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Ferrà-Cañellas MDM, Garcia-Sureda L. Exploring the Potential of Micro-Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:552. [PMID: 38792574 PMCID: PMC11122531 DOI: 10.3390/life14050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, characterized by the progressive destruction of dental support tissues due to altered immune responses, poses a significant concern for public health. This condition involves intricate interactions between the immune response and oral microbiome, where innate and adaptive immune responses, with their diverse cell populations and inflammatory mediators, play crucial roles in this immunopathology. Indeed, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and immune cells perform key functions in tissue remodeling. Focusing on periodontal therapies, our attention turns to micro-immunotherapy (MI), employing low doses (LDs) and ultra-low doses (ULDs) of immunological signaling molecules like cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. Existing studies across various fields lay the groundwork for the application of MI in periodontitis, highlighting its anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential in soft tissue models based on in vitro research. In summary, this review underscores the versatility and potential of MI in managing periodontal health, urging further investigations to solidify its clinical integration. MI supports an innovative approach by modulating immune responses at low doses to address periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Ferrà-Cañellas
- Preclinical Research Department, Labo’Life España, 07330 Consell, Spain
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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2
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Messina MJ, Messina V, Nagata C. Perspective: Observational Studies Involving Low-Soy Intake Populations Have Limited Ability for Providing Insight into the Health Effects of Soybean Isoflavones. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100210. [PMID: 38484974 PMCID: PMC10992291 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are naturally occurring plant compounds found in uniquely high amounts in soybeans and foods made from this legume. These soybean constituents have been proposed to exert several health benefits and as such they have been the subject of an enormous amount of research. This research includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and epidemiologic investigations. Although statistically significant associations between isoflavone intake and a wide range of health outcomes have been identified in cohorts involving low-isoflavone intake populations, we suggest that these associations are unlikely to have a causal basis because exposure is too low for isoflavones to exert physiologic effects. In cohorts involving predominantly non-Asian, non-vegetarian populations, the highest isoflavone intake category is typically ≤3 mg/d, an amount of isoflavones provided by ∼30 mL (2 tablespoons) of soymilk made from whole soybeans. In comparison, mean isoflavone intake in the upper intake categories in observational studies involving high-isoflavone intake populations is typically ≥50 mg/d. In RCTs, intervention doses of isoflavones typically range between 40 and 100 mg/d. Health professionals advising patients and clients about soy food and isoflavone intake need to be aware of the limitations of epidemiologic research involving low-isoflavone intake populations. Intake recommendations are best based on the results of RCTs using clinically relevant doses of isoflavones and epidemiologic studies involving populations for whom soy foods are a habitual part of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Messina
- Soy Nutrition Institute Global, Jefferson City, MO, United States.
| | | | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Renzelli V, Gallo M, Morviducci L, Marino G, Ragni A, Tuveri E, Faggiano A, Mazzilli R, Natalicchio A, Zatelli MC, Montagnani M, Fogli S, Giuffrida D, Argentiero A, Danesi R, D’Oronzo S, Gori S, Franchina T, Russo A, Monami M, Sciacca L, Cinieri S, Colao A, Avogaro A, Di Cianni G, Giorgino F, Silvestris N. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Human Health: Effects on Metabolism, Diabetes and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4237. [PMID: 37686512 PMCID: PMC10486428 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the role of endocrine disruptors (EDs) derived from commonly employed compounds for manufacturing and processing in altering hormonal signaling and function. Due to their prolonged half-life and persistence, EDs can usually be found not only in industrial products but also in households and in the environment, creating the premises for long-lasting exposure. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are common EDs used in industrial products such as flame retardants, and recent studies are increasingly showing that they may interfere with both metabolic and oncogenic pathways. In this article, a multidisciplinary panel of experts of the Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE) and the Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF) provides a review on the potential role of PBDEs in human health and disease, exploring both molecular and clinical aspects and focusing on metabolic and oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Renzelli
- Italian Association of Clinical Diabetologists, 00192 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Gallo
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo of Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Lelio Morviducci
- Diabetology and Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical Specialities, ASL Roma 1, S. Spirito Hospital, 00193 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giampiero Marino
- Internal Medicine Department, Ospedale dei Castelli, Asl Roma 6, 00040 Ariccia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Ragni
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo of Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Enzo Tuveri
- Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Service, ASL-Sulcis, 09016 Iglesias, Italy;
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical & Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Rossella Mazzilli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical & Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.N.); (F.G.)
