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Shoemaker ME, Dicks ND, Northrup MJ, Daughters SW, Krings TN, Barry AM. Evaluation of Nutrition and Performance Parameters in Division 1 Collegiate Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1896. [PMID: 38931251 PMCID: PMC11206669 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing and evaluating athletes is necessary and should include performance, body composition, and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to report assessments of dietary intake, V˙O2max, and body composition in D1 collegiate athletes and examine relationships between these assessments. METHODS Dietary intake was assessed with 3-day recalls and compared to recommendations, and body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (n = 48). V˙O2max was evaluated using a graded exercise test (GXT) with a verification bout (n = 35). Reliability between "true" V˙O2max and verification was determined. Correlations and regressions were performed. RESULTS Energy, carbohydrate, and micronutrient intake was lower than recommendations. Mean V˙O2max was 47.3 and 47.4 mL·kg-1·min-1 for GXT and verification, respectively. While correlations were apparent among dietary intake, V˙O2max, and body composition, percent fat-free mass (%FFM) predicted 36% of V˙O2max. CONCLUSIONS Collegiate athletes are not meeting energy and carbohydrate recommendations and exceed fat recommendations. Vitamin D and magnesium were low in all sports, and iron and calcium were low in females. V˙O2max ranged from 35.6 to 63.0 mL·kg-1·min-1, with females below average and males meeting typical values for their designated sport. Assessing D1 athletes can provide guidance for sports dietitians, coaches, and strength and conditioning specialists to track and monitor nutrition in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E. Shoemaker
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (M.J.N.); (S.W.D.); (T.N.K.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Nathan D. Dicks
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Megan J. Northrup
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (M.J.N.); (S.W.D.); (T.N.K.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Seth W. Daughters
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (M.J.N.); (S.W.D.); (T.N.K.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Taylor N. Krings
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (M.J.N.); (S.W.D.); (T.N.K.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Allison M. Barry
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (M.J.N.); (S.W.D.); (T.N.K.); (A.M.B.)
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Ayaz A, Zaman W, Radák Z, Gu Y. Harmony in Motion: Unraveling the Nexus of Sports, Plant-Based Nutrition, and Antioxidants for Peak Performance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:437. [PMID: 38671884 PMCID: PMC11047508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between plant-based nutrition, antioxidants, and their impact on athletic performance forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive review. Emphasizing the pivotal importance of dietary choices in the realm of sports, this paper sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of how stress and physical performance are interconnected through the lens of nutrition. The increasing interest among athletes in plant-based diets presents an opportunity with benefits for health, performance, and recovery. It is essential to investigate the connection between sports, plants, and antioxidants. Highlighting the impact of nutrition on recovery and well-being, this review emphasizes how antioxidants can help mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses the growing popularity of plant-based diets among athletes. It elaborates on the importance of antioxidants in combating radicals addressing stress levels while promoting cellular health. By identifying rich foods, it emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in ensuring sufficient intake of these beneficial compounds. Examining stress within the context of sports activities, this review provides insights into its mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance as well as recovery processes. This study explores the impact of plant-based diets on athletes including their types, potential advantages and challenges. It also addresses the drawbacks of relying on plant-based diets, concerns related to antioxidant supplementation and identifies areas where further research is needed. Furthermore, the review suggests directions for research and potential innovations in sports nutrition. Ultimately it brings together the aspects of sports, plant-based nutrition, and antioxidants to provide a perspective for athletes, researchers and practitioners. By consolidating existing knowledge, it offers insights that can pave the way for advancements in the ever-evolving field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ayaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
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Białek-Dratwa A, Krzywak Z, Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Velecký J, Cirocki A, Grajek M, Kowalski O. Comparison of Nutrition among Female Floorball Players of Extra-Class Teams from Poland and the Czech Republic during the Preparation Period for the League Season. Nutrients 2024; 16:544. [PMID: 38398869 PMCID: PMC10893303 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the frequency of food intake and to compare the consumption of female extramural players training floorball in Poland and the Czech Republic during the preparation period for the league season. In total, 43 players training floorball in senior clubs participated in the study, including 21 from the Polish and 22 from the Czech clubs. The research tool was based on the standardised questionnaire for the Examination of Eating Behaviours and Opinions on Food and Nutrition (QEB). The study also analysed body composition using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) method, and the research tool was a TANITA MC-780 S MA body composition analyser (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The Polish women's floorball players had lower results in body fat percentage (FM) and muscle mass (MM) than the Czech team. The mean FM in the players of the Polish team was 18.6% ± 5.4, and the mean MM was 45.8 kg ± 4.2. In the Czech team players, these figures were 19.8% ± 5.4 and 47.8 kg ± 4.2. Despite the similar value of mean BMI in both teams, the highest BMI in the case of female athletes from Poland (17.7), indicating underweight, and the highest BMI in female athletes from the Czech Republic (26.9), indicating overweight, were significant. The study showed differences in both body composition analysis and dietary patterns of the Czech and Polish players. The Czech women's floorball players had a higher muscle mass and body fat percentage than Polish floorball players. Furthermore, differences in diet were observed among the players of the Czech team compared to the players of the Polish team. The Czech women's floorball players consumed a slightly higher amount of healthier products, such as whole-grain products. The Polish players took in more meat, processed products and fruit juices. This study is one of the first to assess the nutrition of those involved in floorball. There is a need for further research that focuses on the specifics of the discipline, the exercise capacity of the players and points during the season that require nutritional support. This knowledge would help develop effective nutritional strategies and plan and implement appropriate nutrition education for this group of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Krzywak
- SUS Travel Jedynka Trzebiatów, ul.Kamieniecka 16, 72-320 Trzebiatów, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jiří Velecký
- 1. SC Tempish Vitkovice (Ostrava), 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Artur Cirocki
- SUS Travel Jedynka Trzebiatów, ul.Kamieniecka 16, 72-320 Trzebiatów, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
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Kazemi A, Racil G, Ahmadi Hekmatikar AH, Behnam Moghadam M, Karami P, Henselmans M. Improved physical performance of elite soccer players based on GPS results after 4 days of carbohydrate loading followed by 3 days of low carbohydrate diet. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2258837. [PMID: 37731274 PMCID: PMC10515665 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2258837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate loading is an established sports nutrition strategy for endur- 16 ance exercise performance. We tested if carbohydrate loading could improve the performance of 17 elite soccer players under ecologically valid circumstances using Global Positioning System (GPS) data. METHODS Twenty-two adult Iran Premier league soccer players were divided into a carbohydrate-loading group (CLG) and Control group (CG). The carbohydrate loading group restricted carbohydrate intake for three days to 1.5 g/kg/d while increasing exercise intensity. From days four to seven, exercise intensity was decreased and carbohydrate intake was considerably increased up to 7.5 g/kg/d on the day of the match, during which performance was analyzed using GPS data. The control group performed the same exercise training but maintained their habitual carbohydrate intake of 5-6 g/kg/d. The data were analyzed using a univariate ANCOVA with baseline data from a pre-intervention match as the control variable. RESULTS The carbohydrate loading team scored significantly higher on running distance, maximum speed and the number of top and repeated sprints; the carbohydrate loading group scored significantly lower on player load, metabolic power and running imbalance compared to the control team during their match. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest carbohydrate loading enabled elite soccer players to achieve greater running outputs with greater metabolic efficiency and lower fatigue compared to their habitual diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Kazemi
- Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Dept of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ghazi Racil
- La Manouba University, Research Unit (UR 17JS01) “Sport Performance, Health & Society” Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Manouba, Tunis
| | | | - Mohadeseh Behnam Moghadam
- Islamic Azad University, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Karami
- University of Tehra, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran, Iran
| | - Menno Henselmans
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Michel MF, Girard O, Guillard V, Brechbuhl C. Well-being as a performance pillar: a holistic approach for monitoring tennis players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1259821. [PMID: 37789864 PMCID: PMC10544573 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1259821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective article aims to discuss the usefulness of tools that can assist tennis professionals effectively manage the well-being of their players. This includes identifying and monitoring meaningful metrics (i.e., training load, training intensity, heart rate variability), as well as careful planning of training and competition schedules with appropriate recovery periods. The use of innovative training methods (i.e., repeated-sprint training in hypoxia and heat training), and proper dietary practices, along with biometric assessment for young players, represents should be considered. Adopting a holistic approach to decision-making about training and competition, balancing both health and performance considerations, is crucial for tennis players and their support teams. More research is needed to refine best practices for enhancing tennis performance while prioritizing the well-being of players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Florine Michel
- Faculty of Sports Science, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- French Tennis Federation, Stade Roland-Garros, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Cyril Brechbuhl
- French Tennis Federation, Stade Roland-Garros, Paris, France
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Gogojewicz A, Straburzyńska-Lupa A, Podgórski T, Frajtag P, Bibrowicz K, Śliwicka E. Assessment of the Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Polish Professional Futsal Players: A Descriptive Study-Do Futsal Players Require Nutritional Education? Nutrients 2023; 15:3720. [PMID: 37686752 PMCID: PMC10490003 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a discipline with high training and nutritional requirements. Despite growing research interest in athletes' diet and nutritional status, no studies have examined Polish male futsal players. Therefore, the aim of this descriptive study was an assessment of the dietary intake and nutritional status in a selected group of futsal players. The study comprised 11 members of a top Polish futsal team (aged 26 ± 3.62 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. Body composition, total energy expenditure, physical fitness level, and concentrations of the biochemical indices of each participant were estimated. The energy availability in the diet was lower than recommended. Moreover, low consumption of carbohydrates was stated, as well as an inadequate intake of Vitamins E and D. Higher protein and cholesterol intake than recommended were also observed. To conclude, our results point to the need for educating athletes and coaches, particularly teaching about proper food choices, promoting quality foods, and, in some cases, using individual dietary plans to meet energy and nutrient needs. Nutrition education would help to improve their dietary and health habits and optimize their performance in sports training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gogojewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (P.F.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Paulina Frajtag
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (P.F.)
