV-2 infection. This case-control study included 236 individuals: 136 COVID-19 pneumonia patients and 100 age and sex-matched controls. Two polymorphisms (TLR3 rs3775290 and TLR7 rs179008) were genotyped by allelic discrimination through TaqMan real-time PCR. This study also investigated predictors of mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia through logistic regression. The mutant ‘T/T' genotypes and the ‘T' alleles of TLR3(rs3775290) and TLR7(rs179008) polymorphisms were significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 pneumonia. This study did not report association between the mutant ‘T/T' genotypes of TLR3(rs3775290) and TLR7(rs179008) and the disease outcome. In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia were male sex, SPO2 ≤ 82%, INR > 1, LDH ≥ 1000 U/l, and lymphocyte count<900/mm3 (P < 0.05).
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Li N, Rana TM. Regulation of antiviral innate immunity by chemical modification of viral RNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1720. [PMID: 35150188 PMCID: PMC9786758 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 chemical modifications of RNA, termed the epitranscriptome, have been described, most of which occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal, transfer, and noncoding RNA and eukaryotic messenger RNA. DNA and RNA viruses can modify their RNA either directly via genome-encoded enzymes or by hijacking the host enzymatic machinery. Among the many RNA modifications described to date, four play particularly important roles in promoting viral infection by facilitating viral gene expression and replication and by enabling escape from the host innate immune response. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms by which the RNA modifications such as N6 -methyladenosine (m6A), N6 ,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), and 2'-O-methylation (Nm) promote viral replication and/or suppress recognition by innate sensors and downstream activation of the host antiviral response. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in ImmunologyInstitute for Genomic MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in ImmunologyInstitute for Genomic MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Rimmer C, Hetelekides S, Eliseeva SI, Georas SN, Veazey JM. Budesonide promotes airway epithelial barrier integrity following double-stranded RNA challenge. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260706. [PMID: 34871316 PMCID: PMC8648122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a key feature of asthma and other lung diseases. Respiratory viruses are responsible for a large fraction of asthma exacerbations, and are particularly potent at disrupting epithelial barrier function through pattern recognition receptor engagement leading to tight junction dysfunction. Although different mechanisms of barrier dysfunction have been described, relatively little is known about whether barrier integrity can be promoted to limit disease. Here, we tested three classes of drugs commonly prescribed to treat asthma for their ability to promote barrier function using a cell culture model of virus-induced airway epithelial barrier disruption. Specifically, we studied the corticosteroid budesonide, the long acting beta-agonist formoterol, and the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast for their ability to promote barrier integrity of a monolayer of human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) before exposure to the viral mimetic double-stranded RNA. Of the three, only budesonide treatment limited transepithelial electrical resistance and small molecule permeability (4 kDa FITC-dextran flux). Next, we used a mouse model of acute dsRNA challenge that induces transient epithelial barrier disruption in vivo, and studied the effects budesonide when administered prophylactically or therapeutically. We found that budesonide similarly protected against dsRNA-induced airway barrier disruption in the lung, independently of its effects on airway inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that an under-appreciated effect of inhaled budesonide is to maintain or promote airway epithelial barrier integrity during respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rimmer
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Savas Hetelekides
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sophia I. Eliseeva
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Steve N. Georas
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Janelle M. Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Ayari MG, Favetta P, Warszycki D, Vasseur V, Hervé V, Degardin P, Carbonnier B, Si-Tahar M, Agrofoglio LA. Molecularly Imprinted Hydrogels Selective to Ribavirin as New Drug Delivery Systems to Improve Efficiency of Antiviral Nucleoside Analogue: A Proof-of-Concept Study with Influenza A Virus. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100291. [PMID: 34773718 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis and evaluation of different imprinted hydrogels using ribavirin as template molecule. Ribavirin serves as a model molecule because it possesses a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against RNA viruses, which are expected as emerging viruses. The choice of monomers enables to stabilize the pre-polymerization complex and to synthesize biocompatible polymers. Predictive studies as well as experimental works conclude similar results on best ribavirin:monomers ratios. Thus, materials exhibit high selective cavities toward ribavirin. These affinities allow to show release profiles drastically different from the non-imprinted ones at two temperatures. The imprinted materials show a sustained profile able to release antiviral for more than 24 h. The hydrogels obtained are biocompatible with model cells retained, human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Cell viability is excellent and pro-inflammatory response is insignificant when imprinted polymers are incubated with cells. Finally, viral tests carried out on Influenza A infected lung cells show that imprinted delivery systems delivering 1 to 3 µg of antiviral have the same efficiency as a medium containing 30 µg mL-1 of active agent. As a very interesting result, the molecularly imprinted polymers as drug delivery systems allow to increase the local concentration of antiviral, to improve their delivery when its bioavailability is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G Ayari
