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Raha FK, Hasan J, Ali A, Fakayode SO, Halim MA. Exploring the molecular level interaction of Xenoestrogen phthalate plasticisers with oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) Y537S mutant. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Khanam Raha
- Division of Molecular Cancer, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jahid Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ackas Ali
- Division of Molecular Cancer, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Astronomy, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Halim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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Röllin HB. Introduction to the Special Issue of IJERPH Entitled “Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and Other Stressors: Impacts on Fetal Development, Birth Outcomes, Children’s Health and Beyond”. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148816. [PMID: 35886668 PMCID: PMC9323653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Halina B Röllin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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3
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Gaspari L, Paris F, Kalfa N, Soyer-Gobillard MO, Sultan C, Hamamah S. Experimental Evidence of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Transgenerational Effects on Reproductive Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169091. [PMID: 34445797 PMCID: PMC8396488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that endocrine disruptors (EDs) can promote the transgenerational inheritance of disease susceptibility. Among the many existing EDs, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) affects reproductive health, including in humans, following direct occupational exposure or environmental disasters, for instance the Agent Orange sprayed during the Vietnam War. Conversely, few studies have focused on TCDD multigenerational and transgenerational effects on human reproductive health, despite the high amount of evidence in animal models of such effects on male and female reproductive health that mimic human reproductive system disorders. Importantly, these studies show that paternal ancestral TCDD exposure substantially contributes to pregnancy outcome and fetal health, although pregnancy outcome is considered tightly related to the woman’s health. In this work, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and a knowledge synthesis in order (i) to describe the findings obtained in rodent models concerning TCDD transgenerational effects on reproductive health and (ii) to discuss the epigenetic molecular alterations that might be involved in this process. As ancestral toxicant exposure cannot be changed in humans, identifying the crucial reproductive functions that are negatively affected by such exposure may help clinicians to preserve male and female fertility and to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gaspari
- Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.G.); (F.P.); (C.S.)
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34090 Montpellier, France;
- INSERM 1203, Développement Embryonnaire Fertilité Environnement, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Paris
- Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.G.); (F.P.); (C.S.)
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34090 Montpellier, France;
- INSERM 1203, Développement Embryonnaire Fertilité Environnement, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Kalfa
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital, Constitutif Sud, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34090 Montpellier, France;
- Département de Chirurgie Viscérale et Urologique Pédiatrique, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut Debrest de Santé Publique IDESP, UMR INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard
- CNRS, Sorbonne University, 75006 Paris, France;
- Association Hhorages-France, 95270 Asnières-sur-Oise, France
| | - Charles Sultan
- Unité d’Endocrinologie-Gynécologie Pédiatrique, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (L.G.); (F.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Samir Hamamah
- INSERM 1203, Développement Embryonnaire Fertilité Environnement, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Département de Biologie de la Reproduction, Biologie de la Reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +33-4-67-33-62-90
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Barul C, Parent ME. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of prostate cancer. Environ Health 2021; 20:71. [PMID: 34154586 PMCID: PMC8218525 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several industries entailing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known or suspected carcinogens. A handful of studies have assessed the role of PAHs exposure in prostate cancer risk, but none has examined tumor aggressiveness or the influence of screening practices and detection issues. We aimed to examine the association between lifetime occupational exposure to PAHs and prostate cancer risk. METHODS Detailed work histories were collected from 1,929 prostate cancer cases (436 aggressive) and 1,994 controls from Montreal, Canada (2005-2012). Industrial hygienists applied the hybrid expert approach to assign intensity, frequency and certainty of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene, PAHs from wood, coal, petroleum, other sources, and any source, in each job held. Odds ratios (ORs) for prostate cancer risk associated with lifetime PAHs exposure, adjusted for age, ancestry, education, lifestyle and occupational factors, and 95% confidence intervals (CI), were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS After restriction to probable and definite exposures, and application of a 5-year lag, no clear association emerged for any of the PAHs, although small excesses in risk were apparent with 5-year increments in exposure to PAHs from wood (OR = 1.06, 95%CI 0.95 to 1.18). While analyses by cancer aggressiveness suggested no major differences, some elevated risk of high-grade cancer was observed for exposure to PAHs from wood (OR = 1.37, 95%CI 0.65 to 2.89), frequently occurring among firefighters. CONCLUSION Findings provide weak support for an association between occupational exposure to PAHs from wood and prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Barul
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7 Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7 Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec Canada
- University of Montreal’s Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Québec Canada
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Lorenzetti S, Plösch T, Teller IC. Antioxidative Molecules in Human Milk and Environmental Contaminants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:550. [PMID: 33916168 PMCID: PMC8065843 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding provides overall beneficial health to the mother-child dyad and is universally recognized as the preferred feeding mode for infants up to 6-months and beyond. Human milk provides immuno-protection and supplies nutrients and bioactive compounds whose concentrations vary with lactation stage. Environmental and dietary factors potentially lead to excessive chemical exposure in critical windows of development such as neonatal life, including lactation. This review discusses current knowledge on these environmental and dietary contaminants and summarizes the known effects of these chemicals in human milk, taking into account the protective presence of antioxidative molecules. Particular attention is given to short- and long-term effects of these contaminants, considering their role as endocrine disruptors and potential epigenetic modulators. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps and indicate potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lorenzetti
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Perinatal Neurobiology, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Vanni R, Bussuan RM, Rombaldi RL, Arbex AK. Endocrine Disruptors and the Induction of Insulin Resistance. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:e102220187107. [PMID: 33092513 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666201022121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of insulin resistance syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased at an alarming rate worldwide and constitutes a serious challenge to public health care in the 21st century. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are defined as "substances or mixtures of substances that alter the endocrine system functions and, hence, adversely affect organisms, their progeny, or sub populations" and may be associated with this increase in prevalence. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in insulin resistance and the importance of approaching the subject during anamnesis. METHODS A full review of the literature regarding insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and endocrine disruptors were conducted. CONCLUSION Large-scale production and distribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals coincide with the increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance globally. In recent years, studies have shown that endocrine disrupting chemicals are positively associated with insulin resistance syndrome, evidenced by worse prognoses among individuals with higher levels of exposure. Health professionals should recognize the forms of exposure, most susceptible people, and lifestyle habits that can worsen patients' prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vanni
- IPEMED Medical School/ AFYA Educational, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alberto K Arbex
- Medical Clinic in Schleswig-Flensburg, State of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Wang L, Zheng M, Wang Y, Yuan L, Yu C, Cui J, Zhang S. Activation of integrated stress response and disordered iron homeostasis upon combined exposure to cadmium and PCB77. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121833. [PMID: 31837937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Both cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can induce diverse detrimental effects on human health. Though these compounds co-exist in various environmental contexts and in the human body, studies on their joint toxicities are limited. Activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) and iron homeostasis are crucial for erythropoiesis. The impact of cadmium and PCBs on the ISR activation and iron homeostasis of erythroid progenitors is unknown. We investigated the adverse effects and mechanisms of CdCl2 and PCB77 on HEL cells, a human cell model of erythroid progenitors. We found that at high concentrations of CdCl2 and PCB77, cytotoxicity and apoptosis of HEL cells were mainly induced by CdCl2. At low concentrations of CdCl2 and PCB77, iron homeostasis inside HEL cells was disturbed by both of these two compounds. Both CdCl2 and PCB77 activated ISR to combat stress, which at high concentration was mainly induced by ROS, leading to apoptosis, and at low concentration was partly induced by disordered iron homeostasis. The patterns of ISR activation and iron homeostasis disorder were different between CdCl2 and PCB77. Their combined exposure exhibited synergetic effect on activating ISR but antagonistic effect on disturbing iron homeostasis. Our study demonstrates some previously unrecognized harmful characteristics and mechanisms of cadmium and PCB77.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Yingxue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Clinical Lab, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, 264400, China
| | - Chengyong Yu
- Clinical Lab, Weihai Central Hospital, Weihai, 264400, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractExposure to multiple synthetic chemicals is a permanent feature of modern life. Many of these chemicals are suspected to disrupt endocrine systems of humans and animals. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) act at very low concentrations and non-linearly, defying mainstream single-substance chemical regulation. Here we provide an analysis of findings from the first phase of the European Horizon2020-funded “EDC-MixRisk” project as a case of contemporary life-science enterprise, which addresses health-risks related to real-life exposure to mixtures of EDCs. Real-life EDC mixtures were inferred in the project from biological samples taken from pregnant women in a large epidemiological study that followed up their children over several years across major health domains; responses to these mixtures were then experimentally identified, and based on these findings, mixture risk assessment models were developed. The project consequently advocated for European chemical regulation more attentive to real-life exposure. Locating it within historical and sociological analyses of chemical exposure and within the European chemical political context, we argue that scientific uncertainty related to real-life EDC mixture exposure enables a form of epistemological approach and scientific activism, simultaneously in continuity with, and in break from, mainstream toxicology. In a chemically polluted world, this kind of science still occupies a place in the tension between public health and market-oriented regulation.