| | - Karol Bibrowicz
- Department Science and Research Center of Body Posture, Kazimiera Milanowska College of Education and Therapy, 61-473 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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Funnell MP, Juett LA, Ferrara R, Mears SA, James LJ. Ad-libitum fluid intake was insufficient to achieve euhydration 20 h after intermittent running in male team sports athletes. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114227. [PMID: 37156317 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study documented 20 h rehydration from intermittent running while concealing the primary outcome of rehydration from subjects. Twenty-eight male team sports athletes (age 25 ± 3 y; predicted V̇O2max 54 ± 3 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) were pair-matched to exercise (EX) or rest (REST) groups. To determine hydration status, body mass, urine and blood samples were collected at 08:00, pre-intervention (09:30), post-intervention (12:00), 3 h post-intervention and 08:00 the following morning (20 h). The intervention was 110 min intermittent running (EX) or seated rest (REST), with ad-libitum fluid provided in both. Subjects completed a weighed diet record and collected all urine for the 24 h. Changes typical of hypohydration were apparent in EX following the intervention period (body mass: EX -2.0 ± 0.5%; REST -0.2 ± 0.3%; serum osmolality: EX 293 ± 4 mOsm∙kgH2O-1; REST 287 ± 6 mOsm∙kgH2O-1; P≤0.022). Fluid intake during the intervention period (EX 704 ± 286 mL, REST 343 ± 230 mL) and fluid intake within the first 3 h post-intervention (EX 1081 ± 460 mL, REST 662 ± 230 mL) were greater (P≤0.004), and 24 h urine volume lower (EX 1697 ± 824 mL, REST 2370 ± 842 mL; P=0.039) in EX. Compared to baseline, body mass remained lower (-0.6 ± 0.5%; P=0.030) and urine osmolality elevated (20 h: 844 ± 197 mOsm∙kgH2O-1, 08:00: 698 ± 200 mOsm∙kgH2O-1; P=0.004) at 20 h in EX. When games players drank fluid ad-libitum during exercise and post-exercise in free-living conditions, a small degree of hypohydration remained 20 h post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Funnell
- National Centre for Sport, Exercise & Medicine, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU..
| | - Loris A Juett
- National Centre for Sport, Exercise & Medicine, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU
| | - Robert Ferrara
- National Centre for Sport, Exercise & Medicine, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU
| | - Stephen A Mears
- National Centre for Sport, Exercise & Medicine, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport, Exercise & Medicine, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK, LE11 3TU
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Purdom T, Cook M, Colleran H, Stewart P, San Diego L. Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11040081. [PMID: 37104155 PMCID: PMC10143550 DOI: 10.3390/sports11040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between low energy availability (LEA) and nutritional content with high blood pressure (HBP) in African American Division I athletes. Twenty-three D1 African American pre-season athletes were recruited to participate. HBP was defined as >120 systolic blood pressure (BP) and <80 diastolic BP. Athletes self-reported nutritional intake using a non-consecutive 3-day food recall which was then reviewed by a sports dietitian. LEA was evaluated as total energy intake-total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), which was predicted. Additionally, micronutrients were evaluated. A statistical analysis relied on Spearman correlation (R), standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval, mean ± SD, and odds ratios (OR). Correlation values were categorized: 0.20-0.39 = low; 0.40-0.69 = moderate; 0.70-1.0 = strong. A moderate relationship was observed between HBP and LEA (R = 0.56) with 14/23 having HBP. Of the 14 athletes observed with HBP, 78.5% (11/14) were calorically deficient (-529 ± 695 kcal) with an OR of 7.2. Micronutrient intake deficiencies were ubiquitous among the 23 HBP athletes: poly-unsaturated fatty acid -29.6%; omega-3 -26.0%; iron -46.0%; calcium -25.1%; and sodium -14.2%, amongst others. LEA and micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to HBP in Black D1 athletes, which has been shown to be the most common modifiable risk factor to decrease the risk of sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Purdom
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Marc Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Heather Colleran
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Paul Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren San Diego
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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Van Hooren B, Cox M, Rietjens G, Plasqui G. Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:407-419. [PMID: 36404133 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate determination of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in athletes is important for optimal performance and injury prevention, but current approaches are insufficiently accurate. We therefore developed an approach to determine TDEE in professional cyclists based on power data, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and a non-exercise physical activity level (PAL) value, and compared energy expenditure (EE) between multi-day and single-day races. METHODS Twenty-one male professional cyclists participated. We measured: (1) BMR, (2) the relationship between power output and EE during an incremental cycling test, which was used to determine EE during exercise (EEE ), and (3) TDEE using doubly labeled water (DLW). A non-exercise PAL-value was obtained by subtracting EEE from TDEE and dividing this by BMR. RESULTS Measured BMR was 7.9 ± 0.8 MJ/day, which was significantly higher than predicted by the Oxford equations. A new BMR equation for elite endurance athletes was therefore developed. Mean TDEE was 31.7 ± 2.8 and 27.3 ± 2.8 MJ/day during the Vuelta a España and Ardennes classics, while EEE was 17.4 ± 1.8 and 10.1 ± 1.4 MJ/day, respectively. Non-exercise PAL-values were 1.8 and 2.0 for the Vuelta and Ardennes classics, respectively, which is substantially higher than currently used generic PAL-values. CONCLUSION We show that the proposed approach leads to a more accurate estimation of non-exercise EE than the use of a generic PAL-value in combination with BMR predictive equations developed for non-elite athletes, with the latter underestimating non-exercise EE by ~28%. The proposed approach may therefore improve nutritional strategies in professional cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Cox
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Dasa MS, Friborg O, Kristoffersen M, Pettersen G, Plasqui G, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Rosenvinge JH. Energy expenditure, dietary intake and energy availability in female professional football players. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001553. [PMID: 36865769 PMCID: PMC9972418 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To quantify energy expenditure and intake in professional female footballers playing on a national and/or international level. Second, to determine the prevalence of low energy availability among these players, defined as <30 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day. Methods Fifty-one players completed a 14-day prospective observational study during the 2021/2022 football season. Energy expenditure was determined using the doubly labelled water method. Energy intake was assessed using dietary recalls, while global positioning system determined the external physiological load. Descriptive statistics, stratification and the correlation between explainable variables and outcomes were conducted to quantify the energetic demands. Results The mean energy expenditure for all players (22±4 years) was 2918±322 kcal. Mean energy intake was 2274±450 kcal, resulting in a discrepancy of ~22%. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommended guidelines on match day at 4.5±1.9 g/kg. The mean energy availability was 36.7±17.7 kcal/kg FFM/day on matchday and 37.9±11.7 kcal/kg FFM/day on training days, resulting in a prevalence of 36% and 23% for low energy availability during the observational period, respectively. Conclusion These elite female football players displayed moderate energy expenditure levels and failed to meet the recommended levels of carbohydrate intake. In conjunction with inadequate nutritional periodisation, this will likely hamper performance through inadequate muscle glycogen resynthesis. In addition, we found a considerable prevalence of low energy availability on match and training days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Smavik Dasa
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H Rosenvinge
