The pharmacological management of metabolic syndrome

Investigation of the relationship between inflammation and microbiota in the intestinal tissue of female and male rats fed with fructose: Modulatory role of metformin

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that High-Fructose (HF) consumption, considered one of the etiological factors of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), causes changes in the gut microbiota and metabolic disorders. There is limited knowledge on the effects of metformin in HF-induced intestinal irregularities in male and female rats with MetS.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we investigated the sex-dependent effects of metformin treatment on the gut microbiota, intestinal Tight Junction (TJ) proteins, and inflammation parameters in HF-induced MetS.

METHODS

Fructose was given to the male and female rats as a 20% solution in drinking water for 15 weeks. Metformin (200 mg/kg) was administered by gastric tube once a day during the final seven weeks. Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and bioinformatics analyses were performed. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

The metformin treatment in fructose-fed rats promoted glucose, insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR), and Triglyceride (TG) values in both sexes. The inflammation score was significantly decreased with metformin treatment in fructose-fed male and female rats (p < 0.05). Moreover, metformin treatment significantly decreased Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in ileum tissue from fructose-fed males (p < 0.05). Intestinal immunoreactivity of Occludin and Claudin-1 was increased with metformin treatment in fructose-fed female rats. HF and metformin treatment changed the gut microbial composition. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio increased with HF in females. In the disease group, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum; in the treatment group, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus reuteri are the prominent species in both sexes. When the male and female groups were compared, Akkermansia muciniphila was prominent in the male treatment group.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, metformin treatment promoted biochemical parameters in both sexes of fructose-fed rats. Metformin showed a sex-dependent effect on inflammation parameters, permeability factors, and gut microbiota. Metformin has partly modulatory effects on fructose-induced intestinal changes.

Skeletal Effects of a Prolonged Oral Metformin Treatment in Adult Wistar Rats

INTRODUCTION

We previously showed that a 3-week oral metformin (MET) treatment enhances the osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and improves several bone histomorphometric parameters in Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the skeletal effects of extended periods of MET need to be completely elucidated. Hence, in this study, the impact of a prolonged (3-month) MET treatment was investigated on bone architecture, histomorphometric and biomechanics variables, and osteogenic potential of BMSCs in Wistar rats with or without MetS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Young male Wistar rats (n=36) were randomized into four groups (n=9) that received either 20% fructose (F), MET (MET), F plus MET treatments (FMET), or drinking water alone (Veh). Rats were euthanized, blood was collected, and bones were dissected and processed for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) analysis, static and dynamic histomorphometry, and bone biomechanics. In addition, BMSCs were isolated to determine their osteogenic potential.

RESULTS

MET affected trabecular and cortical bone, altering bone architecture and biomechanics. Furthermore, MET increased the pro-resorptive profile of BMSCs. In addition, fructose-induced MetS practically did not affect the the structural or mechanical variables of the skeleton.

CONCLUSION

A 3-month treatment with MET (with or without MetS) affects bone architecture and biomechanical variables in Wistar rats.

Novel Functional Food Properties of Forest Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Merr.) Phytochemicals for Treating Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights from a Combined Computational and In Vitro Approach

Metabolic syndrome is a global health problem. The use of functional foods as dietary components has been increasing. One food of interest is forest onion extract (FOE). This study aimed to investigate the effect of FOE on lipid and glucose metabolism in silico and in vitro using the 3T3-L1 mouse cell line. This was a comprehensive study that used a multi-modal computational network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking in silico and 3T3-L1 mouse cells in vitro. The phytochemical components of FOE were analyzed using untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Next, an in silico analysis was performed to determine FOE's bioactive compounds, and a toxicity analysis, protein target identification, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were carried out. FOE's effect on pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition was determined. Finally, we determined its effect on lipid accumulation and MAPK8, PPARG, HMGCR, CPT-1, and GLP1 expression in the preadipocyte 3T3-L1 mouse cell line. We showed that the potential metabolites targeted glucose and lipid metabolism in silico and that FOE inhibited pancreatic lipase levels, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase in vitro. Furthermore, FOE significantly (p < 0.05) inhibits targeted protein expressions of MAPK8, PPARG, HMGCR, CPT-1, and GLP-1 in vitro in 3T3-L1 mouse cells in a dose-dependent manner. FOE contains several metabolites that reduce pancreatic lipase levels, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and targeted proteins associated with lipid and glucose metabolism in vitro.

Current insights into transcriptional role(s) for the nutraceutical Withania somnifera in inflammation and aging

The health-beneficial effects of nutraceuticals in various diseases have received enhanced attention in recent years. Aging is a continuous process wherein physiological activity of an individual declines over time and is characterized by various indefinite hallmarks which contribute toward aging-related comorbidities in an individual which include many neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac problems, diabetes, bone-degeneration, and cancer. Cellular senescence is a homeostatic biological process that has an important function in driving aging. Currently, a growing body of evidence substantiates the connection between epigenetic modifications and the aging process, along with aging-related diseases. These modifications are now being recognized as promising targets for emerging therapeutic interventions. Considering that almost all the biological processes are modulated by RNAs, numerous RNA-binding proteins have been found to be linked to aging and age-related complexities. Currently, studies have shed light on the ability of the nutraceutical Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to influence RNA expression, stability, and processing, offering insights into its mechanisms of action. By targeting RNA-related pathways, Withania somnifera may exhibit promising effects in ameliorating age-associated molecular changes, which include modifications in gene expression and signaling networks. This review summarizes the potential role of Withania somnifera as a nutraceutical in modulating RNA-level changes associated with aging, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies. Taken together, the putative role(s) of Withania in modulation of key RNAs will provide insights into understanding the aging process and facilitate the development of various preventive and therapeutic strategies employing nutraceuticals for healthy aging.

Recent advances in multitarget-directed ligands via in silico drug discovery

To combat multifactorial refractory diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases, multitarget drugs have become an emerging area of research aimed at 'synthetic lethality' (SL) relationships associated with drug-resistance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the in silico design of dual and triple-targeted ligands, strategies by which specific 'warhead' groups are incorporated into a parent compound or scaffold with primary inhibitory activity against one target to develop one small molecule that inhibits two or three molecular targets in an effort to increase potency against multifactorial diseases. We also discuss the analytical exploration of structure-activity relationships (SARs), physicochemical properties, polypharmacology, scaffold feature extraction of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved multikinase inhibitors (MKIs), and updates regarding the clinical status of dual-targeted chemotypes.

Impacts of chitosan and its nanoformulations on the metabolic syndromes: a review

A significant public health issue worldwide is metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic illnesses that comprises insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. The creation of natural treatments and preventions for metabolic syndrome is crucial. Chitosan, along with its nanoformulations, is an oligomer of chitin, the second-most prevalent polymer in nature, which is created via deacetylation. Due to its plentiful biological actions in recent years, chitosan and its nanoformulations have drawn much interest. Recently, the chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in treating metabolic syndromes. The benefits of chitosan and its nanoformulations on insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension will be outlined in the present review, highlighting potential mechanisms for the avoidance and medication of the metabolic syndromes by chitosan and its nanoformulations.

