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Wang Z, Wang J. The effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on athletes' aerobic endurance performance parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05532-0. [PMID: 38904772 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate and meta-analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on athletes of aerobic endurance performance parameters. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. The assessment of quality was conducted employing The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, while heterogeneity examination and subgroup analysis were performed. Moreover, regression and sensitivity analyses were executed. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the effects of HIIT and MICT on the enhancement of athletes' running economy (RE) (P > 0.05); 1-3 weeks and 4-9 weeks of HIIT were more effective in improving athletes' maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) (P < 0.05), and 10 weeks and above were not significant (P > 0.05); 1-3 weeks of HIIT was more effective in improving athletes' anaerobic threshold (AT) (P < 0.05), and 4-10 weeks was not significant (P > 0.05); 3 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) did not significantly enhance athletes' minute ventilation (VE) (P > 0.05), whereas a duration of 6-10 weeks yielded superior results (P < 0.05); 8 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) did not significantly enhance athletes' hemoglobin (Hb) level (P > 0.05), whereas a duration of 2-3 weeks yielded superior results (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS (1) HIIT and MICT have similar effects on enhancing athletes' RE. (2) 6-9 weeks' HIIT was more effective in improving athletes' VO2max and VE, and 3 weeks' HIIT was more effective in improving athletes' AT. (3) Within 3 weeks, MICT was more effective in improving the Hb level of athletes. REGISTRATION NUMBER ON PROSPERO CRD42024499039.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- College of Human Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, No.48, Shangdi Rd, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Human Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, No.48, Shangdi Rd, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Wen X, Song F, Yang L, Xu Q. Small-Sided Soccer Games Promote Greater Adaptations on Vertical Jump and Change-of-Direction Deficit and Similar Adaptations in Aerobic Capacity than High-Intensity Interval Training in Females. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:445-454. [PMID: 38841638 PMCID: PMC11149063 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of both small-sided games (SSG) and short interval running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs over an 8-week period in fostering adaptations in aerobic capacity, change-of-direction abilities, and jumping performances of youth female soccer players. The study involved 48 female youth participants under the age of 19, competing at the regional level, who took part in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were assigned to either the SSG group, the HIIT group, or a control group, which involved regular in-field sessions. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after the 8-week training intervention, measuring aerobic capacity using the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), change of direction (COD) using the 5-0-5 test, and jumping performance using the countermovement jump test (CMJ). Time 5 group analysis revealed significant interactions in CMJ (p = 0.005; ηp2= 0.213) and VIFT (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.433), although no significant interaction were found in COD deficit (p = 0.246; ηp2 = 0.060). Within-group analysis revealed that SSG significantly improved CMJ (p < 0.001), COD deficit (p < 0.001), and VIFT (p < 0.001). HIIT group also significantly improved CMJ (p = 0.029), COD deficit (p = 0.001), and VIFT (p < 0.001). As conclusion, the study revealed that SSG promoted significantly improvements in VIFT, CMJ and COD deficit, being significantly better than control group, while HIIT was only significantly better than control in VIFT. SSG revealed to be effective approach for favoring key physical attributes of female soccer players, being an interesting and recommended training approach to increase the ecology of the training practice, while favoring physical positive adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - FaMing Song
- Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - LiuXi Yang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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Dai L, Xie B. Adaptations to Optimized Interval Training in Soccer Players: A Comparative Analysis of Standardized Methods for Individualizing Interval Interventions. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:760-768. [PMID: 38045737 PMCID: PMC10690519 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurately prescribing supramaximal interval training facilitates targeting desired physiological adaptations. This study compared the homogeneity of adaptations in cardiorespiratory parameters to supramaximal [i.e., intensities beyond maximal aerobic speed (MAS)] interval interventions prescribed using anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), the speed attained at the end of 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT), and MAS. Using repeated-measures factorial design, and during the off-season phase of the athletes' yearly training cycle, thirty national-level soccer players (age = 19 ± 1.6 years; body mass = 78.9 ± 1.6 kg; height = 179 ± 4.7 cm; Body fat = 11 ± 0.9%) were randomized to interventions consisting of 2 sets of 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, and 9-min intervals (from 1st to 6th week), including 15 s running at Δ%20ASR (MAS + 0.2 × ASR), 120%MAS, or 95%VIFT followed by 15 s passive recovery. All ASR, VIFT, and MAS programs sufficiently stimulated adaptive mechanisms, improving relative maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max (p < 0.05; ES = 1.6, 1.2, and 1.1, respectively)], absolute V̇O2max (p < 0.05; ES = 1.5, 1.1, and 0.7), ventilation [V̇E (p < 0.05; ES = 1.6, 1.1, and 1.1)], O2 pulse [V̇O2/HR (p < 0.05; ES = 1.4, 1.1, and 0.6)], first and second ventilatory threshold [VT1 (p < 0.05; ES = 0.7, 0.8, and 0.7) and VT2 (p < 0.05; ES = 1.1, 1.1, and 0.8)], cardiac output [Q̇max (p = 1.5, 1.0, and 0.7)], and stroke volume [SVmax (p < 0.05; ES = 0.9, 0.7, and 0.5)]. Although there was no between-group difference for the change in the abovementioned variables over time, supramaximal interval training prescribed using ASR and VIFT resulted in a lower coefficient of variation [CV (inter-individual variability)] in physiological adaptations compared to exercise intensity determined as a proportion of MAS. Expressing the intensity of supramaximal interval programs according to the athlete's ASR and VIFT would assist in accurately prescribing interventions and facilitate imposing mechanical and related physiological stimulus according to the athletes' physiological ceiling. Such an approach leads to identical stimulation across athletes with differing profiles and potentially facilitates more homogenized adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Institute of Physical Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bixia Xie