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Huang L, Ng JWC, Lee JKW. Nutrition Recommendations for Table Tennis Players-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030775. [PMID: 36771479 PMCID: PMC9920626 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Table tennis (TT) is the second most popular racket sport globally and was the sixth most widely played Olympic sport in 2005. It is an indoor racket sport requiring a mixture of power, agility, alertness and fast reactions. Players need to move quickly around a table to receive the ball and produce powerful returns. New rules such as increased ball size and a change in ball material have changed the ball's trajectory, increasing the overall duration and intensity of game play. Scientific research on TT is growing but there has been no systematic review of nutrition for the sport. This review provides nutritional recommendations for TT athletes based on the physiological demands of TT, including energy expenditure during training and competitions, and the main metabolic pathways of TT. Guidelines on the daily intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat are discussed in addition to hydration strategies. Micronutrients of concern for TT athletes include iron, magnesium and vitamin D and their recommended intakes are also provided. The timing and dose of ergogenic aids that may improve TT performance such as caffeine, creatine, lutein and zeaxanthin and beta-alanine are reviewed. Specific nutritional strategies for intakes leading up to competitions, post training and competition recovery and nutritional strategies for travel are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Huang
- Sport Science and Medicine Center, Singapore Sport Institute 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore 397630, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6500-5488
| | - Jeremy W. C. Ng
- High Performance Department, Singapore Table Tennis Association, 297-C Lor 6 Toa Payoh, Singapore 319389, Singapore
| | - Jason K. W. Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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12
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Esen O, Rozwadowski K, Cepicka L, Gabrys T, Karayigit R. Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224909. [PMID: 36432595 PMCID: PMC9694551 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players' recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutritional strategies to support short-term basketball tournaments based on players' physiological needs and current sport nutrition guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
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13
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Energy and Macronutrients Intake in Indoor Sport Team Athletes: Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224755. [PMID: 36432438 PMCID: PMC9696016 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor team sports are characterized by matches that are shorter in duration and with frequent substitution (high-intensity intermittent). The main goal of teams is to best cover athletes' physiological demands, while meeting their dietary intake needs is critical. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the dietary intake of indoor team sports athletes and to analyze whether they comply with nutritional recommendations. A search of PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2008 to July 2022 was conducted and 2727 documents were identified. The studies focused on adult professional or semi-professional volleyball, basketball, handball, or futsal athletes. Two independent researchers screened and extracted the data, with 20 documents included after they met the inclusion criteria. Most of the athletes, both men and women, did not meet the official recommendations based on under-consumption (energy and carbohydrates) or over-consumption (fats). In relation to protein, 28.6% of studies met the recommendations, with 50% of those who did not meet it being due to under-consumption. Although there are references on athletes' dietary intakes, there are no references considering sexes or types of sport. More adapted recommendations are needed in order to more precisely evaluate athletes' intake to know if they meet their real nutritional requirements.
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14
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A systematic review update of athletes' nutrition knowledge and association with dietary intake. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1156-1169. [PMID: 34706784 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Athletes' dietary intakes sometimes do not meet sports nutrition guidelines. Nutrition knowledge (NK) is one factor that may influence dietary intake, but NK measurement tools are often outdated or unvalidated, and results regarding athletes' NK are equivocal. The aims of this systematic review were to update previous systematic reviews by examining athletes' NK and to assess the relationship between athletes' general NK, sport NK and dietary intake. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Cochrane were searched for studies published between November 2015 and November 2020 that provided a quantitative measure of NK and described the NK tool used. Twenty-eight studies were included, study quality was assessed using JBI checklists and data on NK score and diet intake was extracted. Eight studies utilised validated, up-to-date NK measurement tools. Mean general and sport NK% scores varied between 40·2% ± 12·4 and 70 % ± 9. Mean protein and carbohydrate consumption was 1·1-3·4 g/kg.bw/d and 2·4-4·6 g/kg.bw/d, respectively. Weak-to-moderate, positive associations were found between NK and positive dietary behaviours. Due to a wide variety of NK measurement tools used, it is difficult to synthesise results to determine overall NK in athletes. Overall, there appears to be a low standard of knowledge. Quality of measurement tools for NK has improved but remains an issue. Future studies should use relevant, current validated NK tools or validate tools in their study population. More research is needed into the relationship between NK and other modifiable factors influencing dietary intake.
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Abstract
Obesity remains a serious relevant public health concern throughout the world despite related countermeasures being well understood (i.e. mainly physical activity and an adjusted diet). Among different nutritional approaches, there is a growing interest in ketogenic diets (KD) to manipulate body mass (BM) and to enhance fat mass loss. KD reduce the daily amount of carbohydrate intake drastically. This results in increased fatty acid utilisation, leading to an increase in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) and therefore metabolic ketosis. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have focused on reducing dietary fat with little or conflicting positive results over the long term. Moreover, current nutritional guidelines for athletes propose carbohydrate-based diets to augment muscular adaptations. This review discusses the physiological basis of KD and their effects on BM reduction and body composition improvements in sedentary individuals combined with different types of exercise (resistance training or endurance training) in individuals with obesity and athletes. Ultimately, we discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of these nutritional interventions together with precautionary measures that should be observed in both individuals with obesity and athletic populations. A literature search from 1921 to April 2021 using Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Sportdiscus Databases was used to identify relevant studies. In summary, based on the current evidence, KD are an efficient method to reduce BM and body fat in both individuals with obesity and athletes. However, these positive impacts are mainly because of the appetite suppressive effects of KD, which can decrease daily energy intake. Therefore, KD do not have any superior benefits to non-KD in BM and body fat loss in individuals with obesity and athletic populations in an isoenergetic situation. In sedentary individuals with obesity, it seems that fat-free mass (FFM) changes appear to be as great, if not greater, than decreases following a low-fat diet. In terms of lean mass, it seems that following a KD can cause FFM loss in resistance-trained individuals. In contrast, the FFM-preserving effects of KD are more efficient in endurance-trained compared with resistance-trained individuals.
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16
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Evidence‐Based Recovery in Soccer – Low‐Effort Approaches for Practitioners. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:75-99. [PMID: 36196351 PMCID: PMC9465732 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to improve recovery are widely used among soccer players at both amateur and professional levels. Sometimes, however, recovery strategies are ineffective, improperly timed or even harmful to players. This highlights the need to educate practitioners and athletes about the scientific evidence of recovery strategies as well as to provide practical approaches to address this issue. Therefore, recent surveys among soccer athletes and practitioners were reviewed to identify the recovery modalities currently in use. Each strategy was then outlined with its rationale, its physiological mechanisms and the scientific evidence followed by practical approaches to implement the modality. For each intervention, practical and particularly low-effort strategies are provided to ensure that practitioners at all levels are able to implement them. We identified numerous interventions regularly used in soccer, i.e., sleep, rehydration, nutrition, psychological recovery, active recovery, foam-rolling/massage, stretching, cold-water immersion, and compression garments. Nutrition and rehydration were classified with the best evidence, while cold-water immersion, compression garments, foam-rolling/massage and sleep were rated with moderate evidence to enhance recovery. The remaining strategies (active recovery, psychological recovery, stretching) should be applied on an individual basis due to weak evidence observed. Finally, a guide is provided, helping practitioners to decide which intervention to implement. Here, practitioners should rely on the evidence, but also on their own experience and preference of the players.
