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Rogula-Kozłowska W, Piątek P, Kozielska B, Walczak A. Off-gassing from firefighter suits (nomex) as an indoor source of BTEXS. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:140996. [PMID: 38141684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The clothes and special equipment of firefighters can be a source of indoor air pollution. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated so far what the scale of the release of various compounds from such materials into the indoor air can be. The following study analysed the results of an experiment involving the passive measurement of concentrations of selected compounds, i.a. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, isopropylbenzene and n-propylbenzene (BTEXS) in the air of a room where firefighters' special clothing, which had been previously exposed to emissions from simulated fires, was stored. The study included simulations of fires involving three materials: wood, processed wood (OSB/fibreboard) and a mixture of plastics. After being exposed to the simulated fire environment, special clothing (so-called nomex) was placed in a sealed chamber, where passive collection of BTEXS was carried out using tube-type axial passive samplers and a gas chromatograph. Irrespective of which burned material special clothing was exposed to, the compound emitted into the air most intensively was toluene. Its rate of release from a single nomex ranges from 4.4 to 28.6 μg h-1, while the corresponding rates for the sum of BTEXS are between 9.97 and 44.29 μg h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Piątek
- Fire University, 52/54 Słowackiego St., 01-629, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kozielska
- Silesian University of Technology, 22B Konarskiego St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Agata Walczak
- Fire University, 52/54 Słowackiego St., 01-629, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Gordon JND, Bilsback KR, Fiddler MN, Pokhrel RP, Fischer EV, Pierce JR, Bililign S. The Effects of Trash, Residential Biofuel, and Open Biomass Burning Emissions on Local and Transported PM 2.5 and Its Attributed Mortality in Africa. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000673. [PMID: 36743737 PMCID: PMC9884662 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the second leading risk factor of premature death in Sub-Saharan Africa. We use GEOS-Chem to quantify the effects of (a) trash burning, (b) residential solid-fuel burning, and (c) open biomass burning (BB) (i.e., landscape fires) on ambient PM2.5 and PM2.5-attributable mortality in Africa. Using a series of sensitivity simulations, we excluded each of the three combustion sources in each of five African regions. We estimate that in 2017 emissions from these three combustion sources within Africa increased global ambient PM2.5 by 2%, leading to 203,000 (95% confidence interval: 133,000-259,000) premature mortalities yr-1 globally and 167,000 premature mortalities yr-1 in Africa. BB contributes more ambient PM2.5-related premature mortalities per year (63%) than residential solid-fuel burning (29%) and trash burning (8%). Open BB in Central Africa leads to the largest number of PM2.5-attributed mortalities inside the region, while trash burning in North Africa and residential solid-fuel burning in West Africa contribute the most regional mortalities for each source. Overall, Africa has a unique ambient air pollution profile because natural sources, such as windblown dust and BB, contribute strongly to ambient PM2.5 levels and PM2.5-related mortality. Air pollution policies may need to focus on taking preventative measures to avoid exposure to ambient PM2.5 from these less-controllable sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janica N. D. Gordon
- Department of PhysicsNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNCUSA
- Applied Sciences and Technology PhD programNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNCUSA
| | - Kelsey R. Bilsback
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- PSE Healthy EnergyOaklandCAUSA
| | - Marc N. Fiddler
- Department of ChemistryNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNCUSA
| | - Rudra P. Pokhrel
- Department of PhysicsNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNCUSA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Emily V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Solomon Bililign
- Department of PhysicsNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNCUSA
- Applied Sciences and Technology PhD programNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNCUSA
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3
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Wang K, Gu H, Zhang G, Luo K, Zhang Q, Chen G, Zhan M, Chi Z. A novel fire smoke removal technology using electric agglomeration: The concept, experimental verification and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129950. [PMID: 36099742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electric agglomeration technology is effective in removing particulate matter from the environment and has been widely used in the field of dust removal. For the first time, this technology is applied to the field of fire smoke removal at lab scale. By varying applied electric potential and initial concentration of smoke, the removal characteristics and mechanisms during the electric agglomeration process are systematically studied. The results show that when the applied electric potential is higher than 4 kV, the smoke transmittance increases from 4% to 90% in just 10 s, and the threshold for people safe escape can be reached in only 5 s. Three main mechanisms involved in the process of smoke removal using electric agglomeration are proposed. In addition to the conventional Coulomb agglomeration of charged particles, the turbulence-enhanced agglomeration induced by ionic wind and dipole chainization at the grounded plate are also observed. This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of electric agglomeration technology to remove fire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Wang
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Hailin Gu
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China.
| | - Guangxue Zhang
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Qiyao Zhang
- Zhongyin (Ningbo) Battery Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Guobiao Chen
- Zhongyin (Ningbo) Battery Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315040, PR China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Zuohe Chi
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
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4
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Juvanhol RS, Fiedler NC, Santos ARD, Peluzio TMO, Silva WBDA, Pinheiro CJG, Sousa HCPDE. Use of machine learning as a tool for determining fire management units in the brazilian atlantic forest. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20201039. [PMID: 37133298 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Geoprocessing techniques are generally applied in natural disaster risk management due to their ability to integrate and visualize different sets of geographic data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of classification and regression tree (CART) to assess fire risk. MCD45A1 product of the burnt area, relative to a 16-year period (2000-2015) was used to obtain a fire occurrence map, from center points of the raster, using a kernel density approach. The resulting map was then used as a response variable for CART analysis with fire influence variables used as predictors. A total of 12 predictors were determined from several databases, including environmental, physical, and socioeconomic aspects. Rules generated by the regression process allowed to of define different risk levels, expressed in 35 management units, and used to produce a fire prediction map. Results of the regression process (r = 0.94 and r² = 0.88) demonstrate the capability of the CART algorithm in highlighting hierarchical relationships among predictors, while the model's easy interpretability provides a solid basis for decision making. This methodology can be expanded in other environmental risk analysis studies and applied to any area of the globe on a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronie S Juvanhol
- Federal University of Piaui/UFPI, BR 135, Km 03, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | - Nilton Cesar Fiedler
- Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Postgraduate Programme in Forest Sciences, Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, Centro, 29550-000 Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Dos Santos
- Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Postgraduate Programme in Forest Sciences, Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, Centro, 29550-000 Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil
| | - Telma M O Peluzio
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Alegre, Rodovia ES 482, Km 47, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Wellington B DA Silva
- Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Department of Rural Engineering, Alto Universitário, s/n, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Christiano Jorge G Pinheiro
- Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Department of Rural Engineering, Alto Universitário, s/n, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Goldsmith L, Raditz V, Méndez M. Queer and present danger: understanding the disparate impacts of disasters on LGBTQ+ communities. DISASTERS 2022; 46:946-973. [PMID: 34498778 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