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, Orléans, 45067, France
| | - Patrick Favetta
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, Orléans, 45067, France
| | - Dawid Warszycki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPAS), 12 Smetna Street, Kraków, 31-3343, Poland
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- CEPR, Inserm U1100, Univ. Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Virginie Hervé
- CEPR, Inserm U1100, Univ. Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Pierre Degardin
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, Orléans, 45067, France
| | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- ICMPE, CNRS UMR 7182, Université Paris Est, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, 94320, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- CEPR, Inserm U1100, Univ. Tours, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, 37032, France
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, Orléans, 45067, France
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Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102090. [PMID: 34696520 PMCID: PMC8541359 DOI: 10.3390/v13102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the host's first line of immune defence against any invading pathogen. To establish an infection in a human host the influenza virus must replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract. However, there are several innate immune mechanisms in place to stop the virus from reaching epithelial cells. In addition to limiting viral replication and dissemination, the innate immune system also activates the adaptive immune system leading to viral clearance, enabling the respiratory system to return to normal homeostasis. However, an overzealous innate immune system or adaptive immune response can be associated with immunopathology and aid secondary bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract leading to pneumonia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms utilised by the innate immune system to limit influenza virus replication and the damage caused by influenza viruses on the respiratory tissues and how these very same protective immune responses can cause immunopathology.
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Lin CY, Shih MC, Chang HC, Lin KJ, Chen LF, Huang SW, Yang ML, Ma SK, Shiau AL, Wang JR, Chen KR, Ling P. Influenza a virus NS1 resembles a TRAF3-interacting motif to target the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis and impair antiviral innate immunity. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:66. [PMID: 34610835 PMCID: PMC8491413 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) evolves strategies to counteract the host antiviral defense for establishing infection. The influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a key viral factor shown to counteract type I IFN antiviral response mainly through targeting RIG-I signaling. Growing evidence suggests that viral RNA sensors RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 function to detect IAV RNA in different cell types to induce type I IFN antiviral response to IAV infection. Yet, it remains unclear if IAV NS1 can exploit a common mechanism to counteract these RNA sensing pathways to type I IFN production at once, then promoting viral propagation in the host. METHODS Luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the effect of NS1 and its mutants on the RIG-I and TLR3 pathways to the activation of the IFN-β and NF-κB promoters. Coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopic analyses were used to the interaction and colocalization between NS1 and TRAF3. Ubiquitination assays were performed to study the effect of NS1 and its mutants on TRAF3 ubiquitination. A recombinant mutant virus carrying NS1 E152A/E153A mutations was generated by reverse genetics for biochemical, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses to explore the importance of NS1 E152/E153 residues in targeting the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis and IAV pathogenicity. RESULTS Here we report that NS1 subverts the RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR7 pathways to type I IFN production through targeting TRAF3 E3 ubiquitin ligase. NS1 harbors a conserved FTEE motif (a.a. 150-153), in which the E152/E153 residues are critical for binding TRAF3 to block TRAF3 ubiquitination and type I IFN production by these RNA sensing pathways. A recombinant mutant virus carrying NS1 E152A/E153A mutations induces higher type I IFN production ex vivo and in vivo, and exhibits the attenuated phenotype in infected mice, indicating the importance of E152/E153 residues in IAV pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Together our work uncovers a novel mechanism of IAV NS1-mediated immune evasion to promote viral infection through targeting the RNA sensing-TRAF3-type I IFN axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Cen Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Fang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ru Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pin Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Review of Influenza Virus Vaccines: The Qualitative Nature of Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination Is a Critical Consideration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090979. [PMID: 34579216 PMCID: PMC8471734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have affected the world for over a century, causing multiple pandemics. Throughout the years, many prophylactic vaccines have been developed for influenza; however, these viruses are still a global issue and take many lives. In this paper, we review influenza viruses, associated immunological mechanisms, current influenza vaccine platforms, and influenza infection, in the context of immunocompromised populations. This review focuses on the qualitative nature of immune responses against influenza viruses, with an emphasis on trained immunity and an assessment of the characteristics of the host–pathogen that compromise the effectiveness of immunization. We also highlight innovative immunological concepts that are important considerations for the development of the next generation of vaccines against influenza viruses.