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Rahman MS, Kline RJ, Vázquez OA, Khan IA, Thomas P. Molecular characterization and expression of arginine vasotocin V1a2 receptor in Atlantic croaker brain: Potential mechanisms of its downregulation by PCB77. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22500. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine SciencesUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
| | - Richard J. Kline
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine SciencesUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
| | - Omar A. Vázquez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsville Texas
| | - Izhar A. Khan
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesTexas A&M University‐Commerce Texas
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of Texas at AustinPort Aransas Texas
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Buser MC, Abadin HG, Irwin JL, Pohl HR. Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR's toxicological profile database. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:553-578. [PMID: 30022686 PMCID: PMC6261274 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1496235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of the fetus is a complex process influenced by many factors including genetics, maternal health, and environmental exposures to toxic chemicals. Adverse developmental effects on the reproductive system have the potential to harm generations beyond those directly exposed. Here, we review the available literature in Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry toxicological profiles related to reproductive-developmental effects in animals following in utero exposure to chemicals. We attempt to identify windows of sensitivity. In the discussion, we correlate the findings with human development. The endpoints noted are fertility, estrus, anogenital distance, sex ratio, spermatogenesis, and mammary gland development. We identified some windows of sensitivity; however, the results were hampered by chronic-exposure studies designed to detect effects occurring throughout developmental, including multi-generational studies. This paper demonstrates the need for more acute studies in animals aimed at understanding time periods of development that are more susceptible to chemically induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie C Buser
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Henry G Abadin
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - John L Irwin
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Hana R Pohl
- a US Department of Health and Human Services , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , Atlanta , GA , USA
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11
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Abass K, Huusko A, Knutsen HK, Nieminen P, Myllynen P, Meltzer HM, Vahakangas K, Rautio A. Quantitative estimation of mercury intake by toxicokinetic modelling based on total mercury levels in humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:1-11. [PMID: 29455008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a toxic metal that can be disseminated into the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Human exposure to the metal stems mainly from food, and more particularly from the consumption of fish and other seafoods. Examining dietary exposure and measuring mercury levels in body tissues are two ways of estimating exposure to mercury. In this study, we utilized a modelling system consisting of three linear toxicokinetic models for describing the fate of methyl mercury, inorganic mercury, and metallic mercury in the body, in order to estimate daily intake of mercury as measured through total mercury concentrations in the blood. We then compared the results stemming from our modelling system to those of the detailed semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of the Norwegian Fish and Game (NFG) Study, a project that focused on dietary mercury exposure. The results indicate that toxicokinetic modelling based on blood levels gave higher daily intake values of mercury compared to those of the FFQ. Furthermore, the former had a wider range of estimates than the latter. The properties of the toxicokinetic model or limitations in the dietary exposure assessment could be posited as reasons for the differences between the respective methods. Moreover, the results may have been influenced by sources of mercury exposure that cannot be described as dietary, such as amalgam fillings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abass
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine; and Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - A Huusko
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine; and Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - H K Knutsen
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - P Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Research Group, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - P Myllynen
- Northern Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu FI-90220, Finland
| | - H M Meltzer
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - K Vahakangas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - A Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine; and Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland
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Yao M, Hu T, Wang Y, Du Y, Hu C, Wu R. Polychlorinated biphenyls and its potential role in endometriosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:837-845. [PMID: 28774553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the progress of global industrialization and environmental deterioration, the relationship between human health and the living environment has become an increasing focus of attention. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, including dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls), as part of the organic chlorine contaminants, have been suspected as playing a role in the etiopathogenesis of endometriosis. Several population-based studies have proposed that exposure to PCBs may increase the risk of developing endometriosis, while some epidemiological studies have failed to find any association between PCBs and endometriosis. The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential pathophysiological relationship between endometriosis and PCBs with a focus on both dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yinfeng Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yongjiang Du
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1Xueshi Road, Hangzhou 310006, P.R. China.
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13
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Anwer F, Chaurasia S, Khan AA. Hormonally active agents in the environment: a state-of-the-art review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:415-433. [PMID: 27487487 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
After the Second World War, infatuation with modern products has exponentially widened the spectrum of chemicals used. Some of them are capable of hijacking the endocrine system by blocking or imitating a hormone and are referred to as hormonally active chemicals or endocrine disruptors. These are chemicals that the body was not designed for evolutionarily and they are present in every matrix of the environment. We are living in a chemical world where the exposures are ubiquitous and take place in combinations that can interact with the endocrine system and some other metabolic activities in unexpected ways. The complexity of interaction of these compounds can be understood by the fact that they interfere with gene expression at extremely low levels, consequently harming an individual life form, its offspring or population. As the endocrine system plays a critical role in many biological or physiological functions, by interfering body's endocrine system, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have various adverse effects on human health, starting from birth defects to developmental disorders, deadly deseases like cancer and even immunological disorders. Most of these compounds have not been tested yet for safety and their effects cannot be assessed by the available techniques. The establishment of proper exposure measurement techniques and integrating correlation is yet to be achieved to completely understand the impacts at various levels of the endocrine axis.