Theabrownin from Wuniuzao Dark Tea Regulates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

The search for functional foods with no side effects that can alleviate obesity has been a common trend. Wuniuzao dark tea could be a safe choice. This study aimed to explore whether theabrownin from Wuniuzao dark tea could regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. In total, fifty 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five treatment groups, including a normal control group, high-fat diet group, positive control group, low-dose theabrownin group, and high-dose theabrownin group. After a 9-week intervention, these mice were selected from each treatment group for sampling. The results showed that the body weight and epididymis fat weight of obese mice fed with theabrownin were decreased. Serum total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were also decreased. Protein and mRNA expression of fatty acid synthesis and lipid production-related genes of mice fed with theabrownin were downregulated. The gut microbiota composition in the theabrownin group was improved. The study indicated that theabrownin from Wuniuzao dark tea could achieve the liver protection and anti-obesity effects by regulating the Srebp lipid metabolism pathway and bile acid metabolism process, and improving the gut microbiota composition of mice.

Metformin Hydrochloride Significantly Inhibits Rotavirus Infection in Caco2 Cell Line, Intestinal Organoids, and Mice

Rotavirus is one of the main pathogens that causes severe diarrhea in children under the age of 5, primarily infecting the enterocytes of the small intestine. Currently, there are no specific drugs available for oral rehydration and antiviral therapy targeting rotavirus. However, metformin hydrochloride, a drug known for its antiviral properties, shows promise as it accumulates in the small intestine and modulates the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, we formulated a hypothesis that metformin hydrochloride could inhibit rotavirus replication in the intestine. To validate the anti-rotavirus effect of metformin hydrochloride, we conducted infection experiments using different models, ranging from in vitro cells and organoids to small intestines in vivo. The findings indicate that a concentration of 0.5 mM metformin hydrochloride significantly inhibits the expression of rotavirus mRNA and protein in Caco-2 cells, small intestinal organoids, and suckling mice models. Rotavirus infections lead to noticeable pathological changes, but treatment with metformin has been observed to mitigate the lesions caused by rotavirus infection in the treated group. Our study establishes that metformin hydrochloride can inhibit rotavirus replication, while also affirming the reliability of organoids as a virus model for in vitro research.

The heterogeneity of metabolic syndrome presentation and challenges this causes in its pharmacological management: a narrative review focusing on principal risk modifiers

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), i.e. the cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors comprising visceral obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, arterial hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia, is prevalent globally and exacts a heavy toll on health care expenditures.

AREAS COVERED

The pathophenotypes of individual traits of the MetS in adults are discussed first, with strong emphasis on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sex differences. Next, I discuss recent studies on phenotypic and outcome heterogeneity of the MetS, highlighting the role of NAFLD, sex, reproductive status, and depressive disorders. In the second half of the article, the therapeutic implications of the variable MetS types and features are analyzed, focusing on the most recent developments, and guidelines.

EXPERT OPINION

I have identified physiological, pathological, social and medical sources of phenotypical heterogeneity in the MetS and its constitutive traits. Improved understanding of these variables may be utilized in the setting of future precision medicine approaches in the field of metabolic disorders and target organ damage.

Utilization of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in children and adolescents in China: a real-world study

Background

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been widely used in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity in adults, but scientific research about the indication in children and adolescents is scarce. The current study aims to explore the prescriptions of GLP-1RAs in children and adolescents in China and to evaluate its rationality.

Methods

GLP-1RA prescriptions of children and adolescents were retrospectively obtained from the Hospital Prescription Analysis Cooperative Project. The study extracted information on patient's demographic characteristics, monotherapy and combination therapy of GLP-1RAs, and trends in GLP-1RA usage from 2016 to 2021. The rationality of GLP-1RA prescriptions was comprehensively assessed based on the indications approved by China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), and published randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Results

A total of 234 prescriptions from 46 hospitals were included, with a median age of 17 years old. The majority of patients were diagnosed with overweight/obesity or prediabetes/diabetes, accounting for 43.59% and 46.15%, respectively. There were 88 patients on GLP-1RA monotherapy. GLP-1RAs plus metformin was the most common combination therapy (38.89%). 12.39% of patients were found a co-administration with orlistat. The share of overweight/obesity prescriptions increased from 27% in 2016 to 54% in 2021, whereas prediabetes/diabetes prescriptions declined from 55% to 42%. The prescriptions were divided into appropriate and questionable groups according to the diagnosis, and the potentially questionable prescription was related to age (p = 0.017), department visited (p = 0.002), and any hospitalization (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study described the prescribing of GLP-1RAs in children and adolescents. Our findings indicated that the utilization of GLP-1RAs has increased from 2016 to 2021. There was a strong basis for administering GLP-1RAs in overweight/obesity and prediabetes/diabetes, whereas the evidence was insufficient in other conditions. It is crucial to demand robust and sustained efforts to enhance the awareness of the safety of utilization of GLP-1RAs in children and adolescents.

Metformin Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Effect on Metabolic Parameters, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers, and Immune Mediators

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a common cutaneous and systemic inflammatory disease with a significant impact on mental health and quality of life. It is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular (CV) disease, and increased all-cause mortality. Metformin is used frequently in HS treatment and is effective for some patients. The mechanism of action of metformin in HS is unknown. A case-control study of 40 patients with HS (20 on metformin and 20 controls) was conducted to assess differences in metabolic markers, inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], serum adipokines, and CV risk biomarkers), and serum immune mediators. Body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance (77%), and metabolic syndrome (44%) were high overall, but not significantly different between the groups. This highlights the need for co-morbidity screening and management. A significant reduction in fasting insulin and a trend towards a reduction in insulin resistance were identified in the metformin group compared with pre-treatment levels. CV risk biomarkers were significantly favourable in the metformin group (lymphocytes, monocyte-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio). CRP was lower in the metformin group but was not statistically significant. Adipokines were dysregulated overall but were not different between the two groups. Serum IFN-γ, IL-8, TNF-α, and CXCL1 trended lower in the metformin group but did not reach significance. These results suggest that metformin improves CV risk biomarkers and insulin resistance in patients with HS. When the results of this study are considered alongside other studies in HS and related conditions, it is likely that metformin also has beneficial effects on metabolic markers and systemic inflammation in HS (CRP, serum adipokines, and immune mediators), warranting further research.