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Ji ZX, Wang XQ, Liu XF. NS1: A Key Protein in the "Game" Between Influenza A Virus and Host in Innate Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670177. [PMID: 34327148 PMCID: PMC8315046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the influenza pandemic occurred in 1918, people have recognized the perniciousness of this virus. It can cause mild to severe infections in animals and humans worldwide, with extremely high morbidity and mortality. Since the first day of human discovery of it, the “game” between the influenza virus and the host has never stopped. NS1 protein is the key protein of the influenza virus against host innate immunity. The interaction between viruses and organisms is a complex and dynamic process, in which they restrict each other, but retain their own advantages. In this review, we start by introducing the structure and biological characteristics of NS1, and then investigate the factors that affect pathogenicity of influenza which determined by NS1. In order to uncover the importance of NS1, we analyze the interaction of NS1 protein with interferon system in innate immunity and the molecular mechanism of host antagonism to NS1 protein, highlight the unique biological function of NS1 protein in cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Xing Ji
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Fan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China (26116120), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Awogbindin IO, Ben-Azu B, Olusola BA, Akinluyi ET, Adeniyi PA, Di Paolo T, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial Implications in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: Lessons From Viral RNA Neurotropism and Possible Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:670298. [PMID: 34211370 PMCID: PMC8240959 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.670298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, humankind has been experiencing a ravaging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, the second coronavirus pandemic in a decade after the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) disease in 2012. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is responsible for over 3.1 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of a second and a third wave of infection across the globe, and the rising record of multiple reinfections and relapses, SARS-CoV-2 infection shows no sign of abating. In addition, it is now evident that SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with neurological symptoms that include early hyposmia, ischemic stroke, meningitis, delirium and falls, even after viral clearance. This may suggest chronic or permanent changes to the neurons, glial cells, and/or brain vasculature in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19. Within the central nervous system (CNS), microglia act as the central housekeepers against altered homeostatic states, including during viral neurotropic infections. In this review, we highlight microglial responses to viral neuroinfections, especially those with a similar genetic composition and route of entry as SARS-CoV-2. As the primary sensor of viral infection in the CNS, we describe the pathogenic and neuroinvasive mechanisms of RNA viruses and SARS-CoV-2 vis-à-vis the microglial means of viral recognition. Responses of microglia which may culminate in viral clearance or immunopathology are also covered. Lastly, we further discuss the implication of SARS-CoV-2 CNS invasion on microglial plasticity and associated long-term neurodegeneration. As such, this review provides insight into some of the mechanisms by which microglia could contribute to the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 neurological sequelae and disorders, including Parkinson's disease, which could be pervasive in the coming years given the growing numbers of infected and re-infected individuals globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoluwa O. Awogbindin
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde A. Olusola
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T. Akinluyi
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Philip A. Adeniyi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ramu S, Akbarshahi H, Mogren S, Berlin F, Cerps S, Menzel M, Hvidtfeldt M, Porsbjerg C, Uller L, Andersson CK. Direct effects of mast cell proteases, tryptase and chymase, on bronchial epithelial integrity proteins and anti-viral responses. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34078278 PMCID: PMC8170739 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) are known to contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation. Bronchial epithelial cells are the first line of defence against pathogens and a deficient anti-viral response has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbations. However, effects of MC mediators on bronchial epithelial immune response have been less studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of stimulation with MC proteases, tryptase and chymase, on inflammatory and anti-viral responses in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). METHOD Cultured BEAS-2b cells and primary HBECs from 3 asthmatic patients were stimulated with tryptase or chymase (0.1 to 0.5 μg/ml) for 1, 3, 6 and 24 h. To study the effects of MC mediators on the anti-viral response, cells were stimulated with 10 μg/ml of viral mimic Poly (I:C) for 3 and 24 h following pre-treatment with 0.5 μg/ml tryptase or chymase for 3 h. Samples were analysed for changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-viral mediators and receptors using RT-qPCR, western blot and Luminex. RESULTS Tryptase and chymase induced release of the alarmin ATP and pro-inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-6, IL-22 and MCP-1 from HBECs. Moreover, tryptase and chymase decreased the expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 expression from HBECs. Pre-treatment of HBECs with tryptase and chymase further increased Poly (I:C) induced