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17
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McKinlay BJ, Wallace PJ, Olansky S, Woods S, Kurgan N, Roy BD, Josse AR, Falk B, Klentrou P. Intensified training in adolescent female athletes: a crossover study of Greek yogurt effects on indices of recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:17-33. [PMID: 35599913 PMCID: PMC9116412 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2044732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During a period of intensified exercise (e.g. training/identification camps), often undertaken by competitive youth athletes, the maintenance of muscle function and peak performance can become challenging due to an accumulation of fatigue. The provision of post-exercise dairy protein in adults has been previously shown to accelerate recovery; however, its efficacy in youth athletes is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased dairy protein consumption with plain Greek yogurt (GY) on performance and recovery indices during an intensified soccer training camp in adolescent female soccer players. Methods Thirteen players (14.3 ± 1.3 years) participated in a randomized, double blinded, crossover design study where they received 3 servings/day of either GY (~115 kcal, 17 g protein, ~11.5 g carbohydrates) or an isoenergetic carbohydrate control (CHO, ~115 kcal, 0.04 g protein, ~28.6 g carbohydrates) during two 5-day soccer-specific training camps. Performance was assessed before and after each training camp. Fasted, morning, creatine kinase (CK), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 10 (IL10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were measured in plasma pre- and post-training. Results Training led to decrements in counter-movement jump (p = 0.01), broad jump (p = 0.04) and aerobic capacity (p = 0.006), with no effect of GY. A significant increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was observed from pre- to post-training in GY (+26% [p = 0.008]) but not in CHO (p = 0.89). CRP and CK increased (+65% [p = 0.005] and +119% [p ≤ 0.001], respectively), while IGF-1 decreased (−34% [p ≤ 0.001]) from pre- to post-training with no difference between conditions. Conclusions These results demonstrate that consumption of GY did not offer any added recovery benefit with respect to measures of performance and in the attenuation of exercise-induced muscle damage above that achieved with energy-matched carbohydrate in this group of young female soccer players. However, regular consumption of GY may assist with the acute anti-inflammatory response during periods of intensified training in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. McKinlay
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Faculty of Applied Health & Community Studies, Sheridan College, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phillip J. Wallace
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Shai Olansky
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey Woods
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea R. Josse
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, Ontario, St. Catharines, Canada
- Centre for Bone & Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Anderson L, Drust B, Close GL, Morton JP. Physical loading in professional soccer players: Implications for contemporary guidelines to encompass carbohydrate periodization. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1000-1019. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2044135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 6AF, UK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 6AF, UK
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19
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de Sousa MV, Lundsgaard AM, Christensen PM, Christensen L, Randers MB, Mohr M, Nybo L, Kiens B, Fritzen AM. Nutritional optimization for female elite football players-topical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32 Suppl 1:81-104. [PMID: 34865242 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Women's football is an intermittent sport characterized by frequent intense actions throughout the match. The high number of matches with limited recovery time played across a long competitive season underlines the importance of nutritional strategies to meet these large physical demands. In order to maximize sport performance and maintain good health, energy intake must be optimal. However, a considerable proportion of female elite football players does not have sufficient energy intake to match the energy expenditure, resulting in low energy availability that might have detrimental physiologic consequences and impair performance. Carbohydrates appear to be the primary fuel covering the total energy supply during match-play, and female elite football players should aim to consume sufficient carbohydrates to meet the requirements of their training program and to optimize the replenishment of muscle glycogen stores between training bouts and matches. However, several macro- and micronutrients are important for ensuring sufficient energy and nutrients for performance optimization and for overall health status in female elite football players. The inadequacy of macro-and micronutrients in the diet of these athletes may impair performance and training adaptations, and increase the risk of health disorders, compromising the player's professional career. In this topical review, we present knowledge and relevant nutritional recommendations for elite female football players for the benefit of sports nutritionists, dietitians, sports scientists, healthcare specialists, and applied researchers. We focus on dietary intake and cover the most pertinent topics in sports nutrition for the relevant physical demands in female elite football players as follows: energy intake, macronutrient and micronutrient requirements and optimal composition of the everyday diet, nutritional and hydration strategies to optimize performance and recovery, potential ergogenic effects of authorized relevant supplements, and future research considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Obesity Research, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Łuszczki E, Jagielski P, Bartosiewicz A, Kuchciak M, Dereń K, Stolarczyk A, Pakosz P, Oleksy L. The LEAF questionnaire is a good screening tool for the identification of the Female Athlete Triad/Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport among young football players. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12118. [PMID: 34557358 PMCID: PMC8420870 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been noticed that Female Athlete Triad (Fat) and Relative Energy Deficiency (Red-S) in Sport are characterized by the symptoms of impaired endocrine-metabolic function and bone health in female athletes. In addition, it may be evaluated with a qualitative tool, such as Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and quantitative measurements: bone mineral density (BMD), resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, 24-hour dietary recall. Methods The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of Triad and Red-S using the LEAF-Q in youth female football players. Additionally, the difference in the BMD, body composition, REE and energy intake (EI) were assessed between the Triad/Red-S risk and not at-risk groups. Results Almost two thirds (64.7%) of participants are classified as being at-risk for the triad according to their LEAF-Q scores. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between most of the values among children from the analyzed groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the EI values among girls from the two analyzed groups: at-risk (1,773.18 kcal ± 232.57) and not at-risk (2,054.00 kcal ± 191.39). Girls who did not meet the energy intake recommendations were 10.00 as likely to be in the Triad/Red-S risk group. Conclusion Early identification of Fat/Red-S symptoms by screening tools such as the LEAF questionnaire is important in protecting young athletes from long-term damage due to the progression of the risk factors associated with the Fat/Red-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Łuszczki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Pawel Jagielski
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Bartosiewicz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuchciak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dereń
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Pakosz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Lukasz Oleksy
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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21
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Fredericson M, Kussman A, Misra M, Barrack MT, De Souza MJ, Kraus E, Koltun KJ, Williams NI, Joy E, Nattiv A. The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-To-Play. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:349-366. [PMID: 34091538 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Male Athlete Triad is a medical syndrome most common in adolescent and young adult male athletes in sports that emphasize a lean physique, especially endurance and weight-class athletes. The 3 interrelated conditions of the Male Athlete Triad occur on spectrums of energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA), suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and impaired bone health, ranging from optimal health to clinically relevant outcomes of energy deficiency/low EA with or without disordered eating or eating disorder, functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and osteoporosis or low bone mineral density with or without bone stress injury (BSI). Because of the importance of bone mass acquisition and health concerns in adolescence, screening is recommended during this time period in the at-risk male athlete. Diagnosis of the Male Athlete Triad is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary medical team. Clearance and return-to-play guidelines are recommended to optimize prevention and treatment. Evidence-based risk assessment protocols for the male athlete at risk for the Male Athlete Triad have been shown to be predictive for BSI and impaired bone health and should be encouraged. Improving energetic status through optimal fueling is the mainstay of treatment. A Roundtable on the Male Athlete Triad was convened by the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition in conjunction with the 64th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine in Denver, Colorado, in May of 2017. In this second article, the latest clinical research to support current models of screening, diagnosis, and management for at-risk male athlete is reviewed with evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fredericson
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea Kussman
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle T Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiology Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Kraus
- Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Nancy I Williams
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiology Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Aurelia Nattiv
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Bozzini BN, McFadden BA, Scruggs SK, Arent SM. Evaluation of Performance Characteristics and Internal and External Training Loads in Female Collegiate Beach Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1559-1567. [PMID: 33927118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bozzini, BN, McFadden, BA, Scruggs, SK, and Arent, SM. Evaluation of performance characteristics and internal and external training loads in female collegiate beach volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1559-1567, 2021-Although women's beach volleyball is the fastest growing collegiate sport, the training demands and performance characteristics have yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate internal and external training loads throughout a competitive season and to quantify the performance characteristics of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's beach volleyball players. Female beach volleyball players (N = 20) were monitored throughout the 6-week competitive season (T1-T6) using integrative global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR)-monitoring technology, which was individualized based on preseason testing, for the determination of workload metrics. In addition to team data, all variables were analyzed between travel (n = 11, regular match participation) and non-travel (n = 7) squad athletes (p < 0.05). Team performance metrics demonstrated the explosive power emphasis of the sport, with travel squad players exhibiting significantly greater vertical jump and jump velocity abilities than their non-travel counterparts (p < 0.05). Although few time main effects from T1 to T6 were observed for team workload metrics, follow-ups revealed significant time × group interactions for training load (TL), exercise energy expenditure (EEE), total distance covered, and minutes spent in HR zones (HRZ1-Z5) over the season (p < 0.05). Finally, although average workloads were greater in practices than in matches, when accounting for pre-match warm-ups, competition load was greater than practice (p < 0.05). National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I women's beach volleyball is a demanding, explosive power sport characterized by overall large TL and EEE, particularly in-season when athletes compete in 4 matches per weekend. The workloads observed point to the need to assess and manage training loads and fueling requirements to optimize performance and decrease injury risk.
