1
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Ogawa Y, Lim BC, George S, Oses-Prieto JA, Rasband JM, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Hamdan H, Nair S, Boato F, Peles E, Burlingame AL, Van Aelst L, Rasband MN. Antibody-directed extracellular proximity biotinylation reveals that Contactin-1 regulates axo-axonic innervation of axon initial segments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6797. [PMID: 37884508 PMCID: PMC10603070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon initial segment (AIS) cell surface proteins mediate key biological processes in neurons including action potential initiation and axo-axonic synapse formation. However, few AIS cell surface proteins have been identified. Here, we use antibody-directed proximity biotinylation to define the cell surface proteins in close proximity to the AIS cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin. To determine the distributions of the identified proteins, we use CRISPR-mediated genome editing for insertion of epitope tags in the endogenous proteins. We identify Contactin-1 (Cntn1) as an AIS cell surface protein. Cntn1 is enriched at the AIS through interactions with Neurofascin and NrCAM. We further show that Cntn1 contributes to assembly of the AIS extracellular matrix, and regulates AIS axo-axonic innervation by inhibitory basket cells in the cerebellum and inhibitory chandelier cells in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian C Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shanu George
- Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Supna Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Boato
- Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Pervaiz N, Kathuria I, Aithabathula RV, Singla B. Matricellular proteins in atherosclerosis development. Matrix Biol 2023; 120:1-23. [PMID: 37086928 PMCID: PMC10225360 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate network composed of various multi-domain macromolecules like collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin, etc., that form a structurally stable composite, contributing to the mechanical properties of tissue. However, matricellular proteins are non-structural, secretory extracellular matrix proteins, which modulate various cellular functions via interacting with cell surface receptors, proteases, hormones, and cell-matrix. They play essential roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis by regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, and several signal transduction pathways. Matricellular proteins display a broad functionality regulated by their multiple structural domains and their ability to interact with different extracellular substrates and/or cell surface receptors. The expression of these proteins is low in adults, however, gets upregulated following injuries, inflammation, and during tumor growth. The marked elevation in the expression of these proteins during atherosclerosis suggests a positive association between their expression and atherosclerotic lesion formation. The role of matricellular proteins in atherosclerosis development has remained an area of research interest in the last two decades and studies revealed these proteins as important players in governing vascular function, remodeling, and plaque formation. Despite extensive research, many aspects of the matrix protein biology in atherosclerosis are still unknown and future studies are required to investigate whether targeting pathways stimulated by these proteins represent viable therapeutic approaches for patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases. This review summarizes the characteristics of distinct matricellular proteins, discusses the available literature on the involvement of matrix proteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and suggests new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA
| | - Ishita Kathuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA
| | - Ravi Varma Aithabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA
| | - Bhupesh Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, USA.
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3
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Ogawa Y, Lim BC, George S, Oses-Prieto JA, Rasband JM, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Nair S, Boato F, Peles E, Burlingame AL, Van Aelst L, Rasband MN. Antibody-directed extracellular proximity biotinylation reveals Contactin-1 regulates axo-axonic innervation of axon initial segments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531378. [PMID: 36945454 PMCID: PMC10028829 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Axon initial segment (AIS) cell surface proteins mediate key biological processes in neurons including action potential initiation and axo-axonic synapse formation. However, few AIS cell surface proteins have been identified. Here, we used antibody-directed proximity biotinylation to define the cell surface proteins in close proximity to the AIS cell adhesion molecule Neurofascin. To determine the distributions of the identified proteins, we used CRISPR-mediated genome editing for insertion of epitope tags in the endogenous proteins. We found Contactin-1 (Cntn1) among the previously unknown AIS proteins we identified. Cntn1 is enriched at the AIS through interactions with Neurofascin and NrCAM. We further show that Cntn1 contributes to assembly of the AIS-extracellular matrix, and is required for AIS axo-axonic innervation by inhibitory basket cells in the cerebellum and inhibitory chandelier cells in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogawa
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian C. Lim
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shanu George
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Juan A. Oses-Prieto
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Rasband
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Supna Nair
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Boato
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Elior Peles
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alma L. Burlingame
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Van Aelst
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Matthew N. Rasband
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Bizzoca A, Jirillo E, Flace P, Gennarini G. Overall Role of Contactins Expression in Neurodevelopmental Events and Contribution to Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-128217. [PMID: 36515028 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221212160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders may depend upon a misregulation of the pathways which sustain neurodevelopmental control. In this context, this review article focuses on Friedreich ataxia (FA), a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from mutations within the gene encoding the Frataxin protein, which is involved in the control of mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism. OBJECTIVE The specific aim of the present study concerns the FA molecular and cellular substrates, for which available transgenic mice models are proposed, including mutants undergoing misexpression of adhesive/morphoregulatory proteins, in particular belonging to the Contactin subset of the immunoglobulin supergene family. METHODS In both mutant and control mice, neurogenesis was explored by morphological/morphometric analysis through the expression of cell type-specific markers, including -tubulin, the Contactin-1 axonal adhesive glycoprotein, as well as the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). RESULTS Specific consequences were found to arise from the chosen misexpression approach, consisting of a neuronal developmental delay associated with glial upregulation. Protective effects against the arising phenotype resulted from antioxidants (essentially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) administration, which was demonstrated through the profiles of neuronal (-tubulin and Contactin 1) as well as glial (GFAP) markers, in turn indicating the concomitant activation of neurodegeneration and neuro repair processes. The latter also implied activation of the Notch-1 signaling. CONCLUSION Overall, this study supports the significance of changes in morphoregulatory proteins expression in the FA pathogenesis and of antioxidant administration in counteracting it, which, in turn, allows to devise potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Paolo Flace
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
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5
