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Jitobaom K, Peerapen P, Boonyuen U, Meewan I, Boonarkart C, Sirihongthong T, Thongon S, Thongboonkerd V, Auewarakul P. Identification of inositol monophosphatase as a broad-spectrum antiviral target of ivermectin. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29552. [PMID: 38511598 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Ivermectin has broad-spectrum antiviral activities. Despite the failure in clinical application of COVID-19, it can serve as a lead compound for the development of more effective broad-spectrum antivirals, for which a better understanding of its antiviral mechanisms is essential. We thus searched for potential novel targets of ivermectin in host cells by label-free thermal proteomic profiling using Huh-7 cells. Inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) was found among the proteins with shifted thermal stability by ivermectin. Ivermectin could inhibit IMPase activity and reduce cellular myo-inositol and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate levels. On the other hand, inositol could impair the antiviral activity of ivermectin and lithium, an IMPase inhibitor with known antiviral activity. As phosphatidylinositol phosphate is crucial for the replication of many RNA viruses, inhibition of cellular myo-inositol biosynthesis may be an important antiviral mechanism of ivermectin. Hence, inhibition of IMPase could serve as a potential target for broad-spectrum antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlakanya Jitobaom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ittipat Meewan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Sirihongthong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songkran Thongon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Shakoor N, Adeel M, Ahmad MA, Zain M, Waheed U, Javaid RA, Haider FU, Azeem I, Zhou P, Li Y, Jilani G, Xu M, Rinklebe J, Rui Y. Reimagining safe lithium applications in the living environment and its impacts on human, animal, and plant system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:100252. [PMID: 36891261 PMCID: PMC9988428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lithium's (Li) ubiquitous distribution in the environment is a rising concern due to its rapid proliferation in the modern electronic industry. Li enigmatic entry into the terrestrial food chain raises many questions and uncertainties that may pose a grave threat to living biota. We examined the leverage existing published articles regarding advances in global Li resources, interplay with plants, and possible involvement with living organisms, especially humans and animals. Globally, Li concentration (<10-300 mg kg-1) is detected in agricultural soil, and their pollutant levels vary with space and time. High mobility of Li results in higher accumulation in plants, but the clear mechanisms and specific functions remain unknown. Our assessment reveals the causal relationship between Li level and biota health. For example, lower Li intake (<0.6 mM in serum) leads to mental disorders, while higher intake (>1.5 mM in serum) induces thyroid, stomach, kidney, and reproductive system dysfunctions in humans and animals. However, there is a serious knowledge gap regarding Li regulatory standards in environmental compartments, and mechanistic approaches to unveil its consequences are needed. Furthermore, aggressive efforts are required to define optimum levels of Li for the normal functioning of animals, plants, and humans. This review is designed to revitalize the current status of Li research and identify the key knowledge gaps to fight back against the mountainous challenges of Li during the recent digital revolution. Additionally, we propose pathways to overcome Li problems and develop a strategy for effective, safe, and acceptable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman Shakoor
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 18 Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ahmad
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Zain
- Department of Botany, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, 28420, Pakistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Jhang-campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rana Arsalan Javaid
- Crop Science Institute, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fasih Ullah Haider
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Imran Azeem
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pingfan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ghulam Jilani
- Institute of Soil Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Ming Xu
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 18 Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Germany
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Synthesis of Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-Derived α-Aminophosphonates/ α-Aminophosphonic Acids and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Antiviral Activity against the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010114. [PMID: 36678743 PMCID: PMC9867332 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and simple approach has been developed for the synthesis of eight dialkyl/aryl[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)(aryl)methyl]phosphonates through the Pudovik-type reaction of dialkyl/arylphosphite with imines, obtained from 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine and aromatic aldehydes, under microwave irradiation. Five of them were hydrolyzed to lead to the corresponding phosphonic acids. Selected synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antiviral activity against the avian bronchitis virus (IBV). In the MTT cytotoxicity assay, the dose-response curve showed that all test compounds were safe in the range concentration of 540-1599 µM. The direct contact of novel synthesized compounds with IBV showed that the diethyl[(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)methyl]phosphonate (5f) (at 33 µM) and the [(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylamino)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl] phosphonic acid (6a) (at 1.23 µM) strongly inhibited the IBV infectivity, indicating their high virucidal activity. However, virus titers from IBV-infected Vero cells remained unchanged in response to treatment with the lowest non-cytotoxic concentrations of synthesized compounds suggesting their incapacity to inhibit the virus replication inside the host cell. Lack of antiviral activity might presumably be ascribed to their polarity that hampers their diffusion across the lipophilic cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore, the interactions of 5f and 6a were analyzed against the main coronavirus protease, papain-like protease, and nucleocapsid protein by molecular docking methods. Nevertheless, the novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole-based α-aminophosphonic acids and α-amino-phosphonates hold potential for developing new hygienic virucidal products for domestic, chemical, and medical uses.
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Fath MK, Naderi M, Hamzavi H, Ganji M, Shabani S, Ghahroodi FN, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Hashemi ZS, Khalili S. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of different vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 73:127044. [PMID: 35901669 PMCID: PMC9297660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading disease, which has caught the world by surprise. Millions of people suffer from illness, and the mortality rates are dramatically high. Currently, there is no specific and immediate treatment for this disease. Remedies are limited to supportive regiments and few antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs. The lack of a definite cure for COVID-19 is the reason behind its high mortality and global prevalence. COVID-19 can lead to a critical illness with severe respiratory distress and cytokine release. Increased oxidative stress and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines are vital components of severe COVID-19. Micronutrients, metalloids, and vitamins such as iron, manganese, selenium, Zinc, Copper, vitamin A, B family, and C are among the essential and trace elements that play a pivotal role in human nutrition and health. They participate in metabolic processes that lead to energy production. In addition, they support immune functions and act as antioxidants. Therefore, maintaining an optimal level of micronutrients intake, particularly those with antioxidant activities, is essential to fight against oxidative stress, modulate inflammation, and boost the immune system. Therefore, these factors could play a crucial role in COVID-19 prevention and treatment. In this review, we aimed to summarize antiviral properties of different vitamins and minerals. Moreover, we will investigate the correlation between them and their effects in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Naderi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hosna Hamzavi
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Noorabad Ghahroodi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran. Iran.
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.
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Abbas G, Yu J, Li G. Novel and Alternative Therapeutic Strategies for Controlling Avian Viral Infectious Diseases: Focus on Infectious Bronchitis and Avian Influenza. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:933274. [PMID: 35937298 PMCID: PMC9353128 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.933274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of poultry farming has enabled higher spread of infectious diseases and their pathogens among different kinds of birds, such as avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian influenza virus (AIV). IBV and AIV are a potential source of poultry mortality and economic losses. Furthermore, some pathogens have the ability to cause zoonotic diseases and impart human health problems. Antiviral treatments that are used often lead to virus resistance along with the problems of side effects, recurrence, and latency of viruses. Though target hosts are being vaccinated, the constant emergence and re-emergence of strains of these viruses cause disease outbreaks. The pharmaceutical industry is gradually focusing on plant extracts to develop novel herbal drugs to have proper antiviral capabilities. Natural therapeutic agents developed from herbs, essential oils (EO), and distillation processes deliver a rich source of amalgams to discover and produce new antiviral drugs. The mechanisms involved have elaborated how these natural therapeutics agents play a major role during virus entry and replication in the host and cause inhibition of viral pathogenesis. Nanotechnology is one of the advanced techniques that can be very useful in diagnosing and controlling infectious diseases in poultry. In general, this review covers the issue of the poultry industry situation, current infectious diseases, mainly IB and AI control measures and, in addition, the setup of novel therapeutics using plant extracts and the use of nanotechnology information that may help to control these diseases.
