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Pavan C, Escolano-Casado G, Bellomo C, Cananà S, Tomatis M, Leinardi R, Mino L, Turci F. Nearly free silanols drive the interaction of crystalline silica polymorphs with membranes: Implications for mineral toxicity. Front Chem 2023; 10:1092221. [PMID: 36726450 PMCID: PMC9884702 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystalline silica (CS) is a well-known hazardous material that causes severe diseases including silicosis, lung cancer, and autoimmune diseases. However, the hazard associated to crystalline silica is extremely variable and depends on some specific characteristics, including crystal structure and surface chemistry. The crystalline silica polymorphs share the SiO2 stoichiometry and differentiate for crystal structure. The different crystal lattices in turn expose differently ordered hydroxyl groups at the crystal surface, i.e., the silanols. The nearly free silanols (NFS), a specific population of weakly interacting silanols, have been recently advanced as the key surface feature that governs recognition mechanisms between quartz and cell membrane, initiating toxicity. We showed here that the nearly free silanols occur on the other crystalline silica polymorphs and take part in the molecular interactions with biomembranes. A set of crystalline silica polymorphs, including quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, coesite, and stishovite, was physico-chemically characterized and the membranolytic activity was assessed using red blood cells as model membranes. Infrared spectroscopy in highly controlled conditions was used to profile the surface silanol topochemistry and the occurrence of surface nearly free silanols on crystalline silica polymorphs. All crystalline silica polymorphs, but stishovite were membranolytic. Notably, pristine stishovite did not exhibited surface nearly free silanols. The topochemistry of surface silanols was modulated by thermal treatments, and we showed that the occurrence of nearly free silanols paralleled the membranolytic activity for the crystalline silica polymorphs. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship between nearly free silanols and membranolytic activity of crystalline silica polymorphs, offering a possible clue for interpreting the molecular mechanisms associated with silica hazard and bio-minero-chemical interfacial phenomena, including prebiotic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Escolano-Casado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Cananà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,“G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,*Correspondence: Francesco Turci,
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Rafieepour A, Azari MR, Khodagholi F, Jaktaji JP, Mehrabi Y, Peirovi H. Interactive toxicity effect of combined exposure to hematite and amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles in human A 549 cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:289-302. [PMID: 34078188 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study on the health effects of combined exposure to various contaminants has been recommended by many authors. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of the co-exposure to hematite and amorphous silicon dioxide (A-SiO2) nanoparticles on the human lung A549 cell line. The A549 cell line was exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 250 µg/ml concentrations of hematite and A-SiO2 nanoparticles both independently and in combination. Their toxicity in both circumstances was investigated by MTT, intracellular reactive oxygen species, cell glutathione content, and mitochondrial membrane potential tests, and the type of interaction was investigated by statistical analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, v. 21). Results showed that the independent exposure to either hematite or A-SiO2 compared with the control group produced more toxic effects on the A549 cell line. The toxicity of combined exposure of the nanoparticles was lower compared with independent exposure, and antagonistic interactive effects were detected. The findings of this study could be useful in clarifying the present debate on the health effects of combined exposure of hematite and A-SiO2 nanoparticles. Because of the complexities of combined exposures, further studies of this kind are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Rafieepour
- School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Anderson SE, Shane H, Long C, Marrocco A, Lukomska E, Roberts JR, Marshall N, Fedan JS. Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. VIII. Immunotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115256. [PMID: 33007384 PMCID: PMC7796771 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") is a process used to enhance retrieval of gas from subterranean natural gas-laden rock by fracturing it under pressure. Sand used to stabilize fissures and facilitate gas flow creates a potential occupational hazard from respirable fracking sand dust (FSD). As studies of the immunotoxicity of FSD are lacking, the effects of whole-body inhalation (6 h/d for 4 d) of a FSD, i.e., FSD 8, was investigated at 1, 7, and 27 d post-exposure in rats. Exposure to 10 mg/m3 FSD 8 resulted in decreased lung-associated lymph node (LLN) cellularity, total B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and total natural killer (NK) cells at 7-d post exposure. The frequency of CD4+ T-cells decreased while the frequency of B-cells increased (7 and 27 d) in the LLN. In contrast, increases in LLN cellularity and increases in total CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were observed in rats following 30 mg/m3 FSD 8 at 1 d post-exposure. Increases in the frequency and number of CD4+ T-cells and NK cells were observed in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid at 7-d post-exposure (10 mg/m3) along with an increase in total CD4+ T-cells, CD11b + cells, and NK cells at 1-day post-exposure (30 mg/m3). Increases in the numbers of B-cells and CD8+ T-cells were observed in the spleen at 1-day post 30 mg/m3 FSD 8 exposure. In addition, NK cell activity was suppressed at 1 d (30 mg/m3) and 27 d post-exposure (10 mg/m3). No change in the IgM response to sheep red blood cells was observed. The findings indicate that FSD 8 caused alterations in cellularity, phenotypic subsets, and impairment of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Hillary Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Carrie Long
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Antonella Marrocco
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Nikki Marshall
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America
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Riediker M, Zink D, Kreyling W, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Graham U, Lynch I, Duschl A, Ichihara G, Ichihara S, Kobayashi T, Hisanaga N, Umezawa M, Cheng TJ, Handy R, Gulumian M, Tinkle S, Cassee F. Particle toxicology and health - where are we? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 31014371 PMCID: PMC6480662 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particles and fibres affect human health as a function of their properties such as chemical composition, size and shape but also depending on complex interactions in an organism that occur at various levels between particle uptake and target organ responses. While particulate pollution is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, particles are also increasingly used for medical purposes. Over the past decades we have gained considerable experience in how particle properties and particle-bio interactions are linked to human health. This insight is useful for improved risk management in the case of unwanted health effects but also for developing novel medical therapies. The concepts that help us better understand particles' and fibres' risks include the fate of particles in the body; exposure, dosimetry and dose-metrics and the 5 Bs: bioavailability, biopersistence, bioprocessing, biomodification and bioclearance of (nano)particles. This includes the role of the biomolecule corona, immunity and systemic responses, non-specific effects in the lungs and other body parts, particle effects and the developing body, and the link from the natural environment to human health. The importance of these different concepts for the human health risk depends not only on the properties of the particles and fibres, but is also strongly influenced by production, use and disposal scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Lessons learned from the past can prove helpful for the future of the field, notably for understanding novel particles and fibres and for defining appropriate risk management and governance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (SCOEH), Binzhofstrasse 87, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich Germany
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | | | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences, Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Handy
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sally Tinkle
- Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies (IRAS), Utrrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ζ potential evidences silanol heterogeneity induced by metal contaminants at the quartz surface: Implications in membrane damage. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017. [PMID: 28646781 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the physico-chemical features responsible for the so-called "variability of quartz hazard", a key role has been assigned to the silica surface charge, evaluated by means of ζ potential measurement. The ζ potential of silica describes the protonation state of silanols which, in turn, determine interactions with cell membranes. To gain a molecular understanding of the role of silanols in silica pathogenicity, we conducted a systematic investigation of the variation of the ζ potential as a function of pH (ζ plot titration curve) on a large set of respirable quartz particles with different levels of metal contaminants. The membranolytic activity of the particles on red blood cells, used as a readout of pathogenic activity, was assessed in parallel. Pure quartz surfaces showed sigmoid-shaped ζ plots suggesting the presence of silanol families with similar acidity, whereas contaminated dusts exhibited convex-shaped ζ plots, indicating a higher silanol heterogeneity on contaminated surfaces with respect to the pure ones. The quartz particles with a higher surface heterogeneity related to metal contamination showed a higher membranolytic activity. By removing structural defects and chemical heterogeneity, the ζ plot shifted towards the typical shape of pure quartz and the membranolytic activity was reduced. We conclude that the ζ plot is a useful readout to measure the acid-base behavior of quartz surfaces and to describe the chemical heterogeneity of quartz silanols. Surface heterogeneity, here induced by metal contamination, is proposed as the main cause of quartz membranolytic activity, further supporting the hypothesis that surface silanol disorganization determines silica pathogenicity.