Proanthocyanidins: Impact on Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Action Mechanisms in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of risk factors, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension, which increase the probability of causing premature mortality. The consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) is a major driver of the rising incidence of MS. In fact, the altered interplay between HFD, microbiome, and the intestinal barrier is being considered as a possible origin of MS. Consumption of proanthocyanidins (PAs) has a beneficial effect against the metabolic disturbances in MS. However, there are no conclusive results in the literature about the efficacy of PAs in improving MS. This review allows a comprehensive validation of the diverse effects of the PAs on the intestinal dysfunction in HFD-induced MS, differentiating between preventive and therapeutic actions. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of PAs on the gut microbiota, providing a system to facilitate comparison between the studies. PAs can modulate the microbiome toward a healthy profile and strength barrier integrity. Nevertheless, to date, published clinical trials to verify preclinical findings are scarce. Finally, the preventive consumption of PAs in MS-associated dysbiosis and intestinal dysfunction induced by HFD seems more successful than the treatment strategy.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of the curcumin and piperine combination on lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by multiple metabolic disorders. Several studies indicated that curcumin plus piperine could affect lipids profiles in various diseases. The present meta-analysis aims to assess the effect of curcumin plus piperine on lipid profiles in patients with MetS and associated disorders using a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Trials were searched by several electronic databases up to May 2022. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version3 software carried out this systematic review and meta-analysis. Random-effects model and the inverse variance method were used to conduct the meta-analysis. We evaluated the publication bias and heterogeneity of all eligible studies. In addition, subgroup analyses and sensitivity assessments were performed to assess potential sources of heterogeneity. The combined results by the random-effects model demonstrated that curcumin plus piperine significantly decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C in patients suffering from metabolic syndrome. In comparison, the results of the overall effect size did not show any significant change in triglyceride concentrations. Our results were robust in sensitivity analysis and were not dependent on the dose of curcumin, the dose of piperine, and the duration of treatment. Our results showed that co-administration of piperine and curcumin supplementation improves the lipid profile in metabolic syndrome. However, further long-term RCTs are required to ascertain their clinical benefit.

Eco-toxicity of nano-plastics and its implication on human metabolism: Current and future perspective

In the current scenario, plastic pollution has become one of the serious environmental hazard problems due to its improper handling and insufficiency in degradation. Nanoplastics (NPs) are formed when plastic fragments are subjected to ultraviolet radiation, natural weathering, and biodegradation. This review paper focuses on the source of origin, bioaccumulation, potential nanoplastics toxicity impact towards environment and human system and management strategies towards plastic pollution. Moreover, this study demonstrates that nanoplastics interfere with metabolic pathways and cause organ dysfunction. A wide range of studies have documented the alteration of organism physiology and behavior, caused by NPs exposure. A major source of NPs exposure is via ingestion because these plastics are found in foods or food packaging, however, they can also enter the human body via inhalation but in a less well-defined form. In recent literature, the studies demonstrate the mechanisms for NP uptake, affecting factors that have been discussed followed by cytotoxic mechanisms of NPs. However, study on challenges regarding NPs toxicity for the risk assessment of human health is limited. It is important to perform and focus more on the possible impacts of NPs on human health to identify the key challenges and explore the potential impacts of their environmental accumulation and its toxicity impacts.

An Original Asteraceae Based Infused Drink Prevents Metabolic Syndrome in Fructose-Rat Model

Metabolic syndrome (METS) is a complex disorder that predisposes an affected person to an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Bitter Asteraceae plants contain several compounds active against METS that can be used as an alternative preventive therapy. Our previous work showed that a natural chicory extract (NCRAE) containing chicoric acid (CRA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) in a molar ratio of 70/30 exhibited an antioxidant, insulin sensitization and anti-hyperglycemic effect. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effects of an NCRAE-like extract against METS in a complementary natural pharmacotherapeutic approach. An original Asteraceae infused drink containing the NCRAE CRA/CGA molecular ratio equivalent was prepared from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) and burdock (Arctium lappa L.). The anti-METS effect of this drink was evaluated on the fructose-rat model for 8 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemistry, hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, arterial blood pressure glucose and insulin tolerance were evaluated after 8 weeks. Our results show that daily oral intake of the Asteraceae infused drink led to a reduction of body weight gain, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance and hypertension. Moreover, rat-by-rat analysis of the insulinemia measures revealed two types of responders. One sub-group of subjects demonstrated normal insulinemia and the other subgroup demonstrated hyperinsulinemia. This hyperinsulinemia, associated with the inhibition of the glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver tissue, may suggest an insulin release caused by CGA. The present study suggests that this original infusion of dandelion leaves and burdock roots may be used as an adjuvant therapy to prevent metabolic syndrome.

Acupuncture for metabolic syndrome: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is showing an epidemic trend worldwide, and its annual incidence is increasing. Conventional treatment options have limitations and it is necessary to develop new management strategies for MS.

METHODS

Eligible randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were screened by searching multiple Chinese and English databases. References to the included literature, gray literature in OpenGrey, and other relevant literature, such as clinical studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, were also manually searched. Relevant data were extracted, and meta-analysis was performed using Reviewer Manager 5.4.

RESULTS

This study provides a high-quality review of the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of MS, and provides a basis for the clinical application of acupuncture in the treatment of MS.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence of the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of MS.

Characteristics and Correlates of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents with Unipolar and Bipolar Depression: Results from a Cross-National Inpatient Case-Control Study

Abstract Objectives: To assess characteristics and correlates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder-depressive episode (BP-d). Methods: Case-control study, using national inpatient sample data, including adolescents (age, 12-18 years) with a primary diagnosis of MDD or BP-d. Using propensity score matching (based on age, sex, and race/ethnicity), we extracted cases with MetS (≥3 of the following conditions: obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension) and controls without MetS. We used a multivariable logistic regression model calculating adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for potential correlates of MetS, focusing on primary mood disorders and psychiatric comorbidities. Results: In 607 age-/sex-/race/ethnicity-matched adolescents (MDD = 83.5%, BP-d = 16.5%), comparing those with (N = 332) versus without MetS (N = 275), MetS was most prevalent in later-age adolescents (mean age 16.3 years), females (58.1%), Whites (40.3%), and Blacks (31.5%). MetS was characterized by obesity (84.9% vs. 3.6%), hypertension (81% vs. 1.8%), diabetes (72.8% vs. 9.1%), and hypercholesterolemia (67.2% vs. 3.6%) (all p < 0.001). MetS was associated with a primary diagnosis of BP-d versus MDD (aOR 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-3.97) and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) (aOR 4.45, 95% CI 1.55-12.78), while comorbid substance use disorder reduced MetS risk (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.19-0.50). Conclusion: In adolescents with MDD or BP-d, MetS was associated with a primary BP-d diagnosis, and comorbid DBD. MetS-related parameters should be screened for early in adolescents with depression-spectrum disorders aiming to prevent the development or effects of MetS.

