1
|
Clemen R, Miebach L, Singer D, Freund E, von Woedtke T, Weltmann KD, Bekeschus S. Oxidized Melanoma Antigens Promote Activation and Proliferation of Cytotoxic T-Cell Subpopulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404131. [PMID: 38958560 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in regulating antitumor immune effects and immunosuppression. RONS modify biomolecules and induce oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTM) on proteins that can alarm phagocytes. However, it is unclear if and how protein oxidation by technical means could be a strategy to foster antitumor immunity and therapy. To this end, cold gas plasma technology producing various RONS simultaneously to oxidize the two melanoma-associated antigens MART and PMEL is utilized. Cold plasma-oxidized MART (oxMART) and PMEL (oxPMEL) are heavily decorated with oxPTMs as determined by mass spectrometry. Immunization with oxidized MART or PMEL vaccines prior to challenge with viable melanoma cells correlated with significant changes in cytokine secretion and altered T-cell differentiation of tumor-infiltrated leukocytes (TILs). oxMART promoted the activity of cytotoxic central memory T-cells, while oxPMEL led to increased proliferation of cytotoxic effector T-cells. Similar T-cell results are observed after incubating splenocytes of tumor-bearing mice with B16F10 melanoma cells. This study, for the first time, provides evidence of the importance of oxidative modifications of two melanoma-associated antigens in eliciting anticancer immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Clemen
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Miebach
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Debora Singer
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wien University Medical Center, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald University Medical Center, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Weltmann
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang R, Rygelski BT, Kruse LE, Smith JD, Wang X, Allen BN, Kramer JS, Seim GF, Faulkner TJ, Schrum AG, Ulery BD. Adjuvant Delivery Method and Nanoparticle Charge Influence Peptide Amphiphile Micelle Vaccine Bioactivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598369. [PMID: 38915689 PMCID: PMC11195052 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are an indispensable public health measure that have enabled the eradication, near elimination, and prevention of a variety of pathogens. As research continues and our understanding of immunization strategies develops, subunit vaccines have emerged as exciting alternatives to existing whole vaccine approaches. Unfortunately, subunit vaccines often possess weak antigenicity, requiring delivery devices and adjuvant supplementation to improve their utility. Peptide amphiphile micelles have recently been shown to function as both delivery devices and self-adjuvanting systems that can be readily associated with molecular adjuvants to further improve vaccine-mediated host immunity. While promising, many "design rules" associated with the plethora of underlying adjustable parameters in the generation of a peptide amphiphile micelle vaccine have yet to be uncovered. This work explores the impact micellar adjuvant complexation method and incorporated antigen type have on their ability to activate dendritic cells and induce antigen specific responses. Interestingly, electrostatic complexation of CpG to micelles resulted in improved in vitro dendritic cell activation over hydrophobic association and antigen|adjuvant co-localization influenced cell-mediated, but not antibody-mediated immune responses. These exciting results complement those previously published to build the framework of a micelle vaccine toolbox that can be leveraged for future disease-specific formulations.
Collapse
|
3
|
Quiroga D, Wesolowski R, Zelinskas S, Pinette A, Benner B, Schwarz E, Savardekar H, Johnson C, Stiff A, Yu L, Macrae E, Lustberg M, Mrozek E, Ramaswamy B, Carson WE. An Open-Label Study of Subcutaneous CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (PF03512676) in Combination with Trastuzumab in Patients with Metastatic HER2+ Breast Cancer. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241250189. [PMID: 38797949 PMCID: PMC11129578 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241250189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CpG ODN is a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with immunotherapeutic potential for many cancer types, including aggressive breast cancers. There is strong interest in utilizing CpG ODN as an adjuvant to improve clinical efficacy of current treatments and immunogenicity of breast cancers not traditionally responsive to active immunotherapy, such as those that are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive. This study aimed to study the efficacy and safety of combination CpG ODN plus anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab treatment in patients with advanced/metastatic breast cancer. METHODS This single-arm, open-label phase II clinical trial treated patients (n = 6) with advanced/metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer with weekly subcutaneous CpG ODN and trastuzumab. Patients may have received any number of prior therapies to be enrolled (most enrolled at median 1 prior line of chemotherapy). Peripheral blood was collected at baseline and weeks 2, 6, 12, and 18 for immune analyses. Six patients were enrolled and 50% achieved stable disease (SD) response. RESULTS Median PFS was 8.3 months. Three of the six patients enrolled opted to stop treatment due to tolerability issues. Multiplex assay for cytokine measurements revealed significantly higher VEGF-D levels at week 2 compared to baseline. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed by flow cytometry showed a significant increase in monocytic MDSC between weeks 6 and 12. Patients with progressive disease tended to have higher levels of week 6 monocytic MDSC and PD-1+ T cells than patients with SD. NK cell populations did not significantly change throughout treatment. CONCLUSIONS CpG ODN and trastuzumab treatment of metastatic HER2 + breast cancer was safe but was not tolerable for all patients. This combination did induce potentially predictive immune profile changes in treated patients with metastatic HER2 + breast cancer, the significance of which needs to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionisia Quiroga
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Wesolowski
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Zelinskas
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Pinette
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Benner
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Schwarz
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Himanshu Savardekar
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Courtney Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Stiff
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin Macrae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Columbus Oncology Associates, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA
| | - Ewa Mrozek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- St. Rita’s Cancer Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E. Carson
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shah S, Cook KW, Symonds P, Weißer J, Skinner A, Al Omari A, Paston SJ, Pike I, Durrant LG, Brentville VA. Vaccination with post-translational modified, homocitrullinated peptides induces CD8 T-cell responses that mediate antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006966. [PMID: 37857526 PMCID: PMC10603355 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification of proteins has the potential to alter the ability of T cells to recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class -I and class-II restricted antigens, thereby resulting in altered immune responses. One such modification is carbamylation (homocitrullination) that results in the formation of homocitrulline (Hcit) residues in a non-enzymatic reaction of cyanate with the lysine residues in the polypeptide chain. Homocitrullination occurs in the tumor microenvironment and CD4-mediated immune responses to Hcit epitopes can target stressed tumor cells and provide a potent antitumor response in mouse models. METHODS Homocitrullinated peptides were identified and assessed in vitro for HLA-A2 binding and in vivo in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic mouse models for immunogenicity. CD8 responses were assessed in vitro for cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor therapy. Human tumor samples were analyzed by targeted mass spectrometry for presence of homocitrullinated peptides. RESULTS Homocitrullinated peptides from aldolase and cytokeratin were identified, that stimulated CD8-mediated responses in vivo. Modified peptides showed enhanced binding to HLA-A2 compared with the native sequences and immunization of HLA-A2 transgenic mice generated high avidity modification specific CD8 responses that killed peptide expressing target cells. Importantly, in vivo the homocitrullinated aldolase specific response was associated with efficient CD8 dependent antitumor therapy of the aggressive murine B16 tumor model indicating that this epitope is naturally presented in the tumor. In addition, the homocitrullinated aldolase epitope was also detected in human tumor samples. CONCLUSION This is the first evidence that homocitrullinated peptides can be processed and presented via MHC-I and targeted for tumor therapy. Thus, Hcit-specific CD8 T-cell responses have potential in the development of future anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliane Weißer
- Proteome Science R&D GmbH und Co, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Science R&D GmbH und Co, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Nottingham, UK
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou H, Ma Y, Liu F, Li B, Qiao D, Ren P, Wang M. Current advances in cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 for solid cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255799. [PMID: 37731507 PMCID: PMC10508181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New York-esophageal cancer 1 (NY-ESO-1) belongs to the cancer testis antigen (CTA) family, and has been identified as one of the most immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) among the family members. Given its ability to trigger spontaneous humoral and cellular immune response and restricted expression, NY-ESO-1 has emerged as one of the most promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer vaccines, an important element of cancer immunotherapy, function by presenting an exogenous source of TAA proteins, peptides, and antigenic epitopes to CD4+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and to CD8+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). These mechanisms further enhance the immune response against TAAs mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T cells. NY-ESO-1-based cancer vaccines have a history of nearly two decades, starting from the first clinical trial conducted in 2003. The current cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 have various types, including Dendritic cells (DC)-based vaccines, peptide vaccines, protein vaccines, viral vaccines, bacterial vaccines, therapeutic whole-tumor cell vaccines, DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccines, which exhibit their respective benefits and obstacles in the development and application. Here, we summarized the current advances in cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 for solid cancer treatment, aiming to provide perspectives for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yipeng Ma
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fenglan Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongjuan Qiao
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peigen Ren
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