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14
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Schumacher L, Abbott LC. Effects of methyl mercury exposure on pancreatic beta cell development and function. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:4-12. [PMID: 27594070 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methyl mercury is an environmental contaminant of worldwide concern. Since the discovery of methyl mercury exposure due to eating contaminated fish as the underlying cause of the Minamata disaster, the scientific community has known about the sensitivity of the developing central nervous system to mercury toxicity. Warnings are given to pregnant women and young children to limit consumption of foods containing methyl mercury to protect the embryonic, fetal and postnatally developing central nervous system. However, evidence also suggests that exposure to methyl mercury or various forms of inorganic mercury may also affect development and function of other organs. Numerous reports indicate a worldwide increase in diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes. Quite recently, methyl mercury has been shown to have adverse effects on pancreatic beta (β) cell development and function, resulting in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and may even lead to the development of diabetes. This review discusses possible mechanisms by which methyl mercury exposure may adversely affect pancreatic β cell development and function, and the role that methyl mercury exposure may have in the reported worldwide increase in diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes. While additional information is needed regarding associations between mercury exposure and specific mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diabetes in the human population, methyl mercury's adverse effects on the body's natural sources of antioxidants suggest that one possible therapeutic strategy could involve supplementation with antioxidants. Thus, it is important that additional investigation be undertaken into the role of methyl mercury exposure and reduced pancreatic β cell function. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schumacher
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TX, 77843-4458, USA
| | - Louise C Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TX, 77843-4458, USA
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15
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Yoon K, Kwack SJ, Kim HS, Lee BM. Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: molecular mechanisms of actions on putative human diseases. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:127-74. [PMID: 24749480 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.882194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), including phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), phytoestrogens such as genistein and daidzein, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), are associated with a variety of adverse health effects in organisms or progeny by altering the endocrine system. Environmental estrogens, including BPA, phthalates, and phytoestrogens, are the most extensively studied and are considered to mimic the actions of endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2). Diverse modes of action of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) have been described, but the mode of action of estrogenic EDC is postulated to be more complex and needs to be more clearly elucidated. This review examines the adverse effects of estrogenic EDC on male or female reproductive systems and molecular mechanisms underlying EDC effects that modulate ER-mediated signaling. Mechanisms of action for estrogenic EDC may involve both ER-dependent and ER-independent pathways. Recent findings from systems toxicology of examining estrogenic EDC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsil Yoon
- a Lung Cancer Branch , Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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Tseng IL, Yang YF, Yu CW, Li WH, Liao VHC. Phthalates induce neurotoxicity affecting locomotor and thermotactic behaviors and AFD neurons through oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82657. [PMID: 24349328 PMCID: PMC3861438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phthalate esters are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and numerous organisms are thus exposed to various levels of phthalates in their natural habitat. Considering the critical, but limited, research on human neurobehavioral outcomes in association with phthalates exposure, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo model to evaluate phthalates-induced neurotoxicity and the possible associated mechanisms. Principal Findings Exposure to phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and DIBP) at the examined concentrations induced behavioral defects, including changes in body bending, head thrashing, reversal frequency, and thermotaxis in C. elegans. Moreover, phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and DIBP) exposure caused toxicity, affecting the relative sizes of cell body fluorescent puncta, and relative intensities of cell bodies in AFD neurons. The mRNA levels of the majority of the genes (TTX-1, TAX-2, TAX-4, and CEH-14) that are required for the differentiation and function of AFD neurons were decreased upon DEHP exposure. Furthermore, phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and DIBP) exposure at the examined concentrations produced elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. elegans. Finally, pretreatment with the antioxidant ascorbic acid significantly lowered the intracellular ROS level, ameliorated the locomotor and thermotactic behavior defects, and protected the damage of AFD neurons by DEHP exposure. Conclusions Our study suggests that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the phthalate esters-induced neurotoxic effects in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ling Tseng
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fei Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Wei Yu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Li
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Schilirò T, Porfido A, Longo A, Coluccia S, Gilli G. The E-screen test and the MELN gene-reporter assay used for determination of estrogenic activity in fruits and vegetables in relation to pesticide residues. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abass K, Huusko A, Nieminen P, Myllynen P, Pelkonen O, Vahakangas K, Rautio A. Estimation of health risk by using toxicokinetic modelling: a case study of polychlorinated biphenyl PCB153. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:1-10. [PMID: 23911823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess potential PCB153-associated human health effects and risks, it is necessary to model past exposure. PCB153 blood concentrations, obtained from the AMAP biomonitoring programme, in Inuit women covering the years 1994-2006 at Disko Bay, 1999-2005 at Nuuk, and 1992-2007 at Nunavik were used to extrapolate body burden and exposure to the whole lifespan of the population by the one-compartment toxicokinetic model. By using risk characterisation modelling, calculated Hazard Quotients were higher than 1 between the years 1955 and 1987 for the 90th population percentile and during 1956-1984 for the 50th population percentile. Cancer risk for overall exposure of PCB153 ranged from 4.6×10(-5) to 1.8×10(-6) for the 90th percentile and 3.6×10(-5) to 1.4×10(-10) for the 50th percentile between 1930 and 2049, when central estimates or upper-bound slope factors were applied. Cancer risk was below 1×10(-6) for the same time period when a lower slope factor was applied. Significant future research requirements to improve health risk characterisation include, among others, larger sample sizes, better analytical accuracy, fewer assumptions in exposure assessment, and consequently, a better choice of the toxicity benchmark used to develop the hazard quotient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Bang DY, Kyung M, Kim MJ, Jung BY, Cho MC, Choi SM, Kim YW, Lim SK, Lim DS, Won AJ, Kwack SJ, Lee Y, Kim HS, Lee BM. Human Risk Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Derived from Plastic Food Containers. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Jung EM, An BS, Yang H, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Biomarker genes for detecting estrogenic activity of endocrine disruptors via estrogen receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:698-711. [PMID: 22690157 PMCID: PMC3367271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are compounds used in various industrial products, drugs, and cosmetics. They can be found in the environment and disturb the endocrine and reproductive systems, resulting in adverse effects to humans and wildlife such as birth defects and developmental disorders. Since several EDs have a structure similar to that of endogenous steroid hormones such as estrogens, they intend to have an affinity for steroid hormone receptors and alter hormone-mediated metabolism by binding to these receptors. EDs are therefore a global concern and assays should be developed to efficiently determine whether these compounds are detrimental to biological systems. Diverse experimental methods may help determine the endocrine disrupting potential of EDs and evaluate the adverse effects of a single and/or combination of these reagents. Currently, biomarkers have been employed to objectively measure EDs potency and understand the underlying mechanisms. Further studies are required to develop ideal screening methods and biomarkers to determine EDs potency at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this review, we describe the biomarkers for estrogenicity of EDs identified both in vitro and in vivo, and introduce a biomarker, cabindin-D9k (CaBP-9k), that may be used to assess estrogenic activity of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea.
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Guerra MT, de Toledo FC, Kempinas WDG. In utero and lactational exposure to fenvalerate disrupts reproductive function in female rats. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 32:298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schilirò T, Gorrasi I, Longo A, Coluccia S, Gilli G. Endocrine disrupting activity in fruits and vegetables evaluated with the E-screen assay in relation to pesticide residues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:139-46. [PMID: 21397020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Food is likely to be one of the most important routes of human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). In the present study, we evaluated the total estrogenic activity of fruits and vegetables, which was calculated using the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 BUS) proliferation assay (E-screen), in relation to pesticide residues. We analysed 44 food samples, 30 fruits and 14 vegetables. Of these samples, 10 did not contain any pesticide residues. The other 34 samples contained from 1 to 7 pesticide residues in concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 1.91 ppm. Estrogenic activity was detected in the 59% of samples tested. The positive controls used were 17-β-estradiol (E2), the phytoestrogen genistein and the pesticide endosulfan. The average value of estradiol equivalency quantity (EEQ) for all positive samples was 0.15±0.32 μg/100g. A low correlation was found between the concentration of pesticide residues and the EEQ values (Spearman correlation r=0.376 and p=0.012). Using values obtained from the literature, we compared the estrogenic activity of food samples with the intrinsic content of phytoestrogens, but we found no correlations. Our results also suggested that the calculated intake of dietary EDCs might represent a concentration comparable to the normal endogenous estrogen concentration in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Masuo Y, Ishido M. Neurotoxicity of endocrine disruptors: possible involvement in brain development and neurodegeneration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:346-369. [PMID: 21790316 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors do not appear to pose a risk to human reproduction; however, their effects on the central nervous systems are less well understood. Animal studies suggested that maternal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) produced changes in rearing behavior, locomotion, anxiety, and learning/memory in offspring, as well as neuronal abnormalities. Some investigations suggested that EDC exert effects on central monoaminergic neurons, especially dopaminergic neurons. Our data demonstrated that EDC attenuate the development of dopaminergic neurons, which might be involved in developmental disorders. Perinatal exposure to EDC might affect neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, thereby potentially modulating neuronal development, leading to impaired cognitive and memory functions. Endocrine disruptors also attenuate gender differences in brain development. For example, the locus ceruleus is larger in female rats than in males, but treatments with bisphenol-A (BPA) enlarge this region in males. Some reports indicated that EDC induce hypothyroidism, which might be evidenced as abnormal brain development. Endocrine disruptors might also affect mature neurons, resulting in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The current review focused on alterations in the brain induced by EDC, specifically on the possible involvement of EDC in brain development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan.