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Imhof T, Balic A, Heilig J, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Chiquet M, Niehoff A, Brachvogel B, Thesleff I, Koch M. Pivotal Role of Tenascin-W (-N) in Postnatal Incisor Growth and Periodontal Ligament Remodeling. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608223. [PMID: 33552067 PMCID: PMC7862723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a fascinating model for studying stem cell regulation and organ renewal. In the incisor, epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells assure lifelong tooth growth. The epithelial stem cells reside in a niche known as the cervical loop. Mesenchymal stem cells are located in the nearby apical neurovascular bundle and in the neural plexus. So far, little is known about extracellular cues that are controlling incisor stem cell renewal and guidance. The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-W, also known as tenascin-N (TNN), is expressed in the mesenchyme of the pulp and of the periodontal ligament of the incisor, and is closely associated with collagen 3 fibers. Here, we report for the first time the phenotype of tenascin-W/TNN deficient mice, which in a C57BL/6N background exhibit a reduced body weight and lifespan. We found major defects in the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament of the growing rodent incisors, whereas molars were not affected. The alveolar bone around the incisor was replaced by a dense scar-like connective tissue, enriched with newly formed nerve fibers likely leading to periodontal pain, less food intake and reduced body weight. Using soft food to reduce mechanical load on the incisor partially rescued the phenotype. In situ hybridization and Gli1 reporter mouse experiments revealed decreased hedgehog signaling in the incisor mesenchymal stem cell compartment, which coordinates the development of mesenchymal stem cell niche. These results indicate that TNN deficiency in mice affects periodontal remodeling and increases nerve fiber branching. Through periodontal pain the food intake is reduced and the incisor renewal and the neurovascular sonic hedgehog secretion rate are reduced. In conclusion, tenascin-W/TNN seems to have a primary function in rapid periodontal tissue remodeling and a secondary function in mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Imhof
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anamaria Balic
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Res. Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Chiquet
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuel Koch
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Rusciano I, Marvi MV, Owusu Obeng E, Mongiorgi S, Ramazzotti G, Follo MY, Zoli M, Morandi L, Asioli S, Fabbri VP, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Ratti S. Location-dependent role of phospholipase C signaling in the brain: Physiology and pathology. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 79:100771. [PMID: 33303387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLCs) are a class of enzymes involved in the phosphatidylinositol metabolism, which is implicated in the activation of several signaling pathways and which controls several cellular processes. The scientific community has long accepted the existence of a nuclear phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism, independent from the cytoplasmic one, critical in nuclear function control. Indeed, nuclear PIs are involved in many activities, such as cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, membrane transport, gene expression and cytoskeletal dynamics. There are several types of PIs and enzymes implicated in brain activities and among these enzymes, PI-PLCs contribute to a specific and complex network in the developing nervous system. Moreover, considering the abundant presence of PI-PLCβ1, PI-PLCγ1 and PI-PLCβ4 in the brain, a specific role for each PLC subtype has been suggested in the control of neuronal activity, which is important for synapse function, development and other mechanisms. The focus of this review is to describe the latest research about the involvement of PI-PLC signaling in the nervous system, both physiologically and in pathological conditions. Indeed, PI-PLC signaling imbalance seems to be also linked to several brain disorders including epilepsy, movement and behavior disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and, in addition, some PI-PLC subtypes could become potential novel signature genes for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Rusciano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eric Owusu Obeng
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases - Pituitary Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna), Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Functional MR Unit, Bellaria Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Asioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, U.O.C. Anatomia Patologica, AUSL, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Neurochirurgia Ipofisi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Viscardo Paolo Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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7
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Tenascin-C Function in Glioma: Immunomodulation and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:149-172. [PMID: 32845507 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First identified in the 1980s, tenascin-C (TNC) is a multi-domain extracellular matrix glycoprotein abundantly expressed during the development of multicellular organisms. TNC level is undetectable in most adult tissues but rapidly and transiently induced by a handful of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a variety of pathological conditions including infection, inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing. Persistent TNC expression is associated with chronic inflammation and many malignancies, including glioma. By interacting with its receptor integrin and a myriad of other binding partners, TNC elicits context- and cell type-dependent function to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis. TNC operates as an endogenous activator of toll-like receptor 4 and promotes inflammatory response by inducing the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory factors in innate immune cells such as microglia and macrophages. In addition, TNC drives macrophage differentiation and polarization predominantly towards an M1-like phenotype. In contrast, TNC shows immunosuppressive function in T cells. In glioma, TNC is expressed by tumor cells and stromal cells; high expression of TNC is correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Besides promoting glioma invasion and angiogenesis, TNC has been found to affect the morphology and function of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages in glioma. Clinically, TNC can serve as a biomarker for tumor progression; and TNC antibodies have been utilized as an adjuvant agent to deliver anti-tumor drugs to target glioma. A better mechanistic understanding of how TNC impacts innate and adaptive immunity during tumorigenesis and tumor progression will open new therapeutic avenues to treat brain tumors and other malignancies.
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8
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Kianfar P, Abolfathi N, Karimi NZ. Investigating the effect of different transducer stiffness values on the contactin complex detachment by steered molecular dynamics. J Mol Graph Model 2017. [PMID: 28651183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the adhesion behavior of Contactin4 (CNTN4), a member of Immunoglobulin Super Family (Ig-SF) of cell adhesion molecules. Contactin4 plays a crucial role in the formation, maintenance, and plasticity of neuronal networks. Contactin in its complex configuration with protein tyrosine phosphatase gamma (PTPRG) was selected for simulation. By utilizing Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD), the uniaxial force was applied to induce unbinding of the complex, and the force-induced detachment of complex components was probed. Three sets of simulations with three values of transducer stiffness and five pulling speeds were designed. Our results showed the dependence of unbinding force on both accessible parameters of pulling speed and spring stiffness. By increasing the stiffness value and pulling speed the rupture force increased. Accordingly, the dissociation rates due to the Bell's theory based on rupture forces and loading rates were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Kianfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 158754413, Iran.
