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Liao W, Wang Y, Wang L, Li J, Huang D, Cheng W, Luan P. The current status and challenges of olfactory dysfunction study in Alzheimer's Disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102453. [PMID: 39127444 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory functioning involves multiple cognitive processes and the coordinated actions of various neural systems. Any disruption at any stage of this process may result in olfactory dysfunction, which is consequently widely used to predict the onset and progression of diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully unraveled, apparent changes were observed in olfactory brain areas form patients who suffer from AD by means of medical imaging and electroencephalography (EEG). Olfactory dysfunction holds significant promise in detecting AD during the preclinical stage preceding mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Owing to the strong specificity, olfactory tests are prevalently applied for screening in community cohorts. And combining olfactory tests with other biomarkers may further establish an optimal model for AD prediction in studies of specific olfactory dysfunctions and improve the sensitivity and specificity of early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Liao
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Dongqing Huang
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Weibin Cheng
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.
| | - Ping Luan
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.
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Bagheri S, Saboury AA, Saso L. Sequence of Molecular Events in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease: Cascade Interactions from Beta-Amyloid to Other Involved Proteins. Cells 2024; 13:1293. [PMID: 39120323 PMCID: PMC11312137 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the primary neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly population. Despite the first description of its pathology over a century ago, its precise cause and molecular mechanism remain unknown. Numerous factors, including beta-amyloid, tau protein, the APOEε4 gene, and different metals, have been extensively investigated in relation to this disease. However, none of them have been proven to have a decisive causal relationship. Furthermore, no single theory has successfully integrated these puzzle pieces thus far. In this review article, we propose the most probable molecular mechanism for AD, which clearly shows the relationship between the main aspects of the disease, and addresses fundamental questions such as: Why is aging the major risk factor for the disease? Are amyloid plaques and tau tangles the causes or consequences of AD? Why are the distributions of senile plaques and tau tangles in the brain different and independent of each other? Why is the APOEε4 gene a risk factor for AD? Finally, why is the disease more prevalent in women?
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Che S, Yan Z, Feng Y, Zhao H. Unveiling the intratumoral microbiota within cancer landscapes. iScience 2024; 27:109893. [PMID: 38799560 PMCID: PMC11126819 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer research have unveiled a significant yet previously underappreciated aspect of oncology: the presence and role of intratumoral microbiota. These microbial residents, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and viruses within tumor tissues, have been found to exert considerable influence on tumor development, progression, and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to synthesize these groundbreaking discoveries, providing an integrated overview of the identification, characterization, and functional roles of intratumoral microbiota in cancer biology. We focus on elucidating the complex interactions between these microorganisms and the tumor microenvironment, highlighting their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the microbial dimension in cancer, paving the way for innovative approaches in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266005, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266005, Shandong, China
| | - Yugong Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266005, Shandong, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266005, Shandong, China
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4
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Pandey S, Bapat V, Abraham JN, Abraham NM. Long COVID: From olfactory dysfunctions to viral Parkinsonism. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:137-147. [PMID: 38855289 PMCID: PMC11156689 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric complications continue to be a public health concern in long coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This varies from olfactory dysfunctions such as parosmia to cognitive and emotional challenges. Historically, the surge of neurological disorders followed the viral pandemics, for example, the emergence of Encephalitis Lethargica after the outbreak of Spanish Influenza. During and after COVID-19 infection, the problems associated with the sense of smell and the reports of affected olfactory and limbic brain areas are leading to a growing concern about the similarity with the symptoms and the pattern of degeneration observed at the onset of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. These reports reveal the essentiality of long-term studies of olfactory and cognitive functions in the post-COVID era and the experiments using animal models to dissect the neural basis of these complications. In this manuscript, we summarize the research reporting the potential correlation between neurological disorders and viral pandemic outbreaks with a historical perspective. Further, we discuss the studies providing evidence of neurodegeneration due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by focusing on viral Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyukta Pandey
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB)Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)PuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Vibha Bapat
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB)Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)PuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Jancy Nixon Abraham
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB)Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)PuneMaharashtraIndia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence in EpigeneticsShiv Nadar Institution of EminenceGautam Buddha NagarUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Nixon M. Abraham
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB)Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)PuneMaharashtraIndia
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Sun M, Manson ML, Guo T, de Lange ECM. CNS Viral Infections-What to Consider for Improving Drug Treatment: A Plea for Using Mathematical Modeling Approaches. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:349-373. [PMID: 38580795 PMCID: PMC11026214 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses may cause meningitis, myelitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. These inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) may have serious and devastating consequences if not treated adequately. In this review, we first summarize how neurotropic viruses can enter the CNS by (1) crossing the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; (2) invading the nose via the olfactory route; or (3) invading the peripheral nervous system. Neurotropic viruses may then enter the intracellular space of brain cells via endocytosis and/or membrane fusion. Antiviral drugs are currently used for different viral CNS infections, even though their use and dosing regimens within the CNS, with the exception of acyclovir, are minimally supported by clinical evidence. We therefore provide considerations to optimize drug treatment(s) for these neurotropic viruses. Antiviral drugs should cross the blood-brain barrier/blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and pass the brain cellular membrane to inhibit these viruses inside the brain cells. Some antiviral drugs may also require intracellular conversion into their active metabolite(s). This illustrates the need to better understand these mechanisms because these processes dictate drug exposure within the CNS that ultimately determine the success of antiviral drugs for CNS infections. Finally, we discuss mathematical model-based approaches for optimizing antiviral treatments. Thereby emphasizing the potential of CNS physiologically based pharmacokinetic models because direct measurement of brain intracellular exposure in living humans faces ethical restrictions. Existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic models combined with in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information can be used to predict drug exposure and evaluate efficacy of antiviral drugs within the CNS, to ultimately optimize the treatments of CNS viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tingjie Guo
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Yan B, Liao P, Wang C, Han Z, Cheng F, Lei P. Genetic causal association between varicella-zoster virus infection and psychiatric disorders: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Behav Brain Res 2024; 464:114927. [PMID: 38428645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD) have a profound impact on millions of individuals worldwide. The critical step toward developing effective preventive and treatment strategies lies in comprehending the causal mechanisms behind these diseases and identifying modifiable risk factors associated with them. METHODS In this study, we conducted a 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the potential links between chickenpox(varicella-zoster virus infection) and three major psychiatric disorders(SCZ, MDD, BD). RESULTS In our MR study, among the three major psychiatric disorders, chickenpox was shown to be causally related to BD, indicating that infection with chickenpox may increase the risk of developing BD (IVW: OR = 1.064, 95% CI =1.025-1.104, P=0.001; RAPS: OR=1.066, 95% CI=1.024-1.110, P=0.002), while there was no causal relationship between SCZ and MDD. Similar estimated causal effects were observed consistently across the various MR models. The robustness of the identified causal relationship between chickenpox and BD holds true regardless of the statistical methods employed, as confirmed by extensive sensitivity analyses that address violations in model assumptions. The MR-Egger regression test failed to reveal any signs of directional pleiotropy (intercept = -0.042, standard error (SE) = 0.029, p = 0.236). Similarly, the MR-PRESSO analysis revealed no evidence of directional pleiotropy or outliers among the chickenpox-related instrumental variables (global test p = 0.653). Furthermore, a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis yielded consistent results, further underscoring the credibility and stability of the causal relationship. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide compelling evidence of a causal effect of chickenpox on the risk of BD. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this association and its underlying mechanisms, additional research is needed. Such investigations are pivotal in identifying effective interventions for promoting BD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Liao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China.