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El Majdoubi M. Stem cell-derived in vitro models for investigating the effects of endocrine disruptors on developing neurons and neuroendocrine cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:292-299. [PMID: 21790313 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine cells are a set of specialized hormone-releasing neurons that control most vital functions in humans and wildlife, such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and stress responses. Increasing evidence points to neuroendocrine cells as the primary neuronal target of endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruption appears to be most significant during prenatal and early postnatal development. However, limitations with traditional cell culture models of neuronal development led to a lack of understanding regarding the mechanisms by which endocrine disruptors affect neurodevelopment. In recent years, Stem Cell-derived neuronal models have become available and may offer distinct advantages over other in vitro model systems for investigating the effects of endocrine disruptors on the developing brain. Further, recently new models of Stem Cell-derived neuroendocrine cells that may provide more effective ways for studying the effects of endocrine disruptors directly on developing neuroendocrine cells in vitro were developed. This constitutes a review of currently available cell models of developing neurons that have been used to investigate in vitro effects of endocrine disruptors on developing brain. The review also presents recently developed models of Stem Cell-derived neuroendocrine cells that might be used to investigate in vitro effects of endocrine disruptors and their mechanisms of action directly on the developing neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Majdoubi
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Science Center, Dominican University of California, Rafael, CA 94901, USA.
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Karlsen OA, Bjørneklett S, Berg K, Brattås M, Bohne-Kjersem A, Grøsvik BE, Goksøyr A. Integrative environmental genomics of Cod (Gadus morhua): the proteomics approach. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:494-507. [PMID: 21391094 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.550559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an essential species in North Atlantic fisheries and increasingly relevant as an aquaculture species. However, potential conflicts with both coastal industry and petroleum industry expanding into northern waters make it important to understand how effluents (produced water, pharmaceuticals, food contaminants, and feed contaminants) affect the growth, reproduction, and health of this species in order to maintain a sustainable cod population and a healthy human food source, and to discover biomarkers for environmental monitoring and risk assessment. The ongoing genome sequencing effort of Atlantic cod has opened the possibility for a systems biology approach to elucidate molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Our study aims to be a first step toward such a systems toxicology understanding of genomic responses to environmental insults. A toxicogenomic approach was initiated that is combining data generated from proteomics analyses and transcriptomics analyses, and the concurrent development of searchable expressed sequence tags (EST) databases and genomic databases. This interdisciplinary study may also open new possibilities of gene annotation and pathway analyses.
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Rahman S, Khan IA, Thomas P. Tryptophan hydroxylase: a target for neuroendocrine disruption. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:473-494. [PMID: 21790322 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, performs an essential role in the maintenance of serotonergic functions in the central nervous system (CNS), including regulation of the neuroendocrine system controlling reproduction. The results of recent studies in a teleost model of neuroendocrine disruption, Atlantic croaker, indicated that hypothalamic TPH is a major site of interference of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function by environmental stressors. The effects of exposure to two different types of environmental stressors, low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Aroclor 1254), on the stimulatory brain serotonergic system controlling reproductive neuroendocrine function in Atlantic croaker are reviewed. Exposure to both stressors produced decreases in TPH activity, which were accompanied by a fall in hypothalamic 5-HT and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH I) content in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area and were associated with reduction in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and gonadal development. Pharmacological restoration of hypothalamic 5-HT levels after exposure to both stressors also restored neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, indicating that the serotonergic system is an important site for hypoxia- and Aroclor 1254-induced inhibition of reproductive neuroendocrine functions. The mechanisms underlying downregulation of TPH activity by these stressors remain unclear but may involve alterations in hypothalamic antioxidant status. In support of this hypothesis, treatment with an antioxidant, vitamin E, was found to reverse the inhibitory effects of Aroclor 1254 on TPH activity. The results suggest that TPH is a major target for neuroendocrine disruption by diverse environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saydur Rahman
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
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Habauzit D, Flouriot G, Pakdel F, Saligaut C. Effects of estrogens and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on cell differentiation-survival-proliferation in brain: contributions of neuronal cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:300-327. [PMID: 21790314 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogen receptors (ER) are key actors in the control of differentiation and survival and act on extrareproductive tissues such as brain. Thus, estrogens may display neuritogenic effects during development and neuroprotective effects in the pathophysiological context of brain ischemia and neurodegenerative pathologies like Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Some of these effects require classical transcriptional "genomic" mechanisms through ER, whereas other effects appear to rely clearly on "membrane-initiated mechanisms" through cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways. Disturbances of these mechanisms by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) may exert adverse effects on brain. Some EDC may act via ER-independent mechanisms but might cross-react with endogenous estrogen. Other EDC may act through ER-dependent mechanisms and display agonistic/antagonistic estrogenic properties. Because of these potential effects of EDC, it is necessary to establish sensitive cell-based assays to determine EDC effects on brain. In the present review, some effects of estrogens and EDC are described with focus on ER-mediated effects in neuronal cells. Particular attention is given to PC12 cells, an interesting model to study the mechanisms underlying ER-mediated differentiating and neuroprotective effects of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Habauzit
- UMR CNRS 6026 (Interactions Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Equipe RED), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Sonne C, Larsen HJS, Kirkegaard M, Letcher RJ, Dietz R. Trans-generational and neonatal humoral immune responses in West Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) exposed to organohalogenated environmental contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:5801-5807. [PMID: 20832100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations in the Arctic have suggested OHC (organohalogen contaminant) induced immune toxic effects on e.g. polar bears (Ursus maritimus). We therefore studied the dietary impact from minke whale blubber (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and OHCs, on the humoral immunity of 7 captive West Greenland sledge dog (Canis familiaris) bitches and their 4 pups constituting a sentinel model species for polar bears. A control group was composed of 8 bitches and their 5 pups all fed pork (Suis scrofa) fat. The study included serum IgG measurements (bitches and pups) and specific immune responses towards tetanus toxoid (bitches) and diphtheria toxoid (pups) as well as influenza virus (pups). The analyses showed that IgG concentrations were non-significantly lowest in exposed bitches and pups (t-test: all p>0.05). In addition, significant lower antibody response was detected in exposed pups immunized with influenza virus at age 3 months (t-test: both p<0.05). No clear group differences were found for tetanus toxoid in bitches and diphtheria toxoid in pups. The results suggest that the humoral immune system of sledge dogs may be suppressed by the dietary blubber composition of OHCs and polyunsaturated fatty acids while a larger follow-up study is recommended in order to investigate this relationship further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Section for Contaminants, Effects and Marine Mammals, Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Han EH, Hwang YP, Kim HG, Park JH, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by 4-nonylphenol is mediated through the cyclic amp response element activation pathway. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1451-1464. [PMID: 20954072 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.511551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The organic compound nonylphenol (NP) belongs to the family of alkylphenols and is a product of industrial synthesis formed during phenol alkylation. Nonylphenol is considered to be an endocrine disruptor due to weak ability to mimic estrogen and subsequently to disrupt the natural balance of hormones in a given organism. Since the endocrine and immune systems share portions of common signaling pathways, it is conceivable that NP may also affect immune system functions. However, the influence of NP on inflammation and macrophages responsiveness to NP is unclear. Thus, the effects of NP were investigated on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in cultured macrophages. NP induced COX-2 protein and gene expression in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and enhanced COX-2 promoter activity and prostaglandin E(2) production. Transfection of RAW264.7 cells with hCOX-2 or various deletion and mutation promoter constructs revealed that the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) was the predominant mediator responsive to NP-induced effects. Moreover, transfection with pCRE-Luc plasmid followed by immunoblotting demonstrated that NP activated CRE sites and CRE binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. NP also increased nuclear CREB accumulation and CREB binding to the COX-2 promoter. Phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase, Akt, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) p38 and JNK were also significantly activated by NP. Our data demonstrate that NP induces COX-2 expression through the PI3-kinase/Akt/MAP kinases/CRE pathway. These findings provide insight into the signal transduction pathways involved in the inflammatory responses induced by NP in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Han
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Sahambi SK, Pelland A, Cooke GM, Schrader T, Tardif R, Charbonneau M, Krishnan K, Haddad S, Cyr DG, Devine PJ. Oral p-tert-octylphenol exposures induce minimal toxic or estrogenic effects in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:607-622. [PMID: 20391140 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903566682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) has raised concerns about potential health hazards for humans and wildlife. Human and wildlife exposure to one such ubiquitous chemical, p-tert-octylphenol (OP), are likely, due to its persistence in the environment and its presence in food, water, and items of daily use. OP is reported to bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) and alter expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Detrimental effects of OP exposures on the reproductive system have been observed in most, but not all, in vivo experiments. This study examined estrogenic effects of oral exposures of adult female rats to OP. In vitro, OP bound weakly to human ER and a co-activator protein, and accelerated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were given OP by gavage daily for 35 d (25, 50, or 125 mg/kg/d). Body and organ weights and ovarian follicle populations were not significantly altered in OP-exposed adult rats, despite detectable levels of OP in reproductive organs. The estrous cycle of rats was slightly altered, but there were no significant estrogen-like changes in histomorphology or gene expression of the uterus. Prepubertal rats given 125 or 250 mg/kg OP by gavage for 3 d had reduced body weight compared to vehicle-exposed rats but failed to show any uterotrophic response, although 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE, 10 microg/kg/d, ip) induced a threefold increase in uterine weight. Overall, results suggest that toxicity will occur before estrogenic effects with oral exposures to OP. Relevant environmental exposures likely pose little risk for estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdeep K Sahambi
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada
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Locatello L, Matozzo V, Marin MG. Biomarker responses in the crab Carcinus aestuarii to assess environmental pollution in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:869-877. [PMID: 19499335 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, three biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, vitellogenin (Vg)-like proteins, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, were evaluated in male Carcinus aestuarii crabs collected from four sites in the Lagoon of Venice, two in the northern lagoon area and two in the southern one. Results revealed differences among sites in relation to each specific biomarker. Hence, a suite of biomarkers can be used to discriminate sampling sites according to types of pollution, reflecting differing conditions of anthropogenic impact. Comparisons between the northern and southern lagoon areas suggest that the latter are in better condition for Vg-like protein level and AChE activity. The lower EROD activity recorded in crabs from the northern sites suggests a detrimental inhibitory effect of contaminants, rather than a lack of induction due to lower pollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Locatello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Dang VH, Nguyen TH, Lee GS, Choi KC, Jeung EB. In vitro exposure to xenoestrogens induces growth hormone transcription and release via estrogen receptor-dependent pathways in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Steroids 2009; 74:707-14. [PMID: 19463694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we employed an in vitro model to examine the effects of endocrine disruptors (EDs) in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) gene, an important hormone in growth, development and body composition. The rat pituitary cells, GH3, were treated with alkyl-phenols (APs), i.e., 4-tert-octyl-phenol (OP), p-nonyl-phenol (NP) or bisphenol A (BPA) for 24h in a dose-dependent manner (10(-5), 10(-6) and 10(-7)M) and in a time-dependent fashion (1, 3, 6, 12 and 24h) at a high concentration (10(-5)M). An anti-estrogen, ICI 182,780, was used to examine the potential involvement of estrogen receptor (ER) in the induction of GH by EDs through an ER-mediated pathway. Treatment with OP, NP and BPA induced a significant increase in GH gene expression at high and medium doses at 24h. ED-exposure induced a marked increase in GH gene transcription as early as 6h and peaked at 12h. Co-treatment with ICI 182,780 significantly attenuated ED-induced GH expression in GH3 cells. Interestingly, the level of in vitro GH release was significantly increased at 24h in response to OP, NP or BPA, whereas co-treatment with ICI 182,780 significantly reversed ED-induced GH secretion, indicating that ER may take part in both GH gene transcription and its release in these cells. In addition, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), protein kinases B (Akt) or G protein in response to OP, NP or BPA at 24h was observed in this study. Exposure to these APs resulted in a rapid and significant activation of ERK phosphorylation, reflecting that EDs-induced response may involve both genomic and non-genomic pathways in these cells. Taken together, these results may provide new insight into the mode of ED-induced action in GH gene regulation as well as the biological pathway underlying these molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hoang Dang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Kim DJ, Seok SH, Baek MW, Lee HY, Na YR, Park SH, Lee HK, Dutta NK, Kawakami K, Park JH. Benomyl induction of brain aromatase and toxic effects in the zebrafish embryo. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:289-94. [PMID: 19058295 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Benomyl is a benzimidazole fungicide that has been widely used on a variety of food crops and ornamental plants. It is known to cause adverse effects on reproductive systems, including decreased testicular and epididymal weights and reduced epididymal sperm counts and fertility. The brain aromatase gene is up-regulated by estrogens and estrogen mimics and considered a target gene to screen estrogen mimics. This study was designed to test the estrogenic potential and toxic effects of benomyl in the zebrafish system, and validated this system as a model that may correspond to the effect of benomyl in rodents. Concentrations of 20 x 10(-6), 40 x 10(-6) and 80 x 10(-6) M of benomyl-treated embryos showed decreased survival, hatching and heart rates, and increased incidence of malformations, such as pericardial edema, spinal lordosis, elongated heart, head edema, eye lens protrusion and caudal fin disappearance. Benomyl induced enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in transient zebrafish embryos with a brain aromatase-based reporter gene. In this study, we determined that benomyl has estrogenic potential based on zebrafish brain aromatase gene induction, and that benomyl is toxic at 20 x 10(-6) M concentration and higher. These results demonstrate the usefulness of zebrafish embryos as an in vivo system to examine the estrogenic and developmental toxic potential of unknown compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jae Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK2 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Iavicoli I, Fontana L, Bergamaschi A. The effects of metals as endocrine disruptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:206-23. [PMID: 19466673 DOI: 10.1080/10937400902902062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review reports current knowledge regarding the roles that cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (PB), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) play as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The influence of these metals on the endocrine system, possible mechanisms of action, and consequent health effects were correlated between experimental animals and humans. Analysis of the studies prompted us to identify some critical issues related to this area and showed the need for more rigorous and innovative studies. Consequently, it was recommended that future studies need to: (1) identify the mechanisms of action, because at the present time only a few have been elucidated-in this context, the possible presence of hormesis need to be determined, as currently