CD4 + T cells in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:317-329. [PMID: 36894637 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunology and immunotherapy are driving forces of research and development in oncology, mostly focusing on CD8+ T cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recent progress highlights the importance of CD4+ T cells, corresponding to the long-known fact that CD4+ T cells are central players and coordinators of innate and antigen-specific immune responses. Moreover, they have now been recognized as anti-tumor effector cells in their own right. Here we review the current status of CD4+ T cells in cancer, which hold great promise for improving knowledge and therapies in cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li DD, Tang YL, Wang X. Challenges and exploration for immunotherapies targeting cold colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:55-68. [PMID: 36684057 PMCID: PMC9850757 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant breakthroughs in the treatment of various tumors, greatly improving clinical efficacy. As the fifth most common antitumor treatment strategy for patients with solid tumors after surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy, the therapeutic response to ICIs largely depends on the number and spatial distribution of effector T cells that can effectively identify and kill tumor cells, features that are also important when distinguishing malignant tumors from “cold tumors” or “hot tumors”. At present, only a small proportion of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or who are microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) can benefit from ICI treatments because these patients have the characteristics of a “hot tumor”, with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and massive immune cell infiltration, making the tumor more easily recognized by the immune system. In contrast, a majority of CRC patients with proficient MMR (pMMR) or who are microsatellite stable (MSS) have a low TMB, lack immune cell infiltration, and have almost no response to immune monotherapy; thus, these tumors are “cold”. The greatest challenge today is how to improve the immunotherapy response of “cold tumor” patients. With the development of clinical research, immunotherapies combined with other treatment strategies (such as targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) have now become potentially effective clinical strategies and research hotspots. Therefore, the question of how to promote the transformation of “cold tumors” to “hot tumors” and break through the bottleneck of immunotherapy for cold tumors in CRC patients urgently requires consideration. Only by developing an in-depth understanding of the immunotherapy mechanisms of cold CRCs can we screen out the immunotherapy-dominant groups and explore the most suitable treatment options for individuals to improve therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Abdominal Oncology/Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Ling Tang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology/Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology/Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hernandez R, Malek TR. Fueling Cancer Vaccines to Improve T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878377. [PMID: 35651800 PMCID: PMC9150178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines offer the potential to enhance T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by expanding and increasing the function of tumor-specific T cells and shaping the recall response against recurring tumors. While the use of cancer vaccines is not a new immunotherapeutic approach, the cancer vaccine field continues to evolve as new antigen types emerge and vaccine formulations and delivery strategies are developed. As monotherapies, cancer vaccines have not been very efficacious in part due to pre-existing peripheral- and tumor-mediated tolerance mechanisms that limit T cell function. Over the years, various agents including Toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, and checkpoint inhibitors have been employed as vaccine adjuvants and immune modulators to increase antigen-mediated activation, expansion, memory formation, and T effector cell function. A renewed interest in this approach has emerged as better neoepitope discovery tools are being developed and our understanding of what constitutes an effective cancer vaccine is improved. In the coming years, cancer vaccines will likely be vital to enhance the response to current immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the various types of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including types of antigens and approaches used to enhance cancer vaccine responses such as TLR agonists, recombinant interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 derivatives, and checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Le I, Dhandayuthapani S, Chacon J, Eiring AM, Gadad SS. Harnessing the Immune System with Cancer Vaccines: From Prevention to Therapeutics. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:816. [PMID: 35632572 PMCID: PMC9146235 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination against infectious diseases is one of the most successful public health measures of our lifetime. More recently, therapeutic vaccination against established diseases such as cancer has proven to be more challenging. In the host, cancer cells evade immunologic regulation by multiple means, including altering the antigens expressed on their cell surface or recruiting inflammatory cells that repress immune surveillance. Nevertheless, recent clinical data suggest that two classes of antigens show efficacy for the development of anticancer vaccines: tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens. In addition, many different vaccines derived from antigens based on cellular, peptide/protein, and genomic components are in development to establish their efficacy in cancer therapy. Some vaccines have shown promising results, which may lead to favorable outcomes when combined with standard therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune systems, their interactions with cancer cells, and the development of various different vaccines for use in anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilene Le
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jessica Chacon
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Anna M. Eiring
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Shrikanth S. Gadad
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cenerenti M, Saillard M, Romero P, Jandus C. The Era of Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867189. [PMID: 35572552 PMCID: PMC9094409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 functionally distinct subsets of activated CD4 T cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, being key in distinct T cell mediated responses. Over the past three decades, our understanding of CD4 T cell differentiation has expanded and the initial paradigm of a dichotomic CD4 T cell family has been revisited to accommodate a constantly growing number of functionally distinct CD4 T helper and regulatory subpopulations. Of note, CD4 T cells with cytotoxic functions have also been described, initially in viral infections, autoimmune disorders and more recently also in cancer settings. Here, we provide an historical overview on the discovery and characterization of cytotoxic CD4 T cells, followed by a description of their mechanisms of cytotoxicity. We emphasize the relevance of these cells in disease conditions, particularly in cancer, and we provide insights on how to exploit these cells in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cenerenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margaux Saillard
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jo U, Roh J, Song MJ, Cho KJ, Kim W, Song JS. NY-ESO-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for myxoid liposarcoma. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:1268-1278. [PMID: 35273728 PMCID: PMC8902540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is a common lipogenic sarcoma, which is difficult to diagnose in small specimens. New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a cancer-testis antigen expressed in neoplastic tissue. In this study, NY-ESO-1 expression was assessed in various soft tissue tumors (STTs), and we also evaluated its diagnostic utility. METHODS We included 434 cases of STTs for collection of clinicopathological data. Tissue microarrays were designed, and immunostaining for NY-ESO-1 was examined. We investigated the correlation between NY-ESO-1 expression and various clinicopathological parameters. We also evaluated the role of NY-ESO-1 as a diagnostic marker for MLS and its possible use in prognostication. RESULTS Sixty-four of the 434 STTs (14.75%) were immunoreactive for NY-ESO-1, and the most frequent type of tumor in the NY-ESO-1 positive group was MLS (70.3%, 45/64), followed by synovial sarcoma (17.2%, 11/64). MLS showed 72.6% (45/62) immunopositivity for NY-ESO-1. The sensitivity and specificity of NY-ESO-1 expression for the diagnosis of MLS were 84.4% and 100%, respectively, compared to DDIT3 fluorescence in situ hybridization. When restricting analysis to the MLS (n=62), the NY-ESO-1 positive group had a poor overall survival (OS) rate (P=0.039). CONCLUSION NY-ESO-1 was substantially and widely expressed in the majority of MLS cases. NY-ESO-1 positivity by IHC staining was also a predictor of a poor OS in patients with MLS. It is possible to use NY-ESO-1 for diagnosis and for predicting a prognosis in patients with MLS, and it may be used as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uiree Jo
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical CenterSeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Roh
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of MedicineSuwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Song
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, College of MedicineSeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ja Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical CenterSeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanlim Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical CenterSeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seon Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical CenterSeoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Creemers JHA, Pawlitzky I, Grosios K, Gileadi U, Middleton MR, Gerritsen WR, Mehra N, Rivoltini L, Walters I, Figdor CG, Ottevanger PB, de Vries IJM. Assessing the safety, tolerability and efficacy of PLGA-based immunomodulatory nanoparticles in patients with advanced NY-ESO-1-positive cancers: a first-in-human phase I open-label dose-escalation study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050725. [PMID: 34848513 PMCID: PMC8634237 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The undiminished need for more effective cancer treatments stimulates the development of novel cancer immunotherapy candidates. The archetypical cancer immunotherapy would induce robust, targeted and long-lasting immune responses while simultaneously circumventing immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment. For this purpose, we developed a novel immunomodulatory nanomedicine: PRECIOUS-01. As a PLGA-based nanocarrier, PRECIOUS-01 encapsulates a tumour antigen (NY-ESO-1) and an invariant natural killer T cell activator to target and augment specific antitumour immune responses in patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing advanced cancers. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This open-label, first-in-human, phase I dose-escalation trial investigates the safety, tolerability and immune-modulatory activity of increasing doses of PRECIOUS-01 administered intravenously in subjects with advanced NY-ESO-1-expressing solid tumours. A total of 15 subjects will receive three intravenous infusions of PRECIOUS-01 at a 3-weekly interval in three dose-finding cohorts. The trial follows a 3+3 design for the dose-escalation steps to establish a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Depending on the toxicity, the two highest dosing cohorts will be extended to delineate the immune-related parameters as a readout for pharmacodynamics. Subjects will be monitored for safety and the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicities. If the MTD is not reached in the planned dose-escalation cohorts, the RP2D will be based on the observed safety and immune-modulatory activity as a pharmacodynamic parameter supporting the RP2D. The preliminary efficacy will be evaluated as an exploratory endpoint using the best overall response rate, according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Dutch competent authority (CCMO) reviewed the trial application and the medical research ethics committee (CMO Arnhem-Nijmegen) approved the trial under registration number NL72876.000.20. The results will be disseminated via (inter)national conferences and submitted for publication to a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04751786.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H A Creemers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Lombardia, Italy
| | | | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patel SP, Petroni GR, Roszik J, Olson WC, Wages NA, Chianese-Bullock KA, Smolkin M, Varhegyi N, Gaughan E, Smith KT, Haden K, Hall EH, Gnjatic S, Hwu P, Slingluff CL. Phase I/II trial of a long peptide vaccine (LPV7) plus toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists with or without incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) for resected high-risk melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e003220. [PMID: 34413169 PMCID: PMC8378357 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a clinical trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a novel long peptide vaccine administered in combinations of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and agonists for TLR3 (polyICLC) and TLR7/8 (resiquimod). We hypothesized that T cell responses to minimal epitope peptides (MEPs) within the long peptides would be enhanced compared with prior vaccines with MEP themselves and that T cell responses would be enhanced with TLR agonists, compared with IFA alone. METHODS Participants with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma were vaccinated with seven long melanoma peptides (LPV7) from tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A10, and NY-ESO-1, each containing a known MEP for CD8+ T cells, plus a tetanus helper peptide (Tet) restricted by Class II MHC. Enrollment was guided by an adaptive design to one of seven adjuvant combinations. Vaccines were administered at weeks 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 at rotating injection sites. T cell and IgG antibody (Ab) responses were measured with IFN-gamma ELIspot assay ex vivo and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Fifty eligible participants were assigned to seven study groups, with highest enrollment on arm E (LPV7+Tet+IFA+polyICLC). There was one dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in Group E (grade 3 injection site reaction, 6% DLT rate). All other treatment-related adverse events were grades 1-2. The CD8+ T cell immune response rate (IRR) to MEPs was 18%, less than in prior studies using MEP vaccines in IFA. The CD8+ T cell IRR trended higher for IFA-containing adjuvants (24%) than adjuvants containing only TLR agonists (6%). Overall T cell IRR to full-length LPV7 was 30%; CD4+ T cell IRR to Tet was 40%, and serum Ab IRR to LPV7 was 84%. These IRRs also trended higher for IFA-containing adjuvants (36% vs 18%, 48% vs 24%, and 97% vs 60%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The LPV7 vaccine is safe with each of seven adjuvant strategies and induced T cell responses to CD8 MEPs ex vivo in a subset of patients but did not enhance IRRs compared with prior vaccines using short peptides. Immunogenicity was supported more by IFA than by TLR agonists alone and may be enhanced by polyICLC plus IFA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02126579.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna P Patel
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter C Olson
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nolan A Wages
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Mark Smolkin
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikole Varhegyi
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gaughan
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly T Smith
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathleen Haden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily H Hall
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Melssen MM, Pollack KE, Meneveau MO, Smolkin ME, Pinczewski J, Koeppel AF, Turner SD, Sol-Church K, Hickman A, Deacon DH, Petroni GR, Slingluff CL. Characterization and comparison of innate and adaptive immune responses at vaccine sites in melanoma vaccine clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2151-2164. [PMID: 33454795 PMCID: PMC10992166 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The strength and durability of systemic anti-tumor immune responses induced by cancer vaccines depends on adjuvants to support an immunogenic vaccine site microenvironment (VSME). Adjuvants include water-in-oil emulsions with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and combinations of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, including a preparation containing TLR4 and TLR9 agonists with QS-21 (AS15). IFA-containing vaccines can promote immune cell accumulation at the VSME, whereas effects of AS15 are largely unexplored. Therefore, we assessed innate and adaptive immune cell accumulation and gene expression at the VSME after vaccination with AS15 and compared to effects with IFA. We hypothesized that AS15 would promote less accumulation of innate and adaptive immune cells at the VSME than IFA vaccines. In two clinical trials, patients with resected high-risk melanoma received either a multipeptide vaccine with IFA or a recombinant MAGE-A3 protein vaccine with AS15. Vaccine site biopsies were obtained after one or multiple vaccines. T cells accumulated early after vaccines with AS15, but this was not durable or of the same magnitude as vaccination in IFA. Vaccines with AS15 increased durable expression of DC- and T cell-related genes, as well as PD-L1 and IDO1, suggesting complex activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune function with AS15. These changes were generally greater with vaccines containing IFA, but IFA induced reduction in myeloid suppressor cells markers. Evidence of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation was observed with both adjuvants. Our findings highlight adjuvant-dependent changes in immune features at the VSME that may impact systemic immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karlyn E Pollack
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Max O Meneveau
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mark E Smolkin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Joel Pinczewski
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alexander F Koeppel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Alexandra Hickman
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Donna H Deacon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801329, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cancer-Testis Antigens in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Role and Potential Utility in Clinical Practice. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153875. [PMID: 34359776 PMCID: PMC8345750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells commonly express tumour-associated antigens that can induce immune responses to eradicate the tumour. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a form of breast cancer lacking the expression of hormone receptors and cerbB2 (HER2) and tends to be more aggressive and associated with poorer prognoses due to the limited treatment options. Characterisation of biomarkers or treatment targets is thus of great significance in revealing additional therapeutic options. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are tumour-associated antigens that have garnered strong attention as potential clinical biomarkers in targeted immunotherapy due to their cancer-restricted expressions and robust immunogenicity. Previous clinical studies reported that CTAs correlated with negative hormonal status, advanced tumour behaviour and a poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Various studies also demonstrated the oncogenic potential of CTAs in cell proliferation by inhibiting cell death and inducing metastasis. Multiple clinical trials are in progress to evaluate the role of CTAs as treatment targets in various cancers. CTAs hold great promise as potential treatment targets and biomarkers in cancer, and further research could be conducted on elucidating the mechanism of actions of CTAs in breast cancer or combination therapy with other immune modulators. In the current review, we summarise the current understandings of CTAs in TNBC, addressing the role and utility of CTAs in TNBC, as well as discussing the potential applications and advantage of incorporating CTAs in clinical practise.
Collapse
|
16
|
Holmberg-Thydén S, Dufva IH, Gang AO, Breinholt MF, Schejbel L, Andersen MK, Kadivar M, Svane IM, Grønbæk K, Hadrup SR, El Fassi D. Epigenetic therapy in combination with a multi-epitope cancer vaccine targeting shared tumor antigens for high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome - a phase I clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:433-444. [PMID: 34218294 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard care for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine (AZA), which can induce expression of methylated tumor-associated antigens and therefore potentiate immunotherapeutic targeting. METHOD In this phase 1 trial, we combined AZA with a therapeutic peptide vaccine targeting antigens encoded from NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, PRAME, and WT-1, which have previously been demonstrated to be upregulated by AZA treatment. RESULT Five patients who had responded to AZA monotherapy were included in the study and treated with the vaccine. The combination therapy showed only few adverse events during the study period, whereof none classified as serious. However, no specific immune responses could be detected using intracellular cytokine staining or ELISpot assays. Minor changes in the phenotypic composition of immune cells and their expression of stimulatory and inhibitory markers were detected. All patients progressed to AML with a mean time to progression from inclusion (TTP) of 5.2 months (range 2.8 to 7.6). Mean survival was 18.1 months (range 10.9 to 30.6) from MDS diagnosis and 11.3 months (range 4.3 to 22.2) from inclusion. Sequencing of bone marrow showed clonal expansion of malignant cells, as well as appearance of novel mutations. CONCLUSION The patients progressed to AML with an average time of only five months after initiating the combination therapy. This may be unrelated to the experimental treatment, but the trial was terminated early as there was no sign of clinical benefit or immunological response. Why the manuscript is especially interesting This study is the first to exploit the potential synergistic effects of combining a multi-peptide cancer vaccine with epigenetic therapy in MDS. Although our results are negative, they emphasize challenges to induce immune reactivity in patients with high-risk MDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Holmberg-Thydén
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Experimental & Translational Immunology (XTI), Health Technology, T-Cells and Cancer, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inge Høgh Dufva
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Anne Ortved Gang
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Schejbel
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Experimental & Translational Immunology (XTI), Health Technology, T-Cells and Cancer, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Experimental & Translational Immunology (XTI), Health Technology, T-Cells and Cancer, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Daniel El Fassi
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meng X, Sun X, Liu Z, He Y. A novel era of cancer/testis antigen in cancer immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107889. [PMID: 34174699 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a regimen that is especially utilized in many advanced cancers. Tumor antigens include tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens, and they function as targets for immunotherapy, such as cancer vaccines and autologous T cells. Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs), which is a group of genes that are restrictedly expressed in malignant cells as well as some germline cells, are tumor-associated antigens. These expression characteristics make CTAs promising candidates for vaccine or T cell therapy targets. Cancer vaccines utilize cancer antigens to induce specific cellular and humoral immune responses to strengthen the body's immune system. T cell transfer therapy refers to genetically modifying T cells to express antigen-specific T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors, both of which can be directly activated by tumor antigens. Moreover, combined therapies are being investigated based on CTAs. Current studies have mainly focused on MAGE-A, NY-ESO-1, and IL-13Rα. And we will review clinical trials of CTA-based immunotherapies related to these three antigens. We will summarize completed trials and results and examine the future trends in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Meng