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Cleaver J, Jeffery K, Klenerman P, Lim M, Handunnetthi L, Irani SR, Handel A. The immunobiology of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and post-viral autoimmunity. Brain 2024; 147:1130-1148. [PMID: 38092513 PMCID: PMC10994539 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the leading cause of non-epidemic encephalitis in the developed world and, despite antiviral therapy, mortality and morbidity is high. The emergence of post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis reveals a new immunological paradigm in autoantibody-mediated disease. A reductionist evaluation of the immunobiological mechanisms in HSE is crucial to dissect the origins of post-viral autoimmunity and supply rational approaches to the selection of immunotherapeutics. Herein, we review the latest evidence behind the phenotypic progression and underlying immunobiology of HSE including the cytokine/chemokine environment, the role of pathogen-recognition receptors, T- and B-cell immunity and relevant inborn errors of immunity. Second, we provide a contemporary review of published patients with post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis from a combined cohort of 110 patients. Third, we integrate novel mechanisms of autoimmunization in deep cervical lymph nodes to explore hypotheses around post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis and challenge these against mechanisms of molecular mimicry and others. Finally, we explore translational concepts where neuroglial surface autoantibodies have been observed with other neuroinfectious diseases and those that generate brain damage including traumatic brain injury, ischaemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Overall, the clinical and immunological landscape of HSE is an important and evolving field, from which precision immunotherapeutics could soon emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cleaver
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences, Evelina London Children’s Hospital at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Elhalag RH, Motawea KR, Talat NE, Rouzan SS, Mahmoud N, Hammad EM, Reyad SM, Mohamed MS, Shah J. Herpes simplex virus infection and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5060-5074. [PMID: 37811098 PMCID: PMC10552998 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The authors aimed to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and the risk of developing dementia. Methods The authors searched the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The authors included any randomized control trials and controlled observational studies that investigated the prevalence of dementia in HSV-infected patients and HSV-free control group. Also, if the studies measured the levels of HSV antibodies and incidence of these antibodies in patients with dementia compared with a healthy control group. Results After a comprehensive literature search, 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis with 342 535 patients included in the analysis. The pooled analysis showed a statistically significant association between Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and increased levels of IgG titer group [mean difference (MD) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36-1.63, P-value = 0.002], (MD = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.26-1.35, P-value = 0.004), respectively. Additionally, the generic inverse variance showed a statistically significant association between the HSV group and increased incidence of dementia compared with the no HSV control group [risk ratio (RR) = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.18-2.29, P-value <0.00001]. Moreover, this analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the AD group and the control group in anti-HSV IgM titer n (%) outcome (RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.91-2.01, P-value = 0.14), respectively. Conclusion This study revealed that AD and MCI patients have increased levels of IgG antibodies titer against HSV infection. The study showed a significant association between HSV infection and increased incidence of dementia. Thus, regular follow-up of HSV patients' IgG titer levels could be useful in the prevention of dementia in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samah S. Rouzan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nada Mahmoud
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Sarraa M. Reyad
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai S. Mohamed
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Dobrzyńska M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Skrzydlewska E. Metabolic response to CNS infection with flaviviruses. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:218. [PMID: 37775774 PMCID: PMC10542253 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne RNA viruses found worldwide that, when introduced into the human body, cause diseases, including neuroinfections, that can lead to serious metabolic consequences and even death. Some of the diseases caused by flaviviruses occur continuously in certain regions, while others occur intermittently or sporadically, causing epidemics. Some of the most common flaviviruses are West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Zika virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Since all the above-mentioned viruses are capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier through different mechanisms, their actions also affect the central nervous system (CNS). Like other viruses, flaviviruses, after entering the human body, contribute to redox imbalance and, consequently, to oxidative stress, which promotes inflammation in skin cells, in the blood and in CNS. This review focuses on discussing the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from pathogen invasion on the metabolic antiviral response of the host, and the ability of viruses to evade the consequences of metabolic changes or exploit them for increased replication and further progression of infection, which affects the development of sequelae and difficulties in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Potokar M, Zorec R, Jorgačevski J. Astrocytes Are a Key Target for Neurotropic Viral Infection. Cells 2023; 12:2307. [PMID: 37759529 PMCID: PMC10528686 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as important viral host cells in the central nervous system. These cells can produce relatively high quantities of new virions. In part, this can be attributed to the characteristics of astrocyte metabolism and its abundant and dynamic cytoskeleton network. Astrocytes are anatomically localized adjacent to interfaces between blood capillaries and brain parenchyma and between blood capillaries and brain ventricles. Moreover, astrocytes exhibit a larger membrane interface with the extracellular space than neurons. These properties, together with the expression of various and numerous viral entry receptors, a relatively high rate of endocytosis, and morphological plasticity of intracellular organelles, render astrocytes important target cells in neurotropic infections. In this review, we describe factors that mediate the high susceptibility of astrocytes to viral infection and replication, including the anatomic localization of astrocytes, morphology, expression of viral entry receptors, and various forms of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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12
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Sanjay S, Sharief S, Joshi A, Yadav NK. Long-term follow-up of acute retinal necrosis with retinal detachment secondary to herpes simplex virus type 2 with a successful visual outcome. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e252913. [PMID: 37185312 PMCID: PMC10151916 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-252913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A man in his early 20s presented with acute loss of vision in his only eye, the left eye (OS), and was on oral steroids. He had lost vision in his right eye during his childhood and the cause was unknown. There was no history of trauma. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in OS was 20/100 and in the right eye was hand movements. OS showed non-granulomatous keratic precipitates on the cornea, anterior chamber flare 1+ and cell 1+, early cataract, vitreous haze and cells 2+ with nasal retinal detachment and superior full thickness retinitis. He underwent pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal ganciclovir and barrage laser away from the necrotic retina. PCR for herpes simplex virus 2 was positive from the aqueous and vitreous sample. He was started on oral valacyclovir 1 g three times a day and continued on tapering dose of oral steroids. BCVA in OS at 6-month follow-up was 20/25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Sanjay
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Shama Sharief
- Vitreo-retina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aishwarya Joshi
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
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13
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Jammoul M, Naddour J, Madi A, Reslan MA, Hatoum F, Zeineddine J, Abou-Kheir W, Lawand N. Investigating the possible mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction post-COVID-19. Auton Neurosci 2023; 245:103071. [PMID: 36580747 PMCID: PMC9789535 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with long COVID suffer from many neurological manifestations that persist for 3 months following infection by SARS-CoV-2. Autonomic dysfunction (AD) or dysautonomia is one complication of long COVID that causes patients to experience fatigue, dizziness, syncope, dyspnea, orthostatic intolerance, nausea, vomiting, and heart palpitations. The pathophysiology behind AD onset post-COVID is largely unknown. As such, this review aims to highlight the potential mechanisms by which AD occurs in patients with long COVID. The first proposed mechanism includes the direct invasion of the hypothalamus or the medulla by SARS-CoV-2. Entry to these autonomic centers may occur through the neuronal or hematogenous routes. However, evidence so far indicates that neurological manifestations such as AD are caused indirectly. Another mechanism is autoimmunity whereby autoantibodies against different receptors and glycoproteins expressed on cellular membranes are produced. Additionally, persistent inflammation and hypoxia can work separately or together to promote sympathetic overactivation in a bidirectional interaction. Renin-angiotensin system imbalance can also drive AD in long COVID through the downregulation of relevant receptors and formation of autoantibodies. Understanding the pathophysiology of AD post-COVID-19 may help provide early diagnosis and better therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Jammoul
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Judith Naddour
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amir Madi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mohammad Amine Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Hatoum