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Pharmacology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefano Fogli
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Antonella Argentiero
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Stella D’Oronzo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefania Gori
- Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Don Calabria-Sacro Cuore di Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy;
| | - Tindara Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (T.F.); (N.S.)
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Matteo Monami
- Diabetology, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Laura Sciacca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Section, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Saverio Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Division, Breast Unit, Senatore Antonio Perrino Hospital, ASL Brindisi, 72100 Brindisi, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- UNESCO Chair, Education for Health and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.N.); (F.G.)
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (T.F.); (N.S.)
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Moermond CTA, Puhlmann N, Brown AR, Owen SF, Ryan J, Snape J, Venhuis BJ, Kümmerer K. GREENER Pharmaceuticals for More Sustainable Healthcare. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:699-705. [PMID: 36118957 PMCID: PMC9476650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Medicines are essential to human health but can also impact the aquatic and terrestrial environment after use by patients and release via excreta into wastewater. We highlight the need for a GREENER approach to identify and meet important environmental criteria, which will help reduce the impact of medicinal residues on the environment. These criteria include effect reduction by avoiding nontarget effects or undesirable moieties, exposure reduction via lower emissions or environmental (bio)degradability, no PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) substances, and risk mitigation. With all of these criteria, however, patient health is of primary importance as medicines are required to be safe and efficacious for treating diseases. We discuss the feasibility of including these criteria for green by design active pharmaceutical ingredients in the process of drug discovery and development and which tools or assays are needed to accomplish this. The integrated GREENER approach can be used to accelerate discussions about future innovations in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T. A. Moermond
- Centre
for Safety of Substances and Products (VSP), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Neele Puhlmann
- Institut
für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, C13.205, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - A. Ross Brown
- Biosciences,
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, U.K.
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Silk Road, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Jim Ryan
- GSK,
Environment, Health & Safety, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Jason Snape
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Silk Road, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Bastiaan J. Venhuis
- Centre for
Health Protection (GZB), National Institute
for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institut
für Nachhaltige Chemie, Leuphana
Universität Lüneburg, Universitätsallee, 1/C13.311b, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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5
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Protective effects of polyphenols against endocrine disrupting chemicals. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:905-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Natsch A. Scientific discrepancies in European regulatory proposals on endocrine disruptors-REACH regulation quo vadis? Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3601-3609. [PMID: 34505931 PMCID: PMC8492591 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The EU chemical strategy for sustainability places a high focus on endocrine-disrupting chemicals (ED), the importance of their identification with increased testing and a ban in consumer products by a generic approach. It is assumed that for ED no threshold and hence no safe dose exists, leading to this generic approach. This view appears to be linked to the claim that for ED ‘low-dose non-monotonic dose response’ (low-dose NMDR) effects are observed. Without this hypothesis, there are no scientific reasons why classical risk assessment cannot be applied to the ED mode-of-action. Thus, whether for ED low-dose NMDR effects are considered a reproducible scientific fact by European authorities is Gretchen’s question in this politicized field. Recent documents by the SCCS, EFSA and ECHA reviewed herein illustrate the diverging views within European scientific bodies on this issue. Furthermore, ED researchers never replicated findings on low-dose NMDR in blinded inter-laboratory experiments and the CLARITY-BPA core studies could not find evidence for reproducible NMDR for BPA. ECHA proposes a battery of in vitro tests to test all chemicals for ED properties. However, these tests were never validated for relevance and their high positivity rate could lead to increased follow-up animal testing. Based on (i) lack of reproducibility data for low-dose NMDR, (ii) diverging views within European authorities on NMDR and (iii) lack of fully validated in vitro test methods it might be premature to fast-track the wide-ranging changes in the regulatory landscape proposed by the authorities ultimately leading to drastically increased animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Fragrances S&T, Ingredients Research, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, CH-8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland.