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Kurtz-Chalot A, Villiers C, Pourchez J, Boudard D, Martini M, Marche PN, Cottier M, Forest V. Impact of silica nanoparticle surface chemistry on protein corona formation and consequential interactions with biological cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pavan C, Fubini B. Unveiling the Variability of “Quartz Hazard” in Light of Recent Toxicological Findings. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:469-485. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Di Benedetto F, Gazzano E, Tomatis M, Turci F, Pardi LA, Bronco S, Fornaciai G, Innocenti M, Montegrossi G, Muniz Miranda M, Zoleo A, Capacci F, Fubini B, Ghigo D, Romanelli M. Physico-chemical properties of quartz from industrial manufacturing and its cytotoxic effects on alveolar macrophages: The case of green sand mould casting for iron production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:18-27. [PMID: 27015375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Industrial processing of materials containing quartz induces physico-chemical modifications that contribute to the variability of quartz hazard in different plants. Here, modifications affecting a quartz-rich sand during cast iron production, have been investigated. Composition, morphology, presence of radicals associated to quartz and reactivity in free radical generation were studied on a raw sand and on a dust recovered after mould dismantling. Additionally, cytotoxicity of the processed dust and ROS and NO generation were evaluated on MH-S macrophages. Particle morphology and size were marginally affected by casting processing, which caused only a slight increase of the amount of respirable fraction. The raw sand was able to catalyze OH and CO2(-) generation in cell-free test, even if in a lesser extent than the reference quartz (Min-U-Sil), and shows hAl radicals, conventionally found in any quartz-bearing raw materials. Enrichment in iron and extensive coverage with amorphous carbon were observed during processing. They likely contributed, respectively, to increasing the ability of processed dust to release CO2- and to suppressing OH generation respect to the raw sand. Carbon coverage and repeated thermal treatments during industrial processing also caused annealing of radiogenic hAl defects. Finally, no cellular responses were observed with the respirable fraction of the processed powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Benedetto
- Department of Earth Sciences, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (CNR-IGG), Florence, Italy.
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Turci
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca A Pardi
- Institute for Chemical and Physical processes (CNR-IPCF), Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Bronco
- Institute for Chemical and Physical processes (CNR-IPCF), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Alfonso Zoleo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Bice Fubini
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- Department of Oncology, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy; "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Turci F, Pavan C, Leinardi R, Tomatis M, Pastero L, Garry D, Anguissola S, Lison D, Fubini B. Revisiting the paradigm of silica pathogenicity with synthetic quartz crystals: the role of crystallinity and surface disorder. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:32. [PMID: 27286702 PMCID: PMC4902968 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to some - but not all - quartz particles is associated to silicosis, lung cancer and autoimmune diseases. What imparts pathogenicity to any single quartz source is however still unclear. Crystallinity and various surface features are implied in toxicity. Quartz dusts used so far in particle toxicology have been obtained by grinding rocks containing natural quartz, a process which affects crystallinity and yields dusts with variable surface states. To clarify the role of crystallinity in quartz pathogenicity we have grown intact quartz crystals in respirable size. METHODS Quartz crystals were grown and compared with a fractured specimen obtained by grinding the largest synthetic crystals and a mineral quartz (positive control). The key physico-chemical features relevant to particle toxicity - particle size distribution, micromorphology, crystallinity, surface charge, cell-free oxidative potential - were evaluated. Membranolysis was assessed on biological and artificial membranes. Endpoints of cellular stress were evaluated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by High Content Analysis after ascertaining cellular uptake by bio-TEM imaging of quartz-exposed cells. RESULTS Quartz crystals were grown in the submicron (n-Qz-syn) or micron (μ-Qz-syn) range by modulating the synthetic procedure. Independently from size as-grown quartz crystals with regular intact faces did not elicit cellular toxicity and lysosomal stress on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and were non-membranolytic on liposome and red blood cells. When fractured, synthetic quartz (μ-Qz-syn-f) attained particle morphology and size close to the mineral quartz dust (Qz-f, positive control) and similarly induced cellular toxicity and membranolysis. Fracturing imparted a higher heterogeneity of silanol acidic sites and radical species at the quartz surface. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that the biological activity of quartz dust is not due to crystallinity but to crystal fragmentation, when conchoidal fractures are formed. Besides radical generation, fracturing upsets the expected long-range order of non-radical surface moieties - silanols, silanolates, siloxanes - which disrupt membranes and induce cellular toxicity, both outcomes associated to the inflammatory response to quartz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Linda Pastero
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via V. Caluso 35, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - David Garry
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sergio Anguissola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
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A Giant Reconstruction of α-quartz (0001) Interpreted as Three Domains of Nano Dauphine Twins. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14545. [PMID: 26446516 PMCID: PMC4597188 DOI: 10.1038/srep14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica (SiO2) is one of the most common materials on Earth. The crystalline form α-quartz is the stable silica polymorph at ambient conditions although metastable forms exist. α-quartz is a piezoelectric material, it can be produced artificially and is widely used for example in electronics and the biosciences. Despite the many application areas, the atomic surface structures of silica polymorphs are neither well understood nor well characterized. Here we present measurements of α-quartz (0001). Helium Atom Scattering combined with Atomic Force Microscopy reveals a giant reconstruction consisting of 5.55 ± 0.07 nm wide ribbons, oriented 10.4° ± 0.8° relative to the bulk unit cell. The ribbons, with the aid of atomistic modelling, can be explained as a self-organised pattern of nano Dauphine twins (nano electrical twins).