- Institute of Physical Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Academic of forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Katsikas C, Geladas ND, Bogdanis GC. Effects of Concurrent High-Intensity and Strength Training on Muscle Power and Aerobic Performance in Young Soccer Players during the Pre-Season. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030059. [PMID: 36976945 PMCID: PMC10099725 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate two different intervention programs applied during a 4-week pre-season period. Twenty-nine players participated in this study and were divided into two groups. One group (BallTrain, n = 12, age: 17.8 ± 0.4 years, body mass: 73.9 ± 7.6 kg, height: 178 ± 0.1 cm, body fat: 9.6 ± 5.3%) performed a higher percentage of aerobic training with ball and strength training using plyometrics and exercises with body weight. The other group (HIITTrain, n = 17, age: 17.8 ± 0.7 years, body mass: 73.3 ± 5.0 kg, height: 179 ± 0.1 cm, body fat: 8.0 ± 2.3%) trained with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) without the ball and performed resistance training with weights in the same session. Both groups trained for strength (two times/week) and performed aerobic–anaerobic fitness without the ball, passing games, and tactical and small-sided games. Lower limb power (CMJ) and aerobic fitness (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1-IR1) were evaluated before and after the four-week training program. Yo-Yo IR1 performance was improved in both groups, but the improvement was greater for the HIITTrain than BallTrain group (468 ± 180 vs. 183 ± 177 m, p = 0.07). CMJ showed a non-significant improvement in the BallTrain group (5.8 ± 8.8%, p = 0.16), but it decreased by 8.1 ± 9% (p = 0.001), in the HIITTrain group. In conclusion, we have shown that a short pre-season period of training results in improvements in aerobic fitness in both groups, with high-intensity interval training showing superior adaptations than training with the ball. However, CMJ performance was reduced in this group, possibly suggesting higher fatigue levels and overload, and/or showing the effects of concurrent HIITTrain and strength training in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierros Thomakos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Catόlica de Murcia, 30005 Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30005 Murcia, Spain
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D. Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
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Fei Z. STRENGTH TRAINING AND COORDINATION IN SOCCER PLAYERS’ LOWER LIMBS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The long distance running and the short distance running shot are common in soccer world, so that soccer presents a higher demand in relation to the strength of lower limbs and motor coordination by the athlete. Objective: Analyze the methods of training lower-limb strength and coordination in soccer. Methods: The experiment-by-control method was adopted. During the 12 weeks of training, the control group performed the traditional mode of lower limb strength training based on deep squat, while the experimental group adopted the global mode of lower limb strength training. The exercise training plans of the experimental group and control group were standardized. Results: The relative performance of the athletes in the experimental group and the control group was improved, however, the developmental effect of the experimental group was more significant. Conclusion: The comprehensive mode of lower limb strength training proposed in this study presents little difference in relation to the traditional mode of strength training in the optimization of maximum strength; however, it is more directed to soccer demand, and it can promote a better motor coordination to the athletes, besides optimizing the soccer sport level and making the athletes have more advantages in the field. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Fei
- Wuchang Institute of Technology, China
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Bishop C, Read P, Chavda S, Jarvis P, Brazier J, Bromley T, Turner A. Magnitude or Direction? Seasonal Variation of Interlimb Asymmetry in Elite Academy Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1031-1037. [PMID: 32149878 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, Read, P, Chavda, S, Jarvis, P, Brazier, J, Bromley, T, and Turner, A. Magnitude or direction? Seasonal variation of interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1031-1037, 2022-Previous research has highlighted a distinct lack of longitudinal data for asymmetry. The aims of this study were to provide seasonal variation data for the magnitude and direction of asymmetry. Eighteen elite male academy soccer players (under-23) performed unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs) and unilateral drop jumps (DJs) during pre-season, mid-season, and end of season time points. Recorded metrics for asymmetry included jump height and concentric impulse for the CMJ, and jump height and reactive strength index for the DJ. The magnitude of asymmetry showed trivial to small changes throughout the season (CMJ effect size [ES] range = -0.43 to 0.05; DJ ES range = -0.18 to 0.41). However, Kappa coefficients showed poor to substantial levels of agreement for the direction of asymmetry during the CMJ (Kappa = -0.06 to 0.77) and DJ (Kappa = -0.10 to 0.78) throughout the season. These data show that when monitoring asymmetry, the magnitude alone may provide a false impression of consistent scores over time. By contrast, monitoring the direction of asymmetry highlights its task and variable nature and is suggested as a useful tool for practitioners who wish to monitor asymmetry over the course of a competitive soccer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shyam Chavda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jarvis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Brazier
- Department of Psychology and Sports Science, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Tom Bromley
- Department of Sport Science and Medicine, MK Dons Football Club, Stadium MK, Stadium Way, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Branquinho L, Ferraz R, Marques MC. 5-a-Side Game as a Tool for the Coach in Soccer Training. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Applicability of Field Aerobic Fitness Tests in Soccer: Which One to Choose? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030069. [PMID: 34449680 PMCID: PMC8395732 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A desire to make fitness testing cheaper and easier to conduct in a team-sport setting has led to the development of numerous field aerobic fitness tests. This has contributed to a growing confusion among strength and conditioning coaches about which one to use. The main aim of this narrative review was to examine the reliability, validity, sensitivity and usefulness of the commonly used field aerobic fitness tests and to provide practical guidelines for their use in soccer. The University of Montreal track test (UMTT) and Vam Eval test seem the best options for estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) while the highest signal-to-noise ratio of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) suggests its superior sensitivity to track changes in fitness. The UMTT and 30-15IFT are the best solutions for prescription of long and short high-intensity interval training sessions, respectively. All field tests mostly present with marginal usefulness, but the smallest worthwhile change for UMTT or Vam Eval test, Yo-YoIRT2 and 30-15IFT are smaller than their stage increment making the improvement of only one stage in the test performance already worthwhile. Strength and conditioning coaches are advised to choose the test based on their specific purpose of testing.