Dietary carbohydrates: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets to obesity-associated metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common feature in obesity, comprising a cluster of abnormalities including abdominal fat accumulation, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, leading to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Intake of carbohydrates (CHO), particularly a sugary diet that rapidly increases blood glucose, triglycerides, and blood pressure levels is the predominant determining factor of MetS. Complex CHO, on the other hand, are a stable source of energy taking a longer time to digest. In particular, resistant starch (RS) or soluble fiber is an excellent source of prebiotics, which alter the gut microbial composition, which in turn improves metabolic control. Altering maternal CHO intake during pregnancy may result in the child developing MetS. Furthermore, lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity in combination with dietary habits may synergistically influence gene expression by modulating genetic and epigenetic regulators transforming childhood obesity into adolescent metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the common pathophysiology of MetS in connection with the nature of CHO, intrauterine nutrition, genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and advanced treatment approaches; it also emphasizes how dietary CHO may act as a key element in the pathogenesis and future therapeutic targets of obesity and MetS.

Targeting Adiposity and Inflammation With Movement to Improve Prognosis in Breast Cancer Survivors (The AIM Trial): Rationale, Design, and Methods

Background

Obesity is a significant contributor to breast cancer recurrence and mortality. A central mechanism by which obesity stimulates cancer progression is through chronic, low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Exercise interventions to target chronic inflammation has a potential to improve obesity- and breast cancer-related outcomes; however, no studies have investigated the roles of exercise in modulating adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors. Also, it is unclear which exercise prescription would be optimal to maximize the outcomes. Therefore, we designed a randomized controlled trial (Taking AIM at Breast Cancer: Targeting Adiposity and Inflammation with Movement to Improve Prognosis in Breast Cancer Survivors [AIM] Trial) to examine the mechanisms by which different modalities of exercise impact chronic inflammation as a biomarker of breast cancer prognosis.

Methods

The AIM trial is a prospective, three-armed, phase II randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a 16-week supervised circuit aerobic and resistance exercise (CARE) program versus a traditional aerobic and resistance exercise (TARE) program and attention control (AC) on adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors. 276 patients who are diagnosed with stage 0-III breast cancer, post-treatment, sedentary, and centrally obese are randomized to one of the three groups. The CARE and TARE groups participate in thrice-weekly supervised exercise sessions for 16 weeks. The AC group are offered the CARE program after the intervention period. The primary endpoint is adipose tissue inflammation assessed by core biopsy and blood draw. The secondary and tertiary endpoints are sarcopenic obesity, physical fitness and function, and patient reported outcomes. The exploratory outcomes are long-term breast cancer outcomes.

Discussion

This is the first randomized controlled trial examining the effects of exercise on adipose tissue inflammation in obese, breast cancer survivors. Our findings are anticipated to contribute to a better understanding of exercise modalities and mechanisms on adipose tissue inflammation that can potentially improve breast cancer prognosis.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03091842 identifier [NCT#03091842].

Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin

Polyphenols are inversely associated with the incidence of chronic diseases, but therapeutic use is limited by poor stability and bioaccessibility. Encapsulation has been shown to overcome some of these limitations. A selection of polyphenols (catechin, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate) and their combinations were encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin (βCD). Encapsulation was characterized and the thermal and storage stability was evaluated using the 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The samples were then subjected to in vitro digestion using a simple digestion (SD) model (gastric and duodenal phases) and a more complex digestion (CD) model (oral, gastric, and duodenal phases). Thereafter, the chemical (oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay) and cellular (dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay in Caco-2 cells) antioxidant and antiglycation (advanced glycation end-products assay) activities were determined. Inclusion complexes formed at a 1:1 molar ratio with a high encapsulation yield and efficiency. Encapsulation altered the morphology of the samples, increased the thermal stability of some and the storage stability of all samples. Encapsulation maintained the antioxidant activity of all samples and significantly improved the antiglycation and cellular antioxidant activities of some polyphenols following SD. In conclusion, the formed inclusion complexes of βCD with polyphenols had greater storage stability, without altering the beneficial cellular effects of the polyphenols.

TLR4 mutation protects neurovascular function and cognitive decline in high-fat diet-fed mice

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a low-grade proinflammatory state in which abnormal metabolic and cardiovascular factors increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and neuroinflammation. Events, such as the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, increased plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, tissue hypoxia, and sympathetic hyperactivity in MS may contribute to the direct or indirect activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR4, which is thought to be a major component of this syndrome. Activation of the innate immune response via TLR4 may contribute to this state of chronic inflammation and may be related to the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed in MS. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR4 in the brain microcirculation and in the cognitive performance of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MS mice.

Methods

Wild-type (C3H/He) and TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice were maintained under a normal diet (ND) or a HFD for 24 weeks. Intravital video-microscopy was used to investigate the functional capillary density, endothelial function, and endothelial–leukocyte interactions in the brain microcirculation. Plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), adipokines and metabolic hormones were measured with a multiplex immunoassay. Brain postsynaptic density protein-95 and synaptophysin were evaluated by western blotting; astrocytic coverage of the vessels, microglial activation and structural capillary density were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The HFD-induced MS model leads to metabolic, hemodynamic, and microcirculatory alterations, as evidenced by capillary rarefaction, increased rolling and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules, endothelial dysfunction, and less coverage of astrocytes in the vessels, which are directly related to cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The same model of MS reproduced in mice deficient for TLR4 because of a genetic mutation does not generate such changes. Furthermore, the comparison of wild-type mice fed a HFD and a normolipid diet revealed differences in inflammation in the cerebral microcirculation, possibly related to lower TLR4 activation.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that TLR4 is involved in the microvascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation associated with HFD-induced MS and possibly has a causal role in the development of cognitive decline.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02465-3.

Hydroethanolic Extract of Prunus domestica L.: Metabolite Profiling and In Vitro Modulation of Molecular Mechanisms Associated to Cardiometabolic Diseases

High consumption of fruit and vegetables has an inverse association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This study aimed to chemically characterize the hydroethanolic extract of P. domestica subsp. syriaca fruit pulp and evaluate its inhibitory activity against metabolic enzymes and production of proinflammatory mediators. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-HRMS) analysis showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, and glycoside flavonols, while nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analysis showed, among saccharides, an abundant presence of glucose. P. domestica fruit extract inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and HMG CoA reductase enzyme activities, with IC50 values of 7.01 mg/mL, 6.4 mg/mL, 6.0 mg/mL, and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. P. domestica fruit extract inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitrite, interleukin-1 β and PGE₂ in activated J774 macrophages. The findings of the present study indicate that P. domestica fruit extracts positively modulate in vitro a series of molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. Further research is necessary to better characterize these properties and their potential application for human health.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease: Role in Metabolic Syndrome, "Prediabetes," Diabetes and Atherosclerosis