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7
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A comparative assessment of metals and phthalates in commercial tea infusions: A starting point to evaluate their tolerance limits. Food Chem 2019; 288:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Parrott JL, Bjerregaard P, Brugger KE, Gray LE, Iguchi T, Kadlec SM, Weltje L, Wheeler JR. Uncertainties in biological responses that influence hazard and risk approaches to the regulation of endocrine active substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:293-301. [PMID: 27862884 PMCID: PMC8215718 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS) may have certain biological effects including delayed effects, multigenerational effects, and may display nonmonotonic dose-response (NMDR) relationships that require careful consideration when determining environmental hazards. Endocrine disrupting substances can have specific and profound effects when exposure occurs during sensitive windows of the life cycle (development, reproduction). This creates the potential for delayed effects that manifest when exposure has ceased, possibly in a different life stage. This potential underscores the need for testing in appropriate (sensitive) life stages and full life cycle designs. Such tests are available in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tool box and should be used to derive endpoints that can be considered protective of all life stages. Similarly, the potential for effects to be manifest in subsequent generations (multigenerational effects) has also been raised as a potential issue in the derivation of appropriate endpoints for EDS. However, multigenerational studies showing increasing sensitivity of successive generations are uncommon. Indeed this is reflected in the design of new higher tier tests to assess endocrine active substances (EAS) that move to extended one-generation designs and away from multi-generational studies. The occurrence of NMDRs is also considered a limiting factor for reliable risk assessment of EDS. Evidence to date indicates NMDRs are more prevalent in in vitro and mechanistic data, not often translating to adverse apical endpoints that would be used in risk assessment. A series of steps to evaluate NMDRs in the context of endocrine hazard and risk assessment procedures is presented. If careful consideration of delayed, multigenerational effects and NMDRs is made, it is feasible to assess environmental endocrine hazards and derive robust apical endpoints for risk assessment procedures ensuring a high level of environmental protection. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:293-301. © 2016 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to
| | - Poul Bjerregaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristin E Brugger
- DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - L Earl Gray
- USEPA, Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Department of Bioenvironmental Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sarah M Kadlec
- University of Minnesota, Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Crop Protection-Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
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9
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Gorrochategui E, Lacorte S, Tauler R, Martin FL. Perfluoroalkylated Substance Effects in Xenopus laevis A6 Kidney Epithelial Cells Determined by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:924-32. [PMID: 27078751 PMCID: PMC4870675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
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The effects of four perfluoroalkylated
substances (PFASs), namely,
perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate
(PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were assessed in Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells by attenuated
total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy
and chemometric analysis. Principal component analysis–linear
discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) was used to visualize wavenumber-related
alterations and ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) allowed
data processing considering the underlying experimental design. Both
analyses evidenced a higher impact of low-dose PFAS-treatments (10–9 M) on A6 cells forming monolayers, while there was
a larger influence of high-dose PFAS-treatments (10–5 M) on A6 cells differentiated into dome structures. The observed
dose–response PFAS-induced effects were to some extent related
to their cytotoxicity: the EC50-values of most influential
PFAS-treatments increased (PFOS < PFNA < PFOA ≪ PFBS),
and higher-doses of these chemicals induced a larger impact. Major
spectral alterations were mainly attributed to DNA/RNA, secondary
protein structure, lipids, and fatty acids. Finally, PFOS and PFOA
caused a decrease in A6 cell numbers compared to controls, whereas
PFBS and PFNA did not significantly change cell population levels.