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Ting X, Xiang C, Liu DX, Chen R. Establishment and Cross-Protection Efficacy of a Recombinant Avian Gammacoronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Harboring a Chimeric S1 Subunit. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:897560. [PMID: 35935229 PMCID: PMC9354458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.897560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gammacoronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens and seriously endangers the poultry industry. A diversity of serotypes and genotypes of IBV have been identified worldwide, and the currently available vaccines do not cross-protect. In the present study, an efficient reverse genetics technology based on Beaudette-p65 has been used to construct a recombinant IBV, rIBV-Beaudette-KC(S1), by replacing the nucleotides 21,704–22,411 with the corresponding sequence from an isolate of QX-like genotype KC strain. Continuous passage of this recombinant virus in chicken embryos resulted in the accumulation of two point mutations (G21556C and C22077T) in the S1 region. Further studies showed that the T248S (G21556C) substitution may be essential for the adaptation of the recombinant virus to cell culture. Immunization of chicks with the recombinant IBV elicited strong antibody responses and showed high cross-protection against challenges with virulent M41 and a QX-like genotype IBV. This study reveals the potential of developing rIBV-Beau-KC(S1) as a cell-based vaccine with a broad protective immunity against two different genotypes of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Ting
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Ding Xiang Liu ;
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhaoqing Branch of Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiai Chen
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7
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De Picker LJ, Leboyer M, Geddes JR, Morrens M, Harrison PJ, Taquet M. Association between serum lithium level and incidence of COVID-19 infection. Br J Psychiatry 2022; 221:425-427. [PMID: 35318909 PMCID: PMC7612897 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2022.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An antiviral effect of lithium has been proposed, but never investigated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using electronic health records of 26 554 patients with documented serum lithium levels during the pandemic, we show that the 6-month COVID-19 infection incidence was lower among matched patients with 'therapeutic' (0.50-1.00) versus 'subtherapeutic' (0.05-0.50) lithium levels (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.97, P = 0.017) and among patients with 'therapeutic' lithium levels versus matched patients using valproate (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.92, P = 0.0023). Lower rates of infection were observed for both new COVID-19 diagnoses and positive polymerase chain reaction tests, regardless of underlying psychiatric diagnosis and vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia J. De Picker
- University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Duffel, Belgium,Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Lab, Université Paris Est Creteil (UPEC), INSERM U955, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France,Département Medico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU ADAPT), AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Creteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - John R. Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Manuel Morrens
- University Psychiatric Hospital Duffel, Duffel, Belgium,Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul J. Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Maxime Taquet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, U.K,Correspondence:
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Lithium salts as a treatment for COVID-19: Pre-clinical outcomes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112872. [PMID: 35364381 PMCID: PMC8947939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying effective drugs for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is urgently needed. An efficient approach is to evaluate whether existing approved drugs have anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects. The antiviral properties of lithium salts have been studied for many years. Their anti-inflammatory and immune-potentiating effects result from the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. AIMS To obtain pre-clinical evidence on the safety and therapeutic effects of lithium salts in the treatment of COVID-19. RESULTS Six different concentrations of lithium, ranging 2-12 mmol/L, were evaluated. Lithium inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 4 mmol/L. Lithium-treated wells showed a significantly higher percentage of monolayer conservation than viral control, particularly at concentrations higher than 6 mmol/L, verified through microscopic observation, the neutral red assay, and the determination of N protein in the supernatants of treated wells. Hamsters treated with lithium showed less intense disease with fewer signs. No lithium-related mortality or overt signs of toxicity were observed during the experiment. A trend of decreasing viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs and lungs was observed in treated hamsters compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results provide pre-clinical evidence of the antiviral and immunotherapeutic effects of lithium against SARS-CoV-2, which supports an advance to clinical trials on COVID-19's patients.
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Spuch C, López-García M, Rivera-Baltanás T, Cabrera-Alvargonzález JJ, Gadh S, Rodrigues-Amorim D, Álvarez-Estévez T, Mora A, Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida M, Freiría-Martínez L, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Pérez-González A, López-Domínguez A, Longueira-Suarez MR, Sousa-Domínguez A, Araújo-Ameijeiras A, Mosquera-Rodríguez D, Crespo M, Vila-Fernández D, Regueiro B, Olivares JM. Efficacy and Safety of Lithium Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850583. [PMID: 35496309 PMCID: PMC9046673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the pandemic, we observed that lithium carbonate had a positive effect on the recovery of severely ill patients with COVID-19. Lithium is able to inhibit the replication of several types of viruses, some of which are similar to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, increase the immune response and reduce inflammation by preventing or reducing the cytokine storm. Previously, we published an article with data from six patients with severe COVID-19 infection, where we proposed that lithium carbonate could be used as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Now, we set out to conduct a randomized clinical trial number EudraCT 2020–002008–37 to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lithium treatment in patients infected with severe SARS-CoV-2. We showed that lithium was able to reduce the number of days of hospital and intensive care unit admission as well as the risk of death, reduces inflammatory cytokine levels by preventing cytokine storms, and also reduced the long COVID syndromes. We propose that lithium carbonate can be used to reduce the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Spuch,
| | - Marta López-García
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - J. J Cabrera-Alvargonzález
- Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sudhir Gadh
- US Navy Medical Corps Commander, Medical Director at Educational Alliance, Medical Director at Rejuvenation Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Norfolk, United States
| | - Tania Álvarez-Estévez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Almudena Mora
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Freiría-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maite Pérez-Rodríguez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alexandre Pérez-González
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana López-Domínguez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Rebeca Longueira-Suarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adrián Sousa-Domínguez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Araújo-Ameijeiras
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - David Mosquera-Rodríguez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care and Emergency Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Crespo
- Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Dolores Vila-Fernández
- Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care and Emergency Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Benito Regueiro
- Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department Medicine and Odontology, Universidade de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
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Rhoades R, Solomon S, Johnson C, Teng S. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Host Factors Involved in Mental Disorders. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845559. [PMID: 35444632 PMCID: PMC9014212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a systemic illness due to its multiorgan effects in patients. The disease has a detrimental impact on respiratory and cardiovascular systems. One early symptom of infection is anosmia or lack of smell; this implicates the involvement of the olfactory bulb in COVID-19 disease and provides a route into the central nervous system. However, little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 affects neurological or psychological symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 exploits host receptors that converge on pathways that impact psychological symptoms. This systemic review discusses the ways involved by coronavirus infection and their impact on mental health disorders. We begin by briefly introducing the history of coronaviruses, followed by an overview of the essential proteins to viral entry. Then, we discuss the downstream effects of viral entry on host proteins. Finally, we review the literature on host factors that are known to play critical roles in neuropsychiatric symptoms and mental diseases and discuss how COVID-19 could impact mental health globally. Our review details the host factors and pathways involved in the cellular mechanisms, such as systemic inflammation, that play a significant role in the development of neuropsychological symptoms stemming from COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina Rhoades
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sarah Solomon
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christina Johnson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Giampieri A, Ma Z, Ling-Chin J, Roskilly AP, Smallbone AJ. An overview of solutions for airborne viral transmission reduction related to HVAC systems including liquid desiccant air-scrubbing. ENERGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 244:122709. [PMID: 34840405 PMCID: PMC8605622 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 affects the health of people and the economy worldwide. As air transmits the virus, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings, enclosed spaces and public transport play a significant role in limiting the transmission of airborne pathogens at the expenses of increased energy consumption and possibly reduced thermal comfort. On the other hand, liquid desiccant technology could be adopted as an air scrubber to increase indoor air quality and inactivate pathogens through temperature and humidity control, making them less favourable to the growth, proliferation and infectivity of microorganisms. The objectives of this study are to review the role of HVAC in airborne viral transmission, estimate its energy penalty associated with the adoption of HVAC for transmission reduction and understand the potential of liquid desiccant technology. Factors affecting the inactivation of pathogens by liquid desiccant solutions and possible modifications to increase their heat and mass transfer and sanitising characteristics are also described, followed by an economic evaluation. It is concluded that the liquid desiccant technology could be beneficial in buildings (requiring humidity control or moisture removal in particular when viruses are likely to present) or in high-footfall enclosed spaces (during virus outbreaks).