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xueqing Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhonglong Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cancer Vaccines: Promising Therapeutics or an Unattainable Dream. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060668. [PMID: 34207062 PMCID: PMC8233841 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of cancer treatment and offers cancer patients new hope. Although this therapy has proved highly successful for some patients, its efficacy is not all encompassing and several cancer types do not respond. Cancer vaccines offer an alternate approach to promote anti-tumor immunity that differ in their mode of action from antibody-based therapies. Cancer vaccines serve to balance the equilibrium of the crosstalk between the tumor cells and the host immune system. Recent advances in understanding the nature of tumor-mediated tolerogenicity and antigen presentation has aided in the identification of tumor antigens that have the potential to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Cancer vaccines can either be prophylactic (preventative) or therapeutic (curative). An exciting option for therapeutic vaccines is the emergence of personalized vaccines, which are tailor-made and specific for tumor type and individual patient. This review summarizes the current standing of the most promising vaccine strategies with respect to their development and clinical efficacy. We also discuss prospects for future development of stem cell-based prophylactic vaccines.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rockinger GA, Guillaume P, Cachot A, Saillard M, Speiser DE, Coukos G, Harari A, Romero PJ, Schmidt J, Jandus C. Optimized combinatorial pMHC class II multimer labeling for precision immune monitoring of tumor-specific CD4 T cells in patients. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000435. [PMID: 32448802 PMCID: PMC7253008 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With immunotherapy gaining increasing approval for treatment of different tumor types, scientists rely on cutting edge methods for the monitoring of immune responses and biomarker development in patients. Due to the lack of tools to efficiently detect rare circulating human tumor-specific CD4 T cells, their characterization in patients still remains very limited. METHODS We have used combinatorial staining strategies with peptide major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) multimer constructs of different alleles to establish an optimized staining procedure for in vitro and direct ex-vivo visualization of tumor-specific CD4 T cells, in patient samples. Furthermore, we have generated reversible multimers to achieve optimal cell staining and yet disassemble prior to in vitro cell expansion, thus preventing activation induced cell death. RESULTS We observed a vastly improved detection of tumor-specific, viral-specific and bacterial-specific cells with our optimization methods compared with the non-optimized staining procedure. By increasing the variety of fluorochromes used to label the pMHCII multimers, we were also able to increase the parallel detection of different specificities within one sample, including antigen-specific CD8 T cells. A decrease in cell viability was observed when using the full optimization method, but this was mitigated by the removal of neuraminidase and the use of reversible multimers. CONCLUSION This new optimized staining procedure represents an advance toward better detection and analysis of antigen-specific CD4 T cells. It should facilitate state-of-the art precision monitoring of tumor-specific CD4 T cells and contribute to accelerate the use and the targeting of these cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Alexander Rockinger
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Cachot
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Margaux Saillard
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Georges Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pedro J Romero
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch of Immunology, Epalinges, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have undergone a resurgence in the past decade. A better understanding of the breadth of tumour-associated antigens, the native immune response and development of novel technologies for antigen delivery has facilitated improved vaccine design. The goal of therapeutic cancer vaccines is to induce tumour regression, eradicate minimal residual disease, establish lasting antitumour memory and avoid non-specific or adverse reactions. However, tumour-induced immunosuppression and immunoresistance pose significant challenges to achieving this goal. In this Review, we deliberate on how to improve and expand the antigen repertoire for vaccines, consider developments in vaccine platforms and explore antigen-agnostic in situ vaccines. Furthermore, we summarize the reasons for failure of cancer vaccines in the past and provide an overview of various mechanisms of resistance posed by the tumour. Finally, we propose strategies for combining suitable vaccine platforms with novel immunomodulatory approaches and standard-of-care treatments for overcoming tumour resistance and enhancing clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saxena
- Vaccine and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Vaccine and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brentville VA, Metheringham RL, Daniels I, Atabani S, Symonds P, Cook KW, Vankemmelbeke M, Choudhury R, Vaghela P, Gijon M, Meiners G, Krebber WJ, Melief CJM, Durrant LG. Combination vaccine based on citrullinated vimentin and enolase peptides induces potent CD4-mediated anti-tumor responses. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000560. [PMID: 32561639 PMCID: PMC7304843 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-induced post-translational modifications occur during autophagy and can result in generation of new epitopes and immune recognition. One such modification is the conversion of arginine to citrulline by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes. METHODS We used Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic mouse models to assess the immunogenicity of citrullinated peptide vaccine by cytokine Enzyme linked immunosorbant spot (ELISpot) assay. Vaccine efficacy was assessed in tumor therapy studies using HLA-matched B16 melanoma and ID8 ovarian models expressing either constitutive or interferon-gamma (IFNγ) inducible Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II) as represented by most human tumors. To determine the importance of CD4 T cells in tumor therapy, we analyzed the immune cell infiltrate into murine tumors using flow cytometry and performed therapy studies in the presence of CD4 and CD8 T cell depletion. We assessed the T cell repertoire to citrullinated peptides in ovarian cancer patients and healthy donors using flow cytometry. RESULTS The combination of citrullinated vimentin and enolase peptides (Modi-1) stimulated strong CD4 T cell responses in mice. Responses resulted in a potent anti-tumor therapy against established tumors and generated immunological memory which protected against tumor rechallenge. Depletion of CD4, but not CD8 T cells, abrogated the primary anti-tumor response as well as the memory response to tumor rechallenge. This was further reinforced by successful tumor regression being associated with an increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cells and a reduction in tumor-associated myeloid suppressor cells. The anti-tumor response also relied on direct CD4 T cell recognition as only tumors expressing MHC-II were rejected. A comparison of different Toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulating adjuvants showed that Modi-1 induced strong Th1 responses when combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), TLR9/TLR4, TLR9, TLR3, TLR1/2 and TLR7 agonists. Direct linkage of the TLR1/2 agonist to the peptides allowed the vaccine dose to be reduced by 10-fold to 100-fold without loss of anti-tumor activity. Furthermore, a CD4 Th1 response to the citrullinated peptides was seen in ovarian cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Modi-1 citrullinated peptide vaccine induces potent CD4-mediated anti-tumor responses in mouse models and a CD4 T cell repertoire is present in ovarian cancer patients to the citrullinated peptides suggesting that Modi-1 could be an effective vaccine for ovarian cancer patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Citrullination/immunology
- Female
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/immunology
- Vaccines, Combined/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Combined/genetics
- Vaccines, Combined/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vimentin/genetics
- Vimentin/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Daniels
- Scancell Ltd, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suha Atabani
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Symonds
- Scancell Ltd, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katherine W Cook
- Scancell Ltd, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Ruhul Choudhury
- Scancell Ltd, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | - Poonam Vaghela
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohamed Gijon
- Scancell Ltd, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Cornelis J M Melief
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham, UK
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Impact of Immunotherapy on CD4 T Cell Phenotypes and Function in Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050454. [PMID: 34064410 PMCID: PMC8147771 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a standard treatment in many cancers and it is based on three main therapeutic axes: immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), vaccination and adoptive cell transfer (ACT). If originally these therapies mainly focused on exploiting CD8 T cells given their role in the direct elimination of tumor cells, increasing evidence highlights the crucial role CD4 T cells play in the antitumor immune response. Indeed, these cells can profoundly modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by secreting different types of cytokine or by directly eliminating cancer cells. In this review, we describe how different CD4 T cell subsets can contribute to tumor immune responses during immunotherapy and the novel high-throughput immune monitoring tools that are expected to facilitate the study of CD4 T cells, at antigen-specific and single cell level, thus accelerating bench-to-bed translational research in cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Preclinical models and technologies to advance nanovaccine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:148-182. [PMID: 33711401 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of targeted immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, in addition to several tumor-associated immunosuppression mechanisms are among the major factors that have precluded the success of cancer vaccines as targeted cancer immunotherapies. The exciting outcomes obtained in patients upon the injection of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants intratumorally, reinvigorated interest in the use of nanotechnology to foster the delivery of vaccines to address cancer unmet needs. Thus, bridging nano-based vaccine platform development and predicted clinical outcomes the selection of the proper preclinical model will be fundamental. Preclinical models have revealed promising outcomes for cancer vaccines. However, only few cases were associated with clinical responses. This review addresses the major challenges related to the translation of cancer nano-based vaccines to the clinic, discussing the requirements for ex vivo and in vivo models of cancer to ensure the translation of preclinical success to patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Dölen Y, Gileadi U, Chen JL, Valente M, Creemers JHA, Van Dinther EAW, van Riessen NK, Jäger E, Hruby M, Cerundolo V, Diken M, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. PLGA Nanoparticles Co-encapsulating NY-ESO-1 Peptides and IMM60 Induce Robust CD8 and CD4 T Cell and B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641703. [PMID: 33717196 PMCID: PMC7947615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific neoantigens can be highly immunogenic, but their identification for each patient and the production of personalized cancer vaccines can be time-consuming and prohibitively expensive. In contrast, tumor-associated antigens are widely expressed and suitable as an off the shelf immunotherapy. Here, we developed a PLGA-based nanoparticle vaccine that contains both the immunogenic cancer germline antigen NY-ESO-1 and an α-GalCer analog IMM60, as a novel iNKT cell agonist and dendritic cell transactivator. Three peptide sequences (85-111, 117-143, and 157-165) derived from immunodominant regions of NY-ESO-1 were selected. These peptides have a wide HLA coverage and were efficiently processed and presented by dendritic cells via various HLA subtypes. Co-delivery of IMM60 enhanced CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and antibody levels against NY-ESO-1 in vivo. Moreover, the nanoparticles have negligible systemic toxicity in high doses, and they could be produced according to GMP guidelines. Together, we demonstrated the feasibility of producing a PLGA-based nanovaccine containing immunogenic peptides and an iNKT cell agonist, that is activating DCs to induce antigen-specific T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Valente