IL-8 release at 3 h. Furthermore, tryptase significantly reduced type-I and III interferons (IFNs) and pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression in HBECs. Tryptase impaired Poly (I:C) induced IFN and PRR expression which was restored by treatment of a serine protease inhibitor. Similar effects of tryptase on inflammation and anti-viral responses were also confirmed in primary HBECs from asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION MC localization within the epithelium and the release of their proteases may play a critical role in asthma pathology by provoking pro-inflammatory and alarmin responses and downregulating IFNs. Furthermore, MC proteases induce downregulation of epithelial junction proteins which may lead to barrier dysfunction. In summary, our data suggests that mast cells may contribute towards impaired anti-viral epithelial responses during asthma exacerbations mediated by the protease activity of tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamid Akbarshahi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mandy Menzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Markiewicz L, Drazkowska K, Sikorski PJ. Tricks and threats of RNA viruses - towards understanding the fate of viral RNA. RNA Biol 2021; 18:669-687. [PMID: 33618611 PMCID: PMC8078519 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1875680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate cellular defence pathways have evolved to sense and eliminate pathogens, of which, viruses are considered one of the most dangerous. Their relatively simple structure makes the identification of viral invasion a difficult task for cells. In the course of evolution, viral nucleic acids have become one of the strongest and most reliable early identifiers of infection. When considering RNA virus recognition, RNA sensing is the central mechanism in human innate immunity, and effectiveness of this sensing is crucial for triggering an appropriate antiviral response. Although human cells are armed with a variety of highly specialized receptors designed to respond only to pathogenic viral RNA, RNA viruses have developed an array of mechanisms to avoid being recognized by human interferon-mediated cellular defence systems. The repertoire of viral evasion strategies is extremely wide, ranging from masking pathogenic RNA through end modification, to utilizing sophisticated techniques to deceive host cellular RNA degrading enzymes, and hijacking the most basic metabolic pathways in host cells. In this review, we aim to dissect human RNA sensing mechanisms crucial for antiviral immune defences, as well as the strategies adopted by RNA viruses to avoid detection and degradation by host cells. We believe that understanding the fate of viral RNA upon infection, and detailing the molecular mechanisms behind virus-host interactions, may be helpful for developing more effective antiviral strategies; which are urgently needed to prevent the far-reaching consequences of widespread, highly pathogenic viral infections.
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Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Transporting ATPase (SERCA) Modulates Autophagic, Inflammatory, and Mitochondrial Responses during Influenza A Virus Infection in Human Lung Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00217-21. [PMID: 33692207 PMCID: PMC8139658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00217-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an important human pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality. Numerous host factors and cellular responses are dysregulated during influenza A virus infection. This includes arrest of autophagic flux dependent on the influenza M2 ion channel, but little is known which host factors participate in this autophagic dysfunction. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) is known to regulate transport of calcium ions between the cytoplasm and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum, and has been positively correlated with autophagic flux. Herein, we found that SERCA activity was suppressed in influenza A virus infected human lung cells (H1395) and that CDN1163, an activator of SERCA, restored autophagic flux and thus reduced autophagosome accumulation caused by the influenza A virus. Activating SERCA activity with CDN1163 also decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction in IAV-infected H1395 cells. Conversely, SERCA inhibition or genetic ablation aggravated the autophagy dysfunction, mitochondria, and inflammatory responses in the cells infected with influenza A virus. Further study showed that SERCA might regulate the inflammatory response by modulating phosphorylation of MAPK-JNK pathway. These findings showed that the influenza A virus induced autophagic flux blocking, inflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting SERCA activity. This study provides further understanding of the host-viral interactions between the influenza virus, SERCA activity, autophagy, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial function. SERCA may be a potential host target for decreasing inflammatory and superoxide injury during influenza A virus infection.IMPORTANCE:IAV is a major cause of infectious respiratory diseases, characterized by a marked respiratory tract inflammatory response that causes morbidity and mortality in seasonal epidemics, or pandemic outbreaks. SERCA is a critical component in maintaining cellular calcium levels, and is positively correlated with autophagic flux. Here, we discovered that SERCA is suppressed in IAV-infected human lung cells and influenza A virus induces blocking of autophagic flux, inflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting SERCA. We posit that the pharmacological activation of SERCA can be a powerful intervention strategy to prevent autophagy arrest, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction in IAV-infected cells. Therefore, SERCA activity modulation could be a potential therapeutic strategy for managing clinical symptoms of severe influenza disease.