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11
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Guidi P, Nigro M, Bernardeschi M, Lucchesi P, Scarcelli V, Frenzilli G. Does the crystal habit modulate the genotoxic potential of silica particles? A cytogenetic evaluation in human and murine cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 792:46-52. [PMID: 26433261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline silica inhaled from occupational sources has been classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans; in contrast, for amorphous silica, epidemiological and experimental evidence remains insufficient. The genotoxicity of crystalline silica is still debated because of the inconsistency of experimental results ("variability of silica hazard"), often related to the features of the particle surfaces. We have assessed the role of crystal habit in the genotoxicity of silica powders. Pure quartz (crystalline) and vitreous silica (amorphous), sharing the same surface features, were used in an in vitro study with human pulmonary epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines, representative of occupational and environmental exposures. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet and micronucleus assays, and cytotoxicity by the trypan blue method. Cells were treated with silica powders for 4 and 24h. Quartz but not vitreous silica caused cell death and DNA damage in RAW264.7 cells. A549 cells were relatively resistant to both powders. Our results support the view that crystal habit per se plays a pivotal role in modulating the biological responses to silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guidi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Nigro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Bernardeschi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Lucchesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Scarcelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Frenzilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Øvrevik J, Refsnes M, Låg M, Holme JA, Schwarze PE. Activation of Proinflammatory Responses in Cells of the Airway Mucosa by Particulate Matter: Oxidant- and Non-Oxidant-Mediated Triggering Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1399-440. [PMID: 26147224 PMCID: PMC4598757 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to play a central role in a diverse range of disease outcomes associated with exposure to various types of inhalable particulates. The initial mechanisms through which particles trigger cellular responses leading to activation of inflammatory responses are crucial to clarify in order to understand what physico-chemical characteristics govern the inflammogenic activity of particulate matter and why some particles are more harmful than others. Recent research suggests that molecular triggering mechanisms involved in activation of proinflammatory genes and onset of inflammatory reactions by particles or soluble particle components can be categorized into direct formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with subsequent oxidative stress, interaction with the lipid layer of cellular membranes, activation of cell surface receptors, and direct interactions with intracellular molecular targets. The present review focuses on the immediate effects and responses in cells exposed to particles and central down-stream signaling mechanisms involved in regulation of proinflammatory genes, with special emphasis on the role of oxidant and non-oxidant triggering mechanisms. Importantly, ROS act as a central second-messenger in a variety of signaling pathways. Even non-oxidant mediated triggering mechanisms are therefore also likely to activate downstream redox-regulated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Pavan C, Rabolli V, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Lison D. Why does the hemolytic activity of silica predict its pro-inflammatory activity? Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:76. [PMID: 25522817 PMCID: PMC4318150 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemolytic activity of inhaled particles such as silica has been widely investigated in the past and represents a usual toxicological endpoint to characterize particle reactivity despite the fact that red blood cells (RBCs) are not involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation or fibrosis caused by some inhaled particles. The inflammatory process induced by silica starts with the activation of the inflammasome, which leads to the release of mature IL-1β. One of the upstream mechanisms causing activation of the inflammasome is the labilization of the phagolysosomal membrane after particle phagocytosis. Considering RBC lysis as a model of membrane damage, we evaluated the relationship between hemolytic activity and inflammasome-dependent release of IL-1β for a panel of selected silica particles, in search of the toxicological significance of the hemolytic activity of an inhaled particle. METHODS Well-characterized silica particles, including four quartz samples and a vitreous silica, with different surface properties and hemolytic potential were tested for their capacity to induce inflammasome-dependent release of IL-1β in LPS-primed primary murine peritoneal macrophages by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The mechanisms of IL-1β maturation and release were clarified by using ASC-deficient cells and inhibitors of phagocytosis and cathepsin B. RESULTS The silica samples induced dose-dependent hemolysis and IL-1β release of different amplitudes. A significant correlation between IL-1β release and hemolytic activity was evidenced (r = 0.827) by linear regression analysis. IL-1β release was completely abolished in ASC-deficient cells and reduced by inhibitors, confirming the involvement of the inflammasome and the requirement of phagocytosis and cathepsin B for activation. CONCLUSIONS The same physico-chemical properties of silica particles which are relevant for the lysis of the RBC membrane also appear implicated in the labilization of the phagolysosome, leading to inflammasome activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. These findings strengthen the relevance of the hemolysis assay to predict the pro-inflammatory activity of silica dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Virginie Rabolli
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Mukherjee B, Bindhani B, Saha H, Ray MR. Increased oxidative DNA damage and decreased expression of base excision repair proteins in airway epithelial cells of women who cook with biomass fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:341-352. [PMID: 25128766 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether biomass burning causes oxidative DNA damage and alters the expression of DNA base excision repair (BER) proteins in airway cells, sputum samples were collected from 80 premenopausal rural biomass-users and 70 age-matched control women who cooked with liquefied petroleum gas. Compared with control the airway cells of biomass-users showed increased DNA damage in alkaline comet assay. Biomass-users showed higher percentage of cells expressing oxidative DNA damage marker 8-oxoguanine and lower percentages of BER proteins OGG1 and APE1 by immunocytochemical staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was doubled and level of superoxide dismutase was depleted significantly among biomass-users. The concentrations of particulate matters were higher in biomass-using households which positively correlated with ROS generation and negatively with BER proteins expressions. ROS generation was positively correlated with 8-oxoguanine and negatively with BER proteins suggesting cooking with biomass is a risk for genotoxicity among rural women in their child-bearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Banani Bindhani
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Hirak Saha
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Ray
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata 700 026, India.
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15
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Boudard D, Forest V, Pourchez J, Boumahdi N, Tomatis M, Fubini B, Guilhot B, Cottier M, Grosseau P. In vitro cellular responses to silicon carbide particles manufactured through the Acheson process: Impact of physico-chemical features on pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative effects. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:856-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Mukherjee B, Dutta A, Chowdhury S, Roychoudhury S, Ray MR. Reduction of DNA mismatch repair protein expression in airway epithelial cells of premenopausal women chronically exposed to biomass smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2826-2836. [PMID: 24146321 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of indoor air pollution in rural India. This study examined whether chronic inhalation of biomass smoke causes change in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in the airway cells. For this, airway cells exfoliated in sputum were collected from 72 premenopausal nonsmoking rural women (median age 34 years) who cooked with biomass (wood, dung, crop residues) and 68 control women who cooked with cleaner fuel liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for the past 5 years or more. The levels of particulate matters with diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5) in indoor air were measured by real-time aerosol monitor. Benzene exposure was monitored by measuring trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in airway cells were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Immunocytochemical assay revealed lower percentage of airway epithelial cells expressing MMR proteins mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) in biomass-using women compared to LPG-using controls. Women who cooked with biomass had 6.7 times higher level of urinary t,t-MA, twofold increase in ROS generation, and 31 % depletion of SOD. Indoor air of biomass-using households had three times more particulate matters than that of controls. ROS, urinary t,t-MA, and particulate pollution in biomass-using kitchen had negative correlation, while SOD showed positive correlation with MSH2 and MLH1 expression. It appears that chronic exposure to biomass smoke reduces MMR response in airway epithelial cells, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700 026, India
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17
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Moroni B, Viti C, Cappelletti D. Exposure vs toxicity levels of airborne quartz, metal and carbon particles in cast iron foundries. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:42-50. [PMID: 23385294 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol dust samples and quartz raw materials from different working stations in foundry plants were characterized in order to assess the health risk in this working environment. Samples were analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy coupled with image analysis and microanalysis, and by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. In addition, the concentration and the solubility degree of Fe and other metals of potential health effect (Mn, Zn and Pb) in the bulk samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Overall, the results indicate substantial changes in quartz crystal structure and texture when passing from the raw material to the airborne dust, which include lattice defects, non-bridging oxygen hole centres and contamination of quartz grains by metal and/or graphite particles. All these aspects point towards the relevance of surface properties on reactivity. Exposure doses have been estimated based on surface area, and compared with threshold levels resulting from toxicology. The possible synergistic effects of concomitant exposure to inhalable magnetite, quartz and/or graphite particles in the same working environment have been properly remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Moroni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia, Via Duranti 93, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- 1] Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia, Via Duranti 93, Perugia, Italy [2] SMAArt Research Center, Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Leclerc L, Rima W, Boudard D, Pourchez J, Forest V, Bin V, Mowat P, Perriat P, Tillement O, Grosseau P, Bernache-Assollant D, Cottier M. Size of submicrometric and nanometric particles affect cellular uptake and biological activity of macrophages in vitro. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:580-8. [PMID: 22861001 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.699984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micrometric and nanometric particles are increasingly used in different fields and may exhibit variable toxicity levels depending on their physicochemical characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the size parameter on cellular uptake and biological activity, working with well-characterized fluorescent particles. We focused our attention on macrophages, the main target cells of the respiratory system responsible for the phagocytosis of the particles. METHODS FITC fluorescent silica particles of variable submicronic sizes (850, 500, 250 and 150 nm) but with similar surface coating (COOH) were tailored and physico-chemically characterized. These particles were then incubated with the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. After microscopic observations (SEM, TEM, confocal), a quantitative evaluation of the uptake was carried out. Fluorescence detected after a quenching with trypan blue allows us to distinguish and quantify entirely engulfed fluorescent particles from those just adhering to the cell membrane. Finally, these data were compared to the in vitro toxicity assessed in terms of cell damage, inflammation and oxidative stress (evaluated by LDH release, TNF-α and ROS production respectively). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Particles were well characterized (fluorescence, size distribution, zeta potential, agglomeration and surface groups) and easily visualized after cellular uptake using confocal and electron microscopy. The number of internalized particles was precisely evaluated. Size was found to be an important parameter regarding particles uptake and in vitro toxicity but this latter strongly depends on the particles doses employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leclerc
- LINA, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'étude des Nanoparticules Aérosolisées, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France.