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Key Words
- ASHRAE, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
- Airborne viral transmission
- CIBSE, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
- COP, Coefficient of performance
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 19
- CaCl2, Calcium chloride
- Economic analysis
- HCO2K, Potassium formate
- HEPA, High-efficiency particulate air filter
- HVAC energy consumption
- HVAC, Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
- Humidity control
- IAQ, Indoor air quality
- IBV, Infectious bronchitis virus
- IL, Ionic liquid
- LiBr, Lithium bromide
- LiCl, Lithium chloride
- Liquid desiccant
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MERV, Minimum efficiency reporting value
- PRRSV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- REHVA, Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations
- SARS-CoV-1, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TEG, Triethylene glycol
- TGEV, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
- UVA, Long-wave ultraviolet light
- UVB, Middle-wave ultraviolet light
- UVC, Short-wave ultraviolet light
- UVGI, Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giampieri
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Z Ma
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - J Ling-Chin
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - A P Roskilly
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - A J Smallbone
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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12
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Liu X, Chang X, Wu Q, Xu J, Chen L, Shen R, Hou X. Lithium chloride inhibits infectious bronchitis virus-induced apoptosis and inflammation. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105352. [PMID: 34883226 PMCID: PMC8648602 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) was caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, which leads to enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. Studies have shown that lithium chloride (LiCl) is a good virus inhibitor. Through cell culture, virus infection, and RT-qPCR, we found that LiCl could down-regulate the apoptosis-related genes Caspase-3 and Bax, up-regulate Bcl-2, and down-regulate the inflammatory-related genes (NF-κB, NLRP3, TNF-α, and IL-1β) via inhibiting virus replication. Finally, clinical trials showed that LiCl could inhibit IBV-induced apoptosis and inflammatory in chicken embryos as well as reduce the mortality and deformity rate of chicken embryos. The results showed that LiCl has antiviral activity against IBV and clinical effects. Further studies are required to explore the exact action mechanism of LiCl on IBV-induced apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Liu
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Chang
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiting Shen
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Livestock and Poultry Healthy Breeding Research Sub-center of Biochip Beijing Engineering Research Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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13
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He H, Qiao D, Zhang L, Yao Y, Shao H, Qin A, Qian K. Antiviral Effect of Lithium Chloride on Replication of Marek's Disease Virus in Chicken Embryonic Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12375. [PMID: 34830257 PMCID: PMC8623539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the antiviral effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) on the replication of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells, real-time PCR, Western blotting, plaque counting, and indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed at different time points of LiCl treated CEF cells with virus infection. The results demonstrated that LiCl could affect multiple steps of virus replication and inhibit viral gene expression and protein synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, LiCl could directly affect viral infectivity as well. In addition, LiCl significantly affected the gene expression of IFN-β related genes in virus-infected cells. These results indicate that LiCl significantly inhibits MDV replication and proliferation in CEF cells and it has the potential to be used as an antiviral agent against MDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng He
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (A.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Dandan Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Lu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (A.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (A.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (A.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.H.); (L.Z.); (H.S.); (A.Q.)
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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14
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Targeting the coronavirus nucleocapsid protein through GSK-3 inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113401118. [PMID: 34593624 PMCID: PMC8594528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113401118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is taking a major toll on personal health, healthcare systems, and the global economy. With three betacoronavirus epidemics in less than 20 y, there is an urgent need for therapies to combat new and existing coronavirus outbreaks. Our analysis of clinical data from over 300,000 patients in three major health systems demonstrates a 50% reduced risk of COVID-19 in patients taking lithium, a direct inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). We further show that GSK-3 is essential for phosphorylation of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and that GSK-3 inhibition blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung epithelial cells. These findings suggest an antiviral strategy for COVID-19 and new coronaviruses that may arise in the future. The coronaviruses responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV, and other coronavirus infections express a nucleocapsid protein (N) that is essential for viral replication, transcription, and virion assembly. Phosphorylation of N from SARS-CoV by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is required for its function and inhibition of GSK-3 with lithium impairs N phosphorylation, viral transcription, and replication. Here we report that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein contains GSK-3 consensus sequences and that this motif is conserved in diverse coronaviruses, raising the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 may be sensitive to GSK-3 inhibitors, including lithium. We conducted a retrospective analysis of lithium use in patients from three major health systems who were PCR-tested for SARS-CoV-2. We found that patients taking lithium have a significantly reduced risk of COVID-19 (odds ratio = 0.51 [0.35–0.74], P = 0.005). We also show that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein is phosphorylated by GSK-3. Knockout of GSK3A and GSK3B demonstrates that GSK-3 is essential for N phosphorylation. Alternative GSK-3 inhibitors block N phosphorylation and impair replication in SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells in a cell-type–dependent manner. Targeting GSK-3 may therefore provide an approach to treat COVID-19 and future coronavirus outbreaks.
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15
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Liu X, Verma A, Garcia G, Ramage H, Myers RL, Lucas A, Michaelson JJ, Coryell W, Kumar A, Charney AW, Kazanietz MG, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Berrettini WH, Schultz DC, Cherry S, Damoiseaux R, Arumugaswami V, Klein PS. Targeting the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein through GSK-3 Inhibition. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33655282 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.17.21251933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The coronaviruses responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and other coronavirus infections express a nucleocapsid protein (N) that is essential for viral replication, transcription, and virion assembly. Phosphorylation of N from SARS-CoV by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is required for its function and inhibition of GSK-3 with lithium impairs N phosphorylation, viral transcription, and replication. Here we report that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein contains GSK-3 consensus sequences and that this motif is conserved in diverse coronaviruses, raising the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 may be sensitive to GSK-3 inhibitors including lithium. We conducted a retrospective analysis of lithium use in patients from three major health systems who were PCR tested for SARS-CoV-2. We found that patients taking lithium have a significantly reduced risk of COVID-19 (odds ratio = 0.51 [0.35 - 0.74], p = 0.005). We also show that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein is phosphorylated by GSK-3. Knockout of GSK3A and GSK3B demonstrates that GSK-3 is essential for N phosphorylation. Alternative GSK-3 inhibitors block N phosphorylation and impair replication in SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells in a cell-type dependent manner. Targeting GSK-3 may therefore provide a new approach to treat COVID-19 and future coronavirus outbreaks. Significance COVID-19 is taking a major toll on personal health, healthcare systems, and the global economy. With three betacoronavirus epidemics in less than 20 years, there is an urgent need for therapies to combat new and existing coronavirus outbreaks. Our analysis of clinical data from over 300,000 patients in three major health systems demonstrates a 50% reduced risk of COVID-19 in patients taking lithium, a direct inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). We further show that GSK-3 is essential for phosphorylation of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and that GSK-3 inhibition blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung epithelial cells. These findings suggest an antiviral strategy for COVID-19 and new coronaviruses that may arise in the future.
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16
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The Potential Role of Lithium as an Antiviral Agent against SARS-CoV-2 via Membrane Depolarization: Review and Hypothesis. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on potential treatments of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are important to improve the global situation in the face of the pandemic. This review proposes lithium as a potential drug to treat COVID-19. Our hypothesis states that lithium can suppress NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity, inhibit cell death, and exhibit immunomodulation via membrane depolarization. Our hypothesis was formulated after finding consistent correlations between these actions and membrane depolarization induced by lithium. Eventually, lithium could serve to mitigate the NLRP3-mediated cytokine storm, which is allegedly reported to be the inciting event of a series of retrogressive events associated with mortality from COVID-19. It could also inhibit cell death and modulate the immune system to attenuate its release, clear the virus from the body, and interrupt the cycle of immune-system dysregulation. Therefore, these effects are presumed to improve the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. As the numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to rise exponentially without a clear consensus on potential therapeutic agents, urgent conduction of preclinical and clinical studies to prove the efficacy and safety of lithium is reasonable.