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Valdez-Cruz NA, García-Hernández E, Espitia C, Cobos-Marín L, Altamirano C, Bando-Campos CG, Cofas-Vargas LF, Coronado-Aceves EW, González-Hernández RA, Hernández-Peralta P, Juárez-López D, Ortega-Portilla PA, Restrepo-Pineda S, Zelada-Cordero P, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Integrative overview of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their possible applications in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:88. [PMID: 33888152 PMCID: PMC8061467 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel β-coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic disease, which spread rapidly, infecting more than 134 million people, and killing almost 2.9 million thus far. Based on the urgent need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, the identification and characterization of antibodies has been accelerated, since they have been fundamental in treating other viral diseases. Here, we summarized in an integrative manner the present understanding of the immune response and physiopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, including the activation of the humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore, the synthesis of antibodies. Furthermore, we also discussed about the antibodies that can be generated in COVID-19 convalescent sera and their associated clinical studies, including a detailed characterization of a variety of human antibodies and identification of antibodies from other sources, which have powerful neutralizing capacities. Accordingly, the development of effective treatments to mitigate COVID-19 is expected. Finally, we reviewed the challenges faced in producing potential therapeutic antibodies and nanobodies by cell factories at an industrial level while ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Cobos-Marín
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil N° 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos G Bando-Campos
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis F Cofas-Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique W Coronado-Aceves
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Hernández-Peralta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Juárez-López
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paola A Ortega-Portilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricio Zelada-Cordero
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Sharma S, Kumari V, Kumbhar BV, Mukherjee A, Pandey R, Kondabagil K. Immunoinformatics approach for a novel multi-epitope subunit vaccine design against various subtypes of Influenza A virus. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152053. [PMID: 33517154 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the best strategy for the control and prevention of contagious diseases caused by Influenza A viruses. Extraordinary genetic variability and continual evolvability are responsible for the virus having survival and adaptation to host cell immune response, thus rendering the current influenza vaccines with suboptimal effectiveness.Therefore, in the present study, using a novel immunoinformatics approach, we have designed a universal influenza subunit vaccine based on the highly conserved epitopic sequences of rapidly evolving (HA), a moderately evolving (NP) and slow evolving (M1) proteins of the virus. The vaccine design includes 2 peptide adjuvants, 26 CTL epitopes, 9 HTL epitopes, and 7 linear BCL epitopes to induce innate, cellular, and humoral immune responses against Influenza A viruses. We also analyzed the physicochemical properties of the designed construct to validate its thermodynamic stability, hydrophilicity, PI, antigenicity, and allergenicity. Furthermore, we predicted a highly stable tertiary model of the designed subunit vaccine, wherein additional disulfide bonds were incorporated to enhance its stability. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of the refined vaccine model with TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, MHC-I and MHC-II showed stable vaccine and receptors complexes, thus confirming the immunogenicity of the designed vaccine. Collectively, these findings suggest that our multi-epitope vaccine construct may confer protection against various strains of influenza A virus subtypes, which could prevent the need for annual reformulation of vaccine and alleviate disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Vibha Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- HaystackAnalytics Private Limited, Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Ruchika Pandey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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Li S, Kuang M, Chen L, Li Y, Liu S, Du H, Cao L, You F. The mitochondrial protein ERAL1 suppresses RNA virus infection by facilitating RIG-I-like receptor signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108631. [PMID: 33472079 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria not only serve as a platform for innate immune signaling transduction but also enhance immune responses by releasing mitochondrial DNA and RNA into the cytoplasm. However, whether mitochondrial matrix proteins could be liberated and involved in immune responses remains enigmatic. Here, we identify the mitochondrial protein ERA G-protein-like 1 (ERAL1) as a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-interacting protein by using proximity-based labeling technology. ERAL1 deficiency markedly reduces the downstream antiviral signaling triggered by RNA viruses. Moreover, ERAL1-deficient mice are more susceptible to lethality following RNA virus infection than wild-type mice. After virus infection, ERAL1 is released from mitochondria through the BAX/BAK pore. The cytosolic ERAL1 facilitates lysine 63 (K63)-linked ubiquitination of retinoicacid inducible gene-1 (RIG-I)/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and promotes downstream MAVS polymerization, thus positively regulating antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siji Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luoying Chen
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shengde Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongqiang Du
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fuping You
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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Cellular and functional heterogeneity of the airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:978-990. [PMID: 33608655 PMCID: PMC7893625 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium protects us from environmental insults, which we encounter with every breath. Not only does it passively filter large particles, it also senses potential danger and alerts other cells, including immune and nervous cells. Together, these tissues orchestrate the most appropriate response, balancing the need to eliminate the danger with the risk of damage to the host. Each cell subset within the airway epithelium plays its part, and when impaired, may contribute to the development of respiratory disease. Here we highlight recent advances regarding the cellular and functional heterogeneity along the airway epithelium and discuss how we can use this knowledge to design more effective, targeted therapeutics.