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19
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Ghiazza M, Tomatis M, Doublier S, Grendene F, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Carbon in Intimate Contact with Quartz Reduces the Biological Activity of Crystalline Silica Dusts. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:46-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300299v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Doublier
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Francesca Grendene
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
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20
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Zhang H, Dunphy DR, Jiang X, Meng H, Sun B, Tarn D, Xue M, Wang X, Lin S, Ji Z, Li R, Garcia FL, Yang J, Kirk ML, Xia T, Zink JI, Nel A, Brinker CJ. Processing pathway dependence of amorphous silica nanoparticle toxicity: colloidal vs pyrolytic. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15790-804. [PMID: 22924492 DOI: 10.1021/ja304907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed structure/toxicity relationships for amorphous silica nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized through low-temperature colloidal (e.g., Stöber silica) or high-temperature pyrolysis (e.g., fumed silica) routes. Through combined spectroscopic and physical analyses, we have determined the state of aggregation, hydroxyl concentration, relative proportion of strained and unstrained siloxane rings, and potential to generate hydroxyl radicals for Stöber and fumed silica NPs with comparable primary particle sizes (16 nm in diameter). On the basis of erythrocyte hemolytic assays and assessment of the viability and ATP levels in epithelial and macrophage cells, we discovered for fumed silica an important toxicity relationship to postsynthesis thermal annealing or environmental exposure, whereas colloidal silicas were essentially nontoxic under identical treatment conditions. Specifically, we find for fumed silica a positive correlation of toxicity with hydroxyl concentration and its potential to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause red blood cell hemolysis. We propose fumed silica toxicity stems from its intrinsic population of strained three-membered rings (3MRs) along with its chainlike aggregation and hydroxyl content. Hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions of the silanol surfaces of fumed silica aggregates with the extracellular plasma membrane cause membrane perturbations sensed by the Nalp3 inflammasome, whose subsequent activation leads to secretion of the cytokine IL-1β. Hydroxyl radicals generated by the strained 3MRs in fumed silica, but largely absent in colloidal silicas, may contribute to the inflammasome activation. Formation of colloidal silica into aggregates mimicking those of fumed silica had no effect on cell viability or hemolysis. This study emphasizes that not all amorphous silicas are created equal and that the unusual toxicity of fumed silica compared to that of colloidal silica derives from its framework and surface chemistry along with its fused chainlike morphology established by high-temperature synthesis (>1300 °C) and rapid thermal quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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21
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Mukherjee B, Dutta A, Roychoudhury S, Ray MR. Chronic inhalation of biomass smoke is associated with DNA damage in airway cells: involvement of particulate pollutants and benzene. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:281-9. [PMID: 22131134 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether indoor air pollution from biomass fuel burning induces DNA damage in airway cells. For this, sputum cells were collected from 56 premenopausal rural women who cooked with biomass (wood, dung, crop residues) and 49 age-matched controls who cooked with cleaner liquefied petroleum gas. The levels of particulate matters with diameters of less than 10 and 2.5 µm (PM(10) and PM(2.5)) in indoor air were measured using a real-time aerosol monitor. Benzene exposure was monitored by measuring trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine by HPLC-UV. DNA damage was examined by alkaline comet assay in sputum cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in sputum cells were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Compared with controls, biomass users had 4 times higher tail percentage DNA, 37% more comet tail length and 5 times more Olive tail moment (p < 0.001) in inflammatory and epithelial cells in sputum, suggesting extensive DNA damage. In addition, women who cooked with biomass had 6 times higher levels of urinary t,t-MA and 2-fold higher levels of ROS generation concomitant with 28% depletion of SOD. Indoor air of biomass-using households had 2-4 times more PM(10) and PM(2.5) than that of controls. After controlling potential confounders, positive association was found between DNA damage parameters, particulate pollution, urinary t,t-MA and ROS. Thus, long-term exposure to biomass smoke induces DNA damage in airway cells and the effect was probably mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress generated by inhaled particulate matter and benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 SP Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700 026, India
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22
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Brown P, Jones T, BéruBé K. The internal microstructure and fibrous mineralogy of fly ash from coal-burning power stations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3324-3333. [PMID: 21907473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Coal fly ash (CFA) is a significant environmental pollutant that presents a respiratory hazard when airborne. Although previous studies have identified the mineral components of CFA, there is a paucity of information on the structural habits of these minerals. Samples from UK, Polish and Chinese power stations were studied to further our understanding of the factors that affect CFA geochemistry and mineralogy. ICP-MS, FE-SEM/EDX, XRD, and laser diffraction were used to study physicochemical characteristics. Analysis revealed important differences in the elemental compositions and particle size distributions of samples between sites. Microscopy of HF acid-etched CFA revealed the mullite present possesses a fibrous habit; fibres ranged in length between 1 and 10 μm. Respirable particles (<10 μm) were frequently observed to contain fibrous mullite. We propose that the biopersistence of these refractory fibres in the lung environment could be contributing towards chronic lung diseases seen in communities and individuals continually exposed to high levels of CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brown
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3YE Cardiff, UK.
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23
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Mechano-chemical radical formation and polymerization initiation during wet grinding of alumina. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 363:386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fenoglio I, Fubini B, Ghibaudi EM, Turci F. Multiple aspects of the interaction of biomacromolecules with inorganic surfaces. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1186-209. [PMID: 21871508 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of biological systems with inorganic materials is of interest in both fundamental and applied disciplines. The adsorption of proteins modulates the formation of biofilms onto surfaces, a process important in infections associated to medical implants, in dental caries, in environmental technologies. The interaction with biomacromolecules is crucial to determine the beneficial/adverse response of cells to foreign inorganic materials as implants, engineered or accidentally produced inorganic nanoparticles. A detailed knowledge of the surface/biological fluids interface processes is needed for the design of new biocompatible materials. Researchers involved in the different disciplines face up with similar difficulties in describing and predicting phenomena occurring at the interface between solid phases and biological fluids. This review represents an attempt to integrate the knowledge from different research areas by focussing on the search for determinants driving the interaction of inorganic surfaces with biological matter.