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17
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Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 36:416-426. [PMID: 33613002 PMCID: PMC7879594 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-00961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.
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18
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Snitow ME, Bhansali RS, Klein PS. Lithium and Therapeutic Targeting of GSK-3. Cells 2021; 10:255. [PMID: 33525562 PMCID: PMC7910927 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium salts have been in the therapeutic toolbox for better or worse since the 19th century, with purported benefit in gout, hangover, insomnia, and early suggestions that lithium improved psychiatric disorders. However, the remarkable effects of lithium reported by John Cade and subsequently by Mogens Schou revolutionized the treatment of bipolar disorder. The known molecular targets of lithium are surprisingly few and include the signaling kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a group of structurally related phosphomonoesterases that includes inositol monophosphatases, and phosphoglucomutase. Here we present a brief history of the therapeutic uses of lithium and then focus on GSK-3 as a therapeutic target in diverse diseases, including bipolar disorder, cancer, and coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter S. Klein
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.E.S.); (R.S.B.)
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19
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Musaddiq S, Imran Shahzad M, Firdous F, Iqbal A, Tanveer M, Ashraf A, Aslam S, Khakwani S. Thiazolidines: Potential anti-viral agents against avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:415-421. [PMID: 33643596 PMCID: PMC7904115 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.91264.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Viral outbreaks are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in livestock and human populations. Lack of good vaccines and poor control measures along with natural viral genetic drifting and shifting are the common causes of new viral strains and outbreaks. The current study reports the synthesis of some 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h and their 3-acetyl 2a and 3-benzoyl derivatives 3a. Two important poultry viruses: Avian influenza virus (AIV; A/Chicken/Italy/1994/H9N2) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were selected, grown in 9-11 days old chicken embryonated eggs, and subjected to in ovo anti-viral assays. Most of the synthesized compounds were found active against AIV subtype H9N2 and IBV. In the case of AIV, the best results were attained for compound 1d which showed an IC50 value of 3.47 µM, while IBV 1c showed IC50 value of 4.10 µM. The lower IC50 values of these compounds correlate with the high potency of these compounds, especially in comparison with control groups. The standard drugs amantadine and ribavarin were used as positive controls in the case of AIV and IBV, respectively. Better results were obtained with 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h compared to their N-acylated derivatives 2a and 3a against both viruses. In conclusion, this preliminary data support the idea that thiazolidine carboxylic acids could be used as anti-viral drugs against AIV and IBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Musaddiq
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan;
| | - Mirza Imran Shahzad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan;
| | - Farzana Firdous
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan;
| | - Atia Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kutchery Campus, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Mehwish Tanveer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan;
| | - Abida Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan;
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan;
| | - Samia Khakwani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan;
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20
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Spuch C, López-García M, Rivera-Baltanás T, Rodrígues-Amorím D, Olivares JM. Does Lithium Deserve a Place in the Treatment Against COVID-19? A Preliminary Observational Study in Six Patients, Case Report. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:557629. [PMID: 32973537 PMCID: PMC7481472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.557629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium has shown the capacity to: a) inhibit the replication of several types of viruses, some of which are similar to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, b) increase the immune response by reducing lymphopenia, and c) reduce inflammation by preventing or reducing the cytokine storm. In the present study, we have treated six patients with severe COVID-19 infection with lithium carbonate. We found that lithium carbonate significantly reduced plasma reactive C-Protein levels, increased lymphocyte numbers and decreased the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, improving both inflammatory activity and the immune response in these patients. We propose that lithium carbonate may deserve a place in the treatment against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta López-García
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniela Rodrígues-Amorím
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - José M Olivares
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain.,Neuroscience Research Area, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
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21
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Elangovan ND, Dhanabalan AK, Gunasekaran K, Kandimalla R, Sankarganesh D. Screening of potential drug for Alzheimer's disease: a computational study with GSK-3 β inhibition through virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:7065-7079. [PMID: 32779973 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1805362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) necessitates intensive research to find appropriate and effective drugs. Many studies in AD suggested beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles-associated tau protein as the key targets for drug development. On the other hand, it is proved that triggering of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) also cause AD, therefore, GSK-3β is a potential drug target to combat AD. We, in this study, investigated the ability of small molecules to inhibit GSK-3β through virtual screening, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME), induced-fit docking (IFD), molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculation. Besides, molecular docking was performed to reveal the binding and interaction of the ligand at the active site of GSK-3β. We found two compounds such as 6961 and 6966, which exhibited steady-state interaction with GSK-3β for 30 ns in molecular dynamics simulation. The compounds (6961 and 6966) also achieved a docking score of -9.05 kcal/mol and -8.11 kcal/mol, respectively, which is relatively higher than the GSK-3β II inhibitor (-6.73 kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the compounds have a stable state during overall simulation time, and lesser root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) values compared with co-crystal. In conclusion, we suggest the two compounds (6966 and 6961) as potential leads that could be utilized as effective inhibitors of GSK-3β to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- Center of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India.,Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, India
| | - Devaraj Sankarganesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, India.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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22
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Rajkumar RP. Lithium as a candidate treatment for COVID-19: Promises and pitfalls. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:782-785. [PMID: 32524646 PMCID: PMC7307055 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-nCoV-2) is a global health crisis. Despite numerous preliminary results, there is as yet no treatment of proven efficacy for this condition. In this context, the pharmacological properties of lithium, better known as a treatment for mood disorders, merit closer examination. Lithium has shown in vitro efficacy at inhibiting the replication of coronaviruses responsible for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in animals. It has immunomodulatory properties that may be of additional benefit in moderating the host inflammatory response to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, there is evidence that lithium may exert a protective action against upper respiratory infections and influenza-like illnesses in patients taking it for other indications. These promising reports must be balanced against the narrow therapeutic index and high risk of toxicity associated with lithium therapy, its documented interactions with several commonly used drugs, and the absence of evidence of its efficacy against coronaviruses responsible for human disease. Nevertheless, naturalistic studies of the risk of COVID-19 in patients already receiving lithium could provide indirect evidence of its efficacy, and understanding the putative antiviral and immune-regulatory mechanisms of lithium in models of SARS-CoV-2 infection may provide leads for the development of safer and more effective treatments with a specific action against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
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Bouaziz N, Ben Rejeb H, Ateb S, Fourati T, Chammas F, Baha D, Rosetti R, Kalalou K, Saba G, Benadhira R, Januel D. [Thoughts on a favourable evolution of a COVID-19 in a patient with resistant schizophrenia and on a combination of clozapine and paliperidone palmitate]. Encephale 2020; 46:S126-S127. [PMID: 32475694 PMCID: PMC7241412 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Bouaziz
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France.