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23
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Zanders BR, Currier BS, Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Smith CR, Stecker RA, Richmond SR, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Changes in Energy Expenditure, Dietary Intake, and Energy Availability Across an Entire Collegiate Women's Basketball Season. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:804-810. [PMID: 30234694 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zanders, BR, Currier, BS, Harty, PS, Zabriskie, HA, Smith, CR, Stecker, RA, Richmond, SR, Jagim, AR, and Kerksick, CM. Changes in energy expenditure, dietary intake, and energy availability across an entire collegiate women's basketball season. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 804-810, 2021-The purpose of this study was to identify changes in energy expenditure and dietary intake across an entire women's basketball season. On 5 different occasions across the competitive season, female collegiate basketball players (19.8 ± 1.3 years, 173.9 ± 13.6 cm, 74.6 ± 9.1 kg, 27.1 ± 3.2% fat, 53.9 ± 6.4 ml·kg-1·min-1, n = 13) were outfitted with heart rate and activity monitors over 4 consecutive days and completed 4-day food and fluid records to assess changes in energy expenditure and dietary status. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess baseline body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured before and after the season. Data were analyzed using 1-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, p = 0.059) and physical activity levels (TDEE/REE, p = 0.060) both tended to decrease throughout the season. Energy balance was negative at all time points throughout the season. Absolute and normalized daily protein intake at the end of the season was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than at the beginning of the season. Carbohydrate (3.7 ± 0.4 g·kg-1·d-1) and protein (1.17 ± 0.16 g·kg-1·d-1) intakes were lower than commonly recommended values based on previously published guidelines. These findings suggest that greater education and interventions for collegiate athletes and coaches regarding dietary intake and energy expenditure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breyannah R Zanders
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Hannah A Zabriskie
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Charles R Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Richard A Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Scott R Richmond
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
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The 4R's Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010103. [PMID: 33375691 PMCID: PMC7796021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R’s approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration—a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel—the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair—post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest—pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R’s is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.
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Książek A, Zagrodna A, Słowińska-Lisowska M. Assessment of the Dietary Intake of High-Rank Professional Male Football Players during a Preseason Training Week. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228567. [PMID: 33218191 PMCID: PMC7699180 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A well-balanced diet is one of the main factors that may play a supportive role in enhancing acute training stimuli in optimal training adaptation. The aim of the present study was to examine the energy and macro- and micronutrient intake including and excluding supplements among top-level Polish football players during one week of the general preparatory period. In addition, the study looked at whether athletes consume carbohydrates in recommended amounts, depending on the completed training sessions. A total of 26 professional football players were included in the study. The preseason dietary intake was assessed using a 7-day estimated food record. The energy value of the diet and the amounts of the dietary ingredients were assessed using the software Dieta 6.0. The average consumption of energy, vitamin B2, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, and calcium was lower than recommendations, and average intake of sodium and potassium was higher than the norm in the diets of the athletes. The results of this study do not confirm the justification for adding protein preparations to diets of the studied players. Furthermore, football players dietary carbohydrate intake was relatively low in comparison to requirements based on training loads. Based on our results we conclude that further work is necessary to reinforce education about nutritional habits and adjust nutritional strategies to individual needs to enhance athletic performance.
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Sahnoune R, Bouchenak M. Nutritional intervention promoting Mediterranean diet improves dietary intake and enhances score adherence in adolescent athletes. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Appropriate nutrition is important to maintain health, growth, and development of adolescent athlete performance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of nutritional intervention (NI) promoting Mediterranean diet (MD), on food consumption, and adherence to MD, in scholar adolescent athletes. METHODS: Eighty athletes (Females/Males, 39/41) aged 15±1 years participated to NI. MD Adherence was assessed, using Kidmed index, at baseline, and at 6 months. Food intake was evaluated by 24-hour recall at baseline, and at four NI times. RESULTS: At baseline, 61% of athletes had poor MD adherence, and after NI, this value decreased to 10%. At 6 months of NI, 73% of males vs 46% of females had good MD adherence (≥8). Energy intake represented 2369 Kcal/d, at baseline, and was less than recommended value. After NI, significant increase was observed in energy intake (p = 0.001). Mean fiber intake (19 and 21 g/d in females and males, respectively) was less than adequate intake (26/38 g/d), but increased after NI (p = 0.000). Enhancement was noted in total, and complex carbohydrates, and total proteins, and values were increased with time (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Nutritional intervention, based on Mediterranean diet, improves total energy, and macronutrients intake, and increases MD adherence scores in adolescents athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokia Sahnoune
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Clinique et Métabolique. Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie. Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, El M’Naouer 31 000 Oran, Algeria
| | - Malika Bouchenak
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Clinique et Métabolique. Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie. Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, El M’Naouer 31 000 Oran, Algeria
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Moss SL, Randell RK, Burgess D, Ridley S, ÓCairealláin C, Allison R, Rollo I. Assessment of energy availability and associated risk factors in professional female soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:861-870. [PMID: 32633208 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1788647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess energy availability (EA), alongside possible risk factors of reduced or low EA of professional female soccer players during a competitive season. Thirteen players (age: 23.7 ± 3.4 y, stature: 1.69 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 63.7 ± 7.0 kg) engaged in a 5-day (two rest days, one light training, heavy training and match day) monitoring period. Energy intake (EI) and expenditure during exercise (EEE) were measured. EA was calculated and categorised as optimal, reduced or low (>45, 30-45, <30 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1, respectively). Relationships between EA and bone mineral density, resting metabolic rate (RMR), plasma micronutrient status, biochemical markers and survey data were assessed. EA was optimal for 15%, reduced for 62% and low for 23% of players. Higher EA was observed on rest days compared to others (P<0.05). EA was higher for the light compared to the heavy training day (P<0.001). EEE differed significantly between days (P<0.05). EI (2124 ± 444 kcal), carbohydrate (3.31 ± 0.64 g·kg·day-1) and protein (1.83 ± 0.41 g·kg·day-1) intake remained similar (P>0.05). Survey data revealed 23% scored ≥8 on the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire and met criteria for low RMR (ratio <0.90). Relationships between EA and risk factors were inconclusive. Most players displayed reduced EA and did not alter EI or carbohydrate intake according to training or match demands. Although cases of low EA were identified, further work is needed to investigate possible long-term effects and risk factors of low and reduced EA separately to inform player recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Moss
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.,Gatorade Sports Science Institute, R&D Life Sciences, PepsiCo, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, R&D Life Sciences, PepsiCo, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, R&D Life Sciences, PepsiCo, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
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28
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Sharples A, Baker D, Black K. Nutrition for Adolescent Female Team Sport Athletes: A Review. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Dobrowolski H, Karczemna A, Włodarek D. Nutrition for Female Soccer Players-Recommendations. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E28. [PMID: 32284520 PMCID: PMC7022222 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world. As its number of players is increasing, the number of female players is also on the rise. However, there are limited data about how the diets of female soccer players should be designed. Thus, the aim of our work is to deliver concise nutritional recommendations for women practicing this sport. Based on a literature review, we emphasize that individual adjustment of the energy value of the diet is the key factor for the physical performance of female soccer players. Appropriate macronutrient intake makes it possible to achieve the proper energy value of the diet (5-10 g/kg body mass/day carbohydrates; 1.2-1.7 g/kg body mass/day proteins; <30% fats from energy). The micronutrients should be consumed in amounts corresponding to individual values recommended in national standards. Soccer players should pay special attention to the proper consumption of such micronutrients, as well as vitamins such as iron, calcium, and vitamin D. The right amount of fluid intake, consistent with the player's needs, is crucial in maximizing exercise performance. The diet of a female practicing soccer is usually characterized with low energy values, which increases the risk of various health consequences related to low energy availability. Monitoring the diets of female soccer players is, therefore, necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dobrowolski
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.)