LGBTQ+ communities comprise 16 million individuals in the United States, yet this population is often rendered invisible within disaster policies. Bias in federal disaster response programmes, a lack of recognition of LGBTQ+ families, and the prevalence of faith-based organisations in disaster relief services together heighten the risks that LGBTQ+ individuals face. This paper describes the ways in which this reality combines with the contextual vulnerability of LGBTQ+ communities, whereby existing inequalities and marginalisation are exacerbated during disasters and in their aftermath. As a result, the immediate trauma of a disaster, such as physical injury or the loss of loved ones or possessions, is compounded in multiple ways for LGBTQ+ individuals, making them less likely to benefit from disaster relief services. To address these inequalities, the paper concludes with a set of policy recommendations to inform prevention, mitigation, and recovery planning, as well as to reduce the impacts of disasters on LGBTQ+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Raditz
- PhD Student and Graduate Student Instructor, Department of Geography, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Michael Méndez
- Assistant Professor, School of Social Ecology, Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine, United States
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Harhoosh AA, Yurtov EV, Bakhareva NI. Flame Retardant Strategies and the Physical Barrier Effect of Nanoparticles to Improve the Thermal Performance of a Polymer. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579522040133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zuidema C, Austin E, Cohen MA, Kasner E, Liu L, Busch Isaksen T, Lin KY, Spector J, Seto E. Potential impacts of Washington State's wildfire worker protection rule on construction workers. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:419-432. [PMID: 34935028 PMCID: PMC9030230 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by climate change, wildfires are increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity across the Western United States. Outdoor workers are being exposed to increasing wildfire-related particulate matter and smoke. Recognizing this emerging risk, Washington adopted an emergency rule and is presently engaged in creating a permanent rule to protect outdoor workers from wildfire smoke exposure. While there are growing bodies of literature on the exposure to and health effects of wildfire smoke in the general public and wildland firefighters, there is a gap in knowledge about wildfire smoke exposure among outdoor workers generally and construction workers specifically-a large category of outdoor workers in Washington totaling 200,000 people. Several data sources were linked in this study-including state-collected employment data and national ambient air quality data-to gain insight into the risk of PM2.5 exposure among construction workers and evaluate the impacts of different air quality thresholds that would have triggered a new Washington emergency wildfire smoke rule aimed at protecting workers from high PM2.5 exposure. Results indicate the number of poor air quality days has increased in August and September in recent years. Over the last decade, these months with the greatest potential for particulate matter exposure coincided with an annual peak in construction employment that was typically 9.4-42.7% larger across Washington counties (one county was 75.8%). Lastly, the 'encouraged' threshold of the Washington emergency rule (20.5 μg m-3) would have resulted in 5.5 times more days subject to the wildfire rule on average across all Washington counties compared to its 'required' threshold (55.5 μg m-3), and in 2020, the rule could have created demand for 1.35 million N-95 filtering facepiece respirators among construction workers. These results have important implications for both employers and policy makers as rules are developed. The potential policy implications of wildfire smoke exposure, exposure control strategies, and data gaps that would improve understanding of construction worker exposure to wildfire smoke are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zuidema
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elena Austin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin A Cohen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward Kasner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lilian Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tania Busch Isaksen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ken-Yu Lin
- Department of Construction Management, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - June Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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McNeilly R, Kirsh J, Hatch J, Parker A, Jackson J, Fisher S, Kelly J, Duran C. Comprehensive characterization of firing byproducts generated from small arms firing of lead-free frangible ammunition. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:169-184. [PMID: 35285785 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.2023162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the introduction of lead-free frangible ammunition in United States Air Force small arms firing ranges, Combat Arms instructors have routinely reported experiencing adverse health symptoms during live fire training exercises, including sore throat, cough, and headache. Previous studies have found that these symptoms occur despite occupational exposure limits not being exceeded. To better characterize the potential source and mechanisms for health symptoms, a comprehensive characterization of the physicochemical properties of gases and aerosols emitted during the firing of the M9 pistol and M4 rifle using lead-free frangible ammunition was completed. Weapons were fired within a sealed chamber using a remote firing mechanism. A suite of direct-reading instruments and collection-based analytical methods were used to determine the composition of the emissions. Emissions were dominated by carbon monoxide and ultrafine particles. Other prevalent gases included carbon dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and nitric oxide when measured using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. An electrical, low-pressure impactor showed that, on average, the count median diameter immediately after firing was 36 ± 4 nm (n = 10 rounds) and 32 ± 3 nm (n = 14 rounds) for the M9 pistol and M4 rifle, respectively. Analytical methods were used to determine that emitted particles were primarily composed of soot, copper, and potassium, with trace amounts of calcium, silicon, sodium, sulfur, and zinc. Results from this research confirm prior work and expand upon the characterization of emissions generated from firing lead-free frangible ammunition. By employing multiple methods to measure and analyze data we were able to quantify both total and respirable particle fractions and determine particle morphology and composition. Characterization of the emissions provides insight into potential exposure risks that may lead to the development of adverse health symptoms allowing for the development of strategies for risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McNeilly
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jacob Kirsh
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - John Hatch
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Ariel Parker
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jerimiah Jackson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Steven Fisher
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - John Kelly
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
- UES, Inc. Division 35, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Christin Duran
- 711th Human Performance Wing, United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio
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Machado I, Shaer C, Hurdle K, Calado V, Ishida H. Towards the Development of Green Flame Retardancy by Polybenzoxazines. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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The Occupational Health Effects of Responding to a Natural Gas Pipeline Explosion Among Emergency First Responders - Lincoln County, Kentucky, 2019. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1997-2004. [PMID: 34544524 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess occupational health effects 1 month after responding to a natural gas pipeline explosion. METHODS First responders to a pipeline explosion in Kentucky were interviewed about pre- and post-response health symptoms, post-response health care, and physical exertion and personal protective equipment (PPE) use during the response. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between several risk factors and development of post-response symptoms. RESULTS Among 173 first responders involved, 105 (firefighters [58%], emergency medical services [19%], law enforcement [10%], and others [12%]) were interviewed. Half (53%) reported at least 1 new or worsening symptom, including upper respiratory symptoms (39%), headache (18%), eye irritation (17%), and lower respiratory symptoms (16%). The majority (79%) of symptomatic responders did not seek post-response care. Compared with light-exertion responders, hard-exertion responders (48%) had significantly greater odds of upper respiratory symptoms (aOR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.25-7.50). Forty-four percent of responders and 77% of non-firefighter responders reported not using any PPE. CONCLUSIONS Upper respiratory symptoms were common among first responders of a natural gas pipeline explosion and associated with hard-exertion activity. Emergency managers should ensure responders are trained in, equipped with, and properly use PPE during these incidents and encourage responders to seek post-response health care when needed.