| | - Nabiollah Abolfathi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 158754413, Iran
| | - Navid Zarif Karimi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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9
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Faissner A. REVIEW ■ : Glial Derived Extracellular Matrix Components: Important Roles in Axon Growth and Guidance. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849700300610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Axon growth and guidance, and the correct recognition of distant targets by growth cones rank among the most spectacular achievements of the developing nervous system. The establishment and reformation of adequate networks and the plasticity of synaptic connections are vital for the function and the restoration of the nervous system under conditions of health and disease. Therefore, considerable efforts have been devoted to the elucidation of the molecular and cellular bases of the establishment of interneuronal con nections. It is well established that interactions between neurons and astrocytes are of regulatory importance in this context. Thus, astroglia guides migrating neurons and advancing growth cones to their destination. On the other hand, astrocytes design transient boundaries that deflect axons and segregate groups of neurons, and form scars involved in the inhibition of axonal regeneration after lesion. This duplicity of astroglia is presumably mediated by various gene families. Among these, extracellular matrix (ECM) con stituents seem particularly suited to embody and mediate the ambivalence of astrocytes because these compounds appear to exert either conducive or inhibitory/repulsive effects depending on interacting cell types and conditions. Furthermore, ECM constituents are upregulated by astrocytes upon lesion and con tribute to the construction of glial scars. This review focuses on this class of compounds and their possible functions in the wiring of neural networks. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:371-380, 1997
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10
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Abstract
Tenascin-C is a large, multimodular, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that exhibits a very restricted pattern of expression but an enormously diverse range of functions. Here, we discuss the importance of deciphering the expression pattern of, and effects mediated by, different forms of this molecule in order to fully understand tenascin-C biology. We focus on both post transcriptional and post translational events such as splicing, glycosylation, assembly into a 3D matrix and proteolytic cleavage, highlighting how these modifications are key to defining tenascin-C function.
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Key Words
- AD1/AD2, additional domain 1/ additional domain 2
- ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs
- ASMCs, aortic smooth muscle cells
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BHKs, baby hamster kidney cells
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CA19–9, carbohydrate antigen 19–9
- CALEB, chicken acidic leucine-rich EGF-like domain containing brain protein
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRC, colorectal carcinomas
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- DCIS, ductal carcinoma in-situ
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDA-FN, extra domain A containing fibronectin
- EDB-FN, extra domain B containing fibronectin
- EGF-L, epidermal growth factor-like
- EGF-R, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FBG, fibrinogen-like globe
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- FGF4, fibroblast growth factor 4
- FN, fibronectin
- FNIII, fibronectin type III-like repeat
- GMEM, glioma-mesenchymal extracellular matrix antigen
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HCEs, immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNK-1, human natural killer-1
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- ICC, immunocytochemistry
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF-BP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MPNSTs, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
- Mr, molecular mass
- NB, northern blot
- NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK, natural killer cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- NT, neurotrophin
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDGF, platelet derived growth factor
- PDGF-Rβ, platelet derived growth factor receptor β
- PIGF, phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class F protein
- PLCγ, phospholipase-C gamma
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PTPRζ1, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- RD, rhabdomyosarcoma
- RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- SB, Southern blot
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SVZ, sub-ventricular zone
- TA, tenascin assembly domain
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSS, transcription start site
- UBC, urothelial bladder cancer
- UCC, urothelial cell carcinoma
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- VZ, ventricular zone
- WB, immunoblot/ western blot
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- biosynthesis
- c, charged
- cancer
- ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- chRCC, chromophobe-primary renal cell carcinoma
- development
- glycosylation
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- matrix assembly
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK
- pHo, extracellular pH
- pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma
- proteolytic cleavage
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- splicing
- tenascin-C
- therapeutics
- transcription
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Giblin
- a Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics; Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences ; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology; University of Oxford ; Oxford , UK
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11
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Murphy-Ullrich JE, Sage EH. Revisiting the matricellular concept. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:1-14. [PMID: 25064829 PMCID: PMC4379989 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a matricellular protein was first proposed by Paul Bornstein in the mid-1990s to account for the non-lethal phenotypes of mice with inactivated genes encoding thrombospondin-1, tenascin-C, or SPARC. It was also recognized that these extracellular matrix proteins were primarily counter or de-adhesive. This review reappraises the matricellular concept after nearly two decades of continuous investigation. The expanded matricellular family as well as the diverse and often unexpected functions, cellular location, and interacting partners/receptors of matricellular proteins are considered. Development of therapeutic strategies that target matricellular proteins are discussed in the context of pathology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, United States.
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Labasque M, Hivert B, Nogales-Gadea G, Querol L, Illa I, Faivre-Sarrailh C. Specific contactin N-glycans are implicated in neurofascin binding and autoimmune targeting in peripheral neuropathies. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7907-18. [PMID: 24497634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a crucial role in the formation of the nodes of Ranvier and in the rapid propagation of the nerve impulses along myelinated axons. These CAMs are the targets of autoimmunity in inflammatory neuropathies. We recently showed that a subgroup of patients with aggressive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) shows autoantibodies to contactin (1). The complex of contactin·Caspr·neurofascin-155 (NF155) enables the formation of paranodal junctions, suggesting that antibody attack against paranodes may participate in the severity of CIDP. In the present study, we mapped the molecular determinants of contactin targeted by the autoantibodies. In three patients, immunoreactivity was directed against the Ig domains of contactin and was dependent on N-glycans. The serum of one patient was selectively directed against contactin bearing mannose-rich N-glycans. Strikingly, the oligomannose type sugars of contactin are required for association with its glial partner NF155 (2). To investigate precisely the role of contactin N-glycans, we have mutated each of the nine consensus N-glycosylation sites independently. We found that the mutation of three sites (N467Q/N473Q/N494Q) in Ig domain 5 of contactin prevented soluble NF155-Fc binding. In contrast, these mutations did not abolish cis-association with Caspr. Next, we showed that the cluster of N-glycosylation sites (Asn-467, Asn-473, and Asn-494) was required for immunoreactivity in one patient. Using cell aggregation assays, we showed that the IgGs from the four CIDP patients prevented adhesive interaction between contactin·Caspr and NF155. Importantly, we showed that the anti-contactin autoantibodies induced alteration of paranodal junctions in myelinated neuronal culture. These results strongly suggest that antibodies to CAMs may be pathogenic and induce demyelination via functional blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Labasque
- From Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille, France
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13
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Faivre-Sarrailh C, Devaux JJ. Neuro-glial interactions at the nodes of Ranvier: implication in health and diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:196. [PMID: 24194699 PMCID: PMC3810605 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are dedicated to the formation of axo-glial contacts at the nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons. They play a central role in the organization and maintenance of the axonal domains: the node, paranode, and juxtaparanode. In particular, CAMs are essential for the accumulation of voltage-gated sodium channels at the nodal gap that ensures the rapid and saltatory propagation of the action potentials (APs). The mechanisms regulating node formation are distinct in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and recent studies have highlighted the relative contribution of paranodal junctions and nodal extracellular matrix. In addition, CAMs at the juxtaparanodal domains mediate the clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels which regulate the axonal excitability. In several human pathologies, the axo-glial contacts are altered leading to disruption of the nodes of Ranvier or mis-localization of the ion channels along the axons. Node alterations and the failure of APs to propagate correctly from nodes to nodes along the axons both contribute to the disabilities in demyelinating diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms regulating the association of the axo-glial complexes and the role of CAMs in inherited and acquired neurological diseases.