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Lawand
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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Gioacchini FM, Ferlito S, Ralli M, Scarpa A, La Mantia I, Re M, Romani L, Di Stadio A. Nasal Microbiota and Neuroinflammation: Relationship between Nasal Flora and Multiple Sclerosis Onset/Progression. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122043. [PMID: 36556408 PMCID: PMC9788357 DOI: 10.3390/life12122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of nasal microbiota in contributing to neuroinflammation is gradually emerging. Multiple sclerosis and chronic rhinosinusitis share important clinical and epidemiological similarities, and the hypothetical connection among these two pathological entities should be carefully investigated. This editorial is based on a review of available literature on this topic. The main international databases were searched using the following keywords: neuroinflammation, nasal microbiota, multiple sclerosis, chronic rhino-sinusal disorders, chronic sinusitis. Four fully-consistent articles that investigated nasal microbiota alteration and/or chronic rhinosinusitis presence in subjects affected by multiple sclerosis were identified. Overall, these studies showed a significant connection between nasal microbiota dysbiosis and the presence of multiple sclerosis. New specific studies to analyze the nasal microbiota and its metabolism in patients affected by multiple sclerosis should be performed. In fact, a series of treatments able to change this flora could improve the rhino-sinusal state with consequent reduction of recurrent episodes of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Gioacchini
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Organ of Sense Department, University La Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alfonso Scarpa
- Otolaryngology Department, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ignazio La Mantia
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Re
- ENT Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Microbiology Department, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Stadio
- GF Ingrassia Department, Otolaryngology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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15
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Tsagkaris C, Bilal M, Aktar I, Aboufandi Y, Tas A, Aborode AT, Suvvari TK, Ahmad S, Shkodina A, Phadke R, Emhamed MS, Baig AA, Alexiou A, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Cytokine storm and neuropathological alterations in patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-126211. [PMID: 36089786 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220908084559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a respiratory pathogen with neuroinvasive potential. Neurological COVID-19 manifestations include loss of smell and taste, headache, dizziness, stroke, and potentially fatal encephalitis. Several studies found elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 IL-8, IL-10 IL-16, IL-17A, and IL-18 in severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients, which may persist even after apparent recovery from infection. Biomarker studies on CSF and plasma and serum from COVID-19 patients have also shown a high level of IL-6, intrathecal IgG, neurofilament light chain (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tau protein. Emerging evidence on the matter has established the concept of COVID-19 associated neuroinflammation, in the context of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm. While the short-term implications of this condition are extensively documented, its long-term implications are yet to be understood. The association of the aforementioned cytokines with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may increase COVID-19 patients' risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of proinflammatory cytokines and CSF biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 can contribute to the early detection of the disease's exacerbation, monitoring the neurological implications of the disease and devising risk scales, and identifying treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical and health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Irem Aktar
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tas
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Atif Amin Baig
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, 2770 NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 22254 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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Ganz T, Fainstein N, Ben-Hur T. When the infectious environment meets the AD brain. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:53. [PMID: 35986296 PMCID: PMC9388962 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggests that the deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain triggers a chain of events, involving the deposition of phosphorylated Tau and other misfolded proteins, leading to neurodegeneration via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurovascular factors. The infectious theory linked various infectious agents with the development of AD, raising the possibility that they serve as etiological causes of the disease. Are these theories mutually exclusive, or do they coincide? Main body In this review, we will discuss how the two theories converge. We present a model by which (1) the systemic infectious burden accelerates the development of AD brain pathology via bacterial Amyloids and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and (2) the developing AD brain pathology increases its susceptibility to the neurotoxicity of infectious agents -derived PAMPs, which drive neurodegeneration via activated microglia. Conclusions The reciprocal effects of amyloid deposition and systemic infectious burden may lead to a vicious cycle fueling Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis.
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Liang J, Li T, Zhao J, Wang C, Sun H. Current understanding of the human microbiome in glioma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:781741. [PMID: 36003766 PMCID: PMC9393498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.781741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the human microbiome is highly associated with a wide variety of central nervous system diseases. However, the link between the human microbiome and glioma is rarely noticed. The exact mechanism of microbiota to affect glioma remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that the microbiome may affect the development, progress, and therapy of gliomas, including the direct impacts of the intratumoral microbiome and its metabolites, and the indirect effects of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Glioma-related microbiome (gut microbiome and intratumoral microbiome) is associated with both tumor microenvironment and tumor immune microenvironment, which ultimately influence tumorigenesis, progression, and responses to treatment. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge regarding the role of the glioma-related microbiome, focusing on its gut microbiome fraction and a brief description of the intratumoral microbiome, and put forward the prospects in which microbiome can be applied in the future and some challenges still need to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Liang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Sun,
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18
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Multiple Receptors Involved in Invasion and Neuropathogenicity of Canine Distemper Virus: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071520. [PMID: 35891500 PMCID: PMC9317347 DOI: 10.3390/v14071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) is a morbillivirus that infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, predominantly canines, and is associated with high mortality. Similar to another morbillivirus, measles virus, which infects humans and nonhuman primates, CDV transmission from an infected host to a naïve host depends on two cellular receptors, namely, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150) and the adherens junction protein nectin-4 (also known as PVRL4). CDV can also invade the central nervous system by anterograde spread through olfactory nerves or in infected lymphocytes through the circulation, thus causing chronic progressive or relapsing demyelination of the brain. However, the absence of the two receptors in the white matter, primary cultured astrocytes, and neurons in the brain was recently demonstrated. Furthermore, a SLAM/nectin-4-blind recombinant CDV exhibits full cell-to-cell transmission in primary astrocytes. This strongly suggests the existence of a third CDV receptor expressed in neural cells, possibly glial cells. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of CDV receptors, highlighting the unidentified glial receptor and its contribution to pathogenicity in the host nervous system. The reviewed studies focus on CDV neuropathogenesis, and neural receptors may provide promising directions for the treatment of neurological diseases caused by CDV. We also present an overview of other neurotropic viruses to promote further research and identification of CDV neural receptors.
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19
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PHEV infection: A promising model of betacoronavirus-associated neurological and olfactory dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010667. [PMID: 35759516 PMCID: PMC9282652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic coronavirus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus. Similar to pathogenic coronaviruses to which humans are susceptible, such as SARS-CoV-2, PHEV is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact, entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nerves at the site of initial infection. However, the neuroinvasion route of PHEV are poorly understood. Here, we found that BALB/c mice are susceptible to intranasal PHEV infection and showed distinct neurological manifestations. The behavioral study and histopathological examination revealed that PHEV attacks neurons in the CNS and causes significant smell and taste dysfunction in mice. By tracking neuroinvasion, we identified that PHEV invades the CNS via the olfactory nerve and trigeminal nerve located in the nasal cavity, and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were susceptible to viral infection. Immunofluorescence staining and ultrastructural observations revealed that viral materials traveling along axons, suggesting axonal transport may engage in rapid viral transmission in the CNS. Moreover, viral replication in the olfactory system and CNS is associated with inflammatory and immune responses, tissue disorganization and dysfunction. Overall, we proposed that PHEV may serve as a potential prototype for elucidating the pathogenesis of coronavirus-associated neurological complications and olfactory and taste disorders.