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Fubini B, Ghiazza M, Fenoglio I. Physico-chemical features of engineered nanoparticles relevant to their toxicity. Nanotoxicology 2011; 4:347-63. [PMID: 20858045 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2010.509519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanotoxicology studies require investigations of several physico-chemical aspects of the particle/body fluid interaction, here described by reviewing recent literature in the light of new experimental data. Current characterization mostly covers morphology and metric-related characteristics (form, chemical composition, specific surface area, primary particle size and size distribution), and is mandatory in any experimental study. To unveil toxicity mechanisms, several other physico-chemical properties relevant to (geno) toxicity need to be assessed, typically the release or quenching of radical/ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), the presence of active metal ions, evidence of structural defects. Major tasks for physical chemists working on nanoparticles-induced genotoxicity are described with some examples: (i), Tailored preparation of the same material in different sizes; (ii) particle modification changing a single property at a time; and (iii) identification of appropriate reference materials. Phenomena occurring during the contact between nanoparticles and cellular media or biological fluids (dispersion, agglomeration/aggregation, protein adsorption) are discussed in relation to the surface properties of the nanoparticles considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry IFM, Interdepartmental Centers G. Scansetti for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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26
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Ghiazza M, Scherbart AM, Fenoglio I, Grendene F, Turci F, Martra G, Albrecht C, Schins RPF, Fubini B. Surface Iron Inhibits Quartz-Induced Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Responses in Alveolar Macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 24:99-110. [DOI: 10.1021/tx1003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes M. Scherbart
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francesca Grendene
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francesco Turci
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P. F. Schins
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dip. di Chimica IFM, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, and NIS Interdepartmental Center. University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Particle Research Group, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Differentiating and characterizing geminal silanols in silicas by 29Si NMR spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 352:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Damm C, Mallembakam MR, Voronov A, Peukert W. Production of filled hydrogels by mechanochemically induced polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Leclerc L, Boudard D, Pourchez J, Forest V, Sabido O, Bin V, Palle S, Grosseau P, Bernache D, Cottier M. Quantification of microsized fluorescent particles phagocytosis to a better knowledge of toxicity mechanisms. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:1091-100. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.522781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Murray DK. The characterization of phospholipid functional group probe species on respirable silicon-containing dusts by solid-state 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:328-336. [PMID: 20223070 DOI: 10.1366/000370210790918427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies are reported for the interactions of probe molecules with respirable silicon-containing dusts as experimental evidence complementing computational studies reported by Snyder and Madura recently in J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 7095 (2008). The selected probe molecules represent the individual functional groups of a model lung surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline (DPPC) deposited on a respirable silica and kaolin from water solution. (13)C and (31)P solid-state NMR spectroscopies were employed to detect chemical shift, line width, and chemical shift anisotropy, providing experimental evidence of mobility and relaxation changes describing the site and orientation of surface-associated species. NMR results confirm that only the phosphate and adjacent carbons are immobilized by surface hydroxyls on kaolin, while these and the carbons of the cationic head group are likewise immobilized by surface silanols on Miu-U-Sil 5. The phosphates in phosphoryl- and phosphatidyl-cholines were the primary interaction sites, with additional weak coordination with the trimethylammonium cation species. Covalent Al-O-P formation is not likely a factor in in vivo or in vitro toxicity mechanisms of respirable silicon-containing materials, but is rather the result of dehydration or demethoxylation reactions occurring over time or during heating or reduced pressure used in preparing materials for NMR spectroscopic study. Hydration is a critical factor in the formation and preparation for spectroscopic observation of coated dusts. Care must be taken to ensure that products formed and studied correspond to species formed in vivo under suitable concentration and hydration conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Murray
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS/3030, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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31
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Ghiazza M, Polimeni M, Fenoglio I, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Does Vitreous Silica Contradict the Toxicity of the Crystalline Silica Paradigm? Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:620-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900369x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates and Department of Chemistry IFM and Interdipartmental Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Manuela Polimeni
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates and Department of Chemistry IFM and Interdipartmental Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates and Department of Chemistry IFM and Interdipartmental Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates and Department of Chemistry IFM and Interdipartmental Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates and Department of Chemistry IFM and Interdipartmental Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates and Department of Chemistry IFM and Interdipartmental Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
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32
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Damm C, Mallembakam M, Peukert W. Effect of grinding conditions on mechanochemical grafting of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) onto quartz particles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Francis SM, Stephens WE, Richardson NV. X-ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopies of quartz samples of contrasting toxicity. Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 20102589 PMCID: PMC2796500 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An exploratory XPS and FTIR investigation of the surfaces of bulk quartz powders widely used in toxicological studies (DQ12 and Min-U-Sil 5) was carried with the aim of correlating surface features with toxicity as reflected by indicators of biological response. Some patches of amorphous silica were identified as well as varying amounts of calcium but none of these features correlated with biological response. No evidence of widely-quoted surface silanol (SiOH) structures was found in this investigation and the possibility that FTIR artefacts have been previously misidentified as silanol structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Francis
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - W Edryd Stephens
- School of Geography & Geosciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Neville V Richardson
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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34
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Demircigil GC, Coskun E, Vidinli N, Erbay Y, Yilmaz M, Cimrin A, Schins RP, Borm PJ, Burgaz S. Increased micronucleus frequencies in surrogate and target cells from workers exposed to crystalline silica-containing dust. Mutagenesis 2009; 25:163-9. [PMID: 19939883 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining, crushing, grinding, sandblasting and construction are high-risk activities with regard to crystalline silica exposure, especially in developing countries. Respirable crystalline silica (quartz and cristobalite) inhaled from occupational sources has been reclassified as a human carcinogen in 1997 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the biological activity of crystalline silica has been found to be variable among different industries, and this has formed the basis for further in vivo/in vitro mechanistic research and epidemiologic studies. This study was conducted for genotoxicity evaluation in a population of workers (e.g. glass industry workers, sandblasters, and stone grinders) mainly exposed to crystalline silica in four different workplaces in Turkey. The micronucleus (MN) assay was applied both in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as a surrogate tissue and in nasal epithelial cells (NEC) as a target tissue of the respiratory tract. Our study revealed significantly higher MN frequencies in the workers (n = 50) versus the control group (n = 29) (P < 0.001) and indicated a significant effect of occupational exposure on MN induction in both of the tissues. For the NEC target tissue, the difference in MN frequencies between the workers and control group was 3-fold, whereas in peripheral tissue, it was 2-fold. Respirable dust and crystalline silica levels exceeding limit values and mineralogical/elemental dust composition of the dust of at least 70% SiO(2) were used as markers of crystalline silica exposure in each of the workplaces. Moreover, 24% of the current workers were found to have early radiographical changes (profusion category of 1). In conclusion, although the PBL are not primary target cells for respiratory particulate toxicants, an evident increase in MN frequencies in this surrogate tissue was observed, alongside with a significant increase in NEC and may be an indicator of the accumulated genetic damage associated with crystalline silica exposure.