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30
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Mota JA, Nuckols G, Smith-Ryan AE. Nutritional Periodization: Applications for the Strength Athlete. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Koehler K, Boron JB, Garvin TM, Bice MR, Stevens JR. Differential relationship between physical activity and intake of added sugar and nutrient-dense foods: A cross-sectional analysis. Appetite 2019; 140:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hydration Status and Fluid Needs of Division I Female Collegiate Athletes Exercising Indoors and Outdoors. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070155. [PMID: 31247986 PMCID: PMC6681079 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to determine differences in acute and chronic hydration status in female student-athletes (n = 40) practicing in moderate, dry conditions (17-25 °C, 30-57% humidity) indoors and outdoors. Body weight and urine samples were recorded before and after exercise as well as fluid intake. Sweat rates expressed as median and interquartile range did not differ, but fluid intake was significantly higher during indoor (0.64 [0.50, 0.83] L/h) vs. outdoor conditions (0.51 [0.43, 0.63] L/h), p = 0.001. Fluid intake compensated for indoor sweat rate but not outdoors. When exercising indoors, 49% of the student-athletes reported urine specific gravity (USG) values >1.020, and 24% of the day after morning samples were scored ≥4 on the color chart rating. The percentages increased to 58% and 31%, respectively, when exercising outdoors (p > 0.05). Thus, fluid intake was higher indoors vs. outdoors but sweat rate did not differ among athletes. Yet, chronic hydration status was impaired in more than 50% of the student-athletes with a discrepancy between USG scores and urine color scores identifying underhydration. This suggest that 24-h fluid intake should be taken into account and that hydration protocols may need to be tailored individually based on urine USG values. Practice location (indoors vs. outdoors) may further complicate hydration protocols.
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33
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Steffl M, Kinkorova I, Kokstejn J, Petr M. Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players-A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061305. [PMID: 31181835 PMCID: PMC6627126 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrition of soccer players is an important topic and its knowledge may help to increase the quality of this popular game and prevent possible health problems and injuries in players. This meta-analysis aims to estimate the current dietary trends of three basic macronutrients in junior and senior soccer players during the first two decades of the 21st century. We analyzed data from 647 junior players (mean age 10.0–19.3) from 27 groups, and 277 senior (mean age 20.7–27.1) players from 8 groups from altogether 21 papers in this meta-analysis. Weighted averages were calculated for each macronutrients. Protein intake is higher than recommended in both juniors, 1.9 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–2.0 g/kg/day, and seniors 1.8 95% CI 1.6–2.0 g/kg/day. However, carbohydrate intake is still below the recommended values in both groups (5.7 95% CI 5.5–5.9 g/kg/day in junior and 4.7 95% CI 4.3–5.0 g/kg/day in senior players). The proportion of fat as total energy intake is in concordance with the recommendations (31.5 95% CI 32.0–35.9% in junior and 33.1 95% CI 29.9–36.2% in senior players). In particular, due to possible health complications, the small carbohydrate intake should be alarming for coaches, nutritional experts, and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Steffl
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Kinkorova
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Kokstejn
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Jenner SL, Buckley GL, Belski R, Devlin BL, Forsyth AK. Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations-A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051160. [PMID: 31126159 PMCID: PMC6567121 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: to develop sport-specific and effective dietary advice, it is important to understand the dietary intakes of team sport athletes. This systematic literature review aims to (1) assess the dietary intakes of professional and semi-professional team sport athletes and (2) to identify priority areas for dietetic intervention. Methods: an extensive search of MEDLINE, Sports DISCUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in April–May 2018 was conducted and identified 646 studies. Included studies recruited team sport, competitive (i.e., professional or semi-professional) athletes over the age of 18 years. An assessment of dietary intake in studies was required and due to the variability of data (i.e., nutrient and food group data) a meta-analysis was not undertaken. Two independent authors extracted data using a standardised process. Results: 21 (n = 511) studies that assessed dietary intake of team sport athletes met the inclusion criteria. Most reported that professional and semi-professional athletes’ dietary intakes met or exceeded recommendations during training and competition for protein and/or fat, but not energy and carbohydrate. Limitations in articles include small sample sizes, heterogeneity of data and existence of underreporting. Conclusions: this review highlights the need for sport-specific dietary recommendations that focus on energy and carbohydrate intake. Further exploration of factors influencing athletes’ dietary intakes including why athletes’ dietary intakes do not meet energy and/or carbohydrate recommendations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Jenner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
- Carlton Football Club, Ikon Park, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Georgina L Buckley
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Regina Belski
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
| | - Adrienne K Forsyth
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3068, Australia.
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35
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Barley OR, Chapman DW, Abbiss CR. The Current State of Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports-Weight-Cutting in Combat Sports. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E123. [PMID: 31117325 PMCID: PMC6572325 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In combat sports, athletes are divided into categories based on gender and body mass. Athletes attempt to compete against a lighter opponent by losing body mass prior to being weighed (i.e., 'weight-cutting'). The purpose of this narrative review was to explore the current body of literature on weight-cutting and outline gaps for further research. Methods of weight-loss include energy intake restriction, total body fluid reduction and pseudo extreme/abusive medical practice (e.g., diuretics). The influence of weight-cutting on performance is unclear, with studies suggesting a negative or no effect. However, larger weight-cuts (~5% of body mass in <24 h) do impair repeat-effort performance. It is unclear if the benefit from competing against a smaller opponent outweighs the observed reduction in physical capacity. Many mechanisms have been proposed for the observed reductions in performance, ranging from reduced glycogen availability to increased perceptions of fatigue. Athletes undertaking weight-cutting may be able to utilise strategies around glycogen, total body water and electrolyte replenishment to prepare for competition. Despite substantial discussion on managing weight-cutting in combat sports, no clear solution has been offered. Given the prevalence of weight-cutting, it is important to develop a deeper understanding of such practices so appropriate advice can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Barley
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
| | - Dale W Chapman
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- Performance Support-Physiology and Nutrition, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW 2127, Australia.
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
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36
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Evans M, Egan B. Intermittent Running and Cognitive Performance after Ketone Ester Ingestion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:2330-2338. [PMID: 29944604 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ingestion of exogenous ketones alters the metabolic response to exercise and may improve exercise performance, but it has not been explored in variable-intensity team sport activity, or for effects on cognitive function. METHODS On two occasions in a double-blind, randomized crossover design, 11 male team sport athletes performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (part A, 5 × 15-min intermittent running; part B, shuttle run to exhaustion), with a cognitive test battery before and after. A 6.4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution was consumed before and during exercise either alone (PLA) or with 750 mg·kg of a ketone ester (KE) supplement. Heart rate, RPE, and 15-m sprint times were recorded throughout, and serial venous blood samples were assayed for plasma glucose, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate. RESULTS KE resulted in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of ~1.5 to 2.6 mM during exercise (P < 0.001). Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were lower during KE compared with PLA (moderate-to-large effect sizes). Heart rate, RPE, and 15-m sprint times did not differ between trials. Run time to exhaustion was not different (P = 0.126, d = 0.45) between PLA (mean = 268 s, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 199-336 s) and KE (mean = 229 s, 95% CI = 178-280 s). Incorrect responses in a multitasking test increased from pre- to postexercise in PLA (mean = 1.8, 95% CI = -0.6 to 4.1) but not in KE (mean = 0.0, 95% CI = -1.8 to 1.8) (P = 0.017, d = 0.70). CONCLUSION Compared with carbohydrate alone, coingestion of a KE by team sport athletes attenuated the rise in plasma lactate concentrations but did not improve shuttle run time to exhaustion or 15-m sprint times during intermittent running. An attenuation of the decline in executive function after exhausting exercise suggests a cognitive benefit after KE ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Evans
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND.,National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
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37