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20
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Cohen-Rengifo M, Danion M, Gonzalez AA, Bégout ML, Cormier A, Noël C, Cabon J, Vitré T, Mark FC, Mazurais D. The extensive transgenerational transcriptomic effects of ocean acidification on the olfactory epithelium of a marine fish are associated with a better viral resistance. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:448. [PMID: 35710351 PMCID: PMC9204966 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA) impacts marine life in ways that are difficult to predict but are likely to become exacerbated over generations. Although marine fishes can balance acid–base homeostasis efficiently, indirect ionic regulation that alter neurosensory systems can result in behavioural abnormalities. In marine invertebrates, OA can also affect immune system function, but whether this is the case in marine fishes is not fully understood. Farmed fish are highly susceptible to disease outbreak, yet strategies for overcoming such threats in the wake of OA are wanting. Here, we exposed two generations of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to end-of-century predicted pH levels (IPCC RCP8.5), with parents (F1) being exposed for four years and their offspring (F2) for 18 months. Our design included a transcriptomic analysis of the olfactory rosette (collected from the F2) and a viral challenge (exposing F2 to betanodavirus) where we assessed survival rates. Results We discovered transcriptomic trade-offs in both sensory and immune systems after long-term transgenerational exposure to OA. Specifically, RNA-Seq analysis of the olfactory rosette, the peripheral olfactory organ, from 18-months-old F2 revealed extensive regulation in genes involved in ion transport and neuronal signalling, including GABAergic signalling. We also detected OA-induced up-regulation of genes associated with odour transduction, synaptic plasticity, neuron excitability and wiring and down-regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism. Furthermore, OA-exposure induced up-regulation of genes involved in innate antiviral immunity (pathogen recognition receptors and interferon-stimulated genes) in combination with down-regulation of the protein biosynthetic machinery. Consistently, OA-exposed F2 challenged with betanodavirus, which causes damage to the nervous system of marine fish, had acquired improved resistance. Conclusion F2 exposed to long-term transgenerational OA acclimation showed superior viral resistance, though as their metabolic and odour transduction programs were altered, odour-mediated behaviours might be consequently impacted. Although it is difficult to unveil how long-term OA impacts propagated between generations, our results reveal that, across generations, trade-offs in plastic responses is a core feature of the olfactory epithelium transcriptome in OA-exposed F2 offspring, and will have important consequences for how cultured and wild fish interacts with its environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08647-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgane Danion
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Biocampus Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, IRD, France
| | | | - Cyril Noël
- IFREMER, SEBIMER, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Fish Viral Pathology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Felix C Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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Kitchen LC, Berman M, Halper J, Chazot P. Rationale for 1068 nm Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) as a Novel, Non-Invasive Treatment for COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses: Roles of NO and Hsp70. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095221. [PMID: 35563611 PMCID: PMC9105035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers from across the world are seeking to develop effective treatments for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which arose as a major public health issue in 2019, and was declared a pandemic in early 2020. The pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple-organ failure, neurological problems, and thrombosis have all been linked to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fatalities. The purpose of this review is to explore the rationale for using photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) of the particular wavelength 1068 nm as a therapy for COVID-19, investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings illustrate the efficacy of PBMT 1068 nm for cytoprotection, nitric oxide (NO) release, inflammation changes, improved blood flow, and the regulation of heat shock proteins (Hsp70). We propose, therefore, that PBMT 1068 is a potentially effective and innovative approach for avoiding severe and critical illness in COVID-19 patients, although further clinical evidence is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C. Kitchen
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
| | - Marvin Berman
- Quietmind Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - James Halper
- Quietmind Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19147, USA; (M.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Paul Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Gupta S, Dutta A, Chakraborty U, Kumar R, Das D, Ray BK. Post-COVID-19 HSV encephalitis: a review. QJM 2022; 115:222-227. [PMID: 35199176 PMCID: PMC9383498 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) is one of the most common infectious causes of sporadic encephalitis. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been associated with immune dysregulation of the host that might increase the risk of infections like HSVE following SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is paucity of literature on post COVID-19 HSVE. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the clinical presentation, brain imaging, and outcome of patients presenting with HSVE within 6 weeks of COVID-19 and providing a comprehensive review on the possible mechanisms of post-COVID-19 HSVE. METHODS This observational study included patients who had laboratory-confirmed HSVE (type 1 or type 2) and a history of COVID-19 within the previous 6 weeks. Patients were followed up for 3 months. RESULTS Eight patients were included and all of them had type 1 HSVE. The mean latency of onset of neurological symptoms from being diagnosed with COVID-19 is 23.87 days and a majority of the patients have received injectable steroids with a mean duration of 6.5 days. Behavioral abnormality was the commonest neurological presentation and typical brain imaging involved T2 FLAIR hyperintensities of the medial temporal lobes. All patients received intravenous acyclovir 10 mg/kg every eight hourly for atleast 14 days. One patient with concomitant rhinocerebral mucormycosis succumbed while the majority had a complete recovery. CONCLUSION Possible immune dysregulation in COVID-19 may increase the susceptibility of HSVE in patients with a history of recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of HSVE in such patients are similar to typical HSVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- From the Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Annex-1, 52/1a Shambhunath Pandit Street, Kolkata 700025, India
| | - A Dutta
- From the Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Annex-1, 52/1a Shambhunath Pandit Street, Kolkata 700025, India
| | - U Chakraborty
- Address correspondence to Dr Uddalak Chakraborty, Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Annex-1, 52/1a Shambhunath Pandit Street, Kolkata 700025, West Bengal, India.
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Neurology, G.S Neuroscience Clinic and Research Center, 3/214, Boring Rd, New Patliputra Colony, Patliputra Colony, Patna, Bihar 800013, India
| | - D Das
- From the Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Annex-1, 52/1a Shambhunath Pandit Street, Kolkata 700025, India
- Woodlands Multi-Speciality Hospital and C K Birla Hospitals,8/5, Alipur Rd, Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700027, India
| | - B K Ray
- From the Department of Neurology, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Annex-1, 52/1a Shambhunath Pandit Street, Kolkata 700025, India
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Moslemi M, Ardalan M, Haramshahi M, Mirzaei H, Sani SK, Dastgir R, Dastgir N. Herpes simplex encephalitis following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:217. [PMID: 35241013 PMCID: PMC8892827 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ever since the administration of early doses of COVID-19 vaccines, instances of adverse effects have been reported. Viral infections, specifically herpes simplex reinfection and coinfections, have been reported following administration of different types of vaccines. To our knowledge, there have not been any reports of herpes simplex encephalitis following administration of any type of COVID-19 vaccine to date. Case presentation In this article intends to report a case of herpes simplex encephalitis in a 27-year-old male patient who was vaccinated with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Conclusions Our study suggests a possible but very rare side effect of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, which requires immediate medical attention and can lead to devastating consequences if left undiagnosed and untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Moslemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Haramshahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Homa Mirzaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahba Khosousi Sani
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramtin Dastgir
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Number 9, Neyestan 9 Avenue, Pasdaran Street, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Dastgir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Ali Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Roudan, Iran
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Xie J, Tian S, Liu J, Cao R, Yue P, Cai X, Shang Q, Yang M, Han L, Zhang DK. Dual role of the nasal microbiota in neurological diseases—An unignorable risk factor or a potential therapy carrier. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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O'Brien CA, Bennett FC, Bennett ML. Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101650. [PMID: 36099864 PMCID: PMC9934594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of neurological impairment and mortality worldwide. As tissue resident macrophages, microglia are critical initial responders to CNS viral infection. Microglia seem to coordinate brain-wide antiviral responses of both brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. This review discusses how microglia may promote this antiviral response at a molecular level, from potential mechanisms of virus recognition to downstream cytokine responses and interaction with antiviral T cells. Recent advancements in genetic tools to specifically target microglia in vivo promise to further our understanding about the precise mechanistic role of microglia in CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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26