Fat accumulation in the pancreas associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been defined as "non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease" (NAFPD). The aim of this review is to describe the association of NAFPD with obesity, MetS, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerosis and also increase awareness regarding NAFPD. Various methods are used for the detection and quantification of pancreatic fat accumulation that may play a significant role in the differences that have been observed in the prevalence of NAFPD. Endoscopic ultrasound provides detailed images of the pancreas and its use is expected to increase in the future. Obesity and MetS have been recognized as NAFPD risk factors. NAFPD is strongly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and it seems that the presence of both may be related with aggravation of NAFLD. A role of NAFPD in the development of "prediabetes" and T2DM has also been suggested by most human studies. Accumulation of fat in pancreatic tissue possibly initiates a vicious cycle of beta-cell deterioration and further pancreatic fat accumulation. Additionally, some evidence indicates a correlation between NAFPD and atherosclerotic markers (e.g., carotid intima-media thickness). Weight loss and bariatric surgery decreases pancreatic triglyceride content but pharmacologic treatments for NAFPD have not been evaluated in specifically designed studies. Hence, NAFPD is a marker of local fat accumulation possibly associated with beta-cell function impairment, carbohydrate metabolism disorders and atherosclerosis.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in a Sample of Adult ADHD Outpatients

BACKGROUND

High prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) was found in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Insulin Resistance (IR) seems to mediate MS role in developing cardiometabolic consequences.

AIMS

To investigate the prevalence of MS, and the role of MS components and IR surrogate indexes in determining MS in adult ADHD outpatients.

METHODS

In the present cross-sectional study, MS, defined according to the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III), and IR surrogate indexes were assessed on a consecutive sample of adult ADHD outpatients. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of each ATP III component and IR surrogate index in determining MS.

RESULTS

Seventeen out of 158 patients (10.8%, 95%CI = 0.064/0.167) fulfilled the ATP-III criteria for MS. A comprehensive comparison with prevalence in the reference population was hindered by the lack of patients over 60 in the study sample, however under this age no significant differences were found. Among MS components, blood triglycerides level (OR = 1.02, 95%CI=1.01/1.03, p = 0.001) was the main predictor for MS, followed by diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.08, 95%CI=1.01/1.16, p = 0.024) and waist circumference (OR = 1.06, 95%CI=1.01/1.13, p = 0.029). Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP, OR = 1.0006, 95%CI=1.0003/1.0009, p < 0.001) outperformed Triglyceride-Waist Circumference (TG-WC, OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.01/1.04, p < 0.001) in predicting MS.

CONCLUSIONS

More attention should be paid not only to MS but also to each ATP III component of MS and LAP in ADHD patients both at first assessment and during follow-up process.

Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Preventive Aspects

One of the leading global public-health burdens is metabolic syndrome (MetS), despite the many advances in pharmacotherapies. MetS, now known as "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD), can have its origins in early life. Offspring MetS can be programmed by various adverse early-life conditions, such as nutrition imbalance, maternal conditions or diseases, maternal chemical exposure, and medication use. Conversely, early interventions have shown potential to revoke programming processes to prevent MetS of developmental origins, namely reprogramming. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about adverse environmental insults implicated in MetS of developmental origins, including the fundamental underlying mechanisms. We also describe animal models that have been developed to study the developmental programming of MetS. This review extends previous research reviews by addressing implementation of reprogramming strategies to prevent the programming of MetS. These mechanism-targeted strategies include antioxidants, melatonin, resveratrol, probiotics/prebiotics, and amino acids. Much work remains to be accomplished to determine the insults that could induce MetS, to identify the mechanisms behind MetS programming, and to develop potential reprogramming strategies for clinical translation.

Effect of voluntary exercise upon the metabolic syndrome and gut microbiome composition in mice

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase an individual's risk of developing diseases. Being physically active throughout life is known to reduce the prevalence and onset of some aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that an individual's gut microbiome composition has a large influence on several aspects of the metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanism(s) by which physical activity may improve metabolic health are not well understood. We sought to determine if endurance exercise is sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the development of the metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases. We also analyzed the impact of physical activity under metabolic syndrome progression upon the gut microbiome composition. Utilizing whole-body low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout mice on a "Western Diet," we show that long-term exercise acts favorably upon glucose tolerance, adiposity, and liver lipids. Exercise increased mitochondrial abundance in skeletal muscle but did not reduce liver fibrosis, aortic lesion area, or plasma lipids. Lastly, we observed several changes in gut bacteria and their novel associations with metabolic parameters of clinical importance. Altogether, our results indicate that exercise can ameliorate some aspects of the metabolic syndrome progression and alter the gut microbiome composition.

Oleanolic Acid-Enriched Olive Oil Alleviates the Interleukin-6 Overproduction Induced by Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in THP-1 Macrophages

Oleanolic acid (OA), a triterpene that is highly present in olive leaves, has been proposed as a component of functional foods for the prevention of metabolic syndrome, due to its anti-inflammatory activity. We analyzed the effects of OA on inflammatory parameters and signaling proteins in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Thus, THP-1 macrophages were incubated with LPS for 48 h after pretreatment with OA at different concentrations. Pretreatment with OA was significantly effective in attenuating IL-6 and TNF-α overproduction induced by LPS in macrophages, and also improved the levels of AMPK-α. We also evaluated the effects of human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) derived from individuals consuming an OA-enriched functional olive oil. For this purpose, TRLs were isolated from healthy adolescents before, 2 and 5 h postprandially after the intake of a meal containing the functional olive oil or common olive oil, and were incubated with THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 macrophages incubated with TRLs isolated at 2 h after the consumption of the OA-enriched olive oil showed significant lower levels of IL-6 compared to the TRLs derived from olive oil. Our results suggest that OA might have potential to be used as a lipid-based formulation in functional olive oils to prevent inflammatory processes underlying metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Effectiveness of a complex psychosocial intervention to reduce metabolic syndrome in psychiatric outpatients with severe/persistent mental illness

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among individuals with severe mental illness is considerably higher than in the general population, contributing to the 15–20-year shorter life expectancy of this client population. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, complex psychosocial program to reduce metabolic syndrome. Members of both the intervention (n = 78) and control (n = 31) group were psychiatric outpatients with severe/persistent mental illness struggling with one or more symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Beyond the default elements of similar programs such as diet and exercise, the intervention covered medication use, sleep hygiene, stress management, as well as addressing spiritual needs, mindfulness, addictions, and self-care. Assessment of metabolic indicators were completed at baseline, at the end of the 11-week intervention, and 6 months post-intervention. The trajectory of change over time was significantly more favorable in the treatment than in the control group in terms of waist circumference (p = 0.013, η² = 0.093) and a positive trend emerged in relation to blood glucose level (p = 0.082, η² = 0.057). However, no statistically reliable difference was observed between the intervention and the control group regarding the other outcome variables (body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride level, serum HDL cholesterol level, overall metabolic syndrome severity). These findings suggest that to produce more robust benefits, psychosocial interventions targeting the metabolic health of individuals with complex mental health needs should be either longer in duration if resources permit or narrower in focus (diet and exercise mainly) if resources are scarce.