this was reported only for exposure Cd and As; (2) study the possible additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects on the endocrine system following exposure to a mixture of metals since there is a lack of these studies available, and in general or occupational environments, humans are simultaneously exposed to different classes of xenobiotics, including metals, but also to organic compounds that might also be EDCs; (3) assess the potential adverse effects on the endocrine system of low-level exposures to metals, as most of the information currently available on EDCs originates from studies in which exposure levels were particularly high; and (4) assess the effects on the endocrine and reproductive systems of other metals that are present in the general and occupational environment that have not yet been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Berg C, Gyllenhammar I, Kvarnryd M. Xenopus tropicalis as a test system for developmental and reproductive toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:219-225. [PMID: 19184736 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802539079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of Xenopus tropicalis as a model species to investigate endocrine disruption and developmental reproductive toxicity was assessed. In our test system tadpoles were exposed to test substances from shortly after hatching until metamorphosis, including the period of gonadal differentiation. Effects on the sex hormone and thyroid hormone axes were evidenced as skewed sex ratios, malformations of reproductive organs, altered cytochrome (CYP19) (aromatase) activity, and gene expression in gonads and brain, as well as changed thyroid histology and time to metamorphosis. Reproductive toxicity was evaluated at sexual maturity. Male-to-female sex reversal was implied at concentrations as low as 6 pM (1.8 ng/L) ethynylestradiol (EE2), which is comparable to EE2 levels observed in the environment. EE2-exposed males that were not sex reversed had significantly reduced fertility and a reduced amount of spermatozoa in testes compared with control males. This indicates that reproduction in wild frogs might be impaired by estrogenic environmental pollutants. Aromatase activity in brain and testes of adult frogs was not affected by larval EE2 exposure. Preliminary results indicate that exposure to the environmentally relevant pharmaceutical clotrimazole modulated aromatase activity in brain and gonads during sex differentiation, which warrants further investigation. The susceptibility to estrogen-induced sex reversal of X. tropicalis was comparable to that of other frog species and fish. Similarities between the reproductive effects in X. tropicalis and those reported in fish, birds, and mammals after developmental exposure to estrogens make X. tropicalis promising model for research on endocrine disruption and developmental reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Norbyvägen 18 A, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Lyche JL, Almaas C, Stavik B, Moe SJ, Aleksandersen M, Berg V, Jakobsen KS, Stenseth NC, Skåre JU, Alestrøm P, Ropstad E. Transcriptional regulation in liver and testis associated with developmental and reproductive effects in male zebrafish exposed to natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POP). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:112-130. [PMID: 19184727 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802537255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POP) occur as mixtures in nature and it is difficult to predict the toxicity of such mixtures based on knowledge about toxicity and mechanisms of action for single compounds. The present knowledge on the combined toxic effects and modes of actions of exposure to mixtures is limited. Thus, the scientifically based hazard and risk assessment of POP requires analytical and toxicological data from studies with environmental mixtures of POP. The application of genome wide transcription profiling in toxicology, in combination with classical endpoints, will improve the current understanding of the mechanisms of toxic processes. Furthermore, gene expression data may be useful in establishing new hypothesis and discovering new biomarkers for known toxicity as well as not yet recognized toxicity endpoints. In the present study, developmental and reproductive effects of lifelong exposure to environmental relevant concentrations of two natural mixtures of POP were investigated using classical and molecular methods in a controlled zebrafish model. The mixtures used were extracted from burbot (Lota lota) liver originating from freshwater systems in Norway: one mixture with high levels and one mixture with background levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and DDT. The concentration of POP in the zebrafish ranged from levels detected in wild fish from Lake Mjøsa, to concentrations reported in human and wildlife populations. Phenotypic effects observed in both exposure groups included (1) reduced survival, (2) earlier onset of puberty, (3) increased male/female sex ratio, and (4) differences in body weight at 5 mo of age. Interestingly, genome-wide transcription profiling showed changes in regulation of genes involved in endocrine signaling and growth. The transcriptomics changes included (1) key regulator genes for steroid and thyroid hormone functions (cga, ncoa3), (2) insulin signaling and metabolic homeostasis (pik3r1, pfkfb3, ptb1), and (3) p53 activation (mdm4). The effects observed in the experimental zebrafish model raise the question of whether chemical pollution represents a risk to the reproductive health of wild fish inhabiting the freshwater system.
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Kim K, Son TG, Park HR, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Kim HS, Kim TS, Jung KK, Han SY, Lee J. Potencies of bisphenol A on the neuronal differentiation and hippocampal neurogenesis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1343-51. [PMID: 20077206 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903212501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) produce adverse effects on reproductive and immune function or neurological behavior, and may also induce cancer. The environmental EDC bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. BPA affects reproductive organ growth and development, but the potential adverse effects of BPA on neuronal development are not fully understood. Here, BPA concentration-dependently decreased proliferation of murine-derived multipotent neural progenitor cells (NPC), and high concentrations produced cytotoxicity. In contrast, low concentrations of BPA, which possess estrogenic activity, stimulated NPC differentiation into a neuronal phenotype. BPA treatment did not affect neonatal brain development in F1 mice. However, BPA treatment (20 mg/kg) accelerated formation of the dentate gyrus in postnatal day 1 mice. Prenatal and postnatal BPA treatment did not affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in 8-wk-old mice. Data indicate that BPA stimulates neuronal differentiation and might disrupt neonatal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunho Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Longevity Life Science and Technology Institutes, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Korea
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Mortensen AS, Arukwe A. Effects of tributyltin (TBT) on in vitro hormonal and biotransformation responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:209-218. [PMID: 19184735 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802539061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the biocide tributyltin (TBT) and its metabolites affect the hormonal and xenobiotic biotransformation pathways in aquatic species are not well understood. In this study hepatocytes isolated from salmon were used to evaluate the mechanistical effects of TBT on fish hormonal and xenobiotic biotransformation pathways. Cells were exposed to 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 5 microM TBT and samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, or 48 h following exposure. Gene expression patterns were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cytochrome P-450 (CYP)-mediated enzyme activities were evaluated by ethoxyresorufin, benzyloxyresorufin, and pentoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD, BROD, and PROD, respectively) activity assays. Generally, exposure of hepatocytes to 1 microM (at 48 h) and 5 microM TBT (at 12, 24, and 48 h) consistently produced reductions in all mRNA species investigated. TBT produced significant decreases of vitellogen (Vtg) expression at 48 h and modified the expression patterns of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) and androgen receptor-beta (ARbeta) that were dependent on time and TBT concentration. In the xenobiotic biotransformation pathway, TBT produced differential expression patterns that were dependent on exposure time and concentration for all salmonid AhR2 isoforms (AhR2alpha, AhR2beta, AhR2delta, and AhR2gamma). For CYP1A1, CYP3A, AhRR, and Arnt mRNA, TBT produced exposure- and time-specific modulations. Catalytic CYP activities showed that BROD activity increased in an apparent concentration-specific manner in cells exposed to TBT for 12 h. Interestingly, EROD activity showed a TBT concentration-dependent increase at 24 h and PROD at 12 and 48 h of exposure. In general our data show that TBT differentially modulated hormonal and biotransformation responses in the salmon in vitro system. The apparent and consistent decrease of the studied responses with time in 1 and 5 microM exposed hepatocytes suggest a possible transcription inhibitory effect of TBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Mortensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Han SW, Lee H, Han SY, Lim DS, Jung KK, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Lee BM. An exposure assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in human semen. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1463-1469. [PMID: 20077219 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903212972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Levels of the phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP, a major metabolite of DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP, a major metabolite of DBP), and phthalic acid (P, (a common metabolite of phthalates, including DEHP and DBP) were determined in the semen samples of 99 healthy volunteers without known prior medicosurgical history. Samples were obtained from young men (age 20-25 yr) who visited a clinic, and the semen concentrations of phthalates were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). UPLC/MS/MS showed that mean concentrations in semen samples were 1.07 microg/ml for MEHP, 0.61 microg/ml for DEHP, 0.39 microg/ml for PA, 0.06 microg/ml for MBP, and 0.003 microg/ml for DBP. The concentration of MEHP (the metabolite of DEHP) was highest, and the concentrations of the metabolites including MEHP, MBP, and PA were higher than actual concentrations of parent DEHP and DBP. These findings suggest the detection of phthalates in healthy human semen might require further investigation for effects on human fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Han