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Hamdouni H, Kliszczewicz B, Zouhal H, Rhibi F, Ben Salah FZ, Ben Abderrahman A. Effect of three fitness programs on strength, speed, flexibility and muscle power on sedentary subjects. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:25-38. [PMID: 33555670 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to research and compare the effect of Crossfit® (CF), LesMills® (LM) and traditional resistance (TRAD) training program on short performances. METHODS Participants were assigned randomly into 3 groups and followed the training sessions allocated at the rate of 5 sessions/week for 16 weeks. A battery of tests including anthropometric and performance measures were carried out over three sessions: before training (T0), after eight weeks (T1) and sixteen weeks of training (T2). RESULTS Findings indicated that strength tests demonstrated a significant time effect (p<0.001, ηp 2=0.6), the results showed that CF and TRAD groups improved strength every 8 weeks while LM group only at T2, The speed test demonstrated also a significant time effect (p<0.001 , ηp 2=0.5) the results showed an improvement in speed every 8 weeks for LM, at T2 for CF and no change for TRAD, for flexibility, all tests demonstrated a main time effect (p<0.001 , ηp 2=0.46 - 0.7) CF was the best in shoulder range of motion and LM in trunk and lower limb flexibility, all power tests also demonstrated a significant time effect (p<0.001 , ηp 2=0.76 - 0.9) the improvement for all groups was every 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we recommend TRAD and CF as valuable trainings for strength development, LM for flexibility and all three trainings for power improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habil Hamdouni
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation of the National Institute of Orthopedics M.T. Kassab, Tunis, Tunisia - .,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Manouba, Tunisia -
| | - Brian Kliszczewicz
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences laboratory (M2S), UFR/APS, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- Hypoxia and pathophysiology of cardiovascular and respiratory (Hp2) laboratory, INSERM U1042, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Fatma Z Ben Salah
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation of the National Institute of Orthopedics M.T. Kassab, Tunis, Tunisia
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Manuel Clemente F, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nakamura FY, Sarmento H. Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player's physical fitness: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1202-1222. [PMID: 33423603 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1863644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programmes on men soccer players' aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic performance), repeated sprint ability (RSA), vertical jump height (VJH), and linear sprinting time (ST). An electronic search yielded 1,714 articles, 33 of which were included in the present study. Meta-analyses revealed significant benefits of HIIT compared to controls in maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.018), AP (p = 0.041), and RSA (p = 0.049). No significant effects were found in terms of ST (p = 0.080). The meta-analyses of non-controlled studies revealed significant improvements after HIIT in maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.001), AP (p = 0.007), RSA (p = 0.001), and ST (p < 0.001). However, no significant improvements in VHJ were found (p = 0.063). Furthermore, no significant differences were found in sub-group analysis (comparisons between HIIT types). In conclusion, HIIT is effective for improving maximal oxygen uptake, AP, and RSA regardless of the HIIT type. For VHJ and ST outcomes, it seems reasonable to complement the HIIT since it might not be enough to achieve significant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico De Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial De Nun'álvares, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto De Telecomunicações, Delegação Da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad De Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Universidade Federal Da Paraíba: João Pessoa, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Andreato LV. High-Intensity Interval Training: Methodological Considerations for Interpreting Results and Conducting Research. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:812-817. [PMID: 32967776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained prominence in the health and fitness area, becoming a worldwide trend. Given the positive results of HIIT, researchers have compared it with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). However, much of that research has presented methodological challenges. Therefore, the aim of this opinion article is to address an important risk of bias common in research comparing HIIT and MICT: the lack of equalisation among protocols. This limitation can be considered a risk of bias that limits the conclusions of many studies. Thus, it is necessary to achieve the equalisation of sessions in some way such as using equalisation by energy expenditure, by workload performed in the session, or by duration of the session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Sport and Exercise Psychology Laboratory (LAPE), State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Papadakis L, Tymvios C, Patras K. The relationship between training load and fitness indices over a pre-season in professional soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:329-337. [PMID: 32197040 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between training load and changes in aerobic fitness has been established but the effect of training load on changes in strength/power remains controversial. METHODS Internal (Banister's TRIMP) and external (total distance, high-speed running and sprint distance) training load was collected from sixteen professional soccer players during and aerobic fitness and strength/power variables were measured before and after a 9-week pre-season. RESULTS Banister's TRIMP had a moderate correlation with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.46, 90% CI: 0.04; 0.74). Total distance had a large and a moderate correlation with changes in velocity at 2M (r=0.60, 90% CI: 0.23; 0.82) and changes in velocity at 4M (r=0.42, 90% CI: -0.01; 0.72). High-speed running had moderate correlations with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.45, 90% CI: 0.03; 0.74), velocity at 2M (r=0.45, 90% CI: 0.03; 0.74) and velocity at 4M (r=0.39, 90% CI: -0.00; 0.70). Sprint distance had a large and a moderate correlation with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r=0.58, 90% CI: 0.20; 0.81) and velocity at 4M (r=0.46, 90% CI: 0.00; 0.74 respectively). High versus low total distance was associated with lower changes in squat jump and countermovement jump (ES=-0.90, 90% CI: -1.57; -0.24 and ES=-1.06, 90% CI: -1.89; -0.24) respectively. High versus low high-speed running was associated with higher changes in maximal oxygen uptake (ES=0.36, 90% CI: 0.02; 0.70) but lower changes in squat jump (ES=-0.58, 90% CI: -1.32; 0.15). CONCLUSIONS External rather internal training load had more pronounced correlations with changes in aerobic fitness. Higher compared with lower volumes of total distance and high-speed running were associated with lower gains in strength/power indices. Establishing a "dose-response" association between external/internal training load and endurance as well as strength adaptations, may maximize endurance gains with the least possible interference on strength/power gains, thus better informing soccer training practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantinos Patras
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Center, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece -
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Thom G, Kavaliauskas M, Babraj J. Changes in lactate kinetics underpin soccer performance adaptations to cycling-based sprint interval training. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:486-494. [PMID: 31232639 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1635650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In adolescent soccer, 23% of the distance covers happens at speeds above onset of blood lactate accumulation which suggests that lactate kinetics may be important for soccer performance. We sought to determine the effectiveness of sprint interval training (SIT) on changing performance and lactate kinetics in adolescent soccer players. Thirteen elite soccer academy players (age 15 ± 0.5y) underwent baseline testing (0-10 m and 10-20 m sprint performance, Wingate anaerobic Test (WaNT) with blood lactate measurements and incremental VO2 peak test) before being allocated to control or SIT group. The control group maintained training whilst the HIT group carried out twice-weekly all-out effort cycle sprints consisting of 6 × 10 s sprint with 80 s recovery. There were significant time x group interactions for 10-20 m sprint time (Control pre: 1.32 ± 0.07 s post: 1.35 ± 0.08 s; SIT pre: 1.29 ± 0.04 s post: 1.25 ± 0.04 s; p = 0.01), Peak Power (Control pre: 13.1 ± 1.3 W.kg-1 post: 13.2 ± 1.47 W.kg-1; SIT pre: 12.4 ± 1.3 W.kg-1 post: 15.3 ± 0.7 W.kg-1; p = 0.01) and time to exhaustion (Control pre: 596 ± 62 s post: 562 ± 85 s; SIT pre: 655 ± 54 s post: 688 ± 55 s; p = 0.001). The changes in performance were significantly correlated to changes in lactate kinetics (power: r = 0.55; 10-20 m speed: r = -0.54; time to exhaustion: r = 0.55). Therefore, cycle based SIT is an effective training paradigm for elite adolescent soccer players and the improvements in performance are associated with changes in lactate kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Thom
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland
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Beyer KS, Stout JR, Redd MJ, Baker KM, Church DD, Bergstrom HC, Hoffman JR, Fukuda DH. Effect of somatic maturity on the aerobic and anaerobic adaptations to sprint interval training. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14426. [PMID: 32378353 PMCID: PMC7202988 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the maturity-related differences in the aerobic and anaerobic adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT) among youth male athletes. Twenty-seven youth male athletes were assessed for years from peak height velocity (PHV) and classified into prepubescent (PRE, n = 7, years from PHV = -2.21 ± 0.47 years), peripubescent (PERI, n = 10, years from PHV = 0.25 ± 0.88 years), and postpubescent (POST, n = 10, years from PHV = 2.81 ± 0.50 years) groups based on their years from estimated peak height velocity. Participants completed a ramp exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer to determine maximal aerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak ), and fatigue thresholds. Following baseline, all participants completed a 4-week SIT program that consisted of eight total training sessions. During each session, participants completed repeated 20-s sprints on a cycle ergometer against a resistance of 7.5% of body mass. The number of sprints per sessions increased from four in session 1 to seven in session 7, with four sprints in session 8. Peak and mean power from sessions 1 and 8 were recorded. All participants completed a post-testing ramp exercise protocol that mirrored baseline. Maximal aerobic power increased (p < .001) across all groups from baseline (212.61 ± 57.45 W) to post-testing (223.24 ± 58.90 W); however, VO2peak only increased in POST (3.31 ± 0.43 to 3.54 ± 0.43 L min-1 , p = .003). Similarly, GET, VT, and RCP increased in POST, with no changes in PRE or PERI. In terms of anaerobic performance, PERI and POST had significant increases in peak and mean power. POST improved aerobic and anaerobic performance following SIT, while PERI only experienced improvements in anaerobic performance. Conversely, PRE had no changes in aerobic or anaerobic performance. The adaptations to SIT appear to be influenced by the somatic maturity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Beyer
- Department of Exercise ScienceBloomsburg University of PennsylvaniaBloomsburgPAUSA
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Michael J. Redd
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Kayla M. Baker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - David D. Church
- Center for Translation Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Haley C. Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health PromotionUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Department of Molecular BiologyAriel UniversityArielIsrael
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
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Ferley DD, Scholten S, Vukovich MD. Combined Sprint Interval, Plyometric, and Strength Training in Adolescent Soccer Players: Effects on Measures of Speed, Strength, Power, Change of Direction, and Anaerobic Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:957-968. [PMID: 31977836 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferley, DD, Scholten, S, and Vukovich, MD. Combined sprint interval, plyometric, and strength training in adolescent soccer players: effects on measures of speed, strength, power, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 957-968, 2020-During winter, many soccer players train indoors to improve the aerobic and anaerobic demands of their sport. Sprint interval training (SIT) performed on a treadmill using level and graded conditions represents a viable alternative to traditional endurance conditioning. To date, little research exists contrasting the effects of these conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation included examining the effects of 2 approaches combining SIT, plyometrics, and strength training on performance measures in soccer players aged 13-18 years over 8 weeks. Forty-six subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 performed SIT using predominantly inclined treadmill conditions combined with resistance and plyometric training (INC, n = 17). Group 2 performed SIT using level treadmill grades and completed the same resistance and plyometric training (LEV, n = 14). Group 3 was a control group representing various sports who continued their normal training (CON, n = 15). Pre- and posttests assessed speed, strength, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity, including sprint speed (9.1 and 18.3 m sprint), unilateral triple hop for distance (3HOP_L and 3HOP_R), pro agility change of direction (PA); treadmill running to exhaustion on a 20% grade (CFMod), and hip flexor maximum strength (HF_1RM). After training, INC and LEV improved more in all measures compared with CON. Furthermore, INC improved significantly more compared with LEV in 9.1- and 18.3-m sprint, 3HOP_L and 3HOP_R, PA, CFMod, and HF_1RM (p < 0.05). We conclude that strength and plyometric training combined with incline-based SIT is more effective than a similar training approach using level-grade SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Ferley
- Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Avera Sports Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Shane Scholten
- Augustana University, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- College of Education and Human Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Clark A, De La Rosa AB, DeRevere JL, Astorino TA. Effects of various interval training regimes on changes in maximal oxygen uptake, body composition, and muscular strength in sedentary women with obesity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:879-888. [PMID: 30643959 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) regimens [the traditional (TRAD) and periodized (PER)] on changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body composition, and muscular strength in sedentary, obese women. METHODS Seventeen women (age and BMI = 37.5 ± 10.5 year and 39.1 ± 4.3 kg/m2) were randomized into a 6 week regime of TRAD or PER which consisted of three sessions per week, two in the laboratory, and one on their own. Pre- and post-training, VO2max, body composition, and muscular strength of the knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) were assessed via ramp cycling to exhaustion, air displacement plethysmography, and isokinetic dynamometry, respectively. RESULTS VO2max was increased by 4-5% in response to training (p = 0.045) with no group-by-time interaction (p = 0.79). Body mass, fat mass, and waist-to-hip ratio were unaltered (p > 0.05) in response to training, yet there was a significant change in percent body fat (p = 0.03), percent fat-free mass (p = 0.03), and absolute fat-free mass (p = 0.03) in TRAD but not PER. No change occurred in KE (p = 0.36) or KF torque (p = 0.75) in response to training and there was no group-by-time interaction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low-volume HIIT improved VO2max and body composition but did not modify muscular strength, which suggests that obese women desiring to increase strength should initiate more intense HIIT or partake in formal resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Annie B De La Rosa
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Jamie L DeRevere
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 333. S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, UNIV 320, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, USA.