The Role of Chitosan Oligosaccharide in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Possible Mechanisms

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has become a major public health problem worldwide. It is of great significance to develop natural products to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of chitosan prepared by the deacetylation of chitin, which is the second most abundant polymer in nature. In recent years, COS has received widespread attention due to its various biological activities. The present review will summarize the evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies of the beneficial effects of COS on obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, and focus attention on possible mechanisms of the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome by COS.

Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with olive oil, oleic acid, or hydroxytyrosol in metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Olive oil and components might have a beneficial effect on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to assess whether those effects are related to hydroxytyrosol or oleic acid contents, or the combination of them as olive oil, and how powerful is this effect.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE via Pubmed, Web of Science (WOS) core collection, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) via LILACS and IBECS (Spain). MeSH terms used were "obesity", "body weight", "body mass index", "adipose tissue", "lipid metabolism", "LDL", "HDL", "VLDL", "insulin resistance", "glucose", "insulin", "hypertension", "arterial pressure", "olive oil", "oleic acid", and other (non-MeSH) terms: "total antioxidant capacity", "total antioxidant status", "hydroxytyrosol" (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021247614). Results of the included studies were meta-analyzed with the RevMan 5.3 program, assuming a random effects model.

RESULTS

76 articles (67 different trials) were identified. Hydroxytyrosol had no effect on MetS [combined standardized mean differences (SMD) = 0.01 (CI 95%: [-0.23, 0.25], I² = 83%; p = 0.920)]. Oleic acid had no significant beneficial effect on MetS [SMD = 0.03 (CI 95%: [-0.01, 0.07], I² = 0%); p = 0.150], but it improved lipid profile [SMD = 0.06 (CI 95%: [-0.00, 0.12], I² = 0%); p = 0. 050]. Olive oil had no effect on MetS [SMD = -0.01 (CI 95%: [-0.05, 0.03]), I² = 55%; p = 0.550)]. The supplementation with hydroxytyrosol, oleic acid or olive oil showed a beneficial effect on antioxidant capacity related to components of MetS [SMD = 0.31 (CI 95%: [-0.34, 0.95], I² = 81%)]; p = 0.35).

CONCLUSION

Most articles compared olive oil and oleic acid with other strategies specially designed for MetS management. Our findings suggest that olive oil or oleic acid consumption are as good as the other strategies to manage MetS.

Allium-Derived Compound Propyl Propane Thiosulfonate (PTSO) Attenuates Metabolic Alterations in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet through Its Anti-Inflammatory and Prebiotic Properties

Background: Propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) is an organosulfur compound from Allium spp. that has shown interesting antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory effects in different experimental models. In this sense, our aim was to evaluate its effect on an experimental model of obesity, focusing on inflammatory and metabolic markers and the gut microbiota. Methods and results: Mice were fed a high-fat diet and orally treated with different doses of PTSO (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. PTSO lessened the weight gain and improved the plasma markers associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms. PTSO also attenuated obesity-associated systemic inflammation, reducing the immune cell infiltration and, thus, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose and hepatic tissues (Il-1ẞ, Il-6, Tnf-α, Mcp-1, Jnk-1, Jnk-2, Leptin, Leptin R, Adiponectin, Ampk, Ppar-α, Ppar-γ, Glut-4 and Tlr-4) and improving the expression of different key elements for gut barrier integrity (Muc-2, Muc-3, Occludin, Zo-1 and Tff-3). Additionally, these effects were connected to a regulation of the gut microbiome, which was altered by the high-fat diet. Conclusion: Allium-derived PTSO can be considered a potential new tool for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Peripherally Selective CB1 Receptor Antagonist Improves Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome in Mice

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder that stems from the additive effects of multiple underlying causes such as obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic low-grade inflammation. The endocannabinoid system plays a central role in appetite regulation, energy balance, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function. The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant) showed promising antiobesity effects, but its use was discontinued due to adverse psychiatric events in some users. These adverse effects are due to antagonism of CB1R in the central nervous system (CNS). As such, CNS-sparing CB1R antagonists are presently being developed for various indications. In this study, we report that a recently described compound, 3-{1-[8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-(4-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]piperidin-4-yl}-1-[6-(difluoromethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]urea (RTI1092769), a pyrazole based weak inverse agonist/antagonist of CB1 with very limited brain exposure, improves MetS related complications. Treatment with RTI1092769 inhibited weight gain and improved glucose utilization in obese mice maintained on a high fat diet. Hepatic triglyceride content and steatosis significantly improved with treatment. These phenotypes were supported by improvement in several biomarkers associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). These results reinforce the idea that CB1 antagonists with limited brain exposure should be pursued for MetS and other important indications.

Direct and Indirect Effect of Honey as a Functional Food Against Metabolic Syndrome and Its Skeletal Complications

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to the simultaneous presence of hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and/or visceral obesity, which predisposes a person to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Evidence suggesting the presence of direct and indirect associations between MetS and osteoporosis is growing. Many studies have reported the beneficial effects of polyphenols in alleviating MetS in in vivo and in vitro models through their antioxidant and anti-inflammation actions. This review aims to summarize the effects of honey (based on unifloral and multi-floral nectar sources) on bone metabolism and each component of MetS. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases using specific search strings. Original studies related to components of MetS and bone, and the effects of honey on components of MetS and bone were included. Honey polyphenols could act synergistically in alleviating MetS by preventing oxidative damage and inflammation. Honey intake is shown to reduce blood glucose levels and prevent excessive weight gain. It also improves lipid metabolism by reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, as well as increasing high-density lipoprotein. Honey can prevent bone loss by reducing the adverse effects of MetS on bone homeostasis, apart from its direct action on the skeletal system. In conclusion, honey supplementation could be integrated into the management of MetS and MetS-induced bone loss as a preventive and adjunct therapeutic agent.

The Age-Dependent Increase of Metabolic Syndrome Requires More Extensive and Aggressive Non-Pharmacological and Pharmacological Interventions: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Italian Cohort of Obese Women

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome is a combination of cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension), which entails critical issues in terms of medical management and public health.

METHODS

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the age-related changes of the single IDF (International Diabetes Federation) diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, WC; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C; triglycerides; glucose; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, SBP and DBP) in a large population of (Italian) obese women (n = 1.000; body mass index, BMI >30 kg/m²; age: 18-83 yrs), subdivided into two subgroups depending on the presence (n = 630) or absence (n = 370) of metabolic syndrome. Parallelly, the percentages of treatment with hypolipidaemic drugs, hypoglycaemics, and antihypertensives and, among the treated subjects, of control of the underlying condition in accordance with the cut-offs of IDF criteria for dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, and hypertension were determined over six age ranges (i.e., 18-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and > 70 yrs).