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Lo Vasco VR. Phosphoinositide pathway and the signal transduction network in neural development. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:789-800. [PMID: 23152330 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system is under the strict control of a number of signal transduction pathways, often interconnected. Among them, the phosphoinositide (PI) pathway and the related phospholipase C (PI-PLC) family of enzymes have been attracting much attention. Besides their well-known role in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, PI-PLC enzymes interact with a number of molecules belonging to further signal transduction pathways, contributing to a specific and complex network in the developing nervous system. In this review, the connections of PI signalling with further transduction pathways acting during neural development are discussed, with special regard to the role of the PI-PLC family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Rita Lo Vasco
- Department Organi di Senso, Policlinico Umberto I, Faculty of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale del Policlinico 33, Rome 00185, Italy.
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Davisson MT, Bronson RT, Tadenev ALD, Motley WW, Krishnaswamy A, Seburn KL, Burgess RW. A spontaneous mutation in contactin 1 in the mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29538. [PMID: 22242131 PMCID: PMC3248457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the immunoglobulin-superfamily member cell adhesion molecule contactin1 (CNTN1) cause lethal congenital myopathy in human patients and neurodevelopmental phenotypes in knockout mice. Whether the mutant mice provide an accurate model of the human disease is unclear; resolving this will require additional functional tests of the neuromuscular system and examination of Cntn1 mutations on different genetic backgrounds that may influence the phenotype. Toward these ends, we have analyzed a new, spontaneous mutation in the mouse Cntn1 gene that arose in a BALB/c genetic background. The overt phenotype is very similar to the knockout of Cntn1, with affected animals having reduced body weight, a failure to thrive, locomotor abnormalities, and a lifespan of 2-3 weeks. Mice homozygous for the new allele have CNTN1 protein undetectable by western blotting, suggesting that it is a null or very severe hypomorph. In an analysis of neuromuscular function, neuromuscular junctions had normal morphology, consistent with previous studies in knockout mice, and the muscles were able to generate appropriate force when normalized for their reduced size in late stage animals. Therefore, the Cntn1 mutant mice do not show evidence for a myopathy, but instead the phenotype is likely to be caused by dysfunction in the nervous system. Given the similarity of CNTN1 to other Ig-superfamily proteins such as DSCAMs, we also characterized the expression and localization of Cntn1 in the retinas of mutant mice for developmental defects. Despite widespread expression, no anomalies in retinal anatomy were detected histologically or using a battery of cell-type specific antibodies. We therefore conclude that the phenotype of the Cntn1 mice arises from dysfunction in the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nervous system, and is similar in either a BALB/c or B6;129;Black Swiss background, raising a possible discordance between the mouse and human phenotypes resulting from Cntn1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel T Davisson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America.
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16
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Abstract
Many primary vestibular afferents form large cup-shaped postsynaptic terminals (calyces) that envelope the basolateral surfaces of type I hair cells. The calyceal terminals both respond to glutamate released from ribbon synapses in the type I cells and initiate spikes that propagate to the afferent's central terminals in the brainstem. The combination of synaptic and spike initiation functions in these unique sensory endings distinguishes them from the axonal nodes of central neurons and peripheral nerves, such as the sciatic nerve, which have provided most of our information about nodal specializations. We show that rat vestibular calyces express an unusual mix of voltage-gated Na and K channels and scaffolding, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix proteins, which may hold the ion channels in place. Protein expression patterns form several microdomains within the calyx membrane: a synaptic domain facing the hair cell, the heminode abutting the first myelinated internode, and one or two intermediate domains. Differences in the expression and localization of proteins between afferent types and zones may contribute to known variations in afferent physiology.