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Dobrowolski H, Włodarek D. Dietary Intake of Polish Female Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1134. [PMID: 30934885 PMCID: PMC6479727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the energy expenditure and fulfillment of nutritional needs of female soccer players. Participants in this research were 41 professional soccer players from the three Polish female soccer league levels: Ekstraleague, I League and II League. The participants had their height and body mass measured. Total Energy Expenditure was measured by means of a SenseWear Pro3 Armband device. Data related to the food-intake energy values and the consumption of macro- and micronutrients were obtained through systematic recording of results, which was conducted over a three-day-long period at the start of the competitive season. The average age of the participants was 21 ± 5 years, the average height was 167.5 ± 5 cm, and the average body mass was 62.53 ± 9.8 kg. The average energy expenditure of the participants was 2811 ± 493 kcal/day, and their average energy intake was 1476 ± 434 kcal/day. The average consumption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins was 199 ± 20.6, 47.3 ± 20.7, and 72.3 ± 24.2 g/day, respectively. There was a prevalence of inadequate intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iodine, vitamins D, E and B1, and folate in the diet of the examined group. The remaining micronutrients were consumed in the prescribed amounts by at least 50% of the examined group. The participants demonstrated low energy intakes, and consequently, low consumption of macronutrients and a large number of micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dobrowolski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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38
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Brinkmans NYJ, Iedema N, Plasqui G, Wouters L, Saris WHM, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional football players in the Dutch Premier League: Implications for nutritional counselling. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2759-2767. [PMID: 30773995 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1576256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Selecting effective dietary strategies for professional football players requires comprehensive information on their energy expenditure (EE) and dietary intake. This observational study aimed to assess EE and dietary intake over a 14-day period in a representative group (n = 41) of professional football players playing in the Dutch Premier League (Eredivisie). Daily EE, as assessed by doubly labelled water, was 13.8 ± 1.5 MJ/day, representing a physical activity level (PAL) of 1.75 ± 0.13. Weighted mean energy intake (EI), as assessed by three face-to-face 24-h recalls, was 11.1 ± 2.9 MJ/day, indicating 18 ± 15% underreporting of EI. Daily EI was higher on match days (13.1 ± 4.1 MJ) compared with training (11.1 ± 3.4 MJ; P < 0.01) and rest days (10.5 ± 3.1 MJ; P < 0.001). Daily carbohydrate intake was significantly higher during match days (5.1 ± 1.7 g/kg body mass (BM)) compared with training (3.9 ± 1.5 g/kg BM; P < 0.001) and rest days (3.7 ± 1.4 g/kg BM; P < 0.001). Weighted mean protein intake was 1.7 ± 0.5 g/kg BM. Daytime distribution of protein intake was skewed, with lowest intakes at breakfast and highest at dinner. In conclusion, daily EE and PAL of professional football players are modest. Daily carbohydrate intake should be increased to maximize performance and recovery. Daily protein intake seems more than adequate, but could be distributed more evenly throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Y J Brinkmans
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Nick Iedema
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Loek Wouters
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Wim H M Saris
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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39
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Jenner SL, Trakman G, Coutts A, Kempton T, Ryan S, Forsyth A, Belski R. Dietary intake of professional Australian football athletes surrounding body composition assessment. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:43. [PMID: 30217203 PMCID: PMC6137941 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports Dietitians aim to assist in improving performance by developing nutrition knowledge (NK), enhancing dietary intake and optimising body composition of athletes. In a high-pressure environment, it is important to identify factors that may compromise an athlete's nutrition status. Body composition assessments are regularly undertaken in sport to provide feedback on training adaptions; however, no research has explored the impact of these assessments on the dietary intake of professional athletes. METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed dietary intake (7-day food diary), nutrition knowledge (Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire) and body composition (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) of 46 professional male Australian football (AFL) athletes during a 2017 pre-season training week (7 days) where body composition assessments were undertaken. Dietary intake was assessed against International Olympic Committee recommendations for professional athletes. RESULTS Overall, no athlete met dietary their recommended energy intake (15 ± 1.1 vs. 9.1 ± 1.8 MJ, respectively) or carbohydrate recommendations (6-10 vs. 2.4 ± 0.9 g·kg-1·day-1). Only 54% met protein recommendations. Secondary analyses demonstrated significant associations between education status and energy intake (P < 0.04) and vegetable intake (P < 0.03), with higher levels of education being associated with higher intakes. A moderately positive association was observed between NK scores and meeting estimated energy requirements (r = 0.33, P = 0.03). NK scores were also positively associated with protein (r = 0.35, P = 0.02), fibre (r = 0.51, P = 0.001) and calcium intakes (r = 0.43, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS This research identified that the dietary intake of professional AFL athletes during a pre-season training week where body composition assessments were undertaken did not meet current recommendations. Several factors may influence the dietary intake of AFL athletes, including lower education levels, poor NK and dietary intake restriction surrounding body composition assessment. Athletes may require support to continue with performance-based nutrition plans in periods surrounding body composition assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Louise Jenner
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
- Carlton Football Club, Carlton, VIC Australia
| | - Gina Trakman
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Aaron Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Samuel Ryan
- Carlton Football Club, Carlton, VIC Australia
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Adrienne Forsyth
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Regina Belski
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
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40
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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41
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Godois ADM, Coelho-Ravagnani CDF, Raizel R, Verly-Junior E. Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Brazilian athletes. Nutr Diet 2018; 77:260-267. [PMID: 30058187 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Until recently most dietary survey methods have been developed for non-athletic populations. In this study, we aimed to develop a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess the regular dietary intake of Brazilian athletes. METHODS We interviewed 141 athletes (23.36 ± 7.77 years old) for their dietary intake using 24-hour recalls. After grouping conceptually similar food items into 113 food items, percentage contribution analysis and stepwise regression models were used to highlight foods contributing to at least 90% of the between-person variability of key nutrients. RESULTS The developed FFQ contained 59 foods which were important predictors of the variance in nutrient intake. Vitamin C and pyridoxine had the lowest number of selected foods. Conversely, 13 food items were required to explain the between-person variation for energy, carbohydrate and magnesium intake. CONCLUSIONS Using a multiple regression analysis we developed a 59-food item questionnaire, which includes culturally specific food items and may represent an important dietary tool to analyse athletic populations. Reproducibility and validity of this FFQ will be verified in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan da Mata Godois
- Nucleus of Physical Fitness, Informatics, Metabolism, Sports and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Raizel
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Verly-Junior
- Institute of Social Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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42
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A Review of Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport in Artistic (Synchronized) Swimming. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:375-384. [PMID: 29722578 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The syndrome of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is a clinical entity characterized by low energy availability, which can negatively affect the health and performance of both male and female athletes. The underlying mechanism of RED-S is an inadequacy of dietary energy to support optimal health and performance. This syndrome refers to impaired physiological function, including metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health, with psychological consequences that can either precede (through restrictive dietary habits) or result from RED-S. The term RED-S extends beyond the condition termed the "Female Athlete Triad." Formerly known as synchronized swimming, artistic swimming is an Olympic sport requiring a high level of fitness as well as technical skill and artistry. The risk of RED-S is high in artistic swimming as it is an aesthetic, judged sport with an emphasis on a lean physique. RED-S is of significant concern in the sport of artistic swimming because of the potential negative effects on physical and mental health as well as consequences on athletic performance. This paper reviews health and performance consequences associated with low energy availability resulting in RED-S in artistic swimming. Medical and nutritional considerations specific to artistic swimming are reviewed, and methods to help detect and manage RED-S are discussed. Prevention and management of RED-S in this athlete population should be a priority for coaches, and the sport medicine professionals working with artistic swimming athletes should utilize the RED-S CAT, a Clinical Assessment Tool for screening and managing RED-S.