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35
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van Berlo D, Haberzettl P, Gerloff K, Li H, Scherbart AM, Albrecht C, Schins RPF. Investigation of the Cytotoxic and Proinflammatory Effects of Cement Dusts in Rat Alveolar Macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1548-58. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien van Berlo
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kirsten Gerloff
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hui Li
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agnes M. Scherbart
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P. F. Schins
- IUF−Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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36
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Damm C, Peukert W. Kinetics of radical formation during the mechanical activation of quartz. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2264-2270. [PMID: 19143556 DOI: 10.1021/la803502x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of radical formation during the mechanical activation of quartz by wet grinding or sonication was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a scavenger. The consumption of DPPH during the sonication of quartz in an ethanol suspension is a zeroth-order process. A linear relationship between the rate constant of the DPPH consumption and the quartz concentration in the suspension indicates that radical formation under sonication increases with the growing total surface area of the quartz particles. Sonication leads to the formation of free radicals by the mechanical activation of the particle surface. The kinetics of the DPPH consumption during wet grinding of quartz in a stirred media mill is described successfully by a modified zeroth-order rate law taking the total surface area of the quartz particles into account. The surface-normalized rate constant of the DPPH consumption decreases from 1.8x10(-7) mol L(-1) h(-1) m(-2) to 4.8x10(-8) mol L(-1) h(-1) m(-2) if the specific surface area of the feed material increases from 0.5 to 84 m2/g. This finding indicates that the breakage of the quartz particles contributes much more to radical formation than does the mechanical activation of the particles in the mill because the breakage rate increases with growing particle diameter. Ethanol but not DPPH was found on the surface of the ground quartz particles. From this finding, it can be concluded that radicals on the surface of the quartz particles react with ethanol, leading to the formation of ethanol radicals and H radicals. DPPH reacts with the H radicals. As a side reaction, radicals can react with oxygen, leading to the formation of peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Damm
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Particle Technology, Cauerstrasse 4, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Case-crossover analysis of air pollution and cardiorespiratory hospitalizations: using routinely collected health and environmental data for tracking: science and data. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2009; 14:569-76. [PMID: 18849777 DOI: 10.1097/01.phh.0000338369.59080.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the early 1900s until its closure in February 1998, a Steel coke oven in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was a key source of air pollution. A case-crossover study was performed to assess the associations between daily air pollution and cardiorespiratory (International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision [ICD-9]: 390-519) hospitalizations before and after plant closure and to evaluate how closure influenced these associations. METHODS Air pollution data, climatic data, and cardiorespiratory hospitalizations among residents ages 65 years and older were obtained for the period of 1996 through 2000 for the study area. Data were analyzed using a case-crossover design and conditional logistical regression. Two distinct referent-sampling approaches were compared. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between the fourth quartile in PM10 and cardiorespiratory hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR]: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.23) and cardiovascular hospitalizations only (ICD-9: 390-459) (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01-1.26) before the plant closure. After closure of the plant, PM10 was not significantly associated with cardiorespiratory or cardiovascular disease hospitalizations. Moreover, the referent sampling approaches did not greatly alter the estimations in the case-crossover analysis. CONCLUSIONS Existing secondary data are an economical source to assess the impact of point source pollution on the environmental landscape. The findings suggest that closure of the steel coke plant was associated with a reduction risk of the cardiovascular hospitalizations.
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38
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Ghiazza M, Gazzano E, Bonelli B, Fenoglio I, Polimeni M, Ghigo D, Garrone E, Fubini B. Formation of a Vitreous Phase at the Surface of Some Commercial Diatomaceous Earth Prevents the Onset of Oxidative Stress Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 22:136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800270g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Barbara Bonelli
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Manuela Polimeni
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Dario Ghigo
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Edoardo Garrone
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
| | - Bice Fubini
- Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Fisica e Chimica dei Materiali and Centre of Excellence of Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
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Attik G, Brown R, Jackson P, Creutzenberg O, Aboukhamis I, Rihn BH. Internalization, Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Expression in Rat Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Various Dusts Occurring in the Ceramics Industry. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:1101-12. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802136731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Creutzenberg O, Hansen T, Ernst H, Muhle H, Oberdörster G, Hamilton R. Toxicity of a Quartz with Occluded Surfaces in a 90-Day Intratracheal Instillation Study in Rats. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:995-1008. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802123903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - T. Hansen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Ernst
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Muhle
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - R. Hamilton
- Johns Manville Corp., Technical Center, Littleton, Colorado, USA
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Dahmann D, Taeger D, Kappler M, Büchte S, Morfeld P, Brüning T, Pesch B. Assessment of exposure in epidemiological studies: the example of silica dust. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2008; 18:452-461. [PMID: 18059424 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to crystalline silica ranks among the most frequent occupational exposures to an established human carcinogen. Health-based occupational exposure limits can only be derived from a reliable dose-response relationship. Although quartz dust seems to be a well-measurable agent, several uncertainties in the quantification of exposure to crystalline silica can bias the risk estimates in epidemiological studies. This review describes the silica-specific methodological issues in the assessment of exposure. The mineralogical forms of silica, the technologies applied to generate dust, protective measures, and co-existing carcinogens are important parameters to characterize the exposure condition of an occupational setting. Another methodological question concerns the measurement of the respirable dust fraction in the worker's breathing zone and the determination of the quartz content in that fraction. Personal devices have been increasingly employed over time, whereas norms for the measurement of respirable dust have been defined only recently. Several methods are available to analyse the content of crystalline silica in dust with limits of quantitation close to environmental exposure levels. For epidemiological studies, the quartz content has frequently not been measured but only calculated. To develop a silica-dust database for epidemiological purposes, historical dust concentrations sampled with different devices and measured as particle numbers have to be converted in a common exposure metric. For the development of a job-exposure matrix (JEM), missing historical data have to be estimated to complete the database over time. Unknown but frequently high-exposure levels of the past contribute largely to the cumulative exposure of a worker. Because the establishment of a JEM is crucial for risk estimates, sufficient information should be made accessible to allow an estimation of the uncertainties in the assessment of exposure to crystalline silica. The impressive number of silica dust measurements and the evaluation of methodological uncertainties allow recommendations for a best practice of exposure assessment for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dahmann