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Shimoda Y, Watanabe K. Contactins: emerging key roles in the development and function of the nervous system. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:64-70. [PMID: 19262165 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.1.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a subgroup of molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that are expressed exclusively in the nervous system. The subgroup consists of six members: contactin, TAG-1, BIG-1, BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3. Since their identification in the late 1980s, contactin and TAG-1 have been studied extensively. Axonal expression and the neurite extension activity of contactin and TAG-1 attracted researchers to study the function of these molecules in axon guidance during development. After the exciting discovery of the molecular function of contactin and TAG-1 in myelination earlier this decade, these two molecules have come to be known as the principal molecules in the function and maintenance of myelinated neurons. In contrast, the function of the other four members of this subgroup remained unknown until recently. Here, we will give an overview of contactin function, including recent progress on BIG-2, NB-2 and NB-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
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Compton AG, Albrecht DE, Seto JT, Cooper ST, Ilkovski B, Jones KJ, Challis D, Mowat D, Ranscht B, Bahlo M, Froehner SC, North KN. Mutations in contactin-1, a neural adhesion and neuromuscular junction protein, cause a familial form of lethal congenital myopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:714-24. [PMID: 19026398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a group of patients with congenital onset weakness associated with a deficiency of members of the syntrophin-alpha-dystrobrevin subcomplex and have demonstrated that loss of syntrophin and dystrobrevin from the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle can also be associated with denervation. Here, we have further studied four individuals from a consanguineous Egyptian family with a lethal congenital myopathy inherited in an autosomal-recessive fashion and characterized by a secondary loss of beta2-syntrophin and alpha-dystrobrevin from the muscle sarcolemma, central nervous system involvement, and fetal akinesia. We performed homozygosity mapping and candidate gene analysis and identified a mutation that segregates with disease within CNTN1, the gene encoding for the neural immunoglobulin family adhesion molecule, contactin-1. Contactin-1 transcripts were markedly decreased on gene-expression arrays of muscle from affected family members compared to controls. We demonstrate that contactin-1 is expressed at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in mice and man in addition to the previously documented expression in the central and peripheral nervous system. In patients with secondary dystroglycanopathies, we show that contactin-1 is abnormally localized to the sarcolemma instead of exclusively at the NMJ. The cntn1 null mouse presents with ataxia, progressive muscle weakness, and postnatal lethality, similar to the affected members in this family. We propose that loss of contactin-1 from the NMJ impairs communication or adhesion between nerve and muscle resulting in the severe myopathic phenotype. This disorder is part of the continuum in the clinical spectrum of congenital myopathies and congenital myasthenic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Compton
- Institute for Neuromuscular Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Rome C, Loiseau H, Arsaut J, Roullot V, Couillaud F. Diversity of contactin mRNA in human brain tumors. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:774-85. [PMID: 16865674 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to address the molecular signature of human glioma, we investigated the polymorphism of 5'UTR of the mRNA of Contactin, an adhesion molecule which plays a role in the invasive behavior of these tumors. Contactin mRNA is identified by RT-PCR and a strategy based on rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) reveals different 5'UTRs resulting from both an alternative use of two types of leader exons and a splicing mechanism within the 5'UTR. The spliced exon is an Alu-containing element specific to the primate lineage, thus indicating a recent evolution of regulatory processes specific to the simian line that occurs on this gene. Each 5'UTR exhibits different transcription/translation efficiencies and contains features that allow translation to occur independently of the classic cap-dependent mechanism. These data illustrate the complex regulation of Contactin expression in human brain tumors occurring at both transcriptional and translation levels. The different 5'UTRs are differentially expressed in diverse types of human tumors. Thus, the polymorphism occurring within the non-coding part of the Contactin mRNA reveals new opportunities to explore deregulation that occurs during the oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rome
- Molecular and Functional Imaging, ERT-CNRS 5543, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Metzger M, Bartsch S, Bartsch U, Bock J, Schachner M, Braun K. Regional and cellular distribution of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C in the chick forebrain and its role in neonatal learning. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1709-19. [PMID: 16797128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The juvenile brain's pronounced synaptic plasticity in response to early experience and learning events is related to the fact that the genetically pre-programmed molecular machinery mediating neuronal development and synapse formation, is activated throughout postnatal brain development and thereby can be recruited for learning and long-term memory formation. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that tenascin-C, one candidate molecule which we suspect to be involved in neonatal learning, is expressed in the forebrain of domestic chicks around the sensitive period during which auditory filial imprinting takes place. The involvement of tenascin-C in this juvenile learning task was tested by injections of monoclonal antibodies directed to distinct domains of the tenascin-C molecule into the avian prefrontal cortex analog, the medio-rostral nidopallium/mesopallium (formerly termed medio-rostral neostriatum/hyperstriatum ventrale), a forebrain area which has been shown to be critically involved in auditory filial imprinting. Injections of monoclonal antibody Tn 68, which is directed against a cell-binding domain of the tenascin-C molecule, strongly reduced the imprinting rate, as opposed to injections of the monoclonal antibody Tn 578, which binds to a domain involved in neurite outgrowth. Double labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that tenascin-C is associated with neurons which express the Ca(2+)-binding protein parvalbumin, and displays a staining pattern highly reminiscent of perineuronal nets of the extracellular matrix. These results indicate that a distinct domain of tenascin-C is functionally involved in the juvenile learning process of filial imprinting and further suggest a critical role of a specific neuronal subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Metzger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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21
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Rome C, Roullot V, Couillaud F. Polymorphism of the untranslated regions of the F3/contactin mRNA in the rat nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 139:184-91. [PMID: 15967539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
F3/contactin is a neural adhesion molecule implicated in various physiological processes. In rat brain tissues, we cloned various mRNA with the same coding region but differing in 3' and 5'UTR. The 3'UTR presents two polyadenylation signals. At the 5' end, we identified two leader exons, multiple transcription initiation sites and splicing events, leading to at least 19 different 5'UTR. The F3/contactin rat gene differs from the mouse gene for two reasons: (1) it contains two additional untranslated exons that are alternatively spliced and (2) it lacks the homologue mouse untranslated exon 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rome
- INSERM U378, Institut François Magendie, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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22