| | - H Ben Rejeb
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - S Ateb
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - T Fourati
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - F Chammas
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - D Baha
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - R Rosetti
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - K Kalalou
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - G Saba
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - R Benadhira
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
| | - D Januel
- Unité de recherche clinique, pôle 93G03, EPS de Ville Evrard, 202, avenue Jean-Jaurès, 93330 Neuilly-sur-Marne, France
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24
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Murru A, Manchia M, Hajek T, Nielsen RE, Rybakowski JK, Sani G, Schulze TG, Tondo L, Bauer M. Lithium's antiviral effects: a potential drug for CoViD-19 disease? Int J Bipolar Disord 2020; 8:21. [PMID: 32435920 PMCID: PMC7239605 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-020-00191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its introduction in modern medicine, naturalistic observations emerged about possible uses of lithium treatment for conditions different from recurring affective disorders, for which it is still a first-line treatment option. Some evidence about the antiviral properties of lithium began in the early 1970s, when some reports found a reduction of labial-herpetic recurrences. The present review aims to present most of the pre-clinical and clinical evidence about lithium's ability to inhibit DNA and RNA viruses, including Coronaviridae, as well as the possible pathways and mechanisms involved in such antiviral activity. MAIN BODY Despite a broad number of in vitro studies, the rationale for the antiviral activity of lithium failed to translate into methodologically sound clinical studies demonstrating its antiviral efficacy. In addition, the tolerability of lithium as an antiviral agent should be addressed. In fact, treatment with lithium requires continuous monitoring of its serum levels in order to prevent acute toxicity and long-term side effects, most notably affecting the kidney and thyroid. Yet lithium reaches heterogeneous but bioequivalent concentrations in different tissues, and the anatomical compartment of the viral infection might underpin a different, lower need for tolerability concerns which need to be addressed. CONCLUSIONS Lithium presents a clear antiviral activity demonstrated at preclinical level, but that remains to be confirmed in clinical settings. In addition, the pleiotropic mechanisms of action of lithium may provide an insight for its possible use as antiviral agent targeting specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Murru
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, IDIBAPS CIBERSAM, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - René E Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Psychiatry-Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leonardo Tondo
- International Consortium for Research on Mood & Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Centers, Cagliari and Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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25
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Lithium for the 2019 novel coronavirus. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109822. [PMID: 32408073 PMCID: PMC7204753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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26
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Bou Khalil R. Lithium chloride combination with rapamycin for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109798. [PMID: 32413699 PMCID: PMC7252071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Beirut- Lebanon, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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27
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Embi MN, Ganesan N, Sidek HM. Is GSK3β a molecular target of chloroquine treatment against COVID-19? Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:107-108. [PMID: 32321878 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The recent clinical trial reports pertaining to the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19 albeit yet to be validated with larger clinical trials, have sparked much interest globally to evaluate whether this anti-malarial drug can be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19. In addition to its anti-viral activity, the anti-inflammatory activity of chloroquine may also contribute to its efficacy. Based on our data obtained from an animal infection model of melioidosis (a disease caused by the bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei), treatment with chloroquine can result in the phosphorylation and consequent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). This serine/threonine protein kinase is now recognised as a point of convergence for host inflammatory response. In view of this, it is plausible that the mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of chloroquine against COVID-19 involves inhibition of host GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Noor Embi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nagesswary Ganesan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasidah Mohd Sidek
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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28
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Lithium chloride confers protection against viral myocarditis via suppression of coxsackievirus B3 virus replication. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104169. [PMID: 32205210 PMCID: PMC7102605 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a type of inflammation affecting myocardial cells caused by viral infection and has been an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) worldwide. Type B3 coxsackievirus (CVB3), a non-enveloped positive-strand RNA virus of the Enterovirus genus, is one of most common agent of viral myocarditis. Till now, effective treatments for VMC are lacking due to lack of drugs or vaccine. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is applied in the clinical management of manic depressive disorders. Accumulating evidence have demonstrated that LiCl, also as an effective antiviral drug, exhibited antiviral effects for specific viruses. However, there are few reports of evaluating LiCl's antiviral effect in mice model. Here, we investigated the inhibitory influence of LiCl on the CVB3 replication in vitro and in vivo and the development of CVB3-induced VMC. We found that LiCl significantly suppressed CVB3 replication in HeLa via inhibiting virus-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, LiCl treatment in vivo obviously inhibited virus replication within the myocardium and alleviated CVB3-induced acute myocarditis. Collectively, our data demonstrated that LiCl inhibited CVB3 replication and negatively regulated virus-triggered inflammatory responses. Our finding further expands the antiviral targets of LiCl and provides an alternative agent for viral myocarditis.
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29
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Abstract
The current rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls for a rapid response from the research community. Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder, but has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity. This brief review took a systematic approach to identify six in vitro studies reporting on the influence of lithium on coronaviral infections. We propose mechanistic investigation of the influence of lithium - alone and with chloroquine - on the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Nowak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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30
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Abstract
The current rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) calls for a rapid response from the research community. Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder, but has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity. This brief review took a systematic approach to identify six
in vitro studies reporting on the influence of lithium on coronaviral infections. We propose mechanistic investigation of the influence of lithium – alone and with chloroquine – on the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Nowak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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31
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Lithium Preparations in Psychiatry, Addiction Medicine and Neurology. Part II. Biochemical Mechanisms of Its Action. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2019. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2019-4.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is the first and the lightest in the series of alkali metals, to which, in addition to lithium, two very biologically important elements – sodium and potassium, as well as trace elements rubidium and cesium, belong. Despite its formal affiliation to the group of alkali metals, lithium, like many other chemical elements of the «atypical» second period of the periodic table (for example, boron), is more similar in its chemical properties not to its counterparts in the group, but to its «diagonal brother» – magnesium. As we will show in this article, the diagonal chemical similarity between lithium and magnesium is of great importance for understanding the mechanisms of its intracellular biochemical action. At the same time, the intragroup chemical similarity of lithium with sodium and potassium is more important for understanding the mechanisms of its absorption, its distribution in the body and its excretion. Despite the 70 years that have passed since John Cade’s discovery of the antimanic effect of lithium, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are still not completely understood. In the end, it turns out that the mechanism of the therapeutic action of lithium is extremely complex, multicomponent, unique and not imitable. Certain aspects of the mechanism of its action may be compatible with the mechanisms of action of other mood stabilizers, or with the mechanisms of action of so-called «lithium-mimetics», such as ebselen. However, no other drug to date failed to fully reproduce the biochemical effect of lithium on the body.
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32
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Lee G, Choi H, Sureshkumar S, Jung SK, Kim JS, Oh KB, Kim KW, Yang H, Kim DH, Byun SJ. The 3D8 single chain variable fragment protein suppress infectious bronchitis virus transmission in the transgenic chickens. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:293-297. [PMID: 30738233 PMCID: PMC7111750 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) generated by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes economic difficulties for livestock farmers. The 3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) protein is a recombinant antibody with nuclease activity that shows antiviral effects against various DNA and RNA viruses in mice and chickens. In this experiment, 3D8 scFv G2 transgenic chickens produced by crossing 3D8 scFv G1 transgenic rooster and wild type hens were screened by genomic PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens, wild type sibling chickens, and SPF chickens were directly infected with IBV (5 chickens per group) and indirectly infected by airborne propagation (15 chickens per group). The relative IBV shedding titers were measured by quantitative real-time PCR using oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs on days 3 and 5 after intraocular infection. The viral load was significantly decreased in the 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens from the contact transmission group. Additionally, blood was collected from each group on day 17 post-infection. The ELISA results showed a marked reduction of the antibody titer against IBV in the 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens from the contact transmission group. These results suggest that the 3D8 scFv protein potentially inhibits infectious bronchitis virus transmission in chickens. Produced G2 3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) transgenic chickens. 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens showed reduced infectious bronchitis viral shedding level in the contact transmission group. 3D8 scFv transgenic chickens were 40% lower than the response in the control groups in IBV serum antibody titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunsup Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea; Gyeongbuk Institute for Marine Bio-Industry (GIMB), Uljin 36315, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsung Choi
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanmugam Sureshkumar
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Keun Jung
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom Sun Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 1500, Wanju-gun 441-706, Republic of Korea.