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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40
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DANG VH, CHOI KC, JEUNG EB. Estrogen Receptors are Involved in Xenoestrogen Induction of Growth Hormone in the Rat Pituitary Gland. J Reprod Dev 2009; 55:206-13. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hoang DANG
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Kyung-Chul CHOI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia
| | - Eui-Bae JEUNG
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
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Zimmer KE, Gutleb AC, Lyche JL, Dahl E, Oskam IC, Krogenaes A, Skaare JU, Ropstad E. Altered stress-induced cortisol levels in goats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 126 and PCB 153) during fetal and postnatal development. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:164-172. [PMID: 19184731 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802539004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Short-term stress exposure is associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and a consequent rise in blood glucocorticoids and catecholamines, from the adrenal cortex and medulla, respectively. The HPA axis is a potential target for some persistent organic pollutants, among which polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were found to be modulators of the mammalian endocrine system. PCB are distributed globally in the environment, in food chains, and are transferred to the fetuses of pregnant animals and via mother's milk to suckling offspring. In the present study it was postulated that intrauterine and lactational exposure to either of two single congeners of PCB (PCB 153 and PCB 126, respectively) might affect basal cortisol concentrations, and also the cortisol response to short-term stress in adulthood. Thus, pregnant goats were orally exposed to one of these PCB congeners from d 60 of gestation until delivery, and their offspring studied. Low-dose exposure to PCB 153 and PCB 126 resulted in significantly lower mean basal cortisol concentrations in goat offspring during certain periods of pubertal development and their first breeding season. Male goat kids exposed to either PCB congener showed a greater and more prolonged rise in plasma cortisol levels than controls when animals were subjected to mild stress at 9 mo of age using frequent blood sampling. Neither the basal maternal cortisol plasma level nor goat kid adrenal masses were affected by PCB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Lim DS, Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Kim HS, Lee BM. Potential risk of bisphenol A migration from polycarbonate containers after heating, boiling, and microwaving. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1285-1291. [PMID: 20077198 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903212329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The migration levels of bisphenol A (BPA) were analyzed in food samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from polycarbonate (PC) bottles subjected to simulated use by heating with microwave, heating in a boiling water bath, or filling them with boiling hot water (100 degrees C). Migration testing performed in PC bottles filled with steamed rice or hot cooked pork, standing at room temperature, or heated in a boiling water bath (100 degrees C) showed that BPA was not detected at the limit of detection (LOD) of 1 microg/L (ppb). In contrast, heating by microwaving to 100 degrees C for 9 min increased BPA migration levels from 6 to 18 ppb and from 5 to 15 ppb for steamed rice or for cooked pork, respectively. In addition, 3 different PC bottles were tested by filling them with boiling hot water (100 degrees C) and leaving them to stand at room temperature for up to 3 h. The mean BPA levels from the bottles increased in a time-dependent manner, with the range of not detected (ND) to 2.5 ppb after 60 min. However, none of the PC bottles released BPA at levels that exceed the recently established specific migration limits (SML) of 600 ppb established by European Union and Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Data suggest that the use of PC plastic bottles in our daily life is considered safe in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Kim HS, Yoon KS, Lee BM. Risk assessment of soybean-based phytoestrogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1254-61. [PMID: 20077194 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903212212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Koreans generally consume high quantities of soybean-based foods that contain a variety of phytoestrogens, such as, daidzein, zenistein, and biochalin A. However, phytoestrogens are considered to be potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), which interfere with the normal function of the hormonal and reproductive systems. Therefore, dietary exposure to soybean-based phytoestrogens is of concern for Koreans, and comparative dietary risk assessments are required between Japanese (high consumers) versus Americans (low consumers). In this study, a relative risk assessment was conducted based upon daily intake levels of soybean-based foods and phytoestrogens in a Korean cohort, and the risks of photoestrogens were compared with those posed by estradiol and other EDC. Koreans approximately 30-49 yr of age consume on average a total of 135.2 g/d of soy-based foods including soybean, soybean sauce, soybean paste, and soybean oil, and 0.51 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d of phytoestrogens such as daidzein and genistein. Using estimated daily intakes (EDI) and estrogenic potencies (EP), margins of safety (MOS) were calculated where 0.05 is for estradiol (MOS value <1, considered to exert a positive estrogenic effect); thus, MOS values of 1.89 for Japanese, 1.96 for Koreans, and 5.55 for Americans indicate that consumption of soybean-based foods exerted no apparent estrogenic effects, as all MOS values were all higher than 1. For other synthetic EDC used as reference values, MOS values were dieldrin 27, nonylphenol 250, butyl benzyl phthalate 321, bisphenol A 1000, biochanin A 2203, and coumesterol 2898. These results suggest that dietary exposure to phytoestrogens, such as daidzein and genistein, poses a relatively higher health risk for humans than synthetic EDC, although MOS values were all greater than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Kwack
- Department of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Seoul, Korea
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Gregory M, Lacroix A, Haddad S, Devine P, Charbonneau M, Tardif R, Krishnan K, Cooke GM, Schrader T, Cyr DG. Effects of chronic exposure to octylphenol on the male rat reproductive system. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1553-1560. [PMID: 20077229 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903232434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
p-tert-Octylphenol (OP) is a degradation product of alkylphenol ethoxylates. OP is an endocrine disruptor known to bind to the estrogen receptor; however, effects on males are controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to OP on male reproduction. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were administered OP for 60 d, representing 1.5 cycles of spermatogenesis. Experimental groups included a vehicle control, and three doses of OP (25, 50, or 125 mg/kg body weight [bw]) administered daily by gavage. There was a significant decrease in body weight in the 125-mg/kg group after 60 d of treatment. Both testicular and epididymal weights and histology were not altered by treatment with OP at any of the doses administered. There were no marked differences in cauda epididymal sperm counts at any doses; however, total percent sperm motility was significantly lower in rats exposed to the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg bw). There was an increase in percent static sperm cells in all OP-treated groups, with the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg) displaying a significantly higher proportion of static cells relative to untreated controls. Caput epididymal sperm motility was unaltered by OP treatment. Gene expression profiles of testes from control and high-dose-exposed rats indicate that 14 genes were modulated by at least twofold, although these changes were not statistically significant. Taken together, results from this study indicate that OP treatment of adult rats does not appear to exert major effects on male reproductive endpoints at relevant environmental exposure doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gregory
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