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Orend G. Potential oncogenic action of tenascin-C in tumorigenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1066-83. [PMID: 15743679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prominent expression of tenascin-C in the stroma of most solid tumors, first observed in the mid 1980s, implicates tenascin-C in tumorigenesis. This is also supported by in vitro experiments that demonstrate the capacity of tenascin-C to stimulate tumor growth by various mechanisms including promotion of proliferation, escaping immuno-surveillance and positively influencing angiogenesis. However, tumorigenesis in tenascin-C knock-out mice is not significantly different from that observed in control animals. Perhaps this is not unexpected if one considers that tenascin-C may act as an oncogene. The potential role of tenascin-C in tumorigenesis through its oncogenic action on cellular signaling will be discussed in this review, including how tenascin-C mediated tumor cell detachment might affect genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertraud Orend
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Departement fiir Klinisch Biologische Wissenschaften (DKBW), Center for Biomedicine, University Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Minamitani T, Ikuta T, Saito Y, Takebe G, Sato M, Sawa H, Nishimura T, Nakamura F, Takahashi K, Ariga H, Matsumoto KI. Modulation of collagen fibrillogenesis by tenascin-X and type VI collagen. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:305-15. [PMID: 15242785 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-X (TNX) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein. We previously demonstrated that TNX regulates the expression of type VI collagen. In this study, we investigated the binding of TNX to type I collagen as well as to type VI collagen and the effects of these proteins on fibrillogenesis of type I collagen. Full-length recombinant TNX, which is expressed in and purified from mammalian cell cultures, and type VI collagen purified from bovine placenta were used. Solid-phase assays revealed that TNX or type VI collagen bound to type I collagen, although TNX did not bind to type VI collagen, fibronectin, or laminin. The rate of collagen fibril formation and its quantity, measured as increased turbidity, was markedly increased by the presence of TNX, whereas type VI collagen did not increase the quantity but accelerated the rate of collagen fibril formation. Combined treatment of both had an additive effect on the rate of collagen fibril formation. Furthermore, deletion of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domain or fibrinogen-like domain of TNX attenuated the initial rate of collagen fibril formation. Finally, we observed abnormally large collagen fibrils by electron microscopy in the skin from TNX-deficient (TNX-/-) mice during development. These findings demonstrate a fundamental role for TNX and type VI collagen in regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Minamitani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Gimnopoulos D, Becker CG, Ostendorff HP, Bach I, Schachner M, Becker T. Expression of the zebrafish recognition molecule F3/F11/contactin in a subset of differentiating neurons is regulated by cofactors associated with LIM domains. Mech Dev 2002; 119 Suppl 1:S135-41. [PMID: 14516675 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(03)00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a zebrafish homolog of the F3/F11/contactin (F3) recognition molecule. The gene shares 55% amino acid identity with F3 molecules in other vertebrates. Expression of F3 mRNA is first detectable at 16 h post-fertilization (hpf) in trigeminal and Rohon-Beard neurons. At 18-24 hpf, additional weaker expression is present in discrete cell clusters in the hindbrain, in the anterior lateral line/acoustic ganglion and in spinal motor neurons. Transcription factors of the LIM homeodomain class (LIM-HD) and their associated cofactors CLIM/NLI/Ldb (CLIM) have been implicated in the development of peripheral axons of trigeminal and Rohon-Beard neurons. We demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of a dominant-negative CLIM molecule early during zebrafish development strongly reduces expression of F3 mRNA in these neurons indicating regulation of F3 by the LIM-HD protein network. These results and the spatiotemporal correlation of F3 expression with axonal differentiation in a subset of primary neurons suggest an important role of F3 for axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gimnopoulos
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Herold-Mende C, Mueller MM, Bonsanto MM, Schmitt HP, Kunze S, Steiner HH. Clinical impact and functional aspects of tenascin-C expression during glioma progression. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:362-9. [PMID: 11920587 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is expressed in processes like embryogenesis and wound healing and in neoplasia. Tenascin-C expression in gliomas has been described previously; however, the relation to clinical data remains inconsistent. Generally, analysis of tenascin-C function is difficult due to different alternatively spliced isoforms. Our studies focus on changes in tenascin-C expression in human gliomas, correlating these changes with tumor progression and elucidating the functional role of the glioma cell-specific tenascin-C isoform pool. Eighty-six glioma tissues of different World Health Organization (WHO) grades were analyzed immunohistochemically for tenascin-C expression. The influence of the specific tenascin-C isoforms produced by glioblastoma cells on proliferation and migration was examined in vitro using blocking antibodies recognizing all isoforms. In general, tenascin-C expression increased with tumor malignancy. Perivascular staining of tenascin-C around tumor-supplying blood vessels was observed in all glioblastoma tissues, whereas in WHO II and III gliomas, perivascular tenascin-C staining appeared less frequently. The appearance of perivascular tenascin-C correlated significantly with a shorter disease-free time. Analysis of proliferation and migration in the presence of blocking antibodies revealed an inhibition of proliferation by around 30% in all 3 glioblastoma cell cultures, as well as a decrease in migration of 30.6-46.7%. Thus we conclude that the endogenous pool of tenascin-C isoforms in gliomas supports both tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell migration. In addition, our data on the perivascular staining of tenascin-C in WHO II and III gliomas and its correlation with a shorter disease-free time suggest that tenascin-C may be a new and potent prognostic marker for an earlier tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Herold-Mende
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Neurosurgery Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Theodosis DT. Oxytocin-secreting neurons: A physiological model of morphological neuronal and glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2002; 23:101-35. [PMID: 11906204 DOI: 10.1006/frne.2001.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin-secreting neurons of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system undergo reversible morphological changes whenever they are strongly stimulated. In the hypothalamus, such structural plasticity is represented by modifications in the size and shape of their somata and dendrites, in the extent to which their surfaces are covered by glia, and in the density of their synapses. In the neurohypophysis, there is a parallel reduction in glial (pituicyte) coverage of their axons together, with retraction of pituicyte processes from the perivascular basal lamina and an increase in the number and size of their terminals. These changes occur rapidly, within a few hours. On the other hand, the system returns to its prestimulated condition on arrest of stimulation at a rate that depends on the length of time it has remained activated. Such neuronal-glial changes have several functional consequences. In the hypothalamic nuclei, reduction in astrocytic coverage of oxytocinergic neurons and their synapses modifies extracellular ionic homeostasis and glutamate clearance and, therefore, their overall excitability. Since it results in extensive dendritic bundling, it may also lead to ephaptic interactions and may facilitate dendritic electrotonic coupling. A most important indirect effect may be to permit synaptic remodeling that occurs concomitantly and that results in significant increases in the number of excitatory and inhibitory synapses driving their activity. In the stimulated neurohypophysis, glial retraction results in increased levels of extracellular K+ which can enhance neurohormone release while an enlarged neurovascular contact zone may facilitate diffusion of neurohormone into the circulation. Ongoing work aims to unravel the cell mechanisms and factors underlying such plasticity and has revealed that neurons and glia of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system continue to express juvenile molecular features associated with similar neuronglial interactions and synaptic events during development and regeneration. They include strong expression of cell surface adhesion molecules like F3/contactin and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, extracellular matrix glycoproteins like tenascin C, and cytoskeletal proteins like vimentin and microtubule-associated protein 1D. Some of these molecules reach the cell surface constitutively while others follow the activity-dependent regulated pathway. We consider many of these molecular features permissive, allowing oxytocin neurons and their glia to undergo morphological remodeling throughout life, provided the proper stimulus intervenes. In the hypothalamic nuclei, one such stimulus is centrally released oxytocin; in the neurohypophysis, an adrenergic, cAMP-mediated mechanism appears responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia T Theodosis