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Navarro KM, West MR, O’Dell K, Sen P, Chen IC, Fischer EV, Hornbrook RS, Apel EC, Hills AJ, Jarnot A, DeMott P, Domitrovich JW. Exposure to Particulate Matter and Estimation of Volatile Organic Compounds across Wildland Firefighter Job Tasks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11795-11804. [PMID: 34488352 PMCID: PMC8978153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wildland firefighters are exposed to smoke-containing particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) while suppressing wildfires. From 2015 to 2017, the U.S. Forest Service conducted a field study collecting breathing zone measurements of PM4 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤4 μm) on wildland firefighters from different crew types and while performing various fire suppression tasks on wildfires. Emission ratios of VOC (parts per billion; ppb): PM1 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm; mg/m3) were calculated using data from a separate field study conducted in summer 2018, the Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption, and Nitrogen (WE-CAN) Campaign. These emission ratios were used to estimate wildland firefighter exposure to acrolein, benzene, and formaldehyde. Results of this field sampling campaign reported that exposure to PM4 and VOC varied across wildland firefighter crew type and job task. Type 1 crews had greater exposures to both PM4 and VOCs than type 2 or type 2 initial attack crews, and wildland firefighters performing direct suppression had statistically higher exposures than those performing staging and other tasks (mean differences = 0.82 and 0.75 mg/m3; 95% confidence intervals = 0.38-1.26 and 0.41-1.08 mg/m3, respectively). Of the 81 personal exposure samples collected, 19% of measured PM4 exposures exceeded the recommended National Wildland Fire Coordinating Group occupational exposure limit (0.7 mg/m3). Wildland fire management should continue to find strategies to reduce smoke exposures for wildland firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Navarro
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Fire and Aviation Management, Clovis, 93611, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Field Studies and Engineering, Cincinnati, 45213, USA
| | - Molly R. West
- USDA Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program, Missoula, 59804, USA
| | - Katelyn O’Dell
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80521, USA
| | - Paro Sen
- Amentum Services, Germantown, 20876, USA
| | - I-Chen Chen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Field Studies and Engineering, Cincinnati, 45213, USA
| | - Emily V. Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80521, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
| | - Alan J. Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 80305, USA
| | - Alex Jarnot
- University of California Irvine, Department of Chemistry, Irvine, 92617, USA
| | - Paul DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80521, USA
| | - Joseph W. Domitrovich
- USDA Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program, Missoula, 59804, USA
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ATS Core Curriculum 2020. Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine. ATS Sch 2020; 1:456-475. [PMID: 33870313 PMCID: PMC8015762 DOI: 10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0022re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Thoracic Society Core Curriculum updates clinicians annually in adult and pediatric pulmonary disease, medical critical care, and sleep medicine, in a 3- to 4-year recurring cycle of topics. These topics will be presented at the 2020 International Conference. Below is the pediatric pulmonary medicine core, including pediatric hypoxemic respiratory failure; modalities in noninvasive management of chronic respiratory failure in childhood; surgical and nonsurgical management of congenital lung malformations; an update on smoke inhalation lung injury; an update on vaporizers, e-cigarettes, and other electronic delivery systems; pulmonary complications of sarcoidosis; pulmonary complications of congenital heart disease; and updates on the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
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Tabian D, Bulgaru Iliescu D, Iov T, Barna B, Toma SI, Drochioiu G. Hydrogen cyanide and carboxyhemoglobin assessment in an open space fire-related fatality. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:1171-1175. [PMID: 33369895 PMCID: PMC8246848 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) can be a major contributory factor in death from fire-related inhalation injury. Although carbon monoxide (CO) is considered the lethal agent of smoke in fires, its liability as a cause of death is sometimes debatable. The purpose of this report is to present the case of an 80-year-old man with locomotor disabilities who died due to an open space fire of vegetation debris and household waste in his yard. We evaluated here the concentrations of HCN and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and their contribution to the mechanism of death. In addition, the risk factors and the contributing effect of the factors that compose the complex toxic environment that develops in fires were discussed. COHb was determined by spectrophotometry as recommended by Katsumata et al. in 1982. HCN was determined with ninhydrin in postmortem blood samples after removal with 20% phosphoric acid and capture in a potassium carbonate solution. A toxic concentration of 1.3 μg ml-1 HCN and a lethal COHb level of 73.7% were determined in the blood samples. Although death was mainly attributed to CO poisoning and extremely severe burns in this open space burning case, the additive effect of HCN in the mechanism of death was also highlighted. The results suggested the possibility that the man's clothing may have played an important role in the production of HCN in this open space fire, as well as other types of garbage that were burned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tabian
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.,"Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Tatiana Iov
- Iasi Institute of Legal Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - Barabas Barna
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | | | - Gabi Drochioiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Thermo-Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Fire Smoke Dispersion and Control Strategy in Buildings. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13226000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Smoke is the main threat of death in fires. For this reason, it becomes extremely important to understand the dispersion of this pollutant and to verify the influence of different control systems on its spread through buildings, in order to avoid or minimize its effects on living beings. Thus, this work aims to perform thermo-fluid dynamic study of smoke dispersion in a closed environment. All numerical analysis was performed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software. Different simulations were carried out to evaluate the influence of the exhaust system (natural or mechanical), the heat release rate (HRR), ventilation and the smoke curtain in the pollutant dispersion. Results of the smoke layer interface height, temperature profile, average exhaust volumetric flow rate, pressure and velocity distribution are presented and discussed. The results indicate that an increase in the natural exhaust area increases the smoke layer interface height, only for the well-ventilated compartment (open windows); an increase in the HRR accelerates the downward vertical displacement of the smoke layer and that the 3 m smoke curtain is efficient in exhausting smoke, only in the case of poorly ventilated compartments (i.e., with closed windows).
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15
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Abstract
Catastrophic wildfires are increasing around the globe as climate change continues to progress. Another risk factor for large wildfires in the western United States is a legacy of fire suppression that has allowed overgrowth of underbrush and small trees in forests where periodic lightning-sparked wildfires are part of the natural ecosystem. Wildfire smoke contains CO2, CO, NOx, particulate matter, complex hydrocarbons (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and irritant gases, including many of the same toxic and carcinogenic substances as cigarette smoke. The public need clear and consistent messaging to understand that wildland fire smoke poses a health risk.
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Méndez M, Flores-Haro G, Zucker L. The (in)visible victims of disaster: Understanding the vulnerability of undocumented Latino/a and indigenous immigrants. GEOFORUM; JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL, HUMAN, AND REGIONAL GEOSCIENCES 2020; 116:50-62. [PMID: 32834081 PMCID: PMC7413658 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As climate change advances, communities across the United States are adapting to the increased threat of wildfires, drought, heatwaves, and infectious diseases. Such disasters are expected to become more frequent and severe. Now more than ever, it is crucial to understand how these events amplify existing inequalities, and how to lessen the resulting harms. Differences in human vulnerability to disaster stem from a range of social, economic, historical, and political factors. We argue that given their social status, undocumented Latino/a and Indigenous immigrants are particularly vulnerable to disasters and require special consideration in disaster planning. They are disproportionately affected by racial discrimination, exploitation, economic hardships, less English and Spanish proficiency, and fear of deportation in their everyday lives- their pre-disaster marginalized status. In the case of the Thomas Fire in California's Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, we show that emergency response and recovery efforts ignored their needs. Resources were directed toward privileged individuals, leaving local immigrant rights and environmental justice groups to provide essential services such as language access to emergency information in Spanish and Indigenous tongues; labor protections for farmworkers endangered in the fields; and a private disaster relief fund for undocumented immigrants ineligible for federal aid. The article concludes with preliminary participant observations from the COVID-19 pandemic response in the region, indicating how lessons from the fire have informed official actions. As governments grapple with the increasing severity of disasters, understanding the differential impacts on undocumented immigrants can help improve disaster planning to protect the most vulnerable and stigmatized populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Méndez
- School of Social Ecology, Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine, 300 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA 92697-7075, United States
| | - Genevieve Flores-Haro
- Mixteco/Indígena Community Organizing Project, 520 W. 5th St., Suite G Oxnard, CA 93030, United States
| | - Lucas Zucker
- Central Coast Alliance United for a Sustainable Economy (CAUSE), 2021 Sperry Ave. #9, Ventura, CA 93003, United States
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Machado I, Hsieh I, Calado V, Chapin T, Ishida H. Nacre-Mimetic Green Flame Retardant: Ultra-High Nanofiller Content, Thin Nanocomposite as an Effective Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2351. [PMID: 33066458 PMCID: PMC7602158 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A nacre-mimetic brick-and-mortar structure was used to develop a new flame-retardant technology. A second biomimetic approach was utilized to develop a non-flammable elastomeric benzoxazine for use as a polymer matrix that effectively adheres to the hydrophilic laponite nanofiller. A combination of laponite and benzoxazine is used to apply an ultra-high nanofiller content, thin nanocomposite coating on a polyurethane foam. The technology used is made environmentally friendly by eliminating the need to add any undesirable flame retardants, such as phosphorus additives or halogenated compounds. The very-thin coating on the polyurethane foam (PUF) is obtained through a single dip-coating. The structure of the polymer has been confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The flammability of the polymer and nanocomposite was evaluated by heat release capacity using microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). A material with heat release capacity (HRC) lower than 100 J/Kg is considered non-ignitable. The nanocomposite developed exhibits HRC of 22 J/Kg, which is well within the classification of a non-ignitable material. The cone calorimeter test was also used to investigate the flame retardancy of the nanocomposite's thin film on polyurethane foam. This test confirms that the second peak of the heat release rate (HRR) decreased 62% or completely disappeared for the coated PUF with different loadings. Compression tests show an increase in the modulus of the PUF by 88% for the 4 wt% coating concentration. Upon repeated modulus tests, the rigidity decreases, approaching the modulus of the uncoated PUF. However, the effect of this repeated mechanical loading does not significantly affect the flame retarding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlaine Machado
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA;
| | - Isabel Hsieh
- Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA;
| | - Veronica Calado
- School of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Horácio Macedo 2030, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil;
| | - Thomas Chapin
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), 2500 Dundee Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062S, USA;
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA;
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Dubocq F, Bjurlid F, Ydstål D, Titaley IA, Reiner E, Wang T, Almirall XO, Kärrman A. Organic contaminants formed during fire extinguishing using different firefighting methods assessed by nontarget analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114834. [PMID: 32454383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During a fire event, potentially hazardous chemicals are formed from the combustion of burning materials and are released to the surrounding environment, both via gas and soot particles. The aim of this investigation was to study if firefighting techniques influence the emission of chemicals in gas phase and soot particles. Five full-scale fire tests were extinguished using four different firefighting techniques. A nontarget chemical analysis approach showed that important contaminants in gas and soot separating the different tests were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and linear hydrocarbons. Reproducibility was evaluated by a field replicate test and it was determined that the temperature curve during the event had a bigger impact on the released chemicals than the firefighting technique used. However, despite fire intensity being a confounding factor, multivariate statistics concluded that water mist with additive resulted in less BFR emissions compared to foam extinguishing. The analysis also showed that the conventional spray nozzle method released more PAHs compared with the water mist method. The comprehensive chemical analysis of gas and soot released during fire events was able to show that different firefighting techniques influenced the release of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dubocq
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Filip Bjurlid
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Danielle Ydstål
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada (ret.)