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Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on replication of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in cell culture. Arch Virol 2018; 163:987-995. [PMID: 29327234 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been reported to possess antiviral activity against several viruses. In the current study, we assessed the antiviral activity effect of LiCl on ALV-J infection in CEF cells by using real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, IFA and p27 ELISA analysis. Our results showed that both viral RNA copy number and protein level decreased significantly in a dose and time dependent manner. Time-course analysis revealed that the antiviral effect was more pronounced when CEFs were treated at the post infection stage rather than at early absorption or pre-absorption stages. Further experiments demonstrated that LiCl did not affect virus attachment or entry, but rather affected early virus replication. We also found that inhibition of viral replication after LiCl treatment was associated with reduced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results demonstrate that LiCl effectively blocked ALV-J replication in CEF cells and may be used as an antiviral agent against ALV-J.
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34
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Astragalus polysaccharides inhibit avian infectious bronchitis virus infection by regulating viral replication. Microb Pathog 2017; 114:124-128. [PMID: 29170045 PMCID: PMC7126552 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The avian coronavirus causes infectious bronchitis (IB), which is one of the most serious diseases affecting the avian industry worldwide. However, there are no effective strategies for controlling the IB virus (IBV) at present. Therefore, development of novel antiviral treatment strategies is urgently required. As reported, astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have potential antiviral effects against several viruses; however, the antiviral effect of APS against IBV remains unclear. In this study, we explored whether APS had the potential to inhibit IBV infectionby utilizing several in vitro experimental approaches. To this end, the effect of APS on the replication of IBV was examined in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells. Viral titers were calculated by using the plaque formation assay, and the cytotoxicity of APS was tested by utilizing a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The expression of viral mRNA and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) mRNA transcripts was determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR(qRT-PCR). IBV titers in infected CEK cells treated with APS were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that APS inhibited IBV replication in vitro. We also found that the decreased viral replication after APS treatment was associated with reduced mRNA levels of the cytokines IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. In conclusion, these results suggest that APS exhibit antiviral activities against IBV and it may represent a potential therapeutic agent for inhibiting the replication of IBV.
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35
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Zhao FR, Xie YL, Liu ZZ, Shao JJ, Li SF, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Lithium chloride inhibits early stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication in vitro. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2041-2046. [PMID: 28390158 PMCID: PMC7159107 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven‐hoofed animals such as cattle, swine, and sheep. FMD vaccine is the traditional way to protect against the disease, which can greatly reduce its occurrence. However, the use of FMD vaccines to protect early infection is limited. Therefore, the alternative strategy of applying antiviral agents is required to control the spread of FMDV in outbreak situations. As previously reported, LiCl has obviously inhibition effects on a variety of viruses such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV), and pseudorabies herpesvirus and EV‐A71 virus. In this study, our findings were the first to demonstrate that LiCl inhibition of the FMDV replication. In this study, BHK‐21 cell was dose‐dependent with LiCl at various stages of FMDV. Virus titration assay was calculated by the 50% tissue culture infected dose (TCID50) with the Reed and Muench method. The cytotoxicity assay of LiCl was performed by the CCK8 kit. The expression level of viral mRNA was measured by RT‐qPCR. The results revealed LiCl can inhibit FMDV replication, but it cannot affect FMDV attachment stage and entry stage in the course of FMDV life cycle. Further studies confirmed that the LiCl affect the replication stage of FMDV, especially the early stages of FMDV replication. So LiCl has potential as an effective anti‐FMDV drug. Therefore, LiCl may be an effective drug for the control of FMDV. Based on that, the mechanism of the antiviral effect of LiCl on FMDV infection is need to in‐depth research in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Livestock Epidemic Prevention and Control and Biological Technology, Longyan, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yin-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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36
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Hussein SM, Yokhana JS, Frankel TL. Supplementing the feeds of layer pullets, at different ages with two different fiber sources improves immune function. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2718-2727. [PMID: 28371891 PMCID: PMC7112000 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of lignocellulose supplementation on immune function in layer pullets at different stages of growth. Four-wk-old pullets (Experiment 1) were fed a control, diet (Diet C); Diet C plus 1% mixed soluble/insoluble fiber (Diet MF), or plus 1% insoluble fiber (Diet IF). At 7.5 wk-of-age, heterophil phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in Groups MF (328.5 beads/100 cells; 4,330.0 ΔRFU; relative fluorescent units) and IF (350.3; 5,264.4) were greater (P < 0.05) than Controls (303.4; 3,509.0). At 8 wk-of-age, Group MF and IF relative weights of bursa of Fabricius (0.57 g/100 g BW; 0.58 g /100 g BW), thymus glands (0.77; 0.78), and areas of Peyer's patches (PP) (2.7 cm2; 2.9 cm2) were higher (P < 0.05) than Controls (bursa, 0.50 g; thymus, 0.70 g; PP area, 1.8 cm2). In Experiment 2, 10-wk-old pullets were fed a control diet or diets containing 1.5% MF or IF for 8 wk. At 14 wk-of-age IF pullets had higher (P < 0.05) heterophil phagocytosis efficiency (447.9 beads/100 cells) than Controls (376.4) and MF and IF had greater (P < 0.05) oxidative burst (1,302.9 and 1,857.7 ΔRFU) than Controls (744.1). At 17 wk-of-age MF and IF had increased (P < 0.05) proliferation of T-lymphocytes (ConcanavalinA-stimulated) (100.4 and 103.1% of unstimulated cells) and B-lymphocytes (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated) (122.4 and 129.0) than Controls (ConA, 79.4; lipopolysaccharide, 106.6). At 18 wk-of-age, IF pullets were heavier (1,607.5 g, P < 0.05) than Controls (1,506.5 g), had heavier (P < 0.05) bursa of Fabricius (1.12 g) than MF and Control groups (0.98 g; 0.92 g) and cecal tonsils of MF (0.38 g) and IF (0.39 g) weighted more (P < 0.05) than Controls (0.33 g). Number of jejunal and ileal PP (10.0) in IF pullets was higher (P < 0.05) than Controls (7.1). These results indicate that both MF and IF can improve development of the immune system of young and grower pullets during periods of maturation and involution of lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theresa L Frankel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Ishag HZA, Wu YZ, Liu MJ, Xiong QY, Feng ZX, Yang RS, Shao GQ. In vitro protective efficacy of Lithium chloride against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:93-6. [PMID: 27234543 PMCID: PMC7111794 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infection affects the swine industry. Lithium chloride (LiCl), is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder and has also shown activity against bacterial and viral infections. Herein, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of LiCl on PK-15 cells infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Incubation of LiCl (40 mM) with cells for 24 h, did not significantly affect the cell viability. The qRT–PCR showed ~80% reduction in M. hyopneumoniae genome when LiCl added post-infection. A direct effect of LiCl on bacteria was also observed. However, treatment of cells with LiCl prior infection, does not protect against the infection. Anti-bacterial activity of LiCl was further confirmed by IFA, which demonstrated a reduction in the bacterial protein. With 40 mM LiCI, the apoptotic cell death, production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion induced by M. hyopneumoniae, were prevented by ~80%, 60% and 58% respectively. Moreover, caspase-3 activity was also reduced (82%) in cells treated with 40 mM LiCl. LiCl showed activity against various strains of M. hyopneumoniae examined in our study. Collectively, our data showed that LiCl inhibited the infection of M. hyopneumoniae through anti-apoptotic mechanism. LiCl inhibits Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in PK-15 cells dose-dependent manner. LiCl inhibits 80% of apoptosis induced M. hyopneumoniae infection in PK-15 cells. LiCl protects against the infection of various strains of M. hyopneumoniae infected PK-15 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Z A Ishag