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18
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Kunz P, Engel FA, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B. A Meta-Comparison of the Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training to Those of Small-Sided Games and Other Training Protocols on Parameters Related to the Physiology and Performance of Youth Soccer Players. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:7. [PMID: 30790134 PMCID: PMC6384288 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is frequently employed to improve the endurance of various types of athletes. To determine whether youth soccer players may benefit from the intermittent load and time efficiency of HIIT, we performed a meta-analysis of the relevant scientific literature. OBJECTIVES Our primary objective was to compare changes in various physiological parameters related to the performance of youth soccer players in response to running-based HIIT to the effects of other common training protocols (i.e., small-sided games, technical training and soccer-specific training, or high-volume endurance training). A secondary objective was to compare specifically running-based HIIT to a soccer-specific form of HIIT known as small-sided games (SSG) in this same respect, since this latter type of training is being discussed extensively by coaches. METHOD A systematic search of the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed in August of 2017 and updated during the review process in December of 2018. The criteria for inclusion of articles for analysis were as follows: (1) comparison of HIIT to SSG or some other training protocol employing a pre-post design, (2) involvement of healthy young athletes (≤ 18 years old), and (3) assessment of variables related to endurance or soccer performance. Hedges' g effect size (dppc2) and associated 95% confidence intervals for the comparison of the responses to HIIT and other interventions were calculated. RESULTS Nine studies, involving 232 young soccer players (mean age 16.2 ± 1.6 years), were examined. Endurance training in the form of HIIT or SSG produced similar positive effects on most parameters assessed, including peak oxygen uptake and maximal running performance during incremental running (expressed as Vmax or maximal aerobic speed (MAS)), shuttle runs (expressed as the distance covered or time to exhaustion), and time-trials, as well as submaximal variables such as running economy and running velocity at the lactate threshold. HIIT induced a moderate improvement in soccer-related tests involving technical exercises with the soccer ball and other game-specific parameters (i.e., total distance covered, number of sprints, and number of involvements with the ball). Neuromuscular parameters were largely unaffected by HIIT or SSG. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis indicates that HIIT and SSG have equally beneficial impacts on variables related to the endurance and soccer-specific performance of youth soccer players, but little influence on neuromuscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kunz
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Judenbühlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Azad Engel
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Judenbühlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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Mezcua-Hidalgo A, Ruiz-Ariza A, Suárez-Manzano S, Martínez-López EJ. 48-Hour Effects of Monitored Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training on Adolescent Cognitive Functioning. Percept Mot Skills 2019; 126:202-222. [PMID: 30665339 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518825197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has been positively related to better cognitive performance though the effects of varied exercise type and intensity and the duration of cognitive benefits are unclear. This study analyzed the effect of 16 minutes of monitored cooperative high-intensity interval training (monitored C-HIIT) at the start of the school day, on various cognitive variables over the next 24-48 hours. We randomly assigned 158 participants either to a control group ( n = 81) that engaged only in static stretching or to an experimental group ( n = 77) that performed monitored C-HIIT. We assessed cognitive functioning before the exercise, immediately afterward, and for five follow-up time points over the next two days (i.e., at 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 hours). We analyzed age, sex, body mass index, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity as potential confounder variables. Adolescents in the monitored C-HIIT group increased selective attention by 17.39% during the next hour ( p = .015) and increased concentration by 20.31% and 15.26% during the first ( p = .022) and second ( p = .059) subsequent hours, respectively. This positive short-term benefit of monitored C-HIIT during immediate subsequent hours is an important finding with implications for the school curricula and schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
- 1 Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, Spain
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20
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The Effect of Maturation on Performance During Repeated Sprints With Self-Selected Versus Standardized Recovery Intervals in Youth Footballers. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:500-505. [PMID: 30033816 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment was to assess performance during repeated sprints utilizing self-selected recovery intervals in youth football (soccer) players at different stages of maturation. METHODS Quota sampling method was used to recruit 14 prepeak height velocity (PHV) and 14 post-PHV participants for the study (N = 28; age = 13 [0.9] y, stature = 162.5 [10.8] cm, mass = 50.2 [12.7] kg). Players performed repeated sprints comprising 10 × 30 m efforts under 2 experimental conditions: using 30-second and self-selected recovery intervals. Magnitude of effects for within- and between-group differences were reported using effect size (ES) statistics ± 90% confidence intervals and percentage differences. RESULTS The decline in sprint performance was likely lower in the pre-PHV compared with the post-PHV group during the standardized recovery trial (between-group difference = 37%; ES = 0.41 ± 0.51), and likely lower in the post-PHV group during the self-selected recovery trial (between-group difference = 50%; ES = 0.45 ± 0.54). Mean recovery duration was likely shorter in the pre-PHV compared with the post-PHV group during the self-selected recovery trial (between-group difference = 26.1%; ES = 0.47 ± 0.45). CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that during repeated sprints with self-selected recovery, pre-PHV children have an impaired ability to accurately interpret physical capabilities in the context of the task compared with post-PHV adolescents.