- INSERM U378 Neuroendocrinologie Morphofonctionelle, Institut François Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
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27
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Liu CJ, Dib-Hajj SD, Black JA, Greenwood J, Lian Z, Waxman SG. Direct interaction with contactin targets voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.9/NaN to the cell membrane. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46553-61. [PMID: 11581273 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108699200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that target various sodium channels within different regions of the neuronal membrane, which they endow with different physiological properties, are not yet understood. To examine this issue we studied the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.9/NaN, which is preferentially expressed in small sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia and the nonmyelinated axons that arise from them. Our results show that the cell adhesion molecule contactin binds directly to Na(v)1.9/NaN and recruits tenascin to the protein complex in vitro. Na(v)1.9/NaN and contactin co-immunoprecipitate from dorsal root ganglia and transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell line, and co-localize in the C-type neuron soma and along nonmyelinated C-fibers and at nerve endings in the skin. Co-transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with Na(v)1.9/NaN and contactin enhances the surface expression of the sodium channel over that of Na(v)1.9/NaN alone. Thus contactin binds directly to Na(v)1.9/NaN and participates in the surface localization of this channel along nonmyelinated axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Liu
- Department of Neurology and Paralyzed Veterans of America/Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association Neuroscience Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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28
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Theodosis DT, Poulain DA. Maternity leads to morphological synaptic plasticity in the oxytocin system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 133:49-58. [PMID: 11589144 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)33004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The oxytocinergic system, which plays a major role in the control of different aspects of maternity, undergoes extensive synaptic and neuronal-glial remodelling during parturition and lactation and has thus become a remarkable example of activity-dependent morphological synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian brain. The use of different comparative ultrastructural analyses on the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, together with identification of pre- and post-synaptic elements, has allowed us to show that there is a significant increase in the number of GABAergic, glutamatergic and noradrenergic synapses impinging on oxytocin neurons, concomitant with a reduction of glial coverage of the neurons. This synaptic plasticity involves axo-dendritic and axo-somatic contacts originating from terminals making one or several synaptic contacts in one plane of section. While noradrenergic afferents arise from medullary catecholaminergic neurons, our recent in vitro observations indicate that GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents derive, at least partly, from local intrahypothalamic neurons, in close proximity to oxytocin neurons. The cellular mechanisms underlying this morphological synaptic plasticity remain to be determined but it is highly likely that they depend on increased activity in both pre- and post-synaptic elements. Moreover, the oxytocin system continues to express 'embryonic' molecular features that may allow the morphological plasticity to occur. In particular, it expresses high levels of cell surface adhesion molecules currently thought to intervene in synaptic remodelling in the developing and lesioned central nervous system, including the weakly adhesive polysialylated isoform of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, the axonal glycoprotein F3 and its ligand, the extracellular matrix glycoprotein, tenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Theodosis
- INSERM U378, Institut François Magendie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, 1 rue Léo Saignat, F33076 Bordeaux, France.
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29
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Thomaidou D, Coquillat D, Meintanis S, Noda M, Rougon G, Matsas R. Soluble forms of NCAM and F3 neuronal cell adhesion molecules promote Schwann cell migration: identification of protein tyrosine phosphatases zeta/beta as the putative F3 receptors on Schwann cells. J Neurochem 2001; 78:767-78. [PMID: 11520897 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and F3 are both axonal adhesion molecules which display homophilic (NCAM) or heterophilic (NCAM, F3) binding activities and participate in bidirectional exchange of information between neurones and glial cells. Engineered Fc chimeric molecules are fusion proteins that contain the extracellular part of NCAM or F3 and the Fc region of human IgG1. Here, we investigated the effect of NCAM-Fc and F3-Fc chimeras on Schwann cell (SC) migration. Binding sites were identified at the surface of cultured SCs by chimera coated fluorospheres. The functional effect of NCAM-Fc and F3-Fc binding was studied in two different SC migration models. In the first, migration is monitored at specific time intervals inside a 1-mm gap produced in a monolayer culture of SCs. In the second, SCs from a dorsal root ganglion explant migrate on a sciatic nerve cryosection. In both systems addition of the chimeras significantly increased the extent of SC migration and this effect could be prevented by the corresponding anti-NCAM or anti-F3 blocking antibodies. Furthermore, antiproteoglycan-type protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta/beta (RPTPzeta/beta) antibodies identified the presence of RPTPzeta/beta on SCs and prevented the enhancing effect of soluble F3 on SC motility by 95%. The F3-Fc coated Sepharose beads precipitated RPTPzeta/beta from SC lysates. Altogether these data point to RPTPzeta/beta is the putative F3 receptor on SCs. These results identify F3 and NCAM receptors on SC as potential mediators of signalling occurring between axons and glial cells during peripheral nerve development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thomaidou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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30