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Javed A. Neurological Associations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:246-258. [PMID: 33593267 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210216121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has compelled us to scrutinize major outbreaks in the past two decades, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), in 2002, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), in 2012. We aimed to assess the associated neurological manifestations with SARS CoV-2 infection. METHODS In this systematic review, a search was carried out by key-electronic databases, controlled vocabulary, and indexing of trials to evaluate the available pertinent studies which included both medical subject headings (MeSH) and advanced electronic databases comprising PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Peer-reviewed studies published in English and Spanish were considered, which reported data on the neurological associations of individuals with suspected or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcomes were nervous signs or symptoms, symptom severity, and diagnoses. RESULTS Our search identified 45 relevant studies, with 21 case reports, 3 case series, 9 observational studies, 1 retrospective study, 9 retrospective reviews, and 2 prospective reviews. This systematic review revealed that most commonly reported neuronal presentations involved headache, nausea, vomiting and muscular symptoms like fibromyalgia. Anosmia and ageusia, defects in clarity or sharpness of vision (error in visual acuity), and pain may occur in parallel. Notable afflictions in the form of anxiety, anger, confusion, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and post-intensive care syndrome were observed in individuals who were kept in quarantine and those with long-stay admissions in healthcare settings. SARS CoV-2 infection may result in cognitive impairment. Patients with more severe infection exhibited uncommon manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (intracerebral haemorrhage, stroke), rhabdomyolysis, encephalopathy, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 patients experience neuronal presentations varying with the progression of the infection. Healthcare professionals should be acquainted with the divergent neurological symptoms to curb misdiagnosis and limit long-term sequelae. Health-care planners and policymakers must prepare for this eventuality, while the ongoing studies increase our knowledge base on acute and chronic neurological associations of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaan Javed
- University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi,India
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27
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Linard M, Ravier A, Mougué L, Grgurina I, Boutillier AL, Foubert-Samier A, Blanc F, Helmer C. Infectious Agents as Potential Drivers of α-Synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2022; 37:464-477. [PMID: 35040520 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synucleinopathies, encompassing Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, are devastating neurodegenerative diseases for which available therapeutic options are scarce, mostly because of our limited understanding of their pathophysiology. Although these pathologies are attributed to an intracellular accumulation of the α-synuclein protein in the nervous system with subsequent neuronal loss, the trigger(s) of this accumulation is/are not clearly identified. Among the existing hypotheses, interest in the hypothesis advocating the involvement of infectious agents in the onset of these diseases is renewed. In this article, we aimed to review the ongoing relevant factors favoring and opposing this hypothesis, focusing on (1) the potential antimicrobial role of α-synuclein, (2) potential entry points of pathogens in regard to early symptoms of diverse α-synucleinopathies, (3) pre-existing literature reviews assessing potential associations between infectious agents and Parkinson's disease, (4) original studies assessing these associations for dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy (identified through a systematic literature review), and finally (5) potential susceptibility factors modulating the effects of infectious agents on the nervous system. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Linard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alix Ravier
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Louisa Mougué
- Cognitive-Behavioral Unit and Memory Consultations, Hospital of Sens, Sens, France
| | - Iris Grgurina
- University of Strasbourg, UMR7364 CNRS, LNCA, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France.,French Reference Centre for MSA, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- CM2R (Memory Resource and Research Centre), Geriatrics Department, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Laboratory and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), Team IMIS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR U1219, Bordeaux, France
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28
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Damiano RF, Guedes BF, de Rocca CC, de Pádua Serafim A, Castro LHM, Munhoz CD, Nitrini R, Filho GB, Miguel EC, Lucchetti G, Forlenza O. Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:139-154. [PMID: 34173049 PMCID: PMC8231753 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, much attention has been drawn to the importance of the impact of infectious disease on human cognition. Several theories have been proposed, to explain the cognitive decline following an infection as well as to understand better the pathogenesis of human dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. This article aims to review the state of the art regarding the knowledge about the impact of acute viral infections on human cognition, laying a foundation to explore the possible cognitive decline followed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To reach this goal, we conducted a narrative review systematizing six acute viral infections as well as the current knowledge about COVID-19 and its impact on human cognition. Recent findings suggest probable short- and long-term COVID-19 impacts in cognition, even in asymptomatic individuals, which could be accounted for by direct and indirect pathways to brain dysfunction. Understanding this scenario might help clinicians and health leaders to deal better with a wave of neuropsychiatric issues that may arise following COVID-19 pandemic as well as with other acute viral infections, to alleviate the cognitive sequelae of these infections around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Furlan Damiano
- Departamento E Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 05403-903, Brazil.
| | - Bruno F. Guedes
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Castanho de Rocca
- Departamento E Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Antonio de Pádua Serafim
- Departamento E Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Busatto Filho
- Departamento E Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
- Departamento E Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Lucchetti
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Orestes Forlenza
- Departamento E Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 05403-903 Brazil
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29
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Cavallieri F, Sellner J, Zedde M, Moro E. Neurologic complications of coronavirus and other respiratory viral infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 189:331-358. [PMID: 36031313 PMCID: PMC9418023 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, several respiratory viruses can have neurologic implications affecting both central and peripheral nervous system. Neurologic manifestations can be linked to viral neurotropism and/or indirect effects of the infection due to endothelitis with vascular damage and ischemia, hypercoagulation state with thrombosis and hemorrhages, systemic inflammatory response, autoimmune reactions, and other damages. Among these respiratory viruses, recent and huge attention has been given to the coronaviruses, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in 2020. Besides the common respiratory symptoms and the lung tropism of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), neurologic manifestations are not rare and often present in the severe forms of the infection. The most common acute and subacute symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, sleep disturbances, whereas clinical syndromes include mainly encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, seizures, and autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 in the various acute neurologic manifestations are partially understood, little is known about long-term consequences of the infection. These consequences concern both the so-called long-COVID (characterized by the persistence of neurological manifestations after the resolution of the acute viral phase), and the onset of new neurological symptoms that may be linked to the previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cavallieri
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France,Correspondence to: Elena Moro, Service de neurologie, CHU de Grenoble (Hôpital Nord), Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38043 La Tronche, France. Tel: + 33-4-76-76-94-52, Fax: +33-4-76-76-56-31
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30
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Siciliano V, Rosà T, Del Vecchio P, D'Angelillo A, Brigida M, Longhitano Y, Zanza C, Santoro MC, Candelli M, Franceschi F, Piccioni A. Viral Encephalitis in Adults: A Narrative Review. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2022; 17:259-267. [PMID: 34792015 DOI: 10.2174/1574887116666211118141117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system cause frequent hospitalization. The pathogenesis of viral encephalitis involves both the direct action of invading pathogens and the damage generated by the inflammatory reaction they trigger. The type of signs and symptoms presented by the patient depends on the severity and location of the ongoing inflammatory process. Most of the viral encephalitides are characterized by an acute development, fever, variable alterations in consciousness (confusion, lethargy, even coma), seizures (focal and generalized) and focal neurologic signs. The specific diagnosis of encephalitis is usually based on lumbar puncture. Cerebrospinal fluid examination should be performed in all patients unless absolutely contraindicated. Also, electroencephalogram and neuroimaging play a prominent role in diagnosis. Airway protection, ventilatory support, the management of raised intracranial pressure and correction of electrolyte disorders must be immediately considered in a patient with altered mental status. The only therapy strictly recommended is acyclovir in HSV encephalitis. The use of adjunctive glucocorticoids has poor-quality evidence in HSV, EBV, or VZV encephalitis. The role of antiviral therapy in other types of viral encephalitis is not well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Siciliano
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Rosà
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Del Vecchio
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna D'Angelillo
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Diseases, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Brigida