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21
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Engel FA, Ackermann A, Chtourou H, Sperlich B. High-Intensity Interval Training Performed by Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1012. [PMID: 30100881 PMCID: PMC6072873 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is as a time-efficient alternative to moderate- or low-intensity continuous exercise for improving variables related to endurance and anaerobic performance in young and adolescent athletes. Objectives: To assess original research about enhancement of endurance and anaerobic exercise performance in young and adolescent athletes performing HIIT. Method: Relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved from the electronic databases PubMed and SPORTDiscus in December 2017. Inclusion criteria were: (i) controlled trials (HIIT vs. alternative training protocol) with pre-post design; (ii) healthy young athletes (≤18 years); (iii) assessing variables related to endurance and exercise performance. Hedges' g effect size (ES), and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated for comparison of any outcome between experimental (HIIT) and alternative training protocol. Results: Twenty four studies, involving 577 athletes (mean age: 15.5 ± 2.2 years), were included in this review. HIIT exerted no or small positive mean ES on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), running performance, repeated sprint ability, jumping performance and submaximal heart rate. Although the mean ES for changes in VO2peak with HIIT is small (mean g = 0.10±0.28), the average increase in VO2peak from pre to post HIIT-interventions were 7.2 ± 6.9% vs. 4.3 ± 6.9% with any other alternative intervention. HIIT largely and positively affected running speed and oxygen consumption at various lactate- or ventilatory-based thresholds, as well as for sprint running performance. Calculations showed negative mean ES for change-of-direction ability (large), and peak blood lactate concentrations (small). Mean duration per training session for HIIT was shorter than for control interventions (28 ± 15 min vs. 38 ± 24 min). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that young athletes performing HIIT may improve certain important variables related to aerobic, as well as anaerobic, performance. With HIIT, most variables related to endurance improved to a higher extent, compared to alternative training protocols. However, based on ES, HIIT did not show clear superiority to the alternative training protocols. Nevertheless, young athletes may benefit from HIIT as it requires less time per training session leaving more time for training sport specific skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Azad Engel
- Department Movement and Training Science, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Ackermann
- Department Movement and Training Science, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Department of Sport Science, Integrative and Experimental Training Science, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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Hecksteden A, Faude O, Meyer T, Donath L. How to Construct, Conduct and Analyze an Exercise Training Study? Front Physiol 2018; 9:1007. [PMID: 30140237 PMCID: PMC6094975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can be regarded as gold standard in investigating dose-response and causal relationships in exercise science. Recommendations for exercise training routines and efficacy analyses of certain training regimen require valid data derived from robust RCTs. Moreover, meta-analyses rely on RCTs and both RCTs and meta-analyses are considered the highest level of scientific evidence. Beyond general study design a variety of methodological aspects and notable pitfalls has to be considered. Therefore, exercise training studies should be carefully constructed focusing on the consistency of the whole design "package" from an explicit hypothesis or research question over study design and methodology to data analysis and interpretation. The present scoping review covers all main aspects of planning, conducting, and analyzing exercise based RCTs. We aim to focus on relevant aspects regarding study design, statistical power, training planning and documentation as well as traditional and recent statistical approaches. We intend to provide a comprehensive hands-on paper for conceptualizing future exercise training studies and hope to stimulate and encourage researchers to conduct sound and valid RCTs in the field of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Gibson NV, Henning G, Twist C. Movement characteristics, physiological and perceptual responses of elite standard youth football players to different high intensity running drills. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1461235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil V. Gibson
- Centre for Sport and Exercise, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Greig Henning
- Centre for Sport and Exercise, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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Loturco I, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Cal Abad CC, Faust B, Almeida L, Pereira LA. Mixed Training Methods: Effects of Combining Resisted Sprints or Plyometrics with Optimum Power Loads on Sprint and Agility Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1034. [PMID: 29311968 PMCID: PMC5732948 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different mixed training programs (optimum power load [OPL] + resisted sprints [RS] and OPL + vertical/horizontal plyometrics [PL]) on neuromuscular performance of elite soccer players during a short-term training preseason. Eighteen male professional soccer players took part in this study. The athletes were pair-matched in two training groups: OPL + RS and OPL + PL. Unloaded and resisted sprinting speeds at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m, change of direction (COD) speed, and performance in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and horizontal jump (HJ) were assessed pre- and post- a 5-week training period. Magnitude based inference with the effect sizes were used for data analysis. A possible increase in the SJ and CMJ heights and a likely increase in the HJ distance were observed in the OPL + PL group. Meaningful improvements were observed in the COD speed test for both training groups comparing pre- and post-measures. In both unloaded and resisted sprints, meaningful decreases were observed in the sprinting times for all distances tested. This study shows that a mixed training approach which comprises exercises and workloads able to produce positive adaptations in different phases of sprinting can be a very effective strategy in professional soccer players. Moreover, the possibility of combining optimum power loads with resisted sprints and plyometrics emerges as a novel and suitable option for coaches and sport scientists, due to the applicability and efficiency of this strength-power training approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia Kitamura
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Faust
- Grêmio Esportivo Osasco Football Club (GEO), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Almeida
- Grêmio Esportivo Osasco Football Club (GEO), São Paulo, Brazil
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Sprint cycling training improves intermittent run performance. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE ARTHROSCOPY REHABILITATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 11:6-11. [PMID: 29552503 PMCID: PMC5850992 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effect of sprint cycling training on the intermittent run performance, sprinting speed, and change of direction (COD) ability of recreational intermittent sports athletes. Methods Sixteen participants participated in the study. The experimental group (EG, n = 8) received a total of 12 sessions of sprint cycling training in a 4-week period and the control group (CG, n = 8) received no training. Both EG and CG were instructed to maintain their daily activity during the 4-week period. Each sprint cycling session consisted of 4–7 sets of 30 s all-out sprint cycling. Results EG significantly improved in Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (13.4% vs 2.4%,p = 0.006, Effect Size (ES): 0.31 vs 0.04), VO2max (7.8% vs −0.2%, p = 0.006, ES: 0.42 vs 0.00), and power output at VO2max (9.8% vs −4.8%, p = 0.002, ES: 0.91 vs 0.32) compared to CG while no significant changes were found in 30 m sprint times and pro-agility times in both EG and CG. Conclusions Sprint cycling significantly improved intermittent run performance, VO2max and peak power output at VO2max. Sprint cycling training is suitable for intermittent sports athletes but separate speed and COD training should be included.