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Yu-Zi Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mao-Jun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qi-Yan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ruo-Song Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guo-Qing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Chen Y, Kong D, Cai G, Jiang Z, Jiao Y, Shi Y, Li H, Wang C. Novel antiviral effect of lithium chloride on mammalian orthoreoviruses in vitro. Microb Pathog 2016; 93:152-7. [PMID: 26835657 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reovirus not only causes considerable economic loss in the swine industry of the United States and other countries, but also threatens the public health due to its zoonotic potential. According to previous reports, LiCl has antiviral activity against a number of viruses. The inhibitory effects of LiCl on reovirus life cycle in Vero cells were evaluated. The unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the differences between experimental groups. We first found that LiCl treatment significantly inhibited reovirus replication in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that this antiviral activity of LiCl targets the early stage of viral replication. LiCl could be a potential drug against reovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Department of Nephrology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiren Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaqin Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Mohajer Shojai T, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Karimi V, Barin A, Sadri N. The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:458-267. [PMID: 27516987 PMCID: PMC4967842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus. The available vaccines against IBV cannot cover new variants. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on IBV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The constituents of garlic extract were detected by gas chromatography. This study was done in four groups of embryonic SPF eggs; first group was used for virus titration; second group received the mixture of different virus titration and constant amount of garlic extract; third group received 10(-3) titration of virus and after 8 hr received garlic extract and the last group received different dilutions of garlic extract. RESULTS Based on our results, in the second group, IBV vaccine strain (4/91) at all titration and M41 in 10(-2) and 10(-3) titration and in the third group both variants of virus the embryonic Index (EI) was significantly increased. CONCLUSION The garlic extract had inhibitory effects on IBV in the chickens embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassom Mohajer Shojai
- Department of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +982161117154, Fax: +982166933222,
| | - Vahid Karimi
- Department of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Barin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Sadri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Wu H, Zhang X, Liu C, Liu D, Liu J, Tian J, Qu L. Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on feline calicivirus in vitro. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2935-43. [PMID: 26239340 PMCID: PMC7086906 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes oral and upper respiratory tract disease in cats. Despite widespread vaccination, the prevalence of FCV remains high. Furthermore, a high gene mutation rate has led to the emergence of variants, and some infections are lethal. To date, there is no effective antiviral drug available for treating FCV infection. Here, we show that lithium chloride (LiCl) effectively suppresses the replication of FCV strain F9 in Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells. The antiviral activity of LiCl occurred primarily during the early stage of infection and in a dose-dependent manner. LiCl treatment also inhibited the cytopathic effect. LiCl treatment exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against a panel of other two reference strains and two recent FCV isolates from China. These results demonstrate that LiCl might be an effective anti-FCV drug for controlling FCV disease. Further studies are required to explore the antiviral activity of LiCl against FCV replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liandong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Yokhana JS, Parkinson G, Frankel TL. Effect of insoluble fiber supplementation applied at different ages on digestive organ weight and digestive enzymes of layer-strain poultry. Poult Sci 2015; 95:550-9. [PMID: 26574026 PMCID: PMC7107128 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study effects of dietary insoluble fiber (IF) on digestive enzyme function in layer poultry. In Experiment 1, 8 wk old pullets were fed a control diet (Group C) or a diet (Group IF) supplemented with 1% IF (Arbocel RC). After 5 wk, 6 pullets per group were killed and organ samples collected. The remaining pullets in Group C were divided into two groups: half were fed the control diet (Group C) and half were given the IF diet (Group C-IF). Similarly, half the pullets in Group IF continued on the IF diet (Group IF) and half on the control diet (Group IF-C). At 10 wk, organ samples were collected. BW at wk 5 (IF, 1364.8g; C, 1342.9g) and 10 wk (IF, 1678.1g; IF-C, 1630.5g; C-IF, 1617.1g; C, 1580.4g) were not different. At wk 5, the relative proventricular weight (0.41 g/100g BW) and activities of pepsin (75.3 pepsin units/g proventriculus/min) and pancreatic general proteolytic activity (GP) (122.9 μmol tyrosine produced/g tissue) were greater (P < 0.05) than those of Group C (proventricular relative weight, 0.36; pepsin activity, 70.6; GP activity, 94.3). At wk 10, relative weights of liver and gizzard of Group IF were heavier (P < 0.05) than other treatments; activities of pepsin, GP, trypsin and chymotrypsin of IF pullets were significantly greater than other treatments as was mRNA expression for pepsinogens A (25.9 vs. 22.9) and C (13.1 vs. 10.8). In Experiment 2, 19 wk old hens were fed a control diet or a diet containing 0.8% IF (Arbocel RC) for 12 wk. Final BW after 12 wk was not different (IF, 1919.4 g; C, 1902.1 g). Pancreatic GP activity was greater (P < 0.05) in Group IF hens than Group C at wk 12 (122.2 vs. 97.0 μmol tyrosine released/min/g tissue)) as was relative gizzard weight (1.32 vs 1.10 g/100 g BW). The significantly improved digestive organ weights and enzyme activities in IF pullets may contribute to an improvement in feed utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Yokhana
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - G Parkinson
- Livorno Consulting, Brunswick, Victoria, 3056, Australia
| | - T L Frankel
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by canine parvovirus. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2799-805. [PMID: 26315688 PMCID: PMC7086605 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 causes significant viral disease in dogs, with high morbidity, high infectivity, and high mortality. Lithium chloride is a potential antiviral drug for viruses. We determined the antiviral effect of Lithium Chloride on canine parvovirus type 2 in feline kidney cells. The viral DNA and proteins of canine parvovirus were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by lithium chloride. Further investigation verified that viral entry into cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by lithium chloride. These results indicated that lithium chloride could be a potential antiviral drug for curing dogs with canine parvovirus infection. The specific steps of canine parvovirus entry into cells that are affected by lithium chloride and its antiviral effect in vivo should be explored in future studies.
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LiCl inhibits PRRSV infection by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin pathway and suppressing inflammatory responses. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:99-109. [PMID: 25746333 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been used as a mood stabilizer in the manic depressive disorders treatment. Recent studies show that LiCl is also a potent inhibitor for some DNA and RNA viruses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important viral pathogen in modern pig industry. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of LiCl on PRRSV infection using plaque-formation assay, Q-PCR and Western blot analysis. Our results showed that LiCl could inhibit PRRSV infection in MARC-145 and PAM-CD163 cells. Previous reports have shown that LiCl could induce the Wnt pathway in the absence of Wnt ligands. In our studies, we demonstrated that LiCl activates the Wnt pathway in PRRSV infected cells. Additionally, the knockdown of β-catenin or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor PNU74654 was able to reverse the antiviral effect of LiCl, which suggested that the inhibitory effect of LiCl against PRRSV replication might be associated with the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We also found that lower viral replication after LiCl treatment was associated with the reduced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory IL-8, IL-6, IL-1 β, tumor necrosis factor α and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. Collectively, our data demonstrated that LiCl inhibited PRRSV infection by enhancing Wnt/β-catenin pathway and suppressing pro-inflammatory responses.