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xavier Ortiz Almirall
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, Canada; Queen's University, School of Environmental Sciences, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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Leccisi E, Fthenakis V. Life-cycle environmental impacts of single-junction and tandem perovskite PVs: a critical review and future perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2516-1083/ab7e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Zhang G, Ma Z, Shen J, Zhang K, Wang J, Chi Z. Experimental study on eliminating fire smokes using acoustic agglomeration technology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121089. [PMID: 31472470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic agglomeration is a process in which an intense sound field is applied to promote relative motion and rapid agglomeration among aerosol particles. This technology is able to improve significantly and rapidly the visibility of the smoke in a fire situation, and therefore assists the quick evacuation of evacuees. In this paper, the elimination effect of polystyrene smoke using acoustic agglomeration technology is experimentally investigated. The results show that the smoke transmittance will be increased to 0.75 from the initial value of 0.24 in only 0.5 min, in a 1.5 kHz acoustic field at a sound pressure level of 141 dB. The agglomeration rate is sensitive to acoustic frequency and there is an optimal operation frequency, which indicates that the predominant mechanism is orthokinetic interaction. Under the conditions of our experiments, the optimal frequency for eliminating soot particles is determined to be 1.5 kHz. As an energy consuming process, the agglomeration efficiency increases proportionally with the acoustic power until the corresponding nonlinear acoustic effects become significant. Moreover, it is found that the agglomeration rate of thicker smoke is much higher than thin ones at the early stage of the process, but the discrepancy tends to vanish at the later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Zhang
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Zhenfang Ma
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Maternal and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jinqing Wang
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zuohe Chi
- The Institute for Energy Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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21
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Conway K, Rayes O, Brown T, Webb M. Atherosclerotic and Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease are Associated with Death at Sublethal Carboxyhemoglobin Levels: A Postmortem Study. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:855-859. [PMID: 31856351 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Residential fires are a significant cause for morbidity and mortality in the United States. Death is often the result of soot and smoke inhalation causing carbon monoxide (CO) toxicity. The approximate lethal level of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in healthy adults has been well described. However, a significant number of medical examiner cases involve infirmed decedents, often elderly, with complex cardiovascular disease burdens. It is well known that death in these cases will occur at sublethal levels of COHb; however, increased lethality has been largely documented via anecdotal experience and lacks quantification. Fifty-five cases were identified where death resulted from smoke and soot inhalation suffered in a residential fire. The control group, with no cardiovascular disease, had an age-adjusted mean COHb level of 61.6% at the time of death. Presence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease showed a 30% reduction in COHb (age-adjusted mean 43.2%), atherosclerotic disease showed a 33% reduction (age-adjusted mean 41.5%), and combined disease presentation accounted for 41% reduction (age-adjusted mean 36.3%). When controlling for age, atherosclerotic and hypertensive cardiovascular diseases were each associated with statistically significant decreases in COHb (p < 0.01). Increasing age was associated with decreased COHb levels at 2.8% per 10 years of life (p < 0.01), even when modeled with hypertensive and atherosclerotic disease. These findings carry important public health significance, as well as practical significance for the medical examiner when interpreting COHb levels in cases of suspected deaths due to smoke and soot inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Conway
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine/University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road 35-1411, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Omar Rayes
- Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office, Michigan Medicine/University of Michigan, 1300 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48207
| | - Theodore Brown
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 300 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007
| | - Milad Webb
- Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office, Michigan Medicine/University of Michigan, 1300 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48207
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22
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Diao M, Holloway T, Choi S, O’Neill SM, Al-Hamdan MZ, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Jin X, Fiore AM, Henze DK, Lacey F, Kinney PL, Freedman F, Larkin NK, Zou Y, Kelly JT, Vaidyanathan A. Methods, availability, and applications of PM 2.5 exposure estimates derived from ground measurements, satellite, and atmospheric models. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1391-1414. [PMID: 31526242 PMCID: PMC7072999 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1668498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a well-established risk factor for public health. To support both health risk assessment and epidemiological studies, data are needed on spatial and temporal patterns of PM2.5 exposures. This review article surveys publicly available exposure datasets for surface PM2.5 mass concentrations over the contiguous U.S., summarizes their applications and limitations, and provides suggestions on future research needs. The complex landscape of satellite instruments, model capabilities, monitor networks, and data synthesis methods offers opportunities for research development, but would benefit from guidance for new users. Guidance is provided to access publicly available PM2.5 datasets, to explain and compare different approaches for dataset generation, and to identify sources of uncertainties associated with various types of datasets. Three main sources used to create PM2.5 exposure data are ground-based measurements (especially regulatory monitoring), satellite retrievals (especially aerosol optical depth, AOD), and atmospheric chemistry models. We find inconsistencies among several publicly available PM2.5 estimates, highlighting uncertainties in the exposure datasets that are often overlooked in health effects analyses. Major differences among PM2.5 estimates emerge from the choice of data (ground-based, satellite, and/or model), the spatiotemporal resolutions, and the algorithms used to fuse data sources.Implications: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has large impacts on human morbidity and mortality. Even though the methods for generating the PM2.5 exposure estimates have been significantly improved in recent years, there is a lack of review articles that document PM2.5 exposure datasets that are publicly available and easily accessible by the health and air quality communities. In this article, we discuss the main methods that generate PM2.5 data, compare several publicly available datasets, and show the applications of various data fusion approaches. Guidance to access and critique these datasets are provided for stakeholders in public health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Diao
- San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, One Washington Square, San Jose, California, USA, 95192-0104
| | - Tracey Holloway
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 201A Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53726
| | - Seohyun Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nelson Institute Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) and Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 201A Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 53726
| | - Susan M. O’Neill
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA, USA, 98103-8600
| | - Mohammad Z. Al-Hamdan
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, National Space Science and Technology Center, 320 Sparkman Dr., Huntsville, Alabama, USA, 35805
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6299 South St, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, 6299 South St, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02138
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 63130
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, USA, 10964
| | - Arlene M. Fiore
- Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New York, USA, 10964
| | - Daven K. Henze
- University of Colorado, Mechanical Engineering Department, 1111 Engineering Drive UCB 427, Boulder, CO, USA, 80309
| | - Forrest Lacey
- University of Colorado, Mechanical Engineering Department, 1111 Engineering Drive UCB 427, Boulder, CO, USA, 80309
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, 3450 Mitchell Ln, Boulder, CO, USA, 80301
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany Street, Talbot 4W, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02118
| | - Frank Freedman
- San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology and Climate Science, One Washington Square, San Jose, California, USA, 95192-0104