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Matozzo V, Gagné F, Marin MG, Ricciardi F, Blaise C. Vitellogenin as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds in aquatic invertebrates: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:531-545. [PMID: 18029015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenins (Vg) are the major precursor of the egg-yolk proteins, vitellins (Vn), which provide energy reserves for embryonic development in oviparous organisms. In mature females, Vg are generally synthesised in response to endogenous estrogens, such as 17beta-estradiol (E2), released into the bloodstream and then stored in developing oocytes. In males, the Vg gene, although present, is normally silent. However, it may be activated by (xeno)-estrogens. These substances belong to a large and heterogeneous group of environmental contaminants capable of altering endocrine functions in organisms. For this reason, they are named endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Natural steroidal estrogens [E2, estrone (E1), estriol (E3)] and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and household products (surfactants) are estrogenic compounds widespread in aquatic ecosystems. The main sources of contamination mostly stem (or originate) from municipal and industrial effluents, agricultural practices, livestock wastes and sewage treatment plants (STP). Recently, Vg induction, mainly in males and immature females, has been proposed as a useful biomarker to assess estrogenic contamination in aquatic environments. Indeed, estrogenicity of individual chemicals and mixtures has extensively been evaluated, in both laboratory and field studies, albeit mostly in fish. In contrast, limited attention has centred on evaluating xenoestrogen effects in aquatic invertebrates, probably owing to limited knowledge of their endocrinology. This review focuses on a brief description of xenoestrogens and their occurrence in aquatic environments, and on Vg induction in aquatic invertebrates in response to both experimental and environmental exposure to estrogenic compounds. Results of recent field and laboratory studies are presented. In addition, new perspectives about the use of Vg induction as a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italy.
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46
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Phillips KP, Foster WG. Key developments in endocrine disrupter research and human health. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:322-344. [PMID: 18368559 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701876194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental etiologies involving exposures to chemicals that mimic endogenous hormones are proposed for a number of adverse human health effects, including infertility, abnormal prenatal and childhood development, and reproductive cancers (National Research Council, 1999; World Health Organization, 2002). Endocrine disrupters represent a significant area of environmental research with important implications for human health. This article provides an overview of some of the key developments in this field that may enhance our ability to assess the human health risks posed by exposure to endocrine disrupters. Advances in methodologies of hazard identification (toxicogenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics) are discussed, as well as epigenetics and emerging biological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Foster WG, Agzarian J. Toward less confusing terminology in endocrine disruptor research. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:152-161. [PMID: 18368550 DOI: 10.1080/00927870701873214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that environmental contaminants interact with hormone receptors and mimic or antagonize the actions of endogenous hormones led to introduction of terms such as endocrine disruptor, endocrine disrupter, hormonally active chemicals, and hormone mimics into the scientific and lay press. Reports suggesting a link between exposure to chemicals adversely affecting the endocrine system and (1) increasing rates of hormone-dependent cancers (breast, prostate, and testicular), (2) developmental detrimental effects in the male reproductive tract, (3) falling sperm counts, and (4) endometriosis resulted in an explosion of research, regulatory actions, and policy changes aimed at better understanding the hazards posed by these chemicals with subsequent restriction in their use. With increasing concern, there is worldwide action to develop testing strategies to allow for early identification of chemicals possessing endocrine disruptor activity. However, despite an expanding literature and numerous expert panel meetings, there continues to be controversy surrounding how to best define endocrine disruptors, resulting in (1) ambiguous use of the term, (2) confusion in the literature, and (3) publication of contentious lists of chemicals purported to be endocrine disruptors. Herein it is argued in favor of a more restrictive definition with adoption of a less ambiguous term, and in favor of development of a classification system to enhance more effective communication and facilitate appropriate allocation of limited resources in this highly charged area of toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Foster
- Centre for Reproductive Care and Reproductive Biology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5.
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Phillips KP, Tanphaichitr N. Human exposure to endocrine disrupters and semen quality. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:188-220. [PMID: 18368553 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701873472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive pathology in the male represents about 20% of infertility cases. Male infertility may be attributed to a number of causes, including genetic and congenital abnormalities, infection, multisystemic diseases, varicocele, and others; however, a significant number of cases are idiopathic. Global declines in semen quality were suggested to be associated with enhanced exposure to environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disrupters as a result of our increased use of pesticides, plastics, and other anthropogenic materials. A significant body of toxicology data based upon laboratory and wildlife animals studies suggests that exposure to certain endocrine disrupters is associated with reproductive toxicity, including (1) abnormalities of the male reproductive tract (cryptorchidism, hypospadias), (2) reduced semen quality, and (3) impaired fertility in the adult. There is, however, a relative paucity of studies designed to measure exposure to endocrine disrupters on semen quality parameters (sperm concentration, motility, morphology). An overview of the human semen quality literature is presented that examines the role of endocrine disrupters including organochlorines (OC), dioxins, phthalates, phytoestrogens, and chemical mixtures (pesticides and tobacco smoke).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Phillips KP, Foster WG, Leiss W, Sahni V, Karyakina N, Turner MC, Kacew S, Krewski D. Assessing and managing risks arising from exposure to endocrine-active chemicals. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:351-372. [PMID: 18368561 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701876657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Managing risks to human health and the environment produced by endocrine-active chemicals (EAC) is dependent on sound principles of risk assessment and risk management, which need to be adapted to address the uncertainties in the state of the science of EAC. Quantifying EAC hazard identification, mechanisms of action, and dose-response curves is complicated by a range of chemical structure/toxicology classes, receptors and receptor subtypes, and nonlinear dose-response curves with low-dose effects. Advances in risk science including toxicogenomics and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) along with a return to the biological process of hormesis are proposed to complement existing risk assessment strategies, including that of the Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC 1998). EAC represents a policy issue that has captured the public's fears and concerns about environmental health. This overview describes the process of EAC risk assessment and risk management in the context of traditional risk management frameworks, with emphasis on the National Research Council Framework (1983), taking into consideration the strategies for EAC management in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Tyshenko MG, Phillips KP, Mehta M, Poirier R, Leiss W. Risk communication of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: improving knowledge translation and transfer. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:345-350. [PMID: 18368560 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701876293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Public perception of the negative effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals appears to be higher compared to other chemical pollutants, due to (1) chronic, low-probability effects, and (2) uncertainties about which biological effects may be relevant for human health. Individuals, both expert and lay public, require credible, trustworthy, and understandable information about the scientific evidence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in order to make informed risk decisions. The creation of a dedicated web site, http://www.emcom.ca, as a tool for knowledge translation and transfer provides the general public with access to scientific experts and bridges the gap between experts and nonexperts through a two-way, interactive communications approach. By obtaining accurate and credible information, individuals can make better-informed decisions concerning endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Tyshenko
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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