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Chen Y, Yan H, Zheng H, Shi Y, Sun L, Wang C, Sun J. Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by porcine parvovirus. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1015-20. [PMID: 25663217 PMCID: PMC7087076 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) causes reproductive failure in pigs, which leads to economic losses to the industry. As reported previously, LiCl efficiently impairs the replication of a variety of viruses, including the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and pseudorabies herpesvirus. We demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of PPV replication in swine testis (ST) cells by LiCl is dose-dependent, and that the antiviral effect of LiCl occurred in the early phase of PPV replication. These results indicate that LiCl might be an effective anti-PPV drug to control PPV disease. Further studies are required to explore the mechanism of the antiviral effect of LiCl on PPV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Dhanasekaran S, Biswas M, Vignesh AR, Ramya R, Raj GD, Tirumurugaan KG, Raja A, Kataria RS, Parida S, Subbiah E. Toll-like receptor responses to Peste des petits ruminants virus in goats and water buffalo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111609. [PMID: 25369126 PMCID: PMC4219731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine rinderpest or goat plague is an economically important and contagious viral disease of sheep and goats, caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Differences in susceptibility to goat plague among different breeds and water buffalo exist. The host innate immune system discriminates between pathogen associated molecular patterns and self antigens through surveillance receptors known as Toll like receptors (TLR). We investigated the role of TLR and cytokines in differential susceptibility of goat breeds and water buffalo to PPRV. We examined the replication of PPRV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Indian domestic goats and water buffalo and demonstrated that the levels of TLR3 and TLR7 and downstream signalling molecules correlation with susceptibility vs resistance. Naturally susceptible goat breeds, Barbari and Tellichery, had dampened innate immune responses to PPRV and increased viral loads with lower basal expression levels of TLR 3/7. Upon stimulation of PBMC with synthetic TLR3 and TLR7 agonists or PPRV, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were found to be significantly higher while immunosuppressive interleukin (IL) 10 levels were lower in PPRV resistant Kanni and Salem Black breeds and water buffalo at transcriptional level, correlating with reduced viralloads in infected PBMC. Water buffalo produced higher levels of interferon (IFN) α in comparison with goats at transcriptional and translational levels. Pre-treatment of Vero cells with human IFNα resulted in reduction of PPRV replication, confirming the role of IFNα in limiting PPRV replication. Treatment with IRS66, a TLR7 antagonist, resulted in the reduction of IFNα levels, with increased PPRV replication confirming the role of TLR7. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of TLR7 of these goat breeds did not show any marked nucleotide differences that might account for susceptibility vs resistance to PPRV. Analyzing other host genetic factors might provide further insights on susceptibility to PPRV and genetic polymorphisms in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Dhanasekaran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ambothi R. Vignesh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Ramya
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnaswamy G. Tirumurugaan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angamuthu Raja
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit S. Kataria
- Animal Genetics Division, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (Haryana), India
| | - Satya Parida
- Head of FMD Vaccine Differentiation Group, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SP); (ES)
| | - Elankumaran Subbiah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SP); (ES)
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Chrząstek K, Borowska D, Kaiser P, Vervelde L. Class B CpG ODN stimulation upregulates expression of TLR21 and IFN-γ in chicken Harderian gland cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:293-9. [PMID: 24880703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the response of Harderian gland (HG) cells after in vitro stimulation with class B synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs. This knowledge is of importance for the development of mucosal vaccines for poultry, such as eye-drop or spray vaccines, to determine if class B CpG ODN can act as an vaccine adjuvant or as a prophylactic treatment mainly against respiratory disease viruses. The relative expression of Toll-like receptor 21 (TLR21), interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 genes were quantified at 1, 3, 6 and 18 h post-stimulation of HG cells from 5-week-old birds. In addition, it was also investigated if expression of these genes was affected by the age of the birds (differences between 5- and 12-week-old birds), concentrations of ODN or cell preparation method used. Class B CpG ODN induced upregulation of TLR21 and IFN-γ mRNA expression levels at 1h post-stimulation depending on concentration of ODN used but only in HG cells isolated from young birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Chrząstek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwadzki 45, Wrocław 50-366, Poland.
| | - Dominika Borowska
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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The cellular interactome of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein and functional implications for virus biology. J Virol 2013; 87:9486-500. [PMID: 23637410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a multifunctional role in the virus life cycle, from regulation of replication and transcription and genome packaging to modulation of host cell processes. These functions are likely to be facilitated by interactions with host cell proteins. The potential interactome of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) N protein was mapped using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) coupled to a green fluorescent protein-nanotrap pulldown methodology and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The addition of the SILAC label allowed discrimination of proteins that were likely to specifically bind to the N protein over background binding. Overall, 142 cellular proteins were selected as potentially binding to the N protein, many as part of larger possible complexes. These included ribosomal proteins, nucleolar proteins, translation initiation factors, helicases, and hnRNPs. The association of selected cellular proteins with IBV N protein was confirmed by immunoblotting, cosedimentation, and confocal microscopy. Further, the localization of selected proteins in IBV-infected cells as well as their activity during virus infection was assessed by small interfering RNA-mediated depletion, demonstrating the functional importance of cellular proteins in the biology of IBV. This interactome not only confirms previous observations made with other coronavirus and IBV N proteins with both overexpressed proteins and infectious virus but also provides novel data that can be exploited to understand the interaction between the virus and the host cell.
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Transcript profiling of pattern recognition receptors in a semi domesticated breed of buffalo, Toda, of India. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:51-9. [PMID: 22521945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the expression profile and levels of toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs in the spleen, lung, mediastinal lymph node (MLN), jejunum, rectum, skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Toda and Murrah buffalos. Spleen and PBMC had increased expression of TLR mRNAs 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10; lung had increased expression of TLR mRNAs 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8, MLN TLR mRNA 6, 9, 10 and decrease in TLR 3 and 7 mRNAs in skin. No significant differences were observed in the expression levels of any of the TLR mRNA in jejunum and rectum. Toda buffaloes showed significantly higher expression levels of TLR 9 mRNA in MLN, TLR mRNAs 1, 5, 6, 9 and 10 in skin and TLR mRNAs 2, 4, 7 and 9 in PBMC than Murrah buffaloes living in the vicinity. Toda and Murrah buffaloes were inoculated with TLR5 (flagellin) and TLR9 (CpG ODN) ligands in vivo and expression levels of the respective TLRs analyzed 12h later. Following CpG inoculation, Toda buffaloes had significantly higher levels of TLR 9 mRNA expression but not in Murrah. However, flagellin induction did not increase TLR 5 mRNA expression in both these breeds. Histological sections of the skin were made and infiltrating cell clusters were graded and quantified. Following CpG inoculation, Toda buffaloes showed higher numbers of infiltrating grade 1 and grade 3 cell clusters while Murrah showed lower numbers of infiltrating grade 1 cells as compared to mock-inoculated skin sections. Flagellin treatment revealed no significant differences in infiltrating cell clusters in both the breeds. The results have shown differential expression of TLR mRNAs in various tissues between two divergent buffalo breeds with the highest difference in TLR expression profile seen in the skin, the largest portal of entry of pathogens, of Toda.
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Yin J, Li G, Li J, Yang Q, Ren X. In vitro and in vivo effects of Houttuynia cordata on infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:491-8. [PMID: 21848486 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.605107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) (HC) is a traditional Chinese medicine used in China. In the present study, the effect of HC on cell infection by IBV was determined using plaque assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The inhibitory effect of HC on IBV infection in ovo and in vivo was analysed using specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos and chickens. Moreover, the effect of HC on cell apoptosis induced by IBV was investigated. Results showed that HC had more than 90% inhibition rate against IBV infection in Vero cells and chicken embryo kidney cells, and decreased more than 90% apoptotic cells caused by IBV. HC fully protected the SPF embryos, and had more than 50% protection rate in SPF chickens, against IBV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030, Harbin, China
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Wu Z, Kaiser P. Antigen presenting cells in a non-mammalian model system, the chicken. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1177-83. [PMID: 21719145 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chicken has a different repertoire of tissues, cells and genes of the immune response compared to mammals, yet generally survives infection with viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal pathogens, and also worms and ectoparasites, just like mammals. Poultry are also probably the most heavily vaccinated group of farmed animals. Antigen presentation to the adaptive immune response therefore obviously normally occurs efficiently in birds. Although comparatively much is known about macrophages and B cells in the chicken, there is as yet little work on the other, professional, antigen-presenting cells, the dendritic cells (DC). Birds also have at least two other sets of phagocytic cells, heterophils and thrombocytes, which may also have the ability to present antigen. Here we review the current state of knowledge about antigen presenting cells in the chicken, concentrating mainly on recent advances in our knowledge of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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