| | - Narasimhan K. Larkin
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA, USA, 98103-8600
| | - Yufei Zou
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Anderson Hall, Seattle, WA, USA, 98195
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27711
| | - Ambarish Vaidyanathan
- Asthma and Community Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop E-19, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 30333
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23
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Gorgun MF, Zhuo M, Dineley KT, Englander EW. Elevated Neuroglobin Lessens Neuroinflammation and Alleviates Neurobehavioral Deficits Induced by Acute Inhalation of Combustion Smoke in the Mouse. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2170-2181. [PMID: 31420834 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute inhalation of combustion smoke produces long-term neurologic deficits in survivors. To study the mechanisms that contribute to the development of neurologic deficits and identify targets for prevention, we developed a mouse model of acute inhalation of combustion smoke, which supports longitudinal investigation of mechanisms that underlie the smoke induced inimical sequelae in the brain. Using a transgenic mouse engineered to overexpress neuroglobin, a neuroprotective oxygen-binding globin protein, we previously demonstrated that elevated neuroglobin preserves mitochondrial respiration and attenuates formation of oxidative DNA damage in the mouse brain after smoke exposure. In the current study, we show that elevated neuronal neuroglobin attenuates the persistent inflammatory changes induced by smoke exposure in the mouse brain and mitigates concordant smoke-induced long-term neurobehavioral deficits. Specifically, we found that increases in hippocampal density of GFAP and Iba-1 positive cells that are detected post-smoke in wild-type mice are absent in the neuroglobin overexpressing transgenic (Ngb-tg) mice. Similarly, the smoke induced hippocampal myelin depletion is not observed in the Ngb-tg mice. Importantly, elevated neuroglobin alleviates behavioral and memory deficits that develop after acute smoke inhalation in the wild-type mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that the protective effects exerted by neuroglobin in the brains of smoke exposed mice afford protection from long-term neurologic sequelae of acute inhalation of combustion smoke. Our transgenic mouse provides a tool for assessing the potential of elevated neuroglobin as possible strategy for management of smoke inhalation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat F Gorgun
- Department of Surgery, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ming Zhuo
- Department of Surgery, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ella W Englander
- Department of Surgery, Medical Branch, University of Texas, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD, Oliver KD, Whitaker DA, Mentese S, Fent KW, Horn GP. Targeted GC-MS analysis of firefighters' exhaled breath: Exploring biomarker response at the individual level. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:355-366. [PMID: 30932751 PMCID: PMC7027924 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1588973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biomarker measurements can provide unambiguous evidence of environmental exposures as well as the resultant biological responses. Firefighters have a high rate of occupational cancer incidence, which has been proposed to be linked in part to their increased environmental exposure to byproducts of combustion and contaminants produced during fire responses. In this article, the uptake and elimination of targeted volatile organic compounds were investigated by collecting the exhaled breath of firefighters on sorbent tubes before and after controlled structure burns and analyzing samples using automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography (ATD-GC/MS). Volatile organic compounds exposure was assessed by grouping the data according to firefighting job positions as well as visualizing the data at the level of the individual firefighter to determine which individuals had expected exposure responses. When data were assessed at the group level, benzene concentrations were found to be elevated post-exposure in both fire attack, victim search, and outside ventilation firefighting positions. However, the results of the data analysis at the individual level indicate that certain firefighters may be more susceptible to post-exposure volatile organic compounds increases than others, and this should be considered when assessing the effectiveness of firefighting protective gear. Although this work focuses on firefighting activity, the results can be translated to potential human health and ecological effects from building and forest fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Karen D Oliver
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Donald A Whitaker
- a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Sibel Mentese
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Merkez/ Çanakkale , Turkey
| | - Kenneth W Fent
- c Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
| | - Gavin P Horn
- d Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , Illinois
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25
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Calvillo A, Haynes E, Burkle J, Schroeder K, Calvillo A, Reese J, Reponen T. Pilot study on the efficiency of water-only decontamination for firefighters' turnout gear. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:199-205. [PMID: 30485152 PMCID: PMC7923952 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1554287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to toxic environments upon entering burning structures. Many structures contain synthetic materials which release toxic chemicals when on fire. These chemicals can enter the body through multiple routes of exposure, including inhalation and skin absorption. Thus, according to the fire departments included in this study, firefighters now conduct on-site decontamination procedures to remove hazardous chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the surface of firefighter turnout gear. Several methods are being practiced at the local level, including decontamination with soap and water, and decontamination with water alone. The water-only decontamination method requires less time and supplies yet has not been investigated as a suitable method for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from turnout gear. Therefore, we evaluated the efficiency of this method by measuring PAH concentration levels before and after water-only decontamination. The calculated efficiency displays the percentage of PAHs removed (or not removed) at post-decontamination in relation to the initial sample collected at pre-decontamination. The turnout gear was sampled after live residential structure fires. Firefighter turnout gear was worn throughout Attack, Overhaul Search and Rescue, and Rescue from Fire operations. All firefighters came to a central location for sampling after completing their job responsibilities. Water only decontamination did not appear to be effective, resulting in an overall 42% increase in PAH contamination. The unexpected increase may have been due to disparate pre- and post-decontamination sampling sites on turnout gear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Calvillo
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056
| | - Erin Haynes
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056
| | - Jeff Burkle
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056
| | - Kenny Schroeder
- Independence Fire District, P.O. Box 175 1980 Delaware Crossing, Independence, KY 41051
| | - Angelo Calvillo
- Cleveland Fire Headquarters, 1645 Superior Ave, Cleveland, OH 44114
| | - Julie Reese
- City of Cincinnati, 805 Central Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Center for Health-Related Aerosol Studies, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056
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Godsmark CN, Irlam J, van der Merwe F, New M, Rother HA. Priority focus areas for a sub-national response to climate change and health: A South African provincial case study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:31-51. [PMID: 30573189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intersection of health and climate change is often absent or under-represented in sub-national government strategies. This analysis of the literature, using a new methodological framework, highlights priority focus areas for a sub-national government response to health and climate change, using the Western Cape (WC) province of South Africa as a case study. METHODS A methodological framework was created to conduct a review of priority focus areas relevant for sub-national governments. The framework encompassed the establishment of a Project Steering Group consisting of relevant, sub-national stakeholders (e.g. provincial officials, public and environmental health specialists and academics); an analysis of local climatic projections as well as an analysis of global, national and sub-national health risk factors and impacts. RESULTS Globally, the discussion of health and climate change adaptation strategies in sub-national, or provincial government is often limited. For the case study presented, multiple health risk factors were identified. WC climatic projections include a warmer and potentially drier future with an increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. WC government priority focus areas requiring further research on health risk factors include: population migration and environmental refugees, land use change, violence and human conflict and vulnerable groups. WC government priority focus areas for further research on health impacts include: mental ill-health, non-communicable diseases, injuries, poisonings (e.g. pesticides), food and nutrition insecurity-related diseases, water- and food-borne diseases and reproductive health. These areas are currently under-addressed, or not addressed at all, in the current provincial climate change strategy. CONCLUSIONS Sub-national government adaptation strategies often display limited discussion on the health and climate change intersect. The methodological framework presented in this case study can be globally utilized by other sub-national governments for decision-making and development of climate change and health adaptation strategies. Additionally, due to the broad range of sectoral issues identified, a primary recommendation from this study is that sub-national governments internationally should consider a "health and climate change in all policies" approach when developing adaptation and mitigation strategies to address climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Nicole Godsmark