Overall, this work highlights the ability of PFASs to alter A6 cells,
whether forming monolayers or differentiated into dome structures,
and the potential of PFOS and PFOA to induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gorrochategui
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Barcelona 08034, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Barcelona 08034, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Barcelona 08034, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston, U.K
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Hornos Carneiro MF, Barbosa F. Gold nanoparticles: A critical review of therapeutic applications and toxicological aspects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2016; 19:129-48. [PMID: 27282429 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1168762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gold (Au) compounds have been utilized as effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of some inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, Au compound use has become limited due to associated high incidence of side effects. Recent development of nanomaterials for therapeutic use with Au-containing drugs is improving the beneficial actions and reducing toxic properties of these agents. Lower toxicity in conjunction with anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects was reported to occur with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) treatment. However, despite this therapeutic potential, safety of AuNP remains to be determined, since the balance between therapeutic properties and development of adverse effects is not well established. Several variables that drive this benefit-risk balance, including physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, shape, surface area, and chemistry, are poorly described in the scientific literature. Moreover, therapeutic and toxicological data were obtained employing nonstandardized or poorly described protocols with different experimental settings (animal species/cell type, route and time of exposure). In contrast, effective and safe application of AuNP may be established only after elucidation of various physicochemical properties of each specific AuNP, and determination of respective kinetics and interaction of compound with target tissue. This critical review conveys the state of the art, the therapeutic use, and adverse effects mediated by AuNP, with primary emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic potential, highlighting the limitations/gaps in the scientific literature concerning important points: (i) selection of experimental designs (in vitro and in vivo models) and (ii) consideration of different physicochemical properties of AuNP that are often disregarded in many scientific publications. In addition, prospects and future needs for research in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
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11
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Lukacova J, Jambor T, Knazicka Z, Tvrda E, Kolesarova A, Lukac N. Dose- and time-dependent effects of bisphenol A on bovine spermatozoa in vitro. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:669-676. [PMID: 25901847 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1011963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was to evaluate the effect of bisphenol A (BPA) at the doses 1, 10, 100 and 200 µg mL(-1) on the bovine spermatozoa motility, viability and production of superoxide radical. The CASA system was used to determine the spermatozoa motility. The initial motility showed the significant differences (P < 0.001) between the groups higher than 100 µg BPA mL(-1) and the control group. Evaluation of the spermatozoa motility after 6 h of cultivation at the doses > 10 µg BPA mL(-1) was found to decrease motility significantly. After 24 h it was observed that the doses < 10 µg BPA mL(-1) statistically increased motility, while the doses > 100 µg BPA mL(-1) significantly decreased motility in comparison to control. The viability of spermatozoa as detected by the MTT assay decreased in all experimental groups, but significant differences were noted only at the highest doses of BPA after 24 h of in vitro cultivation. The intracellular superoxide production was observed by the NBT test after 24 h of BPA exposure. The results indicated that in all experimental groups the amount of superoxide increased as compared to the control group; significant changes were observed at the doses > 100 µg BPA mL(-1). In conclusion, the results from our experiments suggest the negative effects of BPA at the highest doses used on motility and viability of bovine spermatozoa and production of superoxide radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Lukacova
- a Department of Animal Physiology , Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Slovak University of Agriculture , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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12
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Liu X, Matsushima A, Shimohigashi M, Shimohigashi Y. A characteristic back support structure in the bisphenol A-binding pocket in the human nuclear receptor ERRγ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101252. [PMID: 24978476 PMCID: PMC4076284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) affects various genes and hormones even at merely physiological levels. We recently demonstrated that BPA binds strongly to human nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor (ERR) γ and that the phenol-A group of BPA is in a receptacle pocket with essential amino acid residues to provide structural support at the backside. This led BPA to bind to ERRγ in an induced-fit-type binding mode, for example, with a rotated motion of Val313 to support the Tyr326-binding site. A similar binding mechanism appears to occur at the binding site of the BPA phenol-B ring. X-ray crystal analysis of the ERRγ-ligand-binding domain/BPA complex suggested that the ERRγ receptor residues Leu342, Leu345, Asn346, and Ile349 function as intrinsic binding sites of the BPA phenol-B, whereas Leu265, Leu268, Ile310, Val313, Leu324, Tyr330, Lys430, Ala431, and His434 work as structural elements to assist these binding sites. In the present study, by evaluating the mutant receptors replaced by a series of amino acids, we demonstrated that a finely assembled structural network indeed exists around the two adjacent Leu342-Asn346 and Leu345-Ile349 ridges on the same α-helix 7 (H7), constructing a part of the binding pocket structure with back support residues for the BPA phenol-B ring. The results reveal that the double-layer binding sites, namely, the ordinary ligand binding sites and their back support residues, substantiate the strong binding of BPA to ERRγ. When ERRγ-Asn346 was replaced by the corresponding Gly and Tyr in ERRα and ERRβ, respectively, the binding affinity of BPA and even 4-hydroxytamxifen (4-OHT) is much reduced. Asn346 was found to be one of the residues that make ERRγ to be exclusive to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Risk Science Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayami Matsushima
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Risk Science Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Shimohigashi
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shimohigashi