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jeroen H A Creemers
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eric A W Van Dinther
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - N Koen van Riessen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eliezer Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cuzzubbo S, Mangsbo S, Nagarajan D, Habra K, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615240. [PMID: 33679703 PMCID: PMC7927599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that ‘depot’ antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation—inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Clinical pathology Rudbeck laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinana Habra
- The School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cachot A, Bilous M, Liu YC, Li X, Saillard M, Cenerenti M, Rockinger GA, Wyss T, Guillaume P, Schmidt J, Genolet R, Ercolano G, Protti MP, Reith W, Ioannidou K, de Leval L, Trapani JA, Coukos G, Harari A, Speiser DE, Mathis A, Gfeller D, Altug H, Romero P, Jandus C. Tumor-specific cytolytic CD4 T cells mediate immunity against human cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabe3348. [PMID: 33637530 PMCID: PMC7909889 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells have been implicated in cancer immunity for their helper functions. Moreover, their direct cytotoxic potential has been shown in some patients with cancer. Here, by mining single-cell RNA-seq datasets, we identified CD4 T cell clusters displaying cytotoxic phenotypes in different human cancers, resembling CD8 T cell profiles. Using the peptide-MHCII-multimer technology, we confirmed ex vivo the presence of cytolytic tumor-specific CD4 T cells. We performed an integrated phenotypic and functional characterization of these cells, down to the single-cell level, through a high-throughput nanobiochip consisting of massive arrays of picowells and machine learning. We demonstrated a direct, contact-, and granzyme-dependent cytotoxic activity against tumors, with delayed kinetics compared to classical cytotoxic lymphocytes. Last, we found that this cytotoxic activity was in part dependent on SLAMF7. Agonistic engagement of SLAMF7 enhanced cytotoxicity of tumor-specific CD4 T cells, suggesting that targeting these cells might prove synergistic with other cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Cachot
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Mariia Bilous
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Yen-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Margaux Saillard
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Mara Cenerenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Georg Alexander Rockinger
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Genolet
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Maria Pia Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Center for Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Altug
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, CH-1066, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Slingluff CL, Petroni GR, Chianese-Bullock KA, Wages NA, Olson WC, Smith KT, Haden K, Dengel LT, Dickinson A, Reed C, Gaughan EM, Grosh WW, Kaur V, Varhegyi N, Smolkin M, Galeassi NV, Deacon D, Hall EH. Trial to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of a melanoma helper peptide vaccine plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant, cyclophosphamide, and polyICLC (Mel63). J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-000934. [PMID: 33479025 PMCID: PMC7825263 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peptide vaccines designed to stimulate melanoma-reactive CD4+ T cells can induce T cell and antibody (Ab) responses, associated with enhanced overall survival. We hypothesized that adding toll-like receptor 3 agonist polyICLC to an incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) would be safe and would support strong, durable CD4+ T cell and Ab responses. We also hypothesized that oral low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide (mCy) would be safe, would reduce circulating regulatory T cells (T-regs) and would further enhance immunogenicity. Participants and methods An adaptive design based on toxicity and durable CD4+ T cell immune response (dRsp) was used to assign participants with resected stage IIA-IV melanoma to one of four study regimens. The regimens included a vaccine comprising six melanoma peptides restricted by Class II MHC (6MHP) in an emulsion with IFA alone (Arm A), with IFA plus systemic mCy (Arm B), with IFA+ local polyICLC (Arm C), or with IFA+ polyICLC+ mCy (Arm D). Toxicities were recorded (CTCAE V.4.03). T cell responses were measured by interferon γ ELIspot assay ex vivo. Serum Ab responses to 6MHP were measured by ELISA. Circulating T-regs were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Forty-eight eligible participants were enrolled and treated. Early data on safety and dRsp favored enrollment on arm D. Total enrollment on Arms A-D were 3, 7, 6, and 32, respectively. Treatment-related dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in 1/7 (14%) participants on arm B and 2/32 (6%) on arm D. None exceeded the 25% DLT threshold for early closure to enrollment for any arm. Strong durable T cell responses to 6MHP were detected ex vivo in 0%, 29%, 67%, and 47% of participants on arms A-D, respectively. IgG Ab responses were greatest for arms C and D. Circulating T-regs frequencies were not altered by mCy. Conclusions 6MHP vaccines administered with IFA, polyICLC, and mCy were well tolerated. The dRsp rate for arm D of 47% (90% CI 32 to 63) exceeded the 18% (90% CI 11 to 26) rate previously observed with 6MHP in IFA alone. Vaccination with IFA+ polyICLC (arm C) also showed promise for enhancing T cell and Ab responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA .,University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimberly A Chianese-Bullock
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nolan A Wages
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Walter C Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelly T Smith
- Office of Research Cores Administration, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kathleen Haden
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lynn T Dengel
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Dickinson
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Caroline Reed
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gaughan
- Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William W Grosh
- Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Varinder Kaur
- Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikole Varhegyi
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Smolkin
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nadejda V Galeassi
- Cardiovascular Imaging Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Donna Deacon
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Emily H Hall
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sood AK, Nemeth M, Wang J, Wu Y, Gandhi S. Opportunities for Antigen Discovery in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570049. [PMID: 33193348 PMCID: PMC7661635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy (ICI) of breast cancer is currently efficacious in a fraction of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) as these cancers generally carry high tumor mutation burden (TMB) and show increased tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells. However, most estrogen receptor positive breast cancers (ERBC) have low TMB and/or are infiltrated with immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and thus fail to induce a significant anti-tumor immune response. Our understanding of the immune underpinning of the anti-tumor effects of CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDKi) treatment coupled with new knowledge about the mechanisms of tolerance to self-antigens suggests a way forward, specifically via characterizing and exploiting the repertoire of tumor antigens expressed by metastatic ERBC. These treatment-associated tumor antigens (TATA) may include the conventional tumor neoantigens (TNA) encoded by single nucleotide mutations, TNA encoded by tumor specific aberrant RNA transcription, splicing and DNA replication induced frameshift (FS) events as well as the shared tumor antigens. The latter may include the conventional tumor associated antigens (TAA), cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and antigens encoded by the endogenous retroviral (ERV) like sequences and repetitive DNA sequences induced by ET and CDKi treatment. An approach to identifying these antigens is outlined as this will support the development of a multi-antigen-based immunotherapy strategy for improved targeting of metastatic disease with potential for minimal autoimmune toxicity against normal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K Sood
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael Nemeth
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Shipra Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li XF, Ren P, Shen WZ, Jin X, Zhang J. The expression, modulation and use of cancer-testis antigens as potential biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7002-7019. [PMID: 33312347 PMCID: PMC7724325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) are tumor antigens, present in the germ cells of testes, ovaries and trophoblasts, which undergo deregulated expression in the tumor and malignant cells. CTA genes are either X-linked or autosomal, favourably expressed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, respectively. CTAs trigger unprompted humoral immunity and immune responses in malignancies, altering tumor cell physiology and neoplastic behaviors. CTAs demonstrate varied expression profile, with increased abundance in malignant melanoma and prostate, lung, breast and epithelial cell cancers, and a relatively reduced prevalence in intestinal cancer, renal cell adenocarcinoma and malignancies of immune cells. A combination of epigenetic and non-epigenetic agents regulates CTA mRNA expression, with the key participation of CpG islands and CpG-rich promoters, histone methyltransferases, cytokines, tyrosine kinases and transcriptional activators and repressors. CTA triggers gametogenesis, in association with mutated tumorigenic genes and tumor repressors. The CTAs function as potential biomarkers, particularly for prostate, cervical, breast, colorectal, gastric, urinary bladder, liver and lung carcinomas, characterized by alternate splicing and phenotypic heterogeneity in the cells. Additionally, CTAs are prospective targets for vaccine therapy, with the MAGE-A3 and NYESO-1 undergoing clinical trials for tumor regression in malignant melanoma. They have been deemed important for adaptive immunotherapy, marked by limited expression in normal somatic tissues and recurrent up-regulation in epithelial carcinoma. Overall, the current review delineates an up-dated understanding of the intricate processes of CTA expression and regulation in cancer. It further portrays the role of CTAs as biomarkers and probable candidates for tumor immunotherapy, with a future prospect in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Zhang Shen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brightman SE, Naradikian MS, Miller AM, Schoenberger SP. Harnessing neoantigen specific CD4 T cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:625-633. [PMID: 32170883 PMCID: PMC7793607 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ri0220-603rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of precision immunotherapy is to direct a patient's T cell response against the immunogenic mutations expressed on their tumors. Most immunotherapy approaches to-date have focused on MHC class I-restricted peptide epitopes by which cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) can directly recognize tumor cells. This strategy largely overlooks the critical role of MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells as both positive regulators of CTL and other effector cell types, and as direct effectors of antitumor immunity. In this review, we will discuss the role of neoantigen specific CD4+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy and how existing treatment modalities may be leveraged to engage this important T cell subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E. Brightman