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Irlam
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Primary Health Care Directorate, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances van der Merwe
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, Western Cape Government, South Africa
| | - Mark New
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Hanna-Andrea Rother
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Greven FE, Claassen L, Woudenberg F, Duijm F, Timmermans D. Where there's smoke, there's fire: focal points for risk communication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:240-252. [PMID: 29707967 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1468422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large fires involving hazardous materials are often characterized by failing crisis communication. In this study, we compared opinions of experts regarding the risks of major fires to lay beliefs using a mental models approach. Amongst lay people this revealed relevant knowledge gaps and beliefs in opposition to those held by experts. While, experts considered the chance of getting cancer from inhaling smoke from a chemical fire extremely small, most lay people thought that even at a great distance, the chance of getting cancer to be large. To improve crisis communication about risk in a case of large chemical fires, and reduce the potential for messages to be misunderstood, distrusted or dismissed, we recommend a clarification of cancer risk in communications about public health emergencies such as chemical fires, for which lay people equate even small exposures to carcinogenic chemicals make one more likely to get cancer later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans E Greven
- a Department of Environmental Health , Municipal Health Services Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Claassen
- b Department of Public and Occupational Health , EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Fred Woudenberg
- c Municipal Health Services Amstersdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Frans Duijm
- a Department of Environmental Health , Municipal Health Services Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Timmermans
- b Department of Public and Occupational Health , EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Natural disasters have injured more than 2 million people in the last 10 years and led to significant international medical relief deployment. Knowledge of expected injury patterns following these disasters is an important part of planning for type and size of outside surgical assistance. This review aims to summarize what is known about injury patterns following natural sudden-onset disasters (SODs). RECENT FINDINGS Several systematic reviews have concluded that data on injury patterns and surgical needs following natural SODs is scarce. Studies on earthquakes indicate that earthquakes generate large numbers of injured, out of which limb injuries are most common. Tsunamis, floods, storms, and wildfires do not generate a significant burden of injuries in relation to numbers affected. SUMMARY Earthquake may require surgical assistance, especially for limb injuries; therefore, mainly orthopedic and plastic surgeries are priority specialist areas. Major injuries seem to be few in other natural disasters. However, more detailed data is needed on specific injury patterns to determine if additional surgical assistance is needed and to what extent it is needed to cater for normal surgical conditions if existing health care has seized to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bartholdson
- Centre for Research on Health Care in Disasters, Health System and Policy Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan von Schreeb
- Centre for Research on Health Care in Disasters, Health System and Policy Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sertsova AA, Marakulin SI, Yurtov EV. Metal compound nanoparticles: Flame retardants for polymer composites. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abreu A, Costa C, Pinho E Silva S, Morais S, do Carmo Pereira M, Fernandes A, Moraes de Andrade V, Teixeira JP, Costa S. Wood smoke exposure of Portuguese wildland firefighters: DNA and oxidative damage evaluation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:596-604. [PMID: 28524757 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Portugal is among the European Union countries most devastated by forest fires each year. In the last three decades, more than 3.8 million hectares of forest were burned. Wildland firefighters are exposed to a variety of hazards, including many toxic combustion products that may lead to deleterious health effects. Epidemiological studies showed a positive association between firefighting and several chronic diseases, including cancer. Results from biomonitoring studies in firefighters, particularly concerning genotoxicity evaluation, constitute a valuable tool for investigating important occupational hazards. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess genotoxicity in a group of wildland firefighters using the comet assay for DNA damage and oxidative stress. Both parameters were increased in firefighters compared to controls, but significance was only found for basal DNA damage. No significant influence was found regarding major confounding variables on the genotoxic endpoints studied, with the exception of age. Data obtained provide preliminary information on human health effects of wildland firefighting exposure at genetic and molecular levels. These findings may also provide new important data to serve as public awareness to the potential adverse health risks involving wildland firefighting. Implementation of security and hygiene measures in this sector as well as good practices campaigns may be crucial to decrease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Abreu
- a EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department , Porto , Portugal
| | - Carla Costa
- a EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department , Porto , Portugal
| | - Susana Pinho E Silva
- b Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department , Porto , Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- c REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- d LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto Rua Dr. Roberto Frias , Porto , Portugal
| | - Adília Fernandes
- e Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Avenida D. Afonso V , Bragança , Portugal
| | - Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
- f Laboatory of Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Programme of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC , Santa Catarina , Brazil
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- a EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department , Porto , Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- a EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department , Porto , Portugal
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Eggert E, Huss F. Medical and biological factors affecting mortality in elderly residential fire victims: a narrative review of the literature. Scars Burn Heal 2017; 3:2059513117707686. [PMID: 29799550 PMCID: PMC5965309 DOI: 10.1177/2059513117707686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For older people (aged over 65 years), the risk of dying in a residential fire is
doubled compared to the general population. Obvious causes of death mainly
include smoke inhalation and burn injuries. That older people are more fragile
and have more concurrent diseases is inherent, but what is it that makes them
more vulnerable? It is known that the number of elderly people is increasing
globally and that the increased risk of death in fires can be explained, at
least in part, by physical and/or cognitive disabilities as well as
socioeconomic and behavioural factors. The possibility that medical illnesses
and an aging organism/tissues might explain this increased risk has not been
shown to the same extent. Therefore, this narrative literature review focuses on
medical and biological explanations. An initial search using the terms
‘elderly’, ‘fatal’, ‘residential’ and ‘fire’ yielded some interesting articles.
Using a broader snowball search also accepting grey literature, several
additional risk factors could be identified. Cardiovascular diseases, in
particular atherosclerotic heart disease, greatly increases the vulnerability
to, for example, carbon monoxide and probably also other asphyxiating gases.
Cardiovascular diseases and lack of physical fitness may also increase
vulnerability to heat. Burned elderly patients are also at a higher risk of
death than younger patients, but it is controversial whether it is age itself or
the pre-existing illnesses that come with age that increase the risk.