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Shahbaz MA, Martikainen MV, Rönkkö TJ, Komppula M, Jalava PI, Roponen M. Urban air PM modifies differently immune defense responses against bacterial and viral infections in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110244. [PMID: 32980306 PMCID: PMC7516585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has shown the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM) and increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, to date, the underlying mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects of PM remain unclear. Our objective was to explore how exposure to relatively low doses of urban air PM alters innate responses to bacterial and viral stimuli in vitro. We used secondary alveolar epithelial cell line along with monocyte-derived macrophages to replicate innate lung barrier in vitro. Co-cultured cells were first exposed for 24 h to PM2.5-1 (particle aerodynamic diameter between 1 and 2.5 μm) and subsequently for an additional 24 h to lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (TLR3), and synthetic single-stranded RNA oligoribonucleotides (TLR7/8) to mimic bacterial or viral stimulation. Toxicological endpoints included pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α), cellular metabolic activity, and cell cycle phase distribution. We show that cells exposed to PM2.5-1 produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines following stimulation with bacterial TLR4 ligand than cells exposed to PM2.5-1 or bacterial ligand alone. On the contrary, PM2.5-1 exposure reduced pro-inflammatory responses to viral ligands TLR3 and TLR7/8. Cell cycle analysis indicated that viral ligands induced cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase. In PM-primed co-cultures, however, they failed to induce the G2-M phase arrest. Contrarily, bacterial stimulation caused a slight increase in cells in the sub-G1 phase but in PM2.5-1 primed co-cultures the effect of bacterial stimulation was masked by PM2.5-1. These findings indicate that PM2.5-1 may alter responses of immune defense differently against bacterial and viral infections. Further studies are required to explain the mechanism of immune modulation caused by PM in altering the susceptibility to respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1F, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Oladejo BO, Adeboboye CF, Adebolu TT. Understanding the genetic determinant of severity in viral diseases: a case of SARS-Cov-2 infection. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020; 21:77. [PMID: 38624552 PMCID: PMC7773422 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous research studies have identified specific human gene variants that affect enhanced susceptibility to viral infections. More recently is the current pandemic where the SARS-CoV-2 infection has shown a high degree of person-to-person clinical variability. A wide range of disease severity occurs in the patients' experiences, from asymptomatic cases, mild infections to serious life threatening conditions requiring admission into the intensive care unit (ICU). Main body of the abstract Although, it is generally reported that age and co-morbidities contribute significantly to the variations in the clinical outcome of the scourge of COVID-19, a hypothetical question of the possibility of genetic involvement in the susceptibility and severity of the disease arose when some unique severe outcomes were seen among young patients with no co-morbidity. The role human genetics play in clinical response to the viral infections is scarcely understood; however, several ongoing researches all around the world are currently focusing on possible genetic factors. This review reports the possible genetic factors that have been widely studied in defining the severity of viral infections using SARS-CoV-2 as a case study. These involve the possible involvements of ACE2, HLA, and TLR genes such as TLR7 and TLR3 in the presentation of a more severe condition. Short conclusion Understanding these variations could help to inform efforts to identify people at increased risk of infection outbreaks through genetic diagnosis of infections by locating disease genes or mutations that predispose patients to severe infection. This will also suggest specific targets for therapy and prophylaxis.
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