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Martin S. Naradikian
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Aaron M. Miller
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Raza A, Merhi M, Inchakalody VP, Krishnankutty R, Relecom A, Uddin S, Dermime S. Unleashing the immune response to NY-ESO-1 cancer testis antigen as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2020; 18:140. [PMID: 32220256 PMCID: PMC7102435 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a promising and effective modality to treat different malignancies. Antigenic profiling of cancer tissues and determination of any pre-existing immune responses to cancer antigens may help predict responses to immune intervention in cancer. NY-ESO-1, a cancer testis antigen is the most immunogenic antigen to date. The promise of NY-ESO-1 as a candidate for specific immune recognition of cancer comes from its restricted expression in normal adult tissue but frequent occurrence in multiple tumors including melanoma and carcinomas of lung, esophageal, liver, gastric, prostrate, ovarian, and bladder. MAIN BODY This review summarizes current knowledge of NY-ESO-1 as efficient biomarker and target of immunotherapy. It also addresses limitations and challenges preventing a robust immune response to NY-ESO-1 expressing cancers, and describes pre-clinical and clinical observations relevant to NY-ESO-1 immunity, holding potential therapeutic relevance for cancer treatment. CONCLUSION NY-ESO-1 induces strong immune responses in cancer patients but has limited objective clinical responses to NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors due to effect of competitive negative signaling from immune-checkpoints and immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. We propose that combination therapy to increase the efficacy of NY-ESO-1 specific immunotherapeutic interventions should be explored to unleash the immune response against NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Raza
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Allan Relecom
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,Translational Cancer Research Facility and Clinical Trial Unit, Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. .,Hamad Medical Corporation, iTRI, Hamad Medical City (Building 320, Office 3-6-5), Po Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Quintella CM, Quintella HM, Rohweder M, Quintella GM. Advances in patent applications related to cancer vaccine using CpG-ODN and OX40 association. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:287-301. [PMID: 32008403 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1724960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This review aims to assess the available technologies, advances, and trends from technological readiness level 4 to level 8 for cancer immunologic therapeutics using the association of OX40 and CPG-ODN, usually known as cancer vaccine.Areas covered: Patent documents and clinic studies referring to the use of CpG-ODN and of OX40 association for cancer therapeutics. Patent data were obtained within the worldwide basis of the European Patent Office (EPO). The 138 patents of 36 patent families found were analyzed focusing on word distribution of technology developers and potential markets, legal status, annual evolution of first priority, technological domains, applicants and co-applicants and detailed analysis of each technology. Two clinical studies are in progress.Expert opinion: Traditional methods in post cancer diagnosis are being replaced by immunological association therapies. It is expected that the development of cancer vaccines will expand the scope of cancer-specific immunotherapy, especially if associated with alternative systems for expression and delivery with future potential. It is expected that genetic and controlled and/or specific nano delivery are improved. Furthermore, these new developments will likely address the problem of long-term treatments, reducing cancer mortality and reducing patient numbers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Quintella
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Heitor M Quintella
- PROFNIT - Postgraduate Program on Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer for Innovation, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Mayla Rohweder
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,CEPARH - Research and Assistance Center on Human Reproduction, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Quintella
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Quintellar Legal Consulting Company, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lemke-Miltner CD, Blackwell SE, Yin C, Krug AE, Morris AJ, Krieg AM, Weiner GJ. Antibody Opsonization of a TLR9 Agonist-Containing Virus-like Particle Enhances In Situ Immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1386-1394. [PMID: 31953355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunologic and therapeutic effects of intratumoral (IT) delivery of a novel virus-like particle as a lymphoma immunotherapy were evaluated in preclinical studies with human cells and a murine model. CMP-001 is a virus-like particle composed of the Qβ bacteriophage capsid protein encapsulating an immunostimulatory CpG-A oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonist. In vitro, CMP-001 induced cytokine production, including IFN-α from plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but only in the presence of anti-Qβ Ab. In vivo, IT CMP-001 treatment of murine A20 lymphoma enhanced survival and reduced growth of both injected and contralateral noninjected tumors in a manner dependent on both the ability of mice to generate anti-Qβ Ab and the presence of T cells. The combination of IT CMP-001 with systemic anti-PD-1 enhanced antitumor responses in both injected and noninjected tumors. IT CMP-001 alone or combined with anti-PD-1 augmented T cell infiltration in tumor-draining lymph nodes. We conclude IT CMP-001 induces a robust antitumor T cell response in an anti-Qβ Ab-dependent manner and results in systemic antitumor T cell effects that are enhanced by anti-PD-1 in a mouse model of B cell lymphoma. Early-phase clinical evaluation of CMP-001 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy in lymphoma will begin shortly, based in part on these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue E Blackwell
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Chaobo Yin
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Anna E Krug
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | | | - George J Weiner
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rammensee HG, Wiesmüller KH, Chandran PA, Zelba H, Rusch E, Gouttefangeas C, Kowalewski DJ, Di Marco M, Haen SP, Walz JS, Gloria YC, Bödder J, Schertel JM, Tunger A, Müller L, Kießler M, Wehner R, Schmitz M, Jakobi M, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Klein R, Laske K, Artzner K, Backert L, Schuster H, Schwenck J, Weber ANR, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M, la Fougère C, Forchhammer S, Metzler G, Bauer J, Weide B, Schippert W, Stevanović S, Löffler MW. A new synthetic toll-like receptor 1/2 ligand is an efficient adjuvant for peptide vaccination in a human volunteer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:307. [PMID: 31730025 PMCID: PMC6858783 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the bacterial lipopeptide Pam3Cys-Ser-Ser, meanwhile established as a toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 ligand, acts as a strong adjuvant for the induction of virus specific CD8+ T cells in mice, when covalently coupled to a synthetic peptide. CASE PRESENTATION We now designed a new water-soluble synthetic Pam3Cys-derivative, named XS15 and characterized it in vitro by a TLR2 NF-κB luciferase reporter assay. Further, the capacity of XS15 to activate immune cells and stimulate peptide-specific CD8+ T and NK cells by 6-sulfo LacNAc+ monocytes was assessed by flow cytometry as well as cytokine induction using immunoassays. The induction of a functional immune response after vaccination of a volunteer with viral peptides was assessed by ELISpot assay and flow cytometry in peripheral blood cells and infiltrating cells at the vaccination site, as well as by immunohistochemistry and imaging. XS15 induced strong ex vivo CD8+ and TH1 CD4+ responses in a human volunteer upon a single injection of XS15 mixed to uncoupled peptides in a water-in-oil emulsion (Montanide™ ISA51 VG). A granuloma formed locally at the injection site containing highly activated functional CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells. The total number of vaccine peptide-specific functional T cells was experimentally assessed and estimated to be 3.0 × 105 in the granuloma and 20.5 × 106 in peripheral blood. CONCLUSION Thus, in one volunteer we show a granuloma forming by peptides combined with an efficient adjuvant in a water-in-oil-emulsion, inducing antigen specific T cells detectable in circulation and at the vaccination site, after one single vaccination only. The ex vivo T cell responses in peripheral blood were detectable for more than one year and could be strongly boosted by a second vaccination. Hence, XS15 is a promising adjuvant candidate for peptide vaccination, in particular for tumor peptide vaccines in a personalized setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.
| | | | - P Anoop Chandran
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henning Zelba
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisa Rusch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Kowalewski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Haen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yamel Cardona Gloria
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Bödder
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jill-Marie Schertel
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Tunger
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Luise Müller
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kießler
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Helmholtz Association/ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meike Jakobi
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmonology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karoline Laske
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Artzner
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linus Backert
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Schuster
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwenck
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian la Fougère
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Metzler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weide
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schippert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Markus W Löffler