Immunosenescence, malnutrition and female gender are other risk factors for
poorer outcome after burns, all of which are common among older people. Elderly people have an increased risk of dying in house fires for several known
reasons. This review explores possible medical/biological explanations and finds
heart disease to be an important explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Eggert
- The Burn Center, Department of Plastic- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Huss
- The Burn Center, Department of Plastic- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Das P, Thomas H, Moeller M, Walther A. Large-scale, thick, self-assembled, nacre-mimetic brick-walls as fire barrier coatings on textiles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39910. [PMID: 28054589 PMCID: PMC5215295 DOI: 10.1038/srep39910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly loaded polymer/clay nanocomposites with layered structures are emerging as robust fire retardant surface coatings. However, time-intensive sequential deposition processes, e.g. layer-by-layer strategies, hinders obtaining large coating thicknesses and complicates an implementation into existing technologies. Here, we demonstrate a single-step, water-borne approach to prepare thick, self-assembling, hybrid fire barrier coatings of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/montmorillonite (MTM) with well-defined, bioinspired brick-wall nanostructure, and showcase their application on textile. The coating thickness on the textile is tailored using different concentrations of CMC/MTM (1-5 wt%) in the coating bath. While lower concentrations impart conformal coatings of fibers, thicker continuous coatings are obtained on the textile surface from highest concentration. Comprehensive fire barrier and fire retardancy tests elucidate the increasing fire barrier and retardancy properties with increasing coating thickness. The materials are free of halogen and heavy metal atoms, and are sourced from sustainable and partly even renewable building blocks. We further introduce an amphiphobic surface modification on the coating to impart oil and water repellency, as well as self-cleaning features. Hence, our study presents a generic, environmentally friendly, scalable, and one-pot coating approach that can be introduced into existing technologies to prepare bioinspired, thick, fire barrier nanocomposite coatings on diverse surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Das
- DWI – Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Helga Thomas
- DWI – Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Moeller
- DWI – Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- DWI – Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Walker A, McKune A, Ferguson S, Pyne DB, Rattray B. Chronic occupational exposures can influence the rate of PTSD and depressive disorders in first responders and military personnel. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:8. [PMID: 27429749 PMCID: PMC4947320 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First responders and military personnel experience rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) far in excess of the general population. Although exposure to acute traumatic events plays a role in the genesis of these disorders, in this review, we present an argument that the occupational and environmental conditions where these workers operate are also likely contributors. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS First responders and military personnel face occupational exposures that have been associated with altered immune and inflammatory activity. In turn, these physiological responses are linked to altered moods and feelings of well-being which may provide priming conditions that compromise individual resilience, and increase the risk of PTSD and depression when subsequently exposed to acute traumatic events. These exposures include heat, smoke, and sleep restriction, and physical injury often alongside heavy physical exertion. Provided the stimulus is sufficient, these exposures have been linked to inflammatory activity and modification of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA), offering a mechanism for the high rates of PTSD and depressive disorders in these occupations. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS To test this hypothesis in the future, a case-control approach is suggested that compares individuals with PTSD or depressive disorders with healthy colleagues in a retrospective framework. This approach should characterise the relationships between altered immune and inflammatory activity and health outcomes. Wearable technology, surveys, and formal experimentation in the field will add useful data to these investigations. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS Inflammatory changes, linked with occupational exposures in first responders and military personnel, would highlight the need for a risk management approach to work places. Risk management strategies could focus on reducing exposure, ensuring recovery, and increasing resilience to these risk contributors to minimise the rates of PTSD and depressive disorders in vulnerable occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Walker
- />University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- />Australian Capital Territory Fire & Rescue, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- />University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
- />Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sally Ferguson
- />Appleton Institute, School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David B. Pyne
- />Australian Capital Territory Fire & Rescue, Canberra, Australia
- />Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ben Rattray
- />Australian Capital Territory Fire & Rescue, Canberra, Australia
- />Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Liu Z, Murphy JP, Maghirang R, Devlin D. Health and Environmental Impacts of Smoke from Vegetation Fires: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2016.712148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sun L, Zhao X, Li D, Cai Y, An H, Wang T, Cui Z, Yang H, Han F, Ao L, Liu J, Cao J. A dynamic smoke generation and nose-only inhalation exposure system for rats: preliminary results from studies of selected transportation materials. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:897-907. [PMID: 25472478 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.975874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Smoke inhalation injury is the main cause of fatalities for fire victims. Understanding in the pathophysiology of the injury has not been fully explored in recent years. To further explore the pathophysiological mechanism, a dynamic and controllable animal model is necessary. OBJECTIVE To develop a rat model of smoke inhalation injury to simulate human victims in air-restricted vehicle cabin fires. MATERIALS AND METHODS Smoke concentration, including CO, O2, VOCs and smoke temperature under different combustion conditions, were detected. Levels of COHb, respiratory function, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio and protein concentration in BALF and blood were measured. Pathological evaluations of lung in tissues were conducted at 1, 6, 24 and 48 h post-exposure. RESULTS Smoke concentration rose with the increase of combustion temperature and decrease of oxygen flow. Further, 215 kinds of VOCs in the smoke were detected, and the concentrations of benzene, methylbenzene, ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, phenylethylene and trimethylbenzene was 32.93, 402.06, 764.03, 113.73, 1006.61 and 89.28 mg/m(3), respectively. Significant hypoxemia and CO poisoning occurred in rats. The FCOHb after exposure for 14 min immediately rose to (44.2 ± 12.3) % and then gradually decrease to a normal level at 300 min post-exposure. At 24 h post-exposure, Penh increased significantly (p < 0.05), and high pulmonary vascular permeability and significant lung edema (p < 0.05) were observed in the smoke inhalation group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In summary, the novel rat model of smoke inhalation injury system used in the study is dynamic and controllable, and appropriate for use in smoke inhalation injury studies of air-restricted cabins in vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Institute of Toxicology, National Experimental Teaching Demonstrating Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China and
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Tsai RJ, Luckhaupt SE, Schumacher P, Cress RD, Deapen DM, Calvert GM. Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988-2007. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:715-29. [PMID: 25943908 PMCID: PMC4527530 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of firefighter cancer risks were conducted prior to 1990 and do not reflect risk from advances in building materials. METHODS A case-control study using California Cancer Registry data (1988-2007) was conducted to evaluate the risk of cancer among firefighters, stratified by race. RESULTS This study identified 3,996 male firefighters with cancer. Firefighters were found to have a significantly elevated risk for melanoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-2.1), multiple myeloma (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0-1.8), acute myeloid leukemia (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0-2.0), and cancers of the esophagus (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.2-2.1), prostate (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.3-1.7), brain (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.2-2.0), and kidney (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0-1.6). CONCLUSIONS In addition to observing cancer findings consistent with previous research, this study generated novel findings for firefighters with race/ethnicity other than white. It provides additional evidence to support the association between firefighting and several specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Tsai
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sara E. Luckhaupt
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pam Schumacher
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rosemary D. Cress
- Public Health Institute, Cancer Registry of Greater California, Sacramento, California
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | | | - Geoffrey M. Calvert