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Kobal R, Loturco I, Barroso R, Gil S, Cuniyochi R, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Tricoli V. Effects of Different Combinations of Strength, Power, and Plyometric Training on the Physical Performance of Elite Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1468-1476. [PMID: 28538294 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The combination of strength (ST) and plyometric training (PT) has been shown to be effective for improving sport-specific performance. However, there is no consensus about the most effective way to combine these methods in the same training session to produce greater improvements in neuromuscular performance of soccer players. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different combinations of ST and PT sequences on strength, jump, speed, and agility capacities of elite young soccer players. Twenty-seven soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 0.6 years) participated in an 8-week resistance training program and were divided into 3 groups: complex training (CP) (ST before PT), traditional training (TD) (PT before ST), and contrast training (CT) (ST and PT performed alternately, set by set). The experimental design took place during the competitive period of the season. The ST composed of half-squat exercises performed at 60-80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM); the PT composed of drop jump exercises executed in a range from 30 to 45 cm. After the experimental period, the maximum dynamic strength (half-squat 1RM) and vertical jump ability (countermovement jump height) increased similarly and significantly in the CP, TD, and CT (48.6, 46.3, and 53% and 13, 14.2, and 14.7%, respectively). Importantly, whereas the TD group presented a significant decrease in sprinting speed in 10 (7%) and 20 m (6%), the other groups did not show this response. Furthermore, no significant alterations were observed in agility performance in any experimental group. In conclusion, in young soccer players, different combinations and sequences of ST and PT sets result in similar performance improvements in muscle strength and jump ability. However, it is suggested that the use of the CP and CT methods is more indicated to maintain/maximize the sprint performance of these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Kobal
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Faculty of Physical Education, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; 3School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and 4Audax São Paulo Sport Club, São Paulo, Brazil
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Loaded and unloaded jump performance of top-level volleyball players from different age categories. Biol Sport 2017; 34:273-278. [PMID: 29158621 PMCID: PMC5676324 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.67123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in loaded and unloaded jump performances between different age categories of top-level volleyball players from the same club. Forty-three volleyball players were divided into four age groups: under-17, under-19, under-21 and professional. Vertical jumping height for squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and CMJ with arm swing (CMJa) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) in the loaded jump squat exercise with 40% of the athlete’s body mass were compared among the different age categories, considering body mass as a covariate. SJ and CMJ jump height values were higher for professional and under-21 players than under-17 players (p<0.05). CMJa height was higher for under-21 players than under-19 and under-17 players (p<0.05). MPV in the loaded jump squat was higher for under-21 players than under-17 players (p<0.05). From a general perspective, these results suggest that aging per se is not capable of substantially improving loaded and unloaded vertical jump performances across different age categories of top-level volleyball players. Therefore, to increase the vertical jumping ability of these team sport athletes throughout their long-term development, coaches and strength and conditioning professionals are encouraged to implement consistent neuromuscular training strategies, in accordance with the specific needs and physiological characteristics of each age group.
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Nugent FJ, Comyns TM, Burrows E, Warrington GD. Effects of Low-Volume, High-Intensity Training on Performance in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:837-847. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Rabelo FN, Ramirez-Campillo R, Loturco I. Faster Futsal Players Perceive Higher Training Loads and Present Greater Decreases in Sprinting Speed During the Preseason. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1553-62. [PMID: 26562717 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the speed-power characteristics of professional futsal players before and after a 9-week preseason and to explore possible relationships with internal training loads. Ten under-20 professional Brazilian futsal players performed unloaded (squat jump [SJ] and countermovement jump [CMJ]) and loaded (jump squat [JS]) jumps and a 20-m sprint test before and after the preseason. Weekly training loads as measured by session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) varied between 2,179 and 5,519 a.u. The magnitude-based inference statistics revealed that performance in the SJ, CMJ, and 20-m sprint very likely decreased (effect size [ES] = -0.64, -0.49, and -0.92, respectively), whereas mean propulsive power in the JS likely increased (ES = 0.42) in response to the preseason. The Pearson coefficient of correlation between velocity in the 20 m sprint test and s-RPE during the first 2 weeks of training was 0.66 (p ≤ 0.05) while no significant correlation was detected between total s-RPE (i.e., 9 weeks) and changes in the power-speed tests. The baseline 20-m sprint velocity was very largely and inversely (r = -0.90) correlated with the change in the 20-m sprint performance. In conclusion, futsal preseason training leads to impaired unloaded vertical jump and sprint test performance, with speed decreasing more in faster than slower players. In addition, because of the large correlation between baseline sprint ability and s-RPE, coaches are advised to assess sprinting performance at the beginning of the preseason to finely adjust the training stimuli to each athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Y Nakamura
- 1NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3Department of Futsal, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil; and 4Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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Chan HCK, Fong DTP, Lee JWY, Yau QKC, Yung PSH, Chan KM. Power and endurance in Hong Kong professional football players. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 2016; 5:1-5. [PMID: 29264261 PMCID: PMC5730689 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the power and endurance characteristics of Hong Kong professional football players. Training recommendations can be deduced based on the comparison between Hong Kong and international football players. Methods Eighty-eight Hong Kong professional football players (height, 177.2 ± 6.4 cm; weight, 70.6 ± 7.6 kg; age, 25.6 ± 5.0 years) in the first division league participated in a battery of tests, which included: (1) height, (2) weight, (3) countermovement jump, (4) 30-m sprinting, and (5) Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2. Results Compared with the test results of the first division players in other countries as reported in the literature (Norway, France, and Scandinavian countries), Hong Kong players were shorter in height (0.1–2.1%), lighter in weight (5.5–8.3%), fair in vertical jump height (−4.8–17%), slower in acceleration (4.2–5.1%) and maximum speed (3–14.2%), and had poorer aerobic and anaerobic endurance (22.9%). Conclusion The present study suggests that Hong Kong football players (or players with similar physique and ability) need to improve their power and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardaway Chun-Kwan Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 74029, 5/F, Clinical Science Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyFaculty of MedicineChinese University of Hong KongClinical Science BuildingPrince of Wales HospitalRoom 740295/FShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Tik-Pui Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine--East Midlands, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Wai-Yuk Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quentin Kai-Ching Yau