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany. .,Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shae D, Baljon JJ, Wehbe M, Becker KW, Sheehy TL, Wilson JT. At the bench: Engineering the next generation of cancer vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 108:1435-1453. [PMID: 31430398 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5bt0119-016r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines hold promise as an immunotherapeutic modality based on their potential to generate tumor antigen-specific T cell responses and long-lived antitumor responses capable of combating metastatic disease and recurrence. However, cancer vaccines have historically failed to deliver significant therapeutic benefit in the clinic, which we maintain is due in part to drug delivery challenges that have limited vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. In this review, we examine some of the known and putative failure mechanisms of common first-generation clinical cancer vaccines, and describe how the rational design of materials engineered for vaccine delivery and immunomodulation can address these shortcomings. First, we outline vaccine design principles for augmenting cellular immunity to tumor antigens and describe how well-engineered materials can improve vaccine efficacy, highlighting recent innovations in vaccine delivery technology that are primed for integration into neoantigen vaccine development pipelines. We also discuss the importance of sequencing, timing, and kinetics in mounting effective immune responses to cancer vaccines, and highlight examples of materials that potentiate antitumor immunity through spatiotemporal control of immunomodulation. Furthermore, we describe several engineering strategies for improving outcomes of in situ cancer vaccines, which leverage local, intratumoral delivery to stimulate systemic immunity. Finally, we highlight recent innovations leveraging nanotechnology for increasing the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is critical to enhancing tumor infiltration and function of T cells elicited in response to cancer vaccines. These immunoengineering strategies and tools complement ongoing advances in cancer vaccines as they reemerge as an important component of the immunotherapeutic armamentarium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessalyn J Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mohamed Wehbe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kyle W Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taylor L Sheehy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Tanner Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Costa-Nunes C, Cachot A, Bobisse S, Arnaud M, Genolet R, Baumgaertner P, Speiser DE, Sousa Alves PM, Sandoval F, Adotévi O, Reith W, Protti MP, Coukos G, Harari A, Romero P, Jandus C. High-throughput Screening of Human Tumor Antigen-specific CD4 T Cells, Including Neoantigen-reactive T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4320-4331. [PMID: 31015344 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Characterization of tumor antigen-specific CD4 T-cell responses in healthy donors and malignant melanoma patients using an in vitro amplified T-cell library screening procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS A high-throughput, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-independent approach was used to estimate at unprecedented high sensitivity level precursor frequencies of tumor antigen- and neoantigen-specific CD4 T cells in healthy donors and patients with cancer. Frequency estimation was combined with isolation and functional characterization of identified tumor-reactive CD4 T-cell clones. RESULTS In healthy donors, we report frequencies of naïve tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD4 T cells comparable with those of CD4 T cells specific for infectious agents (Tetanus toxoid). Interestingly, we also identified low, but consistent numbers of memory CD4 T cells specific for several TAAs. In patients with melanoma, low frequencies of circulating TAA-specific CD4 T cells were detected that increased after peptide-based immunotherapy. Such antitumor TAA-specific CD4 T-cell responses were also detectable within the tumor-infiltrated tissues. TAA-specific CD4 T cells in patients displayed a highly polyfunctional state, with partial skewing to Type-2 polarization. Finally, we report the applicability of this approach to the detection and amplification of neoantigen-specific CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS This simple, noninvasive, high-throughput screening of tumor- and neoantigen-specific CD4 T cells requires little biologic material, is HLA class II independent and allows the concomitant screening for a large number of tumor antigens of interest, including neoantigens. This approach will facilitate the immunomonitoring of preexisting and therapy-induced CD4 T-cell responses, and accelerate the development of CD4 T-cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Costa-Nunes
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Cachot
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Arnaud
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Genolet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Olivier Adotévi
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Besançon, France
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Pia Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Melssen MM, Petroni GR, Chianese-Bullock KA, Wages NA, Grosh WW, Varhegyi N, Smolkin ME, Smith KT, Galeassi NV, Deacon DH, Gaughan EM, Slingluff CL. A multipeptide vaccine plus toll-like receptor agonists LPS or polyICLC in combination with incomplete Freund's adjuvant in melanoma patients. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:163. [PMID: 31248461 PMCID: PMC6598303 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer vaccines require adjuvants to induce effective immune responses; however, there is no consensus on optimal adjuvants. We hypothesized that toll-like receptor (TLR)3 agonist polyICLC or TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), combined with CD4 T cell activation, would support strong and durable CD8+ T cell responses, whereas addition of an incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) would reduce magnitude and persistence of immune responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma received a vaccine comprised of 12 melanoma peptides restricted by Class I MHC (12MP), plus a tetanus helper peptide (Tet). Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to cohort 1 (LPS dose-escalation) or cohort 2 (polyICLC). Each cohort included 3 subgroups (a-c), receiving 12MP + Tet + TLR agonist without IFA (0), or with IFA in vaccine one (V1), or all six vaccines (V6). Toxicities were recorded (CTCAE v4). T cell responses were measured with IFNγ ELIspot assay ex vivo or after one in vitro stimulation (IVS). RESULTS Fifty-three eligible patients were enrolled, of which fifty-one were treated. Treatment-related dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in 0/33 patients in cohort 1 and in 2/18 patients in cohort 2 (11%). CD8 T cell responses to 12MP were detected ex vivo in cohort 1 (42%) and in cohort 2 (56%) and in 18, 50, and 72% for subgroups V0, V1, and V6, respectively. T cell responses to melanoma peptides were more durable and of highest magnitude for IFA V6. CONCLUSIONS LPS and polyICLC are safe and effective vaccine adjuvants when combined with IFA. Contrary to the central hypothesis, IFA enhanced T cell responses to peptide vaccines when added to TLR agonists. Future studies will aim to understand mechanisms underlying the favorable effects with IFA. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial Mel58 was performed with IRB (#15781) and FDA approval and is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov on April 25, 2012 (NCT01585350). Patients provided written informed consent to participate. Enrollment started on June 24, 2012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Chianese-Bullock
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nolan A Wages
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William W Grosh
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nikole Varhegyi
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark E Smolkin
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kelly T Smith
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nadejda V Galeassi
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Donna H Deacon
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gaughan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
McCaffery JN, Fonseca JA, Singh B, Cabrera-Mora M, Bohannon C, Jacob J, Arévalo-Herrera M, Moreno A. A Multi-Stage Plasmodium vivax Malaria Vaccine Candidate Able to Induce Long-Lived Antibody Responses Against Blood Stage Parasites and Robust Transmission-Blocking Activity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:135. [PMID: 31119106 PMCID: PMC6504793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control and interventions including long-lasting insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and intermittent preventative treatment in pregnancy have resulted in a significant reduction in the number of Plasmodium falciparum cases. Considerable efforts have been devoted to P. falciparum vaccines development with much less to P. vivax. Transmission-blocking vaccines, which can elicit antibodies targeting Plasmodium antigens expressed during sexual stage development and interrupt transmission, offer an alternative strategy to achieve malaria control. The post-fertilization antigen P25 mediates several functions essential to ookinete survival but is poorly immunogenic in humans. Previous clinical trials targeting this antigen have suggested that conjugation to a carrier protein could improve the immunogenicity of P25. Here we report the production, and characterization of a vaccine candidate composed of a chimeric P. vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (cPvMSP1) genetically fused to P. vivax P25 (Pvs25) designed to enhance CD4+ T cell responses and its assessment in a murine model. We demonstrate that antibodies elicited by immunization with this chimeric protein recognize both the erythrocytic and sexual stages and are able to block the transmission of P. vivax field isolates in direct membrane-feeding assays. These findings provide support for the continued development of multi-stage transmission blocking vaccines targeting the life-cycle stage responsible for clinical disease and the sexual-stage development accountable for disease transmission simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. McCaffery
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jairo A. Fonseca
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Balwan Singh
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Monica Cabrera-Mora
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caitlin Bohannon
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mohsen MO, Heath MD, Cabral-Miranda G, Lipp C, Zeltins A, Sande M, Stein JV, Riether C, Roesti E, Zha L, Engeroff P, El-Turabi A, Kundig TM, Vogel M, Skinner MA, Speiser DE, Knuth A, Kramer MF, Bachmann MF. Vaccination with nanoparticles combined with micro-adjuvants protects against cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31027511 PMCID: PMC6485085 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of strong T cell responses, in particular cytotoxic T cells, is a key for the generation of efficacious therapeutic cancer vaccines which yet, remains a major challenge for the vaccine developing world. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to harness the physiological properties of the lymphatic system to optimize the induction of a protective T cell response. Indeed, the lymphatic system sharply distinguishes between nanoscale and microscale particles. The former reaches the fenestrated lymphatic system via diffusion, while the latter either need to be transported by dendritic cells or form a local depot. METHODS Our previously developed cucumber-mosaic virus-derived nanoparticles termed (CuMVTT-VLPs) incorporating a universal Tetanus toxoid epitope TT830-843 were assessed for their draining kinetics using stereomicroscopic imaging. A nano-vaccine has been generated by coupling p33 epitope as a model antigen to CuMVTT-VLPs using bio-orthogonal Cu-free click chemistry. The CuMVTT-p33 nano-sized vaccine has been next formulated with the micron-sized microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) adjuvant and the formed depot effect was studied using confocal microscopy and trafficking experiments. The immunogenicity of the nanoparticles combined with the micron-sized adjuvant was next assessed in an aggressive transplanted murine melanoma model. The obtained results were compared to other commonly used adjuvants such as B type CpGs and Alum. RESULTS Our results showed that CuMVTT-VLPs can efficiently and rapidly drain into the lymphatic system due to their nano-size of ~ 30 nm. However, formulating the nanoparticles with the micron-sized MCT adjuvant of ~ 5 μM resulted in a local depot for the nanoparticles and a longer exposure time for the immune system. The preclinical nano-vaccine CuMVTT-p33 formulated with the micron-sized MCT adjuvant has enhanced the specific T cell response in the stringent B16F10p33 murine melanoma model. Furthermore, the micron-sized MCT adjuvant was as potent as B type CpGs and clearly superior to the commonly used Alum adjuvant when total CD8+, specific p33 T cell response or tumour protection were assessed. CONCLUSION The combination of nano- and micro-particles may optimally harness the physiological properties of the lymphatic system. Since the nanoparticles are well defined virus-like particles and the micron-sized adjuvant MCT has been used for decades in allergen-specific desensitization, this approach may readily be translated to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,National Center for Cancer Care & Research (NCCCR), Doha, State of Qatar.
| | | | - Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cyrill Lipp
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcos Sande
- Institute of anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Roesti
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisha Zha
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aadil El-Turabi
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas M Kundig
- Department of dermatology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care & Research (NCCCR), Doha, State of Qatar
| | | | - Martin F Bachmann
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gouttefangeas C, Rammensee HG. Personalized cancer vaccines: adjuvants are important, too. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1911-1918. [PMID: 29644387 PMCID: PMC11028305 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown limited clinical efficacy so far. Nevertheless, in the meantime, our understanding of immune cell function and the interactions of immune cells with growing tumors has advanced considerably. We are now in a position to invest this knowledge into the design of more powerful vaccines and therapy combinations aimed at increasing immunogenicity and decreasing tumor-induced immunosuppression. This review focuses essentially on peptide-based human vaccines. We will discuss two aspects that are critical for increasing their intrinsic immunogenicity: the selection of the antigen(s) to be targeted, and the as yet unmet need for strong adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Klausen U, Holmberg S, Holmström MO, Jørgensen NGD, Grauslund JH, Svane IM, Andersen MH. Novel Strategies for Peptide-Based Vaccines in Hematological Malignancies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2264. [PMID: 30327655 PMCID: PMC6174926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides vaccination is an interesting approach to activate T-cells toward desired antigens in hematological malignancies. In addition to classical tumor associated antigens, such as cancer testis antigens, new potential targets for peptide vaccination comprise neo-antigens including JAK2 and CALR mutations, and antigens from immune regulatory proteins in the tumor microenvironment such as programmed death 1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). Immunosuppressive defenses of tumors are an important challenge to overcome and the T cell suppressive ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are often present in tumor microenvironments. Thus, PD-L1 and PD-L2 are interesting targets for peptide vaccines in diseases where the tumor microenvironment is known to play an essential role such as multiple myeloma and follicular lymphoma. In myelodysplastic syndromes the drug azacitidine re-exposes tumor associated antigens, why vaccination with related peptides would be an interesting addition. In myeloproliferative neoplasms the JAK2 and CALR mutations has proven to be immunogenic neo-antigens and thus possible targets for peptide vaccination. In this mini review we summarize the basis for these novel approaches, which has led to the initiation of clinical trials with various peptide vaccines in myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms, multiple myeloma, and follicular lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Klausen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Staffan Holmberg
- Department of Hematology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Division of Immunology - T cells & Cancer, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Orebo Holmström
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Handlos Grauslund
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Herrera FG, Valerio M, Berthold D, Tawadros T, Meuwly JY, Vallet V, Baumgartner P, Thierry AC, De Bari B, Jichlinski P, Kandalaft L, Coukos G, Harari A, Bourhis J. 50-Gy Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy to the Dominant Intraprostatic Nodule: Results From a Phase 1a/b Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:320-334. [PMID: 30267761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although localized prostate cancer (PCa) is multifocal, the dominant intraprostatic nodule (DIN) is responsible for disease progression after radiation therapy. PCa expresses antigens that could be recognized by the immune system. We therefore hypothesized that stereotactic dose escalation to the DIN is safe, may increase local control, and may initiate tumor-specific immune responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with localized PCa were treated with stereotactic extreme hypofractionated doses of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions to the whole prostate while simultaneously escalating doses to the magnetic resonance image-visible DIN (45 Gy, 47.5 Gy, and 50 Gy in 5 fractions). The phase 1a part was designed to determine the recommended phase 1b dose in a "3 + 3" cohort-based, dose-escalation design. The primary endpoint was dose-limiting toxicities defined as ≥grade 3 gastrointestinal (GI) or genitourinary (GU) toxicity (or both) by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4) up to 90 days after the first radiation fraction. The secondary endpoints were prostate-specific antigen kinetics, quality of life (QoL), and blood immunologic responses. RESULTS Nine patients were treated in phase 1a. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed at either level, and therefore the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Further characterization of tolerability, efficacy, and immunologic outcomes was conducted in the subsequent 11 patients irradiated at the highest dose level (50 Gy) in the phase 1b expansion cohort. Toxicity was 45% and 25% for grades 1 and 2 GU, and 20% and 5% for grades 1 and 2 GI, respectively. No grade 3 or worse toxicity was reported. The average (±standard error of the mean) of the QoL assessments at baseline and at 3-month posttreatment were 0.8 (±0.8) and 3.5 (±1.5) for the bowel (mean difference, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-5), and 6.4 (±0.8) and 7.27 (±0.9) for the International Prostate Symptom Score (mean difference, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-1.9), respectively. A subset of patients developed antigen-specific immune responses against prostate-specific membrane antigen (n = 2), prostatic acid phosphatase (n = 1), prostate stem cell antigen (n = 4), and prostate-specific antigen (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Irradiation of the whole prostate with 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions and dose escalation to 50 Gy to the DIN was tolerable and determined as the recommended phase 1b dose. This treatment has promising antitumor activity, which will be confirmed by the ongoing phase 2 part. Preliminary QoL analysis showed minimal impact in GU, GI, and sexual domains. Stereotactic irradiation induced antigen-specific immune responses in a subset of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Herrera
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Massimo Valerio
- Department of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Berthold
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Tawadros
- Department of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Meuwly
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronique Vallet
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgartner
- Department of Oncology, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Thierry
- Department of Oncology, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Berardino De Bari
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Jichlinski
- Department of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology, Immune Monitoring Core Facility, Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bezu L, Kepp O, Cerrato G, Pol J, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide-based vaccines in anticancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1511506. [PMID: 30524907 PMCID: PMC6279318 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1511506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based anticancer vaccination aims at stimulating an immune response against one or multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) following immunization with purified, recombinant or synthetically engineered epitopes. Despite high expectations, the peptide-based vaccines that have been explored in the clinic so far had limited therapeutic activity, largely due to cancer cell-intrinsic alterations that minimize antigenicity and/or changes in the tumor microenvironment that foster immunosuppression. Several strategies have been developed to overcome such limitations, including the use of immunostimulatory adjuvants, the co-treatment with cytotoxic anticancer therapies that enable the coordinated release of damage-associated molecular patterns, and the concomitant blockade of immune checkpoints. Personalized peptide-based vaccines are also being explored for therapeutic activity in the clinic. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical progress in the use of peptide-based vaccines as anticancer therapeutics.Abbreviations: CMP: carbohydrate-mimetic peptide; CMV: cytomegalovirus; DC: dendritic cell; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; HPV: human papillomavirus; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; MHP: melanoma helper vaccine; NSCLC: non-small cell lung carcinoma; ODD: orphan drug designation; PPV: personalized peptide vaccination; SLP: synthetic long peptide; TAA: tumor-associated antigen; TNA: tumor neoantigen
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucillia Bezu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Cerrato
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Next Generation Cancer Vaccines-Make It Personal! Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030052. [PMID: 30096953 PMCID: PMC6161279 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic success in cancer immunotherapy has been achieved over the last decade with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors, leading to response rates higher than with chemotherapy in certain cancer types. These responses are often restricted to cancers that have a high mutational burden and show pre-existing T-cell infiltrates. Despite extensive efforts, therapeutic vaccines have been mostly unsuccessful in the clinic. With the introduction of next generation sequencing, the identification of individual mutations is possible, enabling the production of personalized cancer vaccines. Combining immune check point inhibitors to overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment and personalized cancer vaccines for directing the host immune system against the chosen antigens might be a promising treatment strategy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Update on Tumor Neoantigens and Their Utility: Why It Is Good to Be Different. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:536-548. [PMID: 29751996 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor rejection by the immune system is a complex process that is regulated by several factors. Among these factors are the quality and quantity of mutational events that occur in cancer cells. Perhaps one of the most important types of mutations that influence antitumor immunity is the neoantigen, that is, a non-self-antigen that arises as a result of somatic mutation. Recent work has demonstrated that neoantigens hold significant promise for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Therapeutic targeting of neoantigens is important for achieving benefit following therapy with immune checkpoint blockade agents or for cancer vaccines targeting mutations. Here, we review our understanding of neoantigens and discuss new developments in the quest to use them in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Tang K, Cheng L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Zhuang R, Jin B, Zhang F, Ma Y. Novel Identified HLA-A*0201-Restricted Hantaan Virus Glycoprotein Cytotoxic T-Cell Epitopes Could Effectively Induce Protective Responses in HLA-A2.1/K b Transgenic Mice May Associate with the Severity of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1797. [PMID: 29312318 PMCID: PMC5732971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) infections can cause severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans, which is associated with high fatality rates. Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses contribute to virus elimination; however, to date, HLA class I allele-restricted HTNV glycoprotein (GP) epitopes recognized by CTLs have not been reported, limiting our understanding of CTL responses against HTNV infection in humans. In this study, 34 HTNV GP nine-mer epitopes that may bind to HLA-A*0201 molecules were predicted using the BIMAS and SYFPEITHI database. Seven of the epitopes were demonstrated to bind to HLA-A*0201 molecules with high affinity via the T2 cell binding assay and were successfully used to synthesize peptide/HLA-A*0201 tetramers. The results of tetramer staining showed that the frequencies of each epitope-specific CTL were higher in patients with milder HFRS, which indicated that the epitopes may induce protective CTL responses after HTNV infection. IFN-γ-enzyme-linked immunospot analysis further confirmed the immunoreactivity of epitopes by eliciting epitope-specific IFN-γ-producing CTL responses. In an HTNV challenge trial, significant inhibition of HTNV replication characterized by lower levels of antigens and RNA loads was observed in major target organs (liver, spleen, and kidneys) of HLA-A2.1/Kb transgenic mice pre-vaccinated with nonapeptides VV9 (aa8–aa16, VMASLVWPV), SL9 (aa996–aa1004, SLTECPTFL) and LL9 (aa358–aa366, LIWTGMIDL). Importantly, LL9 exhibited the best ability to induce protective CTL responses and showed a prominent effect on the kidneys, potentially preventing kidney injury after HTNV infection. Taken together, our results highlight that HTNV GP-derived HLA-A*0201-restricted epitopes could elicit protective CTL responses against the virus, and that epitope LL9 functions as an immunodominant protective epitope that may advance the design of safe and effective CTL-based HTNV peptide vaccines for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Tang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wada S, Yada E, Ohtake J, Sasada T. Personalized peptide vaccines for cancer therapy: current progress and state of the art. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1403286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wada
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Erica Yada
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junya Ohtake
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|