- Institut für Gefahrstoff-Forschung (IGF), Institut an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Fenoglio I, Greco G, Tomatis M, Muller J, Raymundo-Piñero E, Béguin F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D, Fubini B. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: physicochemical aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1690-7. [PMID: 18636755 DOI: 10.1021/tx800100s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been reported to elicit toxic responses in vitro and in vivo, ascribed so far to metal contamination, CNT length, degree of oxidation, or extent of hydrophilicity. To examine how structural properties may modulate the toxicity of CNT, one preparation of multiwall CNT has been modified (i) by grinding (introducing structural defects) and subsequently heating either in a vacuum at 600 degrees C (causing reduction of oxygenated carbon functionalities and reduction of metallic oxides) or in an inert atmosphere at 2400 degrees C (causing elimination of metals and annealing of defects) and (ii) by heating at 2400 degrees C in an inert atmosphere and subsequently grinding the thermally treated CNT (introducing defects in a metal-deprived carbon framework). The presence of framework and surface defects, metals, and oxygenated functionalities was monitored by means of a set of techniques, including micro-Raman spectroscopy, adsorption calorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and atomic emission spectroscopy. Contrary to traditional toxicants, such as asbestos, CNT may quench rather than generate oxygenated free radicals. The potential of the modified CNT to scavenge hydroxyl radicals was thus evaluated by means of electron spin resonance spectroscopy (spin trapping). The original ground material exhibited a scavenging activity toward hydroxyl radicals, which was eliminated by heating at 2400 degrees C but restored upon grinding. This scavenging activity, related to the presence of defects, appears to go paired with the genotoxic and inflammatory potential of CNT reported in the companion paper. Thus, defects may be one of the major factors governing the toxic potential of CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Fenoglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, Interdepartmental Center G. Scansetti for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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43
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Stevens JP, Zahardis J, MacPherson M, Mossman BT, Petrucci GA. A new method for quantifiable and controlled dosage of particulate matter for in vitro studies: the electrostatic particulate dosage and exposure system (EPDExS). Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1768-74. [PMID: 18682289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An exposure chamber is described for the quantifiable addition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particulate matter directly to cells and used to demonstrate the in vitro cytotoxicity of fine 1,4-naphthoquinone particles to murine lung epithelial cells. The electrostatic particulate dosage and exposure system (EPDExS) operates on the principle of electrostatic precipitation and is shown to deposit fine and ultrafine aerosol particles directly to cells with 100% efficiency for particle diameters in the range of 40-530nm. This range is not limited by the EPDExS, but rather by the aerosolization method used for this study. Numbers of particles deposited onto the cells are counted with a condensation particle counter, negating any need to calculate or estimate particle exposure. The process of particle introduction, assessed using Trypan blue dye exclusion, had no effect on cell viability. In combination with a differential mobility classifier, the EPDExS can deliver select particle diameters to cells. The ability to control the diameter and number of particles deposited permits in vitro toxicity studies of particulate matter using different particle dosage metrics, i.e., particle number and size, surface area and mass. Finally, because EPDExS introduces particles directly from the aerosol, it can be used to expose cells grown at air/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT 05405, USA
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Orr G, Panther DJ, Phillips JL, Tarasevich BJ, Dohnalkova A, Hu D, Teeguarden JG, Pounds JG. Submicrometer and nanoscale inorganic particles exploit the actin machinery to be propelled along microvilli-like structures into alveolar cells. ACS NANO 2007; 1:463-475. [PMID: 19206668 DOI: 10.1021/nn700149r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing commerce in micro- and nanotechnology is expected to increase human exposure to submicrometer and nanoscale particles, including certain forms of amorphous silica. When inhaled, these particles are likely to reach the alveoli, where alveolar type II epithelial cells that are distinguished by apical microvilli are found. These cells play critical roles in the function of the alveoli and participate in the immune response to amorphous silica and other particles by releasing chemokines. The cellular interactions of the particles, which drive the cellular responses, are still unclear. Adverse effects of nanoparticles have been attributed, in part, to the unique properties of materials at the nanoscale. However, little is known about the cellular interactions of individual or small nanoparticle aggregates, mostly because of their tendency to agglomerate under experimental conditions. Here we investigate the interaction and internalization pathway of individual precipitated amorphous silica particles with specific surface properties and size, by following one particle at a time. We find that both 100 and 500 nm particles can take advantage of the actin turnover machinery within filopodia and microvilli-like structures to advance their way into alveolar type II epithelial cells. This pathway is strictly dependent on the positive surface charge of the particle and on the integrity of the actin filaments, unraveling the coupling of the particle with the intracellular environment across the cell membrane. The retrograde pathway brings a new mechanism by which positive surface charge supports particle recruitment, and potential subsequent toxicity, by polarized epithelial cells bearing microvilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galya Orr
- Chemical and Materials Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
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45
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Li H, Haberzettl P, Albrecht C, Höhr D, Knaapen AM, Borm PJA, Schins RPF. Inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain function abrogates quartz induced DNA damage in lung epithelial cells. Mutat Res 2006; 617:46-57. [PMID: 17239409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Respirable quartz dust has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate the mechanisms of DNA damage by DQ12 quartz in RLE-6TN rat lung epithelial type II cells (RLE). Transmission electron microscopy and flow-cytometry analysis showed a rapid particle uptake (30 min to 4 h) of quartz by the RLE cells, but particles were not found within the cell nuclei. This suggests that DNA strand breakage and induction of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine - as also observed in these cells during these treatment intervals - did not result from direct physical interactions between particles and DNA, or from short-lived particle surface-derived reactive oxygen species. DNA damage by quartz was significantly reduced in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitors rotenone and antimycin-A. In the absence of quartz, these inhibitors did not affect DNA damage, but they reduced cellular oxygen consumption. No signs of apoptosis were observed by quartz. Flow-cytometry analysis indicated that the reduced DNA damage by rotenone was not due to a possible mitochondria-mediated reduction of particle uptake by the RLE cells. Further proof of concept for the role of mitochondria was shown by the failure of quartz to elicit DNA damage in mitochondria-depleted 143B (rho-0) osteosarcoma cells, at concentrations where it elicited DNA damage in the parental 143B cell line. In conclusion, our data show that respirable quartz particles can elicit oxidative DNA damage in vitro without entering the nuclei of type II cells, which are considered to be important target cells in quartz carcinogenesis. Furthermore, our observations indicate that such indirect DNA damage involves the mitochondrial electron transport chain function, by an as-yet-to-be elucidated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) at Heinrich-Heine-University, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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46
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Teeguarden JG, Hinderliter PM, Orr G, Thrall BD, Pounds JG. Particokinetics In Vitro: Dosimetry Considerations for In Vitro Nanoparticle Toxicity Assessments. Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:300-12. [PMID: 17098817 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth in the use of in vitro methods for nanoparticle toxicity assessment has proceeded with limited consideration of the unique kinetics of these materials in solution. Particles in general and nanoparticles specifically, diffuse, settle, and agglomerate in cell culture media as a function of systemic and particle properties: media density and viscosity and particle size, shape, charge and density, for example. Cellular dose then is also a function of these factors as they determine the rate of transport of nanoparticles to cells in culture. Here we develop and apply the principles of dosimetry in vitro and outline an approach for simulation of nanoparticle particokinetics in cell culture systems. We illustrate that where equal mass concentrations (mug/ml) imply equal doses for dissimilar materials, the corresponding particle number or surface area concentration doses differ by orders of magnitude. More importantly, when rates of diffusional and gravitational particle delivery are accounted for, trends and magnitude of the cellular dose as a function of particle size and density differ significantly from those implied by "concentration" doses. For example, 15-nm silver nanoparticles appear approximately 4000 times more potent than micron-sized cadmium oxide particles on a cm(2)/ml media basis, but are only approximately 50 times more potent when differences in delivery to adherent cells are considered. We conclude that simple surrogates of dose can cause significant misinterpretation of response and uptake data for nanoparticles in vitro. Incorporating particokinetics and principles of dosimetry would significantly improve the basis for nanoparticle toxicity assessment, increasing the predictive power and scalability of such assays.