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Gastroenterology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Yaroslava Longhitano
- Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Christian Zanza
- Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Alessandria, Italy
- Foundation of "Nuovo Ospedale Alba-Bra" and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Pietro and Michele Ferrero Hospital Verduno, Italy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cosimo Santoro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Polyclinic Foundation A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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31
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Ku M, Authié P, Bourgine M, Anna F, Noirat A, Moncoq F, Vesin B, Nevo F, Lopez J, Souque P, Blanc C, Fert I, Chardenoux S, Lafosse L, Cussigh D, Hardy D, Nemirov K, Guinet F, Langa Vives F, Majlessi L, Charneau P. Brain cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants by a lentiviral vaccine in new transgenic mice. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14459. [PMID: 34647691 PMCID: PMC8646827 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines already in use or in clinical development may have reduced efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, although the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 is well established, the vaccine strategies currently developed have not taken into account protection of the central nervous system. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse strain expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and displaying unprecedented brain permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 replication, in addition to high permissiveness levels in the lung. Using this stringent transgenic model, we demonstrated that a non-integrative lentiviral vector, encoding for the spike glycoprotein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, used in intramuscular prime and intranasal boost elicits sterilizing protection of lung and brain against both the ancestral virus, and the Gamma (P.1) variant of concern, which carries multiple vaccine escape mutations. Beyond induction of strong neutralizing antibodies, the mechanism underlying this broad protection spectrum involves a robust protective T-cell immunity, unaffected by the recent mutations accumulated in the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Wen Ku
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Pierre Authié
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - François Anna
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Amandine Noirat
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Fanny Moncoq
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Vesin
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Fabien Nevo
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Jodie Lopez
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Philippe Souque
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Catherine Blanc
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Sébastien Chardenoux
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - llta Lafosse
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Delphine Cussigh
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - David Hardy
- Experimental Neuropatholgy UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Kirill Nemirov
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Françoise Guinet
- Lymphocytes and Immunity UnitImmunology DepartmentInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Francina Langa Vives
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
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32
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Polansky H, Goral B. How an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 during latency can cause Alzheimer's disease: the viral and cellular dynamics according to the microcompetition model. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:895-916. [PMID: 34635992 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies observed a link between the herpes smplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and Alzheimer's disease. However, the exact viral and cellular dynamics that lead from an HSV-1 infection to Alzheimer's disease are unknown. In this paper, we use the microcompetition model to formulate these dynamics by connecting seemingly unconnected observations reported in the literature. We concentrate on four pathologies characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. First, we explain how an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 during latency can decrease the expression of BECN1/Beclin1, the degradative trafficking protein, which, in turn, can cause a dysregulation of autophagy and Alzheimer's disease. Second, we show how an increase in the copy number of the latent HSV-1 can decrease the expression of many genes important for mitochondrial genome metabolism, respiratory chain, and homeostasis, which can lead to oxidative stress and neuronal damage, resulting in Alzheimer's disease. Third, we describe how an increase in this copy number can reduce the concentration of the NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2b (Grin1 and Grin2b genes), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can cause an impaired synaptic plasticity, Aβ accumulation and eventually Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we show how an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 in neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus during the latent phase can lead to an abnormal quantity and quality of neurogenesis, and the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease. Since the current understanding of the dynamics and homeostasis of the HSV-1 reservoir during latency is limited, the proposed model represents only a first step towards a complete understanding of the relationship between the copy number of HSV-1 during latency and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Polansky
- The Center for the Biology of Chronic Disease (CBCD), 3 Germay Dr, Wilmington, DE, 19804, USA.
| | - Benjamin Goral
- The Center for the Biology of Chronic Disease (CBCD), 3 Germay Dr, Wilmington, DE, 19804, USA
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33
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Xu H, Cai L, Hufnagel S, Cui Z. Intranasal vaccine: Factors to consider in research and development. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121180. [PMID: 34637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection. Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle-based injection, but there are only a few intranasal vaccines that are currently approved for human use, and all of them are live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Clearly, there are immunological as well as non-immunological challenges that prevent vaccine developers from choosing the intranasal route of administration. We reviewed current approved intranasal vaccines and pipelines and described the target of intranasal vaccines, i.e. nose and lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity. We then analyzed factors unique to intranasal vaccines that need to be considered when researching and developing new intranasal vaccines. We concluded that while the choice of vaccine formulations, mucoadhesives, mucosal and epithelial permeation enhancers, and ligands that target M-cells are important, safe and effective intranasal mucosal vaccine adjuvants are needed to successfully develop an intranasal vaccine that is not based on live-attenuated viruses or bacteria. Moreover, more effective intranasal vaccine application devices that can efficiently target a vaccine to lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity as well as preclinical animal models that can better predict intranasal vaccine performance in clinical trials are needed to increase the success rate of intranasal vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States.
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34
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López-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. Enigmatic Neural Pathways: Potentiating Viral Neuroinvasion Into the CNS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:260-265. [PMID: 34709060 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo López-Ojeda
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
| | - Robin A Hurley
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
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35
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Kincaid AE. The Role of the Nasal Cavity in the Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112287. [PMID: 34835094 PMCID: PMC8621399 DOI: 10.3390/v13112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a class of fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the entry and spread of infectious prion proteins (PrPSc) in the central nervous system (CNS). These diseases are endemic to certain mammalian animal species that use their sense of smell for a variety of purposes and therefore expose their nasal cavity (NC) to PrPSc in the environment. Prion diseases that affect humans are either inherited due to a mutation of the gene that encodes the prion protein, acquired by exposure to contaminated tissues or medical devices, or develop without a known cause (referred to as sporadic). The purpose of this review is to identify components of the NC that are involved in prion transport and to summarize the evidence that the NC serves as a route of entry (centripetal spread) and/or a source of shedding (centrifugal spread) of PrPSc, and thus plays a role in the pathogenesis of the TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Kincaid
- Departments of Pharmacy Sciences and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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COVID-19 Anosmia: High Prevalence, Plural Neuropathogenic Mechanisms, and Scarce Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2? Viruses 2021; 13:v13112225. [PMID: 34835030 PMCID: PMC8625547 DOI: 10.3390/v13112225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is known as a respiratory virus, but SARS-CoV-2 appears equally, or even more, infectious for the olfactory epithelium (OE) than for the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity. In light of the small area of the OE relative to the respiratory epithelium, the high prevalence of olfactory dysfunctions (ODs) in COVID-19 has been bewildering and has attracted much attention. This review aims to first examine the cytological and molecular biological characteristics of the OE, especially the microvillous apical surfaces of sustentacular cells and the abundant SARS-CoV-2 receptor molecules thereof, that may underlie the high susceptibility of this neuroepithelium to SARS-CoV-2 infection and damages. The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism, or the lack of it, is then analyzed with regard to the expression of the receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) or priming protease (transmembrane serine protease 2), and cellular targets of infection. Neuropathology of COVID-19 in the OE, olfactory bulb, and other related neural structures are also reviewed. Toward the end, we present our perspectives regarding possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathogenesis and ODs, in the absence of substantial viral infection of neurons. Plausible causes for persistent ODs in some COVID-19 convalescents are also examined.