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Risk Science Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ho SM, Johnson A, Tarapore P, Janakiram V, Zhang X, Leung YK. Environmental epigenetics and its implication on disease risk and health outcomes. ILAR J 2014; 53:289-305. [PMID: 23744968 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.53.3-4.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on how environmental factors through epigenetics modify disease risk and health outcomes. Major epigenetic events, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA expression, are described. The function of dose, duration, composition, and window of exposure in remodeling the individual's epigenetic terrain and disease susceptibility are addressed. The ideas of lifelong editing of early-life epigenetic memories, transgenerational effects through germline transmission, and the potential role of hydroxylmethylation of cytosine in developmental reprogramming are discussed. Finally, the epigenetic effects of several major classes of environmental factors are reviewed in the context of pathogenesis of disease. These include endocrine disruptors, tobacco smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, infectious pathogens, particulate matter, diesel exhaust particles, dust mites, fungi, heavy metals, and other indoor and outdoor pollutants. We conclude that the summation of epigenetic modifications induced by multiple environmental exposures, accumulated over time, represented as broad or narrow, acute or chronic, developmental or lifelong, may provide a more precise assessment of risk and consequences. Future investigations may focus on their use as readouts or biomarkers of the totality of past exposure for the prediction of future disease risk and the prescription of effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk-Mei Ho
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Abstract
Endogenous hormones have effects on tissue morphology, cell physiology, and behaviors at low doses. In fact, hormones are known to circulate in the part-per-trillion and part-per-billion concentrations, making them highly effective and potent signaling molecules. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) mimic hormones, yet there is strong debate over whether these chemicals can also have effects at low doses. In the 1990s, scientists proposed the "low-dose hypothesis," which postulated that EDCs affect humans and animals at environmentally relevant doses. This chapter focuses on data that support and refute the low-dose hypothesis. A case study examining the highly controversial example of bisphenol A and its low-dose effects on the prostate is examined through the lens of endocrinology. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of factors that can influence the ability of a study to detect and interpret low-dose effects appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
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Rochester JR. Bisphenol A and human health: a review of the literature. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:132-55. [PMID: 23994667 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1176] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect humans. BPA is an endocrine disruptor that has been shown to be harmful in laboratory animal studies. Until recently, there were relatively few epidemiological studies examining the relationship between BPA and health effects in humans. However, in the last year, the number of these studies has more than doubled. A comprehensive literature search found 91 studies linking BPA to human health; 53 published within the last year. This review outlines this body of literature, showing associations between BPA exposure and adverse perinatal, childhood, and adult health outcomes, including reproductive and developmental effects, metabolic disease, and other health effects. These studies encompass both prenatal and postnatal exposures, and include several study designs and population types. While it is difficult to make causal links with epidemiological studies, the growing human literature correlating environmental BPA exposure to adverse effects in humans, along with laboratory studies in many species including primates, provides increasing support that environmental BPA exposure can be harmful to humans, especially in regards to behavioral and other effects in children.
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Key Words
- 17-beta estradiol
- 8-OHdG
- 8-hydoxydeoxyguanosine
- A European population representative sample (Chianti, Italy)
- AGD
- ANA
- BADGE
- BASC-2
- BMI
- BPA
- BRIEF-P
- Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool
- Behavioral Assessment System for Children
- Bisphenol A
- C-reactive protein
- CAD
- CBCL
- CHAMACOS
- CHD
- CMV
- CRP
- CVD
- Child Behavior Checklist
- DBP
- DHEAS
- Development
- E2
- ECN
- EFS
- EH
- EPIC-Norfolk Study
- ER
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
- Epidemiology
- FAI
- FDA
- FSH
- FT
- Food and Drug Administration
- HDL
- HOMES
- HRV
- HbA1c
- Human
- IL-6
- ISCI
- IVF
- InCHIANTI
- LDL
- LH
- MDA
- MGH
- MaGiCAD
- Massachusetts General Hospital (United States)
- Metabolic disease
- NECAT
- NHANES
- NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
- NNNS
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (United States)
- OHAT
- Office of Health Assessment and Translation
- PCOS
- PFOA
- PFOS
- PIVUS
- Reproduction
- SBP
- SCE
- SFF
- SHBG
- SRS
- Social Responsiveness Scale
- T
- T3
- T4
- TDI
- TSH
- The Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas, Salina, CA
- The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort Study, consisting of over 500,000 people (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom)
- The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study (United States)
- The Metabolomics and Genomics in Coronary Artery Disease Study (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom)
- The New England Children's Amalgam Trial (United States)
- The Study for Future Families, USA
- The Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors Study (Uppsala, Sweden)
- Thyroid
- UCSF
- USEPA
- United Sates Environmental Protection Agency
- University of California, San Francisco
- VCL
- anogenital distance
- antinuclear antibodies
- bisGMA
- bisphenol A
- bisphenol A diglycidyl ether
- bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate
- body mass index
- cardiovascular disease
- coronary artery disease
- coronary heart disease
- curvilinear velocity (μm/s)
- cytomegalovirus
- dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
- diastolic blood pressure
- embryo cell number
- embryo fragmentation score
- endometrial hyperplasia
- estrogen receptor
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- free androgen index (total T divided by SHBG)
- free testosterone
- hCG
- heart rate variability
- hemoglobin A1c
- high-density lipoprotein
- human chorionic gonadotropin
- in vitro fertilization
- interleukin-6
- intracytoplasmic sperm injection
- low-density lipoprotein
- luteinizing hormone
- malondialdehyde
- perfluorooctane sulfonate
- perfluorooctanoic acid
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- rtPCR
- sex hormone binding globulin
- sister chromatid exchange
- systolic blood pressure
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- thyroxine
- tolerable daily intake
- total testosterone
- triidothyronine
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Rochester
- The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX), P.O. Box 1407, Paonia, CO 81428, United States.