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Refsnes M, Hetland RB, Øvrevik J, Sundfør I, Schwarze PE, Låg M. Different particle determinants induce apoptosis and cytokine release in primary alveolar macrophage cultures. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:10. [PMID: 16774673 PMCID: PMC1533852 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Particles are known to induce both cytokine release (MIP-2, TNF-α), a reduction in cell viability and an increased apoptosis in alveolar macrophages. To examine whether these responses are triggered by the same particle determinants, alveolar macrophages were exposed in vitro to mineral particles of different physical-chemical properties. Results The crystalline particles of the different stone types mylonite, gabbro, basalt, feldspar, quartz, hornfels and fine grain syenite porphyr (porphyr), with a relatively equal size distribution (≤ 10 μm), but different chemical/mineral composition, all induced low and relatively similar levels of apoptosis. In contrast, mylonite and gabbro induced a marked MIP-2 response compared to the other particles. For particles of smaller size, quartz (≤ 2 μm) seemed to induce a somewhat stronger apoptotic response than even smaller quartz (≤ 0.5 μm) and larger quartz (≤ 10 μm) in relation to surface area, and was more potent than hornfels and porphyr (≤ 2 μm). The reduction in cell viability induced by quartz of the different sizes was roughly similar when adjusted to surface area. With respect to cytokines, the release was more marked after exposure to quartz ≤ 0.5 μm than to quartz ≤ 2 μm and ≤ 10 μm. Furthermore, hornfels (≤ 2 μm) was more potent than the corresponding hornfels (≤ 10 μm) and quartz (≤ 2 μm) to induce cytokine responses. Pre-treatment of hornfels and quartz particles ≤ 2 μm with aluminium lactate, to diminish the surface reactivity, did significantly reduce the MIP-2 response to hornfels. In contrast, the apoptotic responses to the particles were not affected. Conclusion These results indicate that different determinants of mineral/stone particles are critical for inducing cytokine responses, reduction in cell viability and apoptosis in alveolar macrophages. The data suggest that the particle surface reactivity was critical for cytokine responses, but contributed less to cell death for the types of particles tested. The size-dependent variations, specially in cytokine release, seem not to be explained only by particle surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna B Hetland
- Department of Air pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Idunn Sundfør
- Department of Air pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway
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Cohn CA, Laffers R, Schoonen MAA. Using yeast RNA as a probe for generation of hydroxyl radicals by earth materials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2838-43. [PMID: 16683632 DOI: 10.1021/es052301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of certain types of particulate matter can lead to lung disease. The reactivity of these particles and, in part, the pathologic responses that result are dictated by their physicochemical properties. The ability of particles to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydroxyl radicals in vivo, is one property that has been correlated to the development of lung disease. Several minerals, such as quartz and asbestos, are known to generate hydroxyl radicals and cause lung disease, but many other minerals have never been tested. Here, we describe a technique employing yeast RNA as a probe to screen for mineral-generated hydroxyl radicals. The stability of RNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, ferrous iron, hydroxyl radicals, and several common minerals (quartz, albite, forsterite, fayalite, hematite, magnetite, coal, and pyrite) was examined. 3'-(p-Aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) was used to verify mineral generation of ROS. RNA is stable in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, quartz, and albite; while it degrades in the presence of ferrous iron, hydroxyl radicals, and the other minerals. Coal and pyrite are the most reactive both in RNA degradation and hydroxyl radical generation. This noncellular technique provides a straightforward way to compare many different particles simultaneously. Those particles showing reactivity toward RNA using this method are high-priority candidates for further in vitro and possibly in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Cohn
- Department of Geosciences and Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2100, USA.
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Elias Z, Poirot O, Fenoglio I, Ghiazza M, Danière MC, Terzetti F, Darne C, Coulais C, Matekovits I, Fubini B. Surface Reactivity, Cytotoxic, and Morphological Transforming Effects of Diatomaceous Earth Products in Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:510-20. [PMID: 16571621 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of thermal treatments on the surface reactivity and carcinogenic potential of diatomaceous earth (DE) products, the physicochemical features of some specimens--derived by heating the same original material--were compared with their cytotoxic and transforming potency. The samples were an untreated DE (amorphous) progressively heated in the laboratory at 900 degrees C (DE 900) and 1200 degrees C (DE 1200) and a commercial product manufactured from the same DE (Chd) from which the finer fraction (< 10-microm diameter) was separated (Chd-F). Quartz (Min-U-Sil 5) and a vitreous silica (amorphous) smoothed up with hydrofluoric acid and were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All samples were analyzed for their degree of crystallization, for their ability to release free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and for their cytotoxic and transforming potencies in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. X-ray diffractometry showed that DE 900, like DE, was still amorphous, whereas DE 1200 as well as the commercial product (Chd) were partially crystallized into cristobalite. The ability of the dust to release hydroxyl (*OH) radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, as revealed by the spin-trapping technique, was as follows: Chd-F, DE 1200 > Chd > DE 900 > DE, suggesting that on heating, the surface acquires a higher potential for free radical release. Most of the silica samples generated COO* radicals from the formate ion, following homolytic rupture of the carbon-hydrogen bond, in the presence of ascorbic acid. A concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and colony-forming efficiency was observed in SHE cultures treated with Chd-F, Chd, and DE. Heating abolished DE cytotoxicity but conferred a transforming ability to thermal treated particles. DE was the only sample that did not induce morphological transformation of cells. According to their transformation capacity, the samples were classified as follows: Chd-F > Chd, DE 1200 > DE 900 >> DE. Taken together, the reported results suggest that (1) the transforming potential of a biogenic amorphous silica is related to the thermal treatment that transforms the original structure in cristobalite and generates surface active sites; (2) the reactivity of samples in releasing *OH radicals correlates to their transforming ability; (3) the finer fraction of the commercial product is significantly more toxic and transforming than the coarse dust; and (4) opposite to silica dusts of mineral origin, which loose both cytotoxicity and transforming ability upon heating, heated diatomite acquires a cell-transforming potency. DE products should be thus considered a set apart of silica-based potentially toxic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Elias
- Département Polluants et Santé, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 54501 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
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Borm P, Klaessig FC, Landry TD, Moudgil B, Pauluhn J, Thomas K, Trottier R, Wood S. Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part V: role of dissolution in biological fate and effects of nanoscale particles. Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:23-32. [PMID: 16396841 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolution, translocation, and disposition have been shown to play a key role in the fate and effects of inhaled particles and fibers. Concepts that have been applied in the micron size range may be usefully applied to the nanoscale range, but new challenges are presented based on the small size and possible change in the dissolution:translocation relationship. The size of the component molecule itself may be on the nanoscale. Solute concentration, surface area, surface morphology, surface energy, dissolution layer properties, adsorbing species, and aggregation are relevant parameters in considering dissolution at the nanoscale. With regard to the etiopathology caused by these types of particulates, the metrics of dose (particle number, surface area, mass or shape) is not yet well defined. Analytical procedures for assessing dissolution and translocation include chemical assay and particle characterization. Leaching of substituents from particle surfaces may also be important. Compartmentalization within the respiratory tract may add another dimension of complexity. Dissolution may be a critical step for some nanoscale materials in determining fate in the environment and within the body. This review, combining aspects of particle toxicology, material science, and analytical chemistry, is intended to provide a useful basis for developing relevant dissolution assay(s) for nanoscale particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Borm
- Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences, Zuyd University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
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