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Gorgun FM, Zhuo M, Singh S, Englander EW. Neuroglobin mitigates mitochondrial impairments induced by acute inhalation of combustion smoke in the mouse brain. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:361-9. [PMID: 24730682 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.902147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acute inhalation of combustion smoke adversely affects brain homeostasis and energy metabolism. We previously showed that overexpressed neuroglobin (Ngb), neuron specific globin protein, attenuates the formation of smoke inhalation-induced oxidative DNA damage, in vivo, in the mouse brain, while others reported protection by Ngb in diverse models of brain injury, mainly involving oxidative stress and hypoxic/ischemic insults. OBJECTIVE To determine to what extent elevated Ngb ameliorates post smoke-inhalation brain bioenergetics and homeostasis in Ngb overexpressing transgenic mouse. METHODS Smoke inhalation induced changes in bioenergetics were measured in the wild type and Ngb transgene mouse brain. Modulations of mitochondrial respiration were analyzed using the Seahorse XF24 flux analyzer and changes in cytoplasmic energy metabolism were assessed by measuring enzymatic activities and lactate in the course of post smoke recovery. RESULTS Cortical mitochondria from Ngb transgene, better maintained ATP synthesis-linked oxygen consumption and unlike wild type mitochondria did not increase futile oxygen consumption feeding the proton leak, reflecting lesser smoke-induced mitochondrial compromise. Measurements revealed lesser reduction of mitochondrial ATP content and lesser compensatory increases in cytosolic energy metabolism, involving pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities as well as cytosolic lactate levels. Additionally, induction of c-Fos, the early response gene and key neuronal stress sensor, was attenuated in Ngb transgene compared to wild type brain after smoke. CONCLUSION Considered together, these differences reflect lesser perturbations produced by acute inhalation of combustion smoke in the Ngb overexpressing mouse, suggesting that Ngb mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity and raises the threshold of smoke inhalation-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falih Murat Gorgun
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX , USA
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The Impact of Disasters on Populations With Health and Health Care Disparities. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 4:30-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1935789300002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTContext:A disaster is indiscriminate in whom it affects. Limited research has shown that the poor and medically underserved, especially in rural areas, bear an inequitable amount of the burden.Objective:To review the literature on the combined effects of a disaster and living in an area with existing health or health care disparities on a community's health, access to health resources, and quality of life.Methods:We performed a systematic literature review using the following search terms: disaster, health disparities, health care disparities, medically underserved, and rural. Our inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed, US studies that discussed the delayed or persistent health effects of disasters in medically underserved areas.Results:There has been extensive research published on disasters, health disparities, health care disparities, and medically underserved populations individually, but not collectively.Conclusions:The current literature does not capture the strain of health and health care disparities before and after a disaster in medically underserved communities. Future disaster studies and policies should account for differences in health profiles and access to care before and after a disaster.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:30-38)
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Prior exposure to acrolein accelerates pulmonary inflammation in influenza A-infected mice. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:241-51. [PMID: 22705057 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combustion product acrolein contributes to several smoke-related health disorders, but whether this immunomodulatory toxicant alters pulmonary susceptibility to viruses has received little attention. To study the effects of prior acrolein dosing on the severity of influenza A viral infection, male BALB/c mice received acrolein (1mg/kg) or saline (control) via oropharyngeal aspiration either 4- or 7-days prior to intranasal inoculation with either influenza A/PR/8/34 virus or vehicle. At 0, 2, 4 and 7 days post-inoculation, lung samples were assessed for histological changes while pulmonary inflammation was monitored by estimating immune cell numbers and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). After viral challenge, animals that were exposed to acrolein 4 days previously experienced greater weight loss and exhibited an accelerated inflammatory response at 2 days after viral inoculation. Thus compared to saline-pretreated, virus-challenged controls, BALF recovered from these mice contained higher numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in addition to increased levels of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ, KC, and MCP-1. The acrolein-induced increase in viral susceptibility was suppressed by the carbonyl scavenger bisulphite. These findings suggest acute acrolein intoxication "primes" the lung to mount an accelerated immune response to inhaled viruses.
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Young SM, Benyshek DC, Lienard P. The Conspicuous Absence of Placenta Consumption in Human Postpartum Females: The Fire Hypothesis. Ecol Food Nutr 2012; 51:198-217. [DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2012.661349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee HM, Greeley GH, Englander EW. Transgenic overexpression of neuroglobin attenuates formation of smoke-inhalation-induced oxidative DNA damage, in vivo, in the mouse brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2281-7. [PMID: 22001746 PMCID: PMC3241998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute inhalation of combustion smoke causes neurological deficits in survivors. Inhaled smoke includes carbon monoxide, noxious gases, and a hypoxic environment, which disrupt oxygenation and generate free radicals. To replicate a smoke-inhalation scenario, we developed an experimental model of acute exposure to smoke for the awake mouse/rat and detected induction of biomarkers of oxidative stress. These include inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and formation of oxidative DNA damage in the brain. DNA damage is likely to contribute to neuronal dysfunction and progression of brain injury. In the search for strategies to attenuate the smoke-initiated brain injury, we produced a transgenic mouse overexpressing the neuronal globin protein neuroglobin. Neuroglobin was neuroprotective in diverse models of ischemic/hypoxic/toxic brain injuries. Here, we report lesser inhibition of respiratory complex I and reduced formation of smoke-induced DNA damage in neuroglobin transgenic compared to wild-type mouse brain. DNA damage was assessed using the standard comet assay, as well as a modified comet assay done in conjunction with an enzyme that excises oxidized guanines that form readily under conditions of oxidative stress. Both comet assays revealed that overexpressed neuroglobin attenuates the formation of oxidative DNA damage, in vivo, in the brain. These findings suggest that elevated neuroglobin exerts neuroprotection, in part, by decreasing the impact of acute smoke inhalation on the integrity of neuronal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Man Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Wang Q, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Zhu BL, Maeda H. Evaluation of human brain damage in fire fatality by quantification of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immunoreactivities. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 211:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Surveying the Ashes: Experience from the 2007 Peloponnese Wildfires Six Months after the Disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med 2011; 26:79-89. [DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x11000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction: Major disasters disrupt the infrastructure of communities and have lasting psychological, economic, and environmental effects on the affected areas. The psychological status and community effects of the devastating 2007 wildfires on the Peloponnese Peninsula of Greece were assessed six months following the disaster.Methods:Adult inhabitants, 18–65 years of age, living in villages affected by the wildfires were selected randomly and compared with a demographically similar group living in neighboring villages that were unaffected by the fires. Regions were chosen based on the extent of fire damage in that area. There were 409 participants in the fire group, and 391 in the control group. Participants completed a questionnaire that included the SCL-90-R symptom checklist, a subjective perception of health status, and a series of items assessing views about current problems, personal values, and trust in different institutions.Results:The fire group scored significantly higher on psychological distress compared to the control group. Both groups viewed their health status in the previous year as better than at the present time. There were few significant differences between groups in the designation of regional problems, attitudes, and values. In the total sample, 41.6% listed unemployment, and 15.0% listed poverty as the most important problem in their region. The Church was indicated as the most trusted institution by 36.7% of the group and the Government by 13.3%. A total of 30.2% did not have a trusted institution.Conclusions:The hardiness and resilience of the fire-impacted group was evident. However, an improvement in economic conditions is needed to maintain the health and enhance the quality of life of the population living in the Peloponnese region. This improvement likely would have a positive effect on the attitude of trust in government institutions.
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Mocho V, Ouf FX. Clogging of industrial pleated high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in the event of fire. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee HM, Hallberg LM, Greeley GH, Englander EW. Differential inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complexes by inhalation of combustion smoke and carbon monoxide, in vivo, in the rat brain. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:770-7. [PMID: 20429857 DOI: 10.3109/08958371003770315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Combustion smoke contains gases and particulates, which act via hypoxia and cytotoxicity producing mechanisms to injure cells and tissues. While carbon monoxide (CO) is the major toxicant in smoke, its toxicity is exacerbated in the presence of other compounds. Here, we examined modulations of mitochondrial and cytosolic energy metabolism by inhalation of combustion smoke versus CO, in vivo, in the rat brain. Measurements revealed reduced activities of respiratory chain (RC) complexes, with greater inhibition by smoke than equivalent CO in ambient air. In the case of RC complex IV, inhibition by CO and smoke was similar--suggesting that complex IV inhibition is primarily by the action of CO. In contrast, inhibition of complexes I and III was greater by smoke. Increases in cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activities accompanied inhibition of RC complexes, likely reflecting compensatory increases in cytosolic energy production. Together, the data provide new insights into the mechanisms of smoke inhalation-induced perturbations of brain energetics, which impact neuronal function and contribute to the development of neuropathologies in survivors of exposures to CO and combustion smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung M Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1220, USA
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Gases. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420092264-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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