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Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Lee DH, Myers JP, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT. Regulatory decisions on endocrine disrupting chemicals should be based on the principles of endocrinology. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 38:1-15. [PMID: 23411111 PMCID: PMC3902067 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For years, scientists from various disciplines have studied the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the health and wellbeing of humans and wildlife. Some studies have specifically focused on the effects of low doses, i.e. those in the range that are thought to be safe for humans and/or animals. Others have focused on the existence of non-monotonic dose-response curves. These concepts challenge the way that chemical risk assessment is performed for EDCs. Continued discussions have clarified exactly what controversies and challenges remain. We address several of these issues, including why the study and regulation of EDCs should incorporate endocrine principles; what level of consensus there is for low dose effects; challenges to our understanding of non-monotonicity; and whether EDCs have been demonstrated to produce adverse effects. This discussion should result in a better understanding of these issues, and allow for additional dialog on their impact on risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Center for Regenerative & Developmental Biology, and Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
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Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE. Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose–responses of endocrine disrupting chemicals: Has the case been made? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:130-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:378-455. [PMID: 22419778 PMCID: PMC3365860 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1986] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For decades, studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have challenged traditional concepts in toxicology, in particular the dogma of "the dose makes the poison," because EDCs can have effects at low doses that are not predicted by effects at higher doses. Here, we review two major concepts in EDC studies: low dose and nonmonotonicity. Low-dose effects were defined by the National Toxicology Program as those that occur in the range of human exposures or effects observed at doses below those used for traditional toxicological studies. We review the mechanistic data for low-dose effects and use a weight-of-evidence approach to analyze five examples from the EDC literature. Additionally, we explore nonmonotonic dose-response curves, defined as a nonlinear relationship between dose and effect where the slope of the curve changes sign somewhere within the range of doses examined. We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms responsible for generating these phenomena, plus hundreds of examples from the cell culture, animal, and epidemiology literature. We illustrate that nonmonotonic responses and low-dose effects are remarkably common in studies of natural hormones and EDCs. Whether low doses of EDCs influence certain human disorders is no longer conjecture, because epidemiological studies show that environmental exposures to EDCs are associated with human diseases and disabilities. We conclude that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses. Thus, fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Tufts University, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Liu X, Matsushima A, Nakamura M, Costa T, Nose T, Shimohigashi Y. Fine spatial assembly for construction of the phenol-binding pocket to capture bisphenol A in the human nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor γ. J Biochem 2012; 151:403-15. [PMID: 22298789 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various lines of evidence have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) acts as an endocrine disruptor that affects various hormones even at merely physiological levels. We demonstrated recently that BPA binds strongly to human nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ), one of 48 nuclear receptors. Based on X-ray crystal analysis of the ERRγ ligand-binding domain (LBD)/BPA complex, we demonstrated that ERRγ receptor residues, Glu275 and Arg316, function as the intrinsic-binding site of the phenol-hydroxyl group of BPA. If these phenol-hydroxyl↔Glu275 and Arg316 hydrogen bonds anchor the A-benzene ring of BPA, the benzene-phenyl group of BPA would be in a pocket constructed by specific amino acid side chain structures. In the present study, by evaluating the Ala-replaced mutant receptors, we identified such a ligand-binding pocket. Leu268, Leu271, Leu309 and Tyr326, in addition to the previously reported participants Glu275 and Arg316, were found to make a receptacle pocket for the A-ring, whereas Ile279, Ile310 and Val313 were found to assist or structurally support these residues. The results revealed that each amino acid residue is an essential structural element for the strong binding of BPA to ERRγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Risk Science Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Marty MS, Carney EW, Rowlands JC. Endocrine Disruption: Historical Perspectives and Its Impact on the Future of Toxicology Testing. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S93-108. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Liu X, Matsushima A, Okada H, Shimohigashi Y. Distinction of the binding modes for human nuclear receptor ERRgamma between bisphenol A and 4-hydroxytamoxifen. J Biochem 2010; 148:247-54. [PMID: 20542892 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) strongly binds to human estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma). BPA is an oestrogenic endocrine disruptor that influences various physiological functions at very low doses. BPA functions as an inverse-type antagonist of ERRgamma to retain its high basal constitutive activity by inhibiting the deactivating inverse agonist activity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). We recently demonstrated that ERRgamma receptor residues Glu275 and Arg316 function as the intrinsic binding site of BPA's phenol-hydroxyl group. We also determined the chief importance of phenol-hydroxyl<-->Arg316 hydrogen bonding and the corroborative role of phenol-hydroxyl<-->Glu275 hydrogen bonding. However, there appeared to be a distinct difference between the receptor binding modes of BPA and 4-OHT. In the present study, using tritium-labelled or non-labelled BPA and 4-OHT, we evaluated in detail the receptor binding capabilities of wild-type ERRgamma and its mutants with amino acid alterations at positions 275 and 316. Both compounds exhibited a strong binding ability to wild-type ERRgamma due to the hydrogen bonding to Glu275 and Arg316. However, 4-OHT revealed significantly reduced occupancy for both wild-type and mutant receptors. The data obtained suggest that 4-OHT barely binds to ERRgamma due to the strong ability of Glu275 and Arg316 to recruit phenol compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Perinatal exposure of rats to Bisphenol A affects the fertility of male offspring. Life Sci 2009; 85:742-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kamrin MA. Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:157-174. [PMID: 19235623 DOI: 10.1080/10937400902729226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As a result of concerns about the toxicity of phthalates to humans, several expert panels were convened toward the end of the 1990s to evaluate the implications of the scientific evidence for the risks of phthalates to humans of all ages. These panels concluded that the risks were low although they had concerns about specific applications of some phthalates, e.g., in medical devices. These groups identified data gaps and recommended additional studies on exposure and toxicity be conducted. In light of the additional data, reevaluations of the risks of phthalates were conducted. While these assessments were being undertaken, U.S. state governments and European authorities proposed and promulgated regulations to limit the use of certain phthalates, i.e., di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), especially in consumer products to which children are exposed. Very recently, similar regulations were promulgated in the United States under the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. This article summarizes recent evaluations of the risks of these phthalates, and addresses the public health implications of the regulations that were enacted. The analysis considers biomonitoring studies and epidemiological research in addition to laboratory animal evidence. Analysis of all of the available data leads to the conclusion that the risks are low, even lower than originally thought, and that there is no convincing evidence of adverse effects on humans. Since the scientific evidence strongly suggests that risks to humans are low, phthalate regulations that have been enacted are unlikely to lead to any marked improvement in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kamrin
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Lim JS, Lee DH, Jacobs DR. Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population, 2003-2004. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1802-7. [PMID: 18559655 PMCID: PMC2518348 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disruptors accumulated in adipose tissue, were associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), are another class of POPs for which body burden is increasing. Cross-sectional associations of serum concentrations of BFRs with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004, 1,367 adults were examined with respect to diabetes status. Five PBDEs and one PBB were selected, detectable in >or=60% of participants. For the outcome metabolic syndrome, we restricted the analysis to 637 participants with a morning fasting sample. RESULTS Compared with subjects with serum concentrations below the limit of detection, prevalent diabetes had differing dose-response associations with serum concentrations of PBB-153 and PBDE-153. Adjusted odds ratios across quartiles of serum concentrations for PBB-153 or PBDE-153 were 1.0, 0.7, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 (P for trend <0.01) and 1.0, 1.6, 2.6, 2.7, and 1.8 (P for quadratic term <0.01), respectively. PBB-153 was also positively associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome with adjusted odds ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 3.1, 3.1, and 3.1 (P for trend<0.01). As in its association with diabetes, PBDE-153 showed an inverted U-shaped association with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Pending confirmation in prospective studies, lipophilic xenobiotics, including brominated POPs stored in adipose tissue, may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Matsushima A, Teramoto T, Okada H, Liu X, Tokunaga T, Kakuta Y, Shimohigashi Y. ERRγ tethers strongly bisphenol A and 4-α-cumylphenol in an induced-fit manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:408-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hori TSF, Avilez IM, Iwama GK, Johnson SC, Moraes G, Afonso LOB. Impairment of the stress response in matrinxã juveniles (Brycon amazonicus) exposed to low concentrations of phenol. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:416-23. [PMID: 18308642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we measured plasma cortisol, plasma glucose, plasma sodium and potassium, and liver and gill hsp70 levels in juvenile matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) subjected to a 96 h exposure to phenol (0, 0.2, and 2.0 ppm), and the effect of this exposure on their ability to respond to a subsequent handling stress. Fish were sampled prior to initiation of exposure and 96 h, and at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h post-handling stress. During the 96 h exposure, plasma cortisol and glucose levels remained unchanged in all treatments. While plasma sodium levels were significantly reduced in all groups, plasma potassium levels only decreased in fish exposed to 0 and 0.2 ppm of phenol. Liver hsp70 levels decreased significantly at 96 h in fish exposed to 2.0 ppm of phenol. All groups, except fish exposed to 0.2 ppm of phenol, were able to increase plasma cortisol and glucose levels after handling stress. Fish exposed to 2.0 ppm of phenol showed decreased gill and liver hsp70 levels after the handling stress. Our data suggest that exposure to phenol may compromise the ability of matrinxã to elicit physiological responses to a subsequent stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S F Hori
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod Washington Luis, km 235, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether bisphenol-A (BPA) is found in maternal circulation of pregnant women in the US population and is related to gestational length and birth weight. METHOD Circulating levels of BPA were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at delivery in 40 southeastern Michigan mothers and correlated with gestational length and birth weight of offspring. RESULT Maternal levels of unconjugated BPA ranged between 0.5 and 22.3 ng ml(-1) in southeastern Michigan mothers. There was no correlation between BPA concentrations and gestational length or birth weight of offspring. CONCLUSION This is the first study to document measurable levels of BPA in maternal blood of the US population. Long-term follow-up studies of offspring are needed to validate or refute concerns over human fetal exposure to synthetic exogenous steroids.
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Patisaul HB, Polston EK. Influence of endocrine active compounds on the developing rodent brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:352-62. [PMID: 17822772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the volumes of sexually dimorphic brain nuclei are often used as a biomarker for developmental disruption by endocrine-active compounds (EACs). However, these gross, morphological analyses do not reliably predict disruption of cell phenotype or neuronal function. Therefore, an experimental approach that simultaneously assesses anatomical, physiological and behavioral endpoints is required when developing risk assessment models for EAC exposure. Using this more comprehensive approach we have demonstrated that the disruption of nuclear volume does not necessarily coincide with disruption of cellular phenotype or neuroendocrine function in two sexually dimorphic brain nuclei: the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (AVPV) and the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN). These results demonstrate that nuclear volume is likely not an appropriate biomarker for EAC exposure. We further demonstrated that neonatal exposure to the EACs genistein (GEN) and Bisphenol-A (BPA) can affect sexually dimorphic brain morphology and neuronal phenotypes in adulthood with regional and cellular specificity suggesting that effects observed in one brain region may not be predictive of effects within neighboring regions. Finally, developmental EAC exposure has been shown to affect a variety of sexually dimorphic behaviors including reproductive behavior. These effects are likely to have a broad impact as maladaptive behavior could translate to decreased fitness of entire populations. Collectively, these findings emphasize the need to employ a comprehensive approach that addresses anatomical, functional and behavioral endpoints when evaluating the potential effects of EAC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, 127 David Clark Labs, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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