RESULTS

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with advancing age. In the subgroup with metabolic syndrome, an age-dependent increase in HDL-C, glycaemia, and SBP occurred, while the visceral adiposity was stable. In the same subgroup, triglycerides and DBP decreased age-dependently. In the subgroup without metabolic syndrome, an age-dependent increase in WC, HDL-C, glycaemia, SBP, and DBP was observed. A progressive age-dependent increase in the percentage of patients pharmacologically treated for the cardiometabolic abnormalities was detected in patients with metabolic syndrome, a similar trend being also observed in patients without metabolic syndrome only for the antihypertensives. A clear-cut disproportion between treated versus adequately controlled women (with pharmacotherapy) was detected in the whole population.

CONCLUSIONS

At least in an Italian context of obese females, the age-dependent worsening of glycaemia and BP exerts a fundamental pathophysiological role in the progressive increase of metabolic syndrome with advancing age, which appears to be not adequately treated in a large part of obese subjects. The results of the present study might be useful for public health decision-makers for programming future more extensive and aggressive non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions in the obese population.

Catestatin peptide of chromogranin A as a potential new target for several risk factors management in the course of metabolic syndrome

Obesity, lipodystrophy, diabetes, and hypertension collectively constitute the main features of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), together with insulin resistance (IR), which is considered as a defining element. MetS generally leads to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is a determinant cause of mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. Therefore, it is essential to implement and put in place adequate management strategies for the treatment of this disease. Catestatin is a bioactive peptide with 21 amino acids, which is derived through cleaving of the prohormone chromogranin A (CHGA/CgA) that is co-released with catecholamines from secretory vesicles and, which is responsible for hepatic/plasma lipids and insulin levels regulation, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces hypertension and attenuates obesity in murine models. In humans, there were few published studies, which showed that low levels of catestatin are significant risk factors for hypertension in adult patients. These accumulating evidence documents clearly that catestatin peptide (CST) is linked to inflammatory and metabolic syndrome diseases and can be a novel regulator of insulin and lipid levels, blood pressure, and cardiac function. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the CST effects in metabolic syndrome given its role in metabolic regulation and thus, provide new insights into the use of CST as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.

The potential role of sesquiterpene lactones isolated from medicinal plants in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome - A review

Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In latter years, plant secondary metabolites have become of special interest because of their potential role in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large and diverse group of biologically active compounds widely distributed in several medicinal plants used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The structural diversity and the broad spectrum of biological activities of these compounds drew significant interests in the pharmacological applications. This review describes selected sesquiterpene lactones that have been experimentally validated for their biological activities related to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, together with their mechanisms of action. The potential beneficial effects of sesquiterpene lactones discussed in this review demonstrate that these substances represent remarkable compounds with a diversity of molecular structure and high biological activity, providing new insights into the possible role in metabolic syndrome management.

Prevalence and Intensity of Periodontal Disease in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is one of the actual problems of modern medicine because of its high prevalence in the general population and its essential role in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases.

In the last decade, studying the relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal diseases has attracted many scientists’ attention. Based on this, the study of the clinical features of periodontal diseases in the early stages of metabolic syndrome is relevant and necessary for timely and successful pathogenetic therapy.

The purpose of our study was to investigate and analyze the prevalence and intensity of periodontal disease in people with metabolic syndrome. To solve this goal, we surveyed 190 people with metabolic syndrome who were registered at the endocrinological clinic in Chernivtsi. They formed the main observation group. The comparison observation group included 90 people without metabolic disorders. The age of the patients ranged from 25 to 55 years. Periodontal disease was detected in 155 of 190 patients with metabolic syndrome (81.58 ± 2.82%). In 90 patients without endocrinological pathology, the prevalence of periodontal disease was 1.2 times lower (65.56 ± 5.04%; p <0.01). Generalized periodontitis prevailed in the structure of periodontal diseases in patients with metabolic syndrome: 26.45±3.56% cases were in the second stage of generalized periodontitis (GP), and 21.94±3.33% in the third stage of GP, р<0.01. Therefore, the metabolic syndrome, as a state with a high risk of diabetes development, creates conditions for the formation and rapid progression of inflammatory-destructive periodontal lesions.

Protective Role of Picralima nitida Seed Extract in High-Fat High-Fructose-Fed Rats

Picralima nitida is a therapeutic herb used in ethnomedicine for the management of several disease conditions including diabetes. This study examined the potential palliative effect of aqueous seed extract of Picralima nitida (APN) on dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and the expression of some metabolic genes in high-fat high-fructose-fed rats. Experimental rats (2 months old) were fed a control diet or a high-fat diet with 25% fructose (HFHF diet) in their drinking water for nine weeks. APN was administered orally during the last four weeks. Anthropometric and antioxidant parameters, lipid profile, plasma glucose, and insulin levels and the relative expression of some metabolic genes were assessed. APN caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in weight gained, body mass index, insulin resistance, plasma glucose, and insulin levels. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while triacylglycerol, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, cardiac index, atherogenic index, coronary artery index, and malondialdehyde levels in plasma and liver samples were also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by APN at all experimental doses when compared to the group fed with an HFHF diet only. APN also significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated the relative expression of glucokinase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), and leptin at 400 mg/kg body weight when compared to the group fed with an HFHF diet only. This study showed that APN alleviated dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidant effect associated with the intake of a high-fat high-fructose diet.

Associations of metabolic syndrome in SLE

OBJECTIVES

To characterise the prevalence and associations of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a multiethnic cohort of patients with SLE.

METHODS

Using a standardised protocol, baseline demographics, per visit disease activity (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2K) and treatment data, and annual recording of organ damage accrual (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC-ACR) Damage Index) were captured on patients with SLE from a single tertiary centre. The presence of MetS, defined using modified updated joint consensus criteria, was assessed at the final visit from patient records. Serum concentrations of adipocytokines were measured by Quantibody.

RESULTS

116 patients, with median (Q1, Q3) age at enrolment of 39.5 (31.4-51.1) years and disease duration of 6.1 (1.4-12) years, were followed for a median of 6.7 (4.1-8.1) years. The prevalence of MetS was 29% (34/116), while the prevalence of MetS components varied: hypertension (59%), low high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (51%), hypertriglyceridaemia (32%), obesity (16%) and hyperglycaemia (22%). In univariable analysis, MetS was associated with baseline organ damage (OR 4.34; 95% CI 1.80 to 10.48; p<0.01) and organ damage accrual (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.02 to 5.36; p=0.04) but not with disease activity. In multivariable analysis, baseline organ damage remained significantly associated with MetS (adjusted OR 3.36; 95% CI 1.32 to 8.59; p=0.01). Glucocorticoid use was not associated with MetS or any of its five components. High serum concentrations of resistin were significantly negatively associated with MetS (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.70; p=0.014).