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Gern OL, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Ghita L, Steffen I, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Toll-like Receptors in Viral Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102065. [PMID: 34696494 PMCID: PMC8540543 DOI: 10.3390/v13102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a rare but serious syndrome. In addition to DNA-encoded herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, RNA-encoded viruses from the families of Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae are important neurotropic viruses. Whereas in the periphery, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) during immune stimulation is well understood, TLR functions within the CNS are less clear. On one hand, TLRs can affect the physiology of neurons during neuronal progenitor cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth, whereas under conditions of infection, the complex interplay between TLR stimulated neurons, astrocytes and microglia is just on the verge of being understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about which TLRs are expressed by cell subsets of the CNS. Furthermore, we specifically highlight functional implications of TLR stimulation in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. After briefly illuminating some examples of viral evasion strategies from TLR signaling, we report on the current knowledge of primary immunodeficiencies in TLR signaling and their consequences for viral encephalitis. Finally, we provide an outlook with examples of TLR agonist mediated intervention strategies and potentiation of vaccine responses against neurotropic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Imke Steffen
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Martin Stangel
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Cluster of Excellence—Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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38
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Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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Niesen M, Trotta N, Noel A, Coolen T, Fayad G, Leurkin-Sterk G, Delpierre I, Henrard S, Sadeghi N, Goffard JC, Goldman S, De Tiège X. Structural and metabolic brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients with sudden loss of smell. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:1890-1901. [PMID: 33398411 PMCID: PMC7781559 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sudden loss of smell is a very common symptom of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This study characterizes the structural and metabolic cerebral correlates of dysosmia in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) were prospectively acquired simultaneously on a hybrid PET-MR in 12 patients (2 males, 10 females, mean age: 42.6 years, age range: 23-60 years) with sudden dysosmia and positive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. FDG-PET data were analyzed using a voxel-based approach and compared with that of a group of healthy subjects. RESULTS Bilateral blocking of the olfactory cleft was observed in six patients, while subtle olfactory bulb asymmetry was found in three patients. No MRI signal abnormality downstream of the olfactory tract was observed. Decrease or increase in glucose metabolism abnormalities was observed (p < .001 uncorrected, k ≥ 50 voxels) in core olfactory and high-order neocortical areas. A modulation of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by the severity and the duration of COVID-19-related dysosmia was disclosed using correlation analyses. CONCLUSIONS This PET-MR study suggests that sudden loss of smell in COVID-19 is not related to central involvement due to SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasiveness. Loss of smell is associated with subtle cerebral metabolic changes in core olfactory and high-order cortical areas likely related to combined processes of deafferentation and active functional reorganization secondary to the lack of olfactory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Niesen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nicola Trotta
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Noel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Coolen
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Fayad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gil Leurkin-Sterk
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Delpierre
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Henrard
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niloufar Sadeghi
- Department of Radiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Goffard
- Department of Internal Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Chong ZZ, Souayah N. SARS-CoV-2 Induced Neurological Manifestations Entangles Cytokine Storm That Implicates For Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2051-2074. [PMID: 33970839 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210506161543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can present with neurological symptoms and induce neurological complications. The involvement in both the central and peripheral nervous systems in COVID-19 patients has been associated with direct invasion of the virus and the induction of cytokine storm. This review discussed the pathways for the virus invasion into the nervous system and characterized the SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the immune responses and cytokine storm induction after SARS-CoV-2 infection were also discussed. Although some neurological symptoms are mild and disappear after recovery from infection, some severe neurological complications contribute to the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the insight into the cause of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm in context with neurological complications will formulate the novel management of the disease and further identify new therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Zhong Chong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Nizar Souayah
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street Room Suite 8100, Newark, NJ 07101, United States
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41
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Herpes simplex virus 1 and the risk of dementia: a population-based study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8691. [PMID: 33888766 PMCID: PMC8062537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is a neuroinvasive virus capable of entering the brain which makes it a candidate pathogen for increasing risk of dementia. Previous studies are inconsistent in their findings regarding the link between HSV1 and dementia, therefore, we investigated how HSV1 relates to cognitive decline and dementia risk using data from a population-based study. We measured HSV1 immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in serum collected between 2002 and 2005 from participants of the Rotterdam Study. We used linear regression to determine HSV1 in relation to change in cognitive performance during 2 consecutive examination rounds on average 6.5 years apart. Next, we determined the association of HSV1 with risk of dementia (until 2016) using a Cox regression model. We repeated analyses for Alzheimer’s disease. All models were adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Of 1915 non-demented participants (mean age 71.3 years, 56.7% women), with an average follow-up time of 9.1 years, 244 participants developed dementia (of whom 203 Alzheimer’s disease). HSV1 seropositivity was associated with decline in global cognition (mean difference of HSV1 seropositive vs seronegative per standard deviation decrease in global cognition − 0.16; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), − 0.26; − 0.07), as well as separate cognitive domains, namely memory, information processing, and executive function, but not motor function. Finally, HSV1 seropositivity was not associated with risk of dementia (adjusted hazard ratio 1.18, 95% CI 0.83; 1.68), similar for Alzheimer’s disease. HSV1 is associated with cognitive decline but not with incident dementia in the general population. These data suggest HSV1 to be associated only with subtle cognitive disturbances but not with greater cognitive disorders that result in dementia.
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42
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Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Molecules Induced by Respiratory Virus Infections to Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040340. [PMID: 33917837 PMCID: PMC8068239 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobehavioral alterations and cognitive impairment are common phenomena that represent neuropsychiatric disorders and can be triggered by an exacerbated immune response against pathogens, brain injury, or autoimmune diseases. Pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, are produced in the brain by resident cells, mainly by microglia and astrocytes. Brain infiltrating immune cells constitutes another source of these molecules, contributing to an impaired neurological synapse function, affecting typical neurobehavioral and cognitive performance. Currently, there is increasing evidence supporting the notion that behavioral alterations and cognitive impairment can be associated with respiratory viral infections, such as human respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and SARS-COV-2, which are responsible for endemic, epidemic, or pandemic outbreak mainly in the winter season. This article will review the brain′s pro-inflammatory response due to infection by three highly contagious respiratory viruses that are the leading cause of acute respiratory illness, morbidity, and mobility in infants, immunocompromised and elderly population. How these respiratory viral pathogens induce increased secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and their relationship with the alterations at a behavioral and cognitive level will be discussed.