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43
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Terrados N, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Delextrat A, Ostojic SM, Calleja-Gonzalez J. Dietetic-nutritional, physical and physiological recovery methods post-competition in team sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:415-428. [PMID: 29589411 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To a proper recovery, is absolutely necessary to know that athletes with enhanced recovery after maximal exercise are likely to perform better in sports. Recovery strategies are commonly used in team sports despite limited scientific evidence to support their effectiveness in facilitating optimal recovery and the players spend a much greater proportion of their time recovering than they do in training. According to authors, some studies investigated the effect of recovery strategies on physical performance in team sports, lack of experimental studies about the real origin of the fatigue, certify the need for further study this phenomenon. Thus, developing effective methods for helping athletes to recover is deemed essential. Therefore, the aim of this review is provide information for his practical application, based on scientific evidence about recovery in team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sport Medicine-Avilés City-Council Foundation, Functional Biology Department, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Physical Therapy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Analysis of Sport Performance, Sport and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain -
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44
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Schenk K, Bizzini M, Gatterer H. Exercise physiology and nutritional perspectives of elite soccer refereeing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:782-793. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Schenk
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Pro Motus; Bolzano/Bozen Italy
| | | | - H. Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science; University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence; Innsbruck Austria
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45
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Brown MA, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. Whey protein hydrolysate supplementation accelerates recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:324-330. [PMID: 29106812 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of different forms of protein and their analogues have been investigated for their efficacy in ameliorating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. Preliminary data regarding whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) supplementation are promising. However, its efficacy beyond acute eccentric/resistance exercise bouts or longer term training programmes are limited and all investigations have been conducted in male or mixed-sex groups. This study sought to elucidate whether the benefits of WPH previously reported can be demonstrated in females following repeated-sprint exercise. Twenty physically active females were assigned to consume 2 doses of 70 mL WPH or isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO) for 4 days post-EIMD. Measures of muscle soreness, limb girth, flexibility, muscle function, and creatine kinase were collected before, immediately after, and 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Time effects were observed for all variables (p < 0.05) except limb girth, which is indicative of EIMD. Flexibility improved beyond baseline measures following WPH by 72 h, but had failed to recover in the CHO group (p = 0.011). Reactive strength index was higher throughout recovery in the WPH group compared with CHO (p = 0.016). Reductions in creatine kinase were greater following WPH compared with CHO at 48 h post-EIMD (p = 0.031). The findings suggest that 4-day supplementation of WPH is beneficial for reducing symptoms of EIMD and improving recovery of muscle function in physically active females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Brown
- a School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, GL2 9HW, UK.,b Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- c Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- d Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.,e Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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46
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Raizel R, da Mata Godois A, Coqueiro AY, Voltarelli FA, Fett CA, Tirapegui J, de Paula Ravagnani FC, de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani C. Pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players. Nutr Health 2017; 23:215-222. [PMID: 29037118 DOI: 10.1177/0260106017737014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the well-documented importance of nutrition in optimizing performance and health, the dietary intake of soccer players has attracted little attention. AIM We aimed to assess the pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players and its adequacy in macro and micronutrients. METHODS The pre-season dietary intake of 19 male athletes was assessed using a semi-structured 3-day food record. To determine dietary adequacy and excess, energy and macronutrient intake were compared with the Brazilian dietary reference values for athletes, and micronutrients were compared with the Estimated Average Requirement - EAR (minimum recommendation) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level - UL (maximum recommendation). RESULTS Mean daily energy intake (40.74±12.81 kcal/kg) was adequate. However, there was a low carbohydrate intake (5.44±1.86 g/kg/day) and a high amount of protein and fat (1.91±0.75 and 1.27±0.50 g/kg/day, respectively). Sodium intake (3141.77±939.76 mg/day) was higher than UL (2300 mg/day), while the majority of players showed daily intake of vitamin A (74%), vitamin D (100%), folate (58%), calcium and magnesium (68%) below the EAR (625, 10 and 320 µg/day, 800 and 330 mg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION The dietary intake of professional soccer players was adequate in energy, but inadequate in macro and micronutrients, which suggests the need to improve nutritional practices to sustain the physical demands of soccer during pre-season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Raizel
- 1 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Audrey Yule Coqueiro
- 1 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julio Tirapegui
- 1 Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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The impact of adventure racing practice on anthropometry and energy balance of athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Naughton RJ, Drust B, O’Boyle A, Abayomi J, Mahon E, Morton JP, Davies IG. Free-sugar, total-sugar, fibre, and micronutrient intake within elite youth British soccer players: a nutritional transition from schoolboy to fulltime soccer player. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:517-522. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is recommended that soccer players consume a high carbohydrate diet to augment performance. However, growing evidence suggests that there is a link between high free-sugar (FS) intake (>5% total energy intake; TEI) and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, foods that are often high in sugar, such as processed foods, are typically lacking in nutrient quality. We therefore analysed total-sugar, FS, dietary fibre, and micronutrient intake of players from an English Premier League academy under (U) 18 (n = 13), U15/16 (n = 25), and U13/14 (n = 21) using a 7-day food diary. Data were compared with current United Kingdom (UK) dietary reference value (DRV) for FS via a t test. The U13/14s (10% ± 18%) and U15/16s (11% ± 30%) both consumed higher amounts of FS in comparison with the UK DRV of 5% TEI (P < 0.01); conversely, the U18s did not exceed the DRV (5% ± 13%). Furthermore, FS intake of the U18s was significantly lower than the U13/14s and U15/16s (P < 0.01). Dietary fibre was below the DRV (25 g/day for U13/14 and U15/16s; 30 g/day for U18s) for all squads (19.0 ± 4.7, 19.6 ± 8.3, 17.1 ± 4.2 g/day, respectively), but not different between squads. Additionally, micronutrient reference intakes were generally met. In conclusion, we provide novel data on dietary sugar, fibre, and micronutrient intake within elite youth soccer players. We report an apparent “nutritional transition” from schoolboy to fulltime soccer player, with U18s showing a significantly lower intake of sugar in comparison with younger squads, and a similar intake of FS to the UK DRVs. Practitioners should target improving player education around sugar and fibre consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
- School of Sports Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L17 6BD, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Liverpool Football Club, Melwood Training Ground, Deysbrook Lane, Liverpool, L12 8SY, UK
| | - Andy O’Boyle
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Liverpool Football Club, Melwood Training Ground, Deysbrook Lane, Liverpool, L12 8SY, UK
| | - Julie Abayomi
- School of Sports Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L17 6BD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Mahon
- School of Sports Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L17 6BD, UK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ian G. Davies
- School of Sports Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L17 6BD, UK
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49
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Brown MA, Howatson G, Quin E, Redding E, Stevenson EJ. Energy intake and energy expenditure of pre-professional female contemporary dancers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171998. [PMID: 28212449 PMCID: PMC5315282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many athletes in aesthetic and weight dependent sports are at risk of energy imbalance. However little is known about the exercise and eating behaviours of highly trained dance populations. This investigation sought to determine the energy intake and energy expenditure of pre-professional female contemporary dancers. Twenty-five female contemporary dance students completed the study. Over a 7-day period, including five week days (with scheduled dance training at a conservatoire) and two weekend days (with no scheduled dance training at the conservatoire), energy intake (self-reported weighed food diary and 24 h dietary recall) and expenditure (tri-axial accelerometry) were recorded. Mean daily energy intake and expenditure were different over the 7-day period (P = 0.014) equating to an energy deficit of -356 ± 668 kcal·day-1 (or -1.5 ± 2.8 MJ·day-1). Energy expenditure was not different when comparing week and weekend days (P = 0.297). However daily energy intake (P = 0.002), energy availability (P = 0.003), and energy balance (P = 0.004) were lower during the week compared to the weekend, where energy balance became positive. The percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy intake also differed; with higher fat (P = 0.022) and alcohol (P = 0.020), and lower carbohydrate (P = 0.001) and a trend for lower protein (P = 0.051) at the weekend. Energy balance and appropriate macronutrient intake are essential for maintaining the demands of training, performance and recovery. Whilst aesthetics are important, female contemporary dancers may be at risk of the numerous health and performance impairments associated with negative energy balance, particularly during periods of scheduled training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A. Brown
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, GL2 9HW, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Edel Quin
- Faculty of Dance, Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, London, SE8 3DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Redding
- Faculty of Dance, Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, London, SE8 3DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Stevenson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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50
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Smiles WJ, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Effects of skeletal muscle energy availability on protein turnover responses to exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:214-25. [PMID: 26792333 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise training is a consequence of repeated contraction-induced increases in gene expression that lead to the accumulation of functional proteins whose role is to blunt the homeostatic perturbations generated by escalations in energetic demand and substrate turnover. The development of a specific 'exercise phenotype' is the result of new, augmented steady-state mRNA and protein levels that stem from the training stimulus (i.e. endurance or resistance based). Maintaining appropriate skeletal muscle integrity to meet the demands of training (i.e. increases in myofibrillar and/or mitochondrial protein) is regulated by cyclic phases of synthesis and breakdown, the rate and turnover largely determined by the protein's half-life. Cross-talk among several intracellular systems regulating protein synthesis, breakdown and folding is required to ensure protein equilibrium is maintained. These pathways include both proteasomal and lysosomal degradation systems (ubiquitin-mediated and autophagy, respectively) and the protein translational and folding machinery. The activities of these cellular pathways are bioenergetically expensive and are modified by intracellular energy availability (i.e. macronutrient intake) and the 'training impulse' (i.e. summation of the volume, intensity and frequency). As such, exercise-nutrient interactions can modulate signal transduction cascades that converge on these protein regulatory systems, especially in the early post-exercise recovery period. This review focuses on the regulation of muscle protein synthetic response-adaptation processes to divergent exercise stimuli and how intracellular energy availability interacts with contractile activity to impact on muscle remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
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