CONCLUSION

MetS was common in a multiethnic cohort of patients with SLE, with the most frequent components being hypertension and low HDL. An independent association was found between MetS and organ damage but not glucocorticoid exposure or disease activity.

Acupuncture for metabolic syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Acupuncture may have benefits in the treatment of MetS. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture therapy in the treatment of MetS.

METHODS

Large-sample randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture treatment for MetS were extracted from multiple Chinese and English databases and analyzed using meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy/effectiveness of acupuncture with respect to various MetS indices in comparison with control treatments including conventional medications (CMs) and lifestyle intervention (LI), together and separately.

RESULTS

A total of 13 RCTs were identified with 423 subjects undergoing acupuncture regimens and 411 receiving control interventions. Active acupuncture yielded better outcomes than sham acupuncture with respect to improving multiple MetS indices. Acupuncture monotherapy had similar effectiveness in controlling triglyceride levels and high-density lipoprotein levels compared to CMs. The overall effects of adjunctive acupuncture were markedly greater than those of controls (CMs + LI, CMs, and LI) with respect to waist circumference with a mean difference of -5.11 cm (Z = 4.57, p < 0.001) and body mass index with a mean difference of -2.54 (Z = 5.38, p <0.001), and improvements were observed in most hyperlipidemia indices and fasting blood glucose. An evidence-based acupuncture regimen was identified as a future treatment strategy for MetS.

CONCLUSION

Acupuncture is beneficial in the treatment of MetS and could serve as an alternative therapy for MetS-associated conditions. Larger-scale RCTs are needed to confirm the efficacy/effectiveness of our recommended evidence-based acupuncture regimen in MetS.

Modeling Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodents

Standardized animal models represent one of the most valuable tools available to understand the mechanism underlying the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to seek for new therapeutic strategies. However, there is considerable variability in the studies conducted with this essential purpose. This review presents an updated discussion of the most recent studies using diverse experimental conditions to induce MetS in rodents with unbalanced diets, discusses the key findings in metabolic outcomes, and critically evaluates what we have been learned from them and how to advance in the field. The study includes scientific reports sourced from the Web of Science and PubMed databases, published between January 2013 and June 2020, which used hypercaloric diets to induce metabolic disorders, and address the impact of the diet on metabolic parameters. The collected data are used as support to discuss variables such as sex, species, and age of the animals, the most favorable type of diet, and the ideal diet length to generate metabolic changes. The experimental characteristics propose herein improve the performance of a preclinical model that resembles the human MetS and will guide researchers to investigate new therapeutic alternatives with confidence and higher translational validity.

Butyrate generated by gut microbiota and its therapeutic role in metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the associated incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes represents a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by the gut microbiome, has long been known to promote growth in farmed animals and more recently has been reported to improve body weight and composition, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and glycaemia in animal models of MetS. In vitro studies have examined the influence of butyrate on intestinal cells, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, hepatocytes, pancreatic islets and blood vessels, highlighting genes and pathways that may contribute to its beneficial effects. Butyrate's influences in these cells have been attributed primarily to its epigenetic effects as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, as well as its role as an agonist of free fatty acid receptors, but clear mechanistic evidence is lacking. There is also uncertainty whether results from animal studies can translate to human trials due to butyrate's poor systemic availability and rapid clearance. Hitherto, several small-scale human clinical trials have failed to show significant benefits in MetS patients. Further trials are clearly needed, including with formulations designed to improve butyrate's availability. Regardless, dietary intervention to increase the rate of butyrate production may be a beneficial addition to current treatment. This review outlines the current body of evidence on the suitability of butyrate supplementation for MetS, looking at mechanistic effects on the various components of MetS and highlighting gaps in the knowledge and roadblocks to its use in humans.

Range of adiposity and cardiorenal syndrome

Obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are among the fastest-growing risk factors of heart failure and kidney disease worldwide. Obesity, which is not a unitary concept, or a static process, ranges from alterations in distribution to the amount of adiposity. Visceral adiposity, which includes intraabdominal visceral fat mass and ectopic fat deposition such as hepatic, cardiac, or renal, was robustly associated with a greater risk for cardiorenal morbidity than subcutaneous adiposity. In addition, morbid obesity has also demonstrated a negative effect on cardiac and renal functioning. The mechanisms by which adipose tissue is linked with the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) are hemodynamic and mechanical changes, as well neurohumoral pathways such as insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide bioavailability, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, oxidative stress, sympathetic nervous systems, natriuretic peptides, adipokines and inflammation. Adiposity and other associated co-morbidities induce adverse cardiac remodeling and interstitial fibrosis. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction has been associated with obesity-related functional and structural abnormalities. Obesity might also impair kidney function through hyperfiltration, increased glomerular capillary wall tension, and podocyte dysfunction, which leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and loss of nephrons and, finally, chronic kidney disease. The development of new treatments with renal and cardiac effects in the context of type 2 diabetes, which improves mortality outcome, has highlighted the importance of CRS and its prevalence. Increased body fat triggers cellular, neuro-humoral and metabolic pathways, which create a phenotype of the CRS with specific cellular and biochemical biomarkers. Obesity has become a single cardiorenal umbrella or type of cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. This review article provides a clinical overview of the available data on the relationship between a range of adiposity and CRS, the support for obesity as a single cardiorenal umbrella, and the most relevant studies on the recent therapeutic approaches.

Gastrointestinal Disorders and Metabolic Syndrome: Dysbiosis as a Key Link and Common Bioactive Dietary Components Useful for their Treatment

Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which include gastrointestinal reflux disease, gastric ulceration, inflammatory bowel disease, and other functional GI disorders, have become prevalent in a large part of the world population. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is cluster of disorders including obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, and is associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Gut dysbiosis is one of the contributing factors to the pathogenesis of both GI disorder and MS, and restoration of normal flora can provide a potential protective approach in both these conditions. Bioactive dietary components are known to play a significant role in the maintenance of health and wellness, as they have the potential to modify risk factors for a large number of serious disorders. Different classes of functional dietary components, such as dietary fibers, probiotics, prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and spices, possess positive impacts on human health and can be useful as alternative treatments for GI disorders and metabolic dysregulation, as they can modify the risk factors associated with these pathologies. Their regular intake in sufficient amounts also aids in the restoration of normal intestinal flora, resulting in positive regulation of insulin signaling, metabolic pathways and immune responses, and reduction of low-grade chronic inflammation. This review is designed to focus on the health benefits of bioactive dietary components, with the aim of preventing the development or halting the progression of GI disorders and MS through an improvement of the most important risk factors including gut dysbiosis.