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43
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Al-Harthi L, Campbell E, Schneider JA, Bennett DA. What HIV in the Brain Can Teach Us About SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Complications? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:255-265. [PMID: 32683890 PMCID: PMC8035916 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of COVID-19, a disease that as of July 10, 2020, has infected >12 million people and killed >500,000. COVID-19 infection leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome in a subset of patients and is a primary driver of acute morbidity in infected persons. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that SARS-CoV-2 infection drives dysfunction and pathology outside the lungs, including reports of renal, cardiac, and neurological complications. In this study, we summarize the known incidence and evidence of neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathogenic coronaviruses. These studies describe a poorly understood spectrum of COVID-19 central nervous system symptoms, ranging from common and subclinical issues such as anosmia and headache to more concerning reports of stroke and encephalopathy. We discuss potential mechanisms of pathogenesis, including a discussion of how the understanding of neurological complications known to occur in HIV-1 patients may provide insight into SARS-CoV-2-associated neurological manifestations. Specifically, three hypotheses are discussed that are informed by decades of knowledge about HIV pathogenesis in the brain, which include a potential direct viral effect, an indirect viral effect, and/or a neuroimmune axis effect. Individually or in combination these potential effects may contribute to COVID-19 neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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44
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Mussa BM, Srivastava A, Verberne AJM. COVID-19 and Neurological Impairment: Hypothalamic Circuits and Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030498. [PMID: 33802995 PMCID: PMC8002703 DOI: 10.3390/v13030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The virus infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global concern, as almost all countries around the world are affected. Clinical reports have confirmed several neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients such as headaches, vomiting, and nausea, indicating the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neuroinvasion of coronaviruses is not a new phenomenon, as it has been demonstrated by previous autopsies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) patients who experienced similar neurologic symptoms. The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many nuclei and diverse neuronal cell groups. It is characterized by intricate intrahypothalamic circuits that orchestrate a finely tuned communication within the CNS and with the PNS. Hypothalamic circuits are critical for maintaining homeostatic challenges including immune responses to viral infections. The present article reviews the possible routes and mechanisms of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2, with a specific focus on the role of the hypothalamic circuits in mediating the neurological symptoms noted during COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashair M. Mussa
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-65057220
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Anthony J. M. Verberne
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;
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45
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Ahmed W, Khan A, Sundar WH, Naseem H, Chen W, Feng J, Durrani S, Chen L. Neurological diseases caused by coronavirus infection of the respiratory airways. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2020.9050022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) infections are critical problems for public health. They are caused by several different organisms, including the respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). CoVs usually infect the upper respiratory tract causing the common cold. However, in infants, and in elderly and immunocompromised persons, they can also affect the lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia and various syndromes of respiratory distress. CoVs also have neuroinvasive capabilities because they can spread from the respiratory tract to the CNS. Once infection begins in the CNS cells, it can cause various CNS problems such as status epilepticus, encephalitis, and long‐term neurological disease. This neuroinvasive properties of CoVs may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune response, which could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus‐induced neuro‐immunopathology) or associated with viral replication directly causing damage to the CNS cells (virus‐induced neuropathology). In December 2019, a new disease named COVID‐19 emerged which is caused by CoVs. The significant clinical symptoms of COVID‐19 are related to the respiratory system, but they can also affect the CNS, causing acute cerebrovascular and intracranial infections. We describe the possible invasion routes of coronavirus in this review article, and look for the most recent findings associated with the neurological complications in the recently published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wish Hal Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Naseem
- Department of General Surgery, Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Wanghao Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Samran Durrani
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
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Ni J, Wu Z. Inflammation Spreading: Negative Spiral Linking Systemic Inflammatory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638686. [PMID: 33716675 PMCID: PMC7947253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological response to injury in the internal body organs, inflammation is responsible for removing dangerous stimuli and initiating healing. However, persistent and exaggerative chronic inflammation causes undesirable negative effects in the organs. Inflammation occurring in the brain and spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, with microglia acting as the central cellular player. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic neuroinflammation is the most relevant pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regulating other pathological features, such as the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Systemic inflammatory signals caused by systemic disorders are known to strongly influence neuroinflammation as a consequence of microglial activation, inflammatory mediator production, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain, resulting in neuronal dysfunction. However, the neuroinflammation-accelerated neuronal dysfunction in AD also influences the functions of peripheral organs. In the present review, we highlight the link between systemic inflammatory disorders and AD, with inflammation serving as the common explosion. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In our view, inflammation spreading indicates a negative spiral between systemic diseases and AD. Therefore, “dampening inflammation” through the inhibition of cathepsin (Cat)B or CatS may be a novel therapeutic approach for delaying the onset of and enacting early intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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47
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Boyles DA, Schwarz MM, Albe JR, McMillen CM, O'Malley KJ, Reed DS, Hartman AL. Development of Rift valley fever encephalitis in rats is mediated by early infection of olfactory epithelium and neuroinvasion across the cribriform plate. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001522. [PMID: 33231535 PMCID: PMC8116942 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic emerging Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes sporadic disease in livestock and humans throughout Africa and the Saudi Arabian peninsula. Infection of people with RVFV can occur through mosquito bite or mucosal exposure during butchering or milking of infected livestock. Disease typically presents as a self-limiting fever; however, in rare cases, hepatitis, encephalitis and ocular disease may occur. Recent studies have illuminated the neuropathogenic mechanisms of RVFV in a rat aerosol infection model. Neurological disease in rats is characterized by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier late in infection, infiltration of leukocytes to the central nervous system (CNS) and massive viral replication in the brain. However, the route of RVFV entry into the CNS after inhalational exposure remains unknown. Here, we visualized the entire nasal olfactory route from snout to brain after RVFV infection using RNA in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy. We found widespread RVFV-infected cells within the olfactory epithelium, across the cribriform plate, and in the glomerular region of the olfactory bulb within 2 days of infection. These results indicate that the olfactory tract is a major route of infection of the brain after inhalational exposure. A better understanding of potential neuroinvasion pathways can support the design of more effective therapeutic regiments for the treatment of neurological disease caused by RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin A. Boyles
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline M. Schwarz
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph R. Albe
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Singh H, Koury J, Kaul M. Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2021; 13:170. [PMID: 33498715 PMCID: PMC7912342 DOI: 10.3390/v13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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49
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Abdullahi A, Candan SA, Soysal Tomruk M, Elibol N, Dada O, Truijen S, Saeys W. Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 Infection? A Systemic Review of the Evidence. Front Neurol 2021; 11:566308. [PMID: 33519663 PMCID: PMC7838680 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.566308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is emerging evidence that Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) may be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The aim of this review was to investigate the strength of the evidence. Method: The review was registered in PROSPERO (CDR42020184822). Three electronic databases, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science, and three preprint servers, MedRvix, ChemRvix, and BioRvix, were searched from December 2019 to 24th September 2020. Studies were included if they were on COVID-19 and of any design. Articles that are reviews or opinion were excluded. The selection process was carried out using EndNote and Rayyan software. The main outcomes in the study were study design, sample size, sex, age, overall GBS symptoms, other COVID-19 symptoms, comorbidity, timing between infection and the onset of neurological symptoms, CT, MRI, and EMG results. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form. The collected data was analyzed using qualitative synthesis. Findings: Fifty-one high-quality studies (mostly) consisting of 83 patients were included in the study. All of the patients (except in a very few) in the included studies had confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Similarly, the diagnosis of GBS was based on standard clinical, electrophysiological, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) criteria. Conclusion: GBS may be associated with COVID-19, and therefore, testing for COVID-19 is recommended in patients presenting with GBS during this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Abdullahi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sevim Acaroz Candan
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Melda Soysal Tomruk
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mehmet Akif University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Nuray Elibol
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Olumide Dada
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Steven Truijen
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Saeys
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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50
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Gholami M, Safari S, Ulloa L, Motaghinejad M. Neuropathies and neurological dysfunction induced by coronaviruses. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:380-396. [PMID: 33983506 PMCID: PMC8117458 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the recent years, viral epidemic due to coronaviruses, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 (coronavirus disese-19), has become a global problem. In addition to causing cardiovascular and respiratory lethal dysfunction, these viruses can cause neurodegeneration leading to neurological disorders. Review of the current scientific literature reveals the multiple neuropathies and neuronal dysfunction associated with these viruses. Here, we review the major findings of these studies and discuss the main neurological sequels and outcomes of coronavirus infections with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. This article analyzes and discusses the main mechanisms of coronavirus-induced neurodegeneration according to the current experimental and clinical studies. Coronaviruses can damage the nerves directly through endovascular dysfunctions thereby affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections. Coronaviruses can also induce neural cell degeneration indirectly via mitochondrial dysfunction inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, coronaviruses can cause neurological disorders by inducing neurovascular dysfunction affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections, and by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. While some of these mechanisms are similar to other RNA viruses, the neurotoxic mechanisms of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS-CoV viruses are unknown and need detailed clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gholami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, NC, 27710, Durham, USA.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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