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Jockey Club Sports Medicine and Health Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, Maldonado T, Piazzi AF, Bottino A, Kitamura K, Cal Abad CC, de Arruda M, Nakamura FY. Improving Sprint Performance in Soccer: Effectiveness of Jump Squat and Olympic Push Press Exercises. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153958. [PMID: 27100085 PMCID: PMC4839661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Training at the optimum power load (OPL) is an effective way to improve neuromuscular abilities of highly trained athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of training using the jump squat (JS) or Olympic push-press (OPP) exercises at the OPL during a short-term preseason on speed-power related abilities in high-level under-20 soccer players. The players were divided into two training groups: JS group (JSG) and OPP group (OPPG). Both groups undertook 12 power-oriented sessions, using solely JS or OPP exercises. Pre- and post-6 weeks of training, athletes performed squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sprinting speed (5, 10, 20 and 30 m), change of direction (COD) and speed tests. To calculate the transfer effect coefficient (TEC) between JS and MPP OPP and the speed in 5, 10, 20, and 30 m, the ratio between the result gain (effect size [ES]) in the untrained exercise and result gain in the trained exercise was calculated. Magnitude based inference and ES were used to test the meaningful effects. The TEC between JS and VEL 5, 10, 20, and 30 m ranged from 0.77 to 1.29, while the only TEC which could be calculated between OPP and VEL 5 was rather low (0.2). In addition, the training effects of JS on jumping and speed related abilities were superior (ES ranging from small to large) to those caused by OPP (trivial ES). To conclude, the JS exercise is superior to the OPP for improving speed-power abilities in elite young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Katia Kitamura
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- NAR–Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, Zanetti V, Kitamura K, Abad CCC, Nakamura FY. Transference effect of vertical and horizontal plyometrics on sprint performance of high-level U-20 soccer players. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2182-91. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1081394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Costigan SA, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Taaffe DR, Lubans DR. High-intensity interval training for improving health-related fitness in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1253-61. [PMID: 26089322 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be a feasible and efficacious strategy for improving health-related fitness in young people. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the utility of HIIT to improve health-related fitness in adolescents and to identify potential moderators of training effects. METHODS Studies were considered eligible if they: (1) examined adolescents (13-18 years); (2) examined health-related fitness outcomes; (3) involved an intervention of ≥4 weeks in duration; (4) included a control or moderate intensity comparison group; and (5) prescribed high-intensity activity for the HIIT condition. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on health-related fitness components using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software and potential moderators were explored (ie, study duration, risk of bias and type of comparison group). RESULTS The effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition were large, and medium, respectively. Study duration was a moderator for the effect of HIIT on body fat percentage. Intervention effects for waist circumference and muscular fitness were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS HIIT is a feasible and time-efficient approach for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Costigan
- Faculty of Education & Arts, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Eather
- Faculty of Education & Arts, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R C Plotnikoff
- Faculty of Education & Arts, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D R Taaffe
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Edith Cowan University Health and Wellness Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D R Lubans
- Faculty of Education & Arts, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Boullosa DA, Abreu L. Dr. Boullosa's forgotten pieces don't fit the puzzle: a response to Dr. Buchheit and Dr. Laursen. Sports Med 2015; 44:1625-8. [PMID: 25288508 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Boullosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07, LT1 S/N-Sala 111-Bloco G, 71966-700, Águas Claras, DF, Brazil,
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Boullosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07, LT1 S/N-Sala 111-Bloco G, Águas Claras, DF, 71966-700, Brazil,
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, Myorobie Association, 73700, Montvalezan, France,
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, Zanetti V, Gil S, Kitamura K, Abad CCC, Nakamura FY. Half-squat or jump squat training under optimum power load conditions to counteract power and speed decrements in Brazilian elite soccer players during the preseason. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1283-92. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1022574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The effect of short-term interval training during the competitive season on physical fitness and signs of fatigue: a crossover trial in high-level youth football players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:936-44. [PMID: 24622685 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze performance and fatigue effects of small-sided games (SSG) vs high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performed during a 4-wk in-season period in high-level youth football. METHODS Nineteen players from 4 youth teams (16.5 [SD 0.8] y, 1.79 [0.06] m, 70.7 [5.6] kg) of the 2 highest German divisions completed the study. Teams were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 training sequences (2 endurance sessions per wk): One training group started with SSG, whereas the other group conducted HIIT during the first half of the competitive season. After the winter break, training programs were changed between groups. Before and after the training periods the following tests were completed: the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes, creatine kinase and urea concentrations, vertical-jump height (countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump), straight sprint, agility, and an incremental field test to determine individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). RESULTS Significant time effects were observed for IAT (+1.3%, η(p)(2) = .31), peak heart rate (-1.8%, η(p)(2) = .45), and CMJ (-2.3%, η(p)(2) = .27), with no significant interaction between groups (P > .30). Players with low baseline IAT values (+4.3%) showed greater improvements than those with high initial values (± 0.0%). A significant decrease was found for total recovery (-5.0%, η(p)(2) = .29), and an increase was found for urea concentration (+9.2%, η(p)(2) = .44). CONCLUSION Four weeks of in-season endurance training can lead to relevant improvements in endurance capacity. The decreases in CMJ height and total-recovery score together with the increase in urea concentration might be interpreted as early signs of fatigue. Thus, the danger of overtaxing players should be considered.
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