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Plagge A, Sendtner-Voelderndorff L, Sirim P, Freigang J, Rader C, Sonderegger P, Brümmendorf T. The contactin-related protein FAR-2 defines purkinje cell clusters and labels subpopulations of climbing fibers in the developing cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 18:91-107. [PMID: 11461156 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FAR-2 is a novel neural member of the Ig superfamily, which is related to F11/F3/contactin and axonin-1/TAG-1. This protein is expressed by subpopulations of Purkinje cells in the chicken cerebellum and FAR-2-positive clusters of these neurons alternate with FAR-2-negative clusters in both tangential dimensions of the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, FAR-2 is also expressed by one type of Purkinje cell afferents, namely, the climbing fibers, and different subpopulations of these axons show distinct levels of FAR-2 expression. Homology modeling using axonin-1 as a template reveals that the four aminoterminal Ig domains of FAR-2 form a compact U-shaped structure, which is likely to contain functionally important ligand-binding sites. FAR-2 is binding to the Ig superfamily protein NgCAM/L1, but not to the related receptor NrCAM, and it is also interacting with the modular ECM protein tenascin-R. These results suggest that FAR-2 may contribute to the formation of somatotopic maps of cerebellar afferents during the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plagge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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31
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Miyata S, Takamatsu H, Maekawa S, Matsumoto N, Watanabe K, Kiyohara T, Hatton GI. Plasticity of neurohypophysial terminals with increased hormonal release during dehydration: ultrastructural and biochemical analyses. J Comp Neurol 2001; 434:413-27. [PMID: 11343290 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin- (AVP) and oxytocin- (OXT) secreting magnocellular neurons undergo gross structural changes with chronic physiological stimulation. Here, we investigated subcellular aspects of plasticity in rat neurohypophysial terminals during dehydration. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that chronic dehydration by 2% NaCl drinking for 7 days significantly decreased the numbers of neurosecretory granules and microvesicles but not the numbers of mitochondria. Moreover, in dehydrated rats, terminals making neurovascular contacts enlarged, whereas terminals in apposition to astrocytes, i.e., neuroglial contacts, became smaller. Western blot analyses demonstrated significant decreases in the levels of F3 and Thy-1 together with those of AVP- and OXT-neurophysin, but the levels of synaptophysin, SNAP-25, and GAP-43 were unchanged. Both F3 and Thy-1 were recovered in the buffer-insoluble pellet, and phosphatidyl inositol-specific phospholipase C treatment released both molecules from the crude membrane fraction, indicating that they are attached to terminal membranes by glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchors. Confocal microscopic observations demonstrated that F3 colocalized with Thy-1 in the same terminals of magnocellular neurons. In contrast, the level of calretinin, a Ca(2+) binding protein was significantly increased with chronic dehydration. Thus, the present results suggest that enhancement of neurovascular contacts results from rearrangement of terminal-astrocyte and terminal-vessel contacts rather than enlargement or sprouting of magnocellular terminals themselves. The down-regulation of F3 and Thy-1 may contribute to enhancement of neurovascular contacts that accompany increased peptide release during dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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32
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Contactin-associated protein (Caspr) and contactin form a complex that is targeted to the paranodal junctions during myelination. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11069942 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-22-08354.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized paranodal junctions form between the axon and the closely apposed paranodal loops of myelinating glia. They are interposed between sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier and potassium channels in the juxtaparanodal regions; their precise function and molecular composition have been elusive. We previously reported that Caspr (contactin-associated protein) is a major axonal constituent of these junctions (Einheber et al., 1997). We now report that contactin colocalizes and forms a cis complex with Caspr in the paranodes and juxtamesaxon. These proteins coextract and coprecipitate from neurons, myelinating cultures, and myelin preparations enriched in junctional markers; they fractionate on sucrose gradients as a high-molecular-weight complex, suggesting that other proteins may also be associated with this complex. Neurons express two contactin isoforms that differ in their extent of glycosylation: a lower-molecular-weight phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-resistant form is associated specifically with Caspr in the paranodes, whereas a higher-molecular-weight form of contactin, not associated with Caspr, is present in central nodes of Ranvier. These results suggest that the targeting of contactin to different axonal domains may be determined, in part, via its association with Caspr. Treatment of myelinating cocultures of Schwann cells and neurons with RPTPbeta-Fc, a soluble construct containing the carbonic anhydrase domain of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta), a potential glial receptor for contactin, blocks the localization of the Caspr/contactin complex to the paranodes. These results strongly suggest that a preformed complex of Caspr and contactin is targeted to the paranodal junctions via extracellular interactions with myelinating glia.
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33
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Adamsky K, Schilling J, Garwood J, Faissner A, Peles E. Glial tumor cell adhesion is mediated by binding of the FNIII domain of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta) to tenascin C. Oncogene 2001; 20:609-18. [PMID: 11313993 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2000] [Revised: 11/13/2000] [Accepted: 11/16/2000] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular domain of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta) is composed of several domains which mediate its interactions with distinct ligands present on the surface of either neurons or glial cells. Here, we demonstrate that the fibronectin type III domain (FNIII) of RPTPbeta binds to glial tumor-derived cell lines and primary astrocytes. We used affinity purification to isolate several proteins that specifically bind to the FNIII domain of RPTPbeta. One of these, a 240 kDa protein that was purified from U118MG glioblastoma cell, was identified as tenascin C based on the amino acid sequence of several tryptic peptides. The interaction of RPTPbeta with tenascin C was found to mediate cell adhesion. Adhesion and spreading of SF763T astrocytoma cells expressing RPTPbeta on tenascin C was specifically abolished by the addition of a soluble fragment containing the FNIII domain of the receptor. RPTPbeta-dependent cell adhesion was mediated by binding to the alternatively spliced FNIII repeats A1,2,4 (TnfnA1,2,4) of tenascin C. Furthermore, COS cells expressing RPTPbeta adhere to TnfnA1,2,4, while the parental cells did not. These results demonstrate that the FNIII domain of RPTPbeta binds to tenascin C and suggest that RPTPbeta present on glial tumor cells is a primary adhesion receptor system to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adamsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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34
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Rios JC, Melendez-Vasquez CV, Einheber S, Lustig M, Grumet M, Hemperly J, Peles E, Salzer JL. Contactin-associated protein (Caspr) and contactin form a complex that is targeted to the paranodal junctions during myelination. J Neurosci 2000; 20:8354-64. [PMID: 11069942 PMCID: PMC6773165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized paranodal junctions form between the axon and the closely apposed paranodal loops of myelinating glia. They are interposed between sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier and potassium channels in the juxtaparanodal regions; their precise function and molecular composition have been elusive. We previously reported that Caspr (contactin-associated protein) is a major axonal constituent of these junctions (Einheber et al., 1997). We now report that contactin colocalizes and forms a cis complex with Caspr in the paranodes and juxtamesaxon. These proteins coextract and coprecipitate from neurons, myelinating cultures, and myelin preparations enriched in junctional markers; they fractionate on sucrose gradients as a high-molecular-weight complex, suggesting that other proteins may also be associated with this complex. Neurons express two contactin isoforms that differ in their extent of glycosylation: a lower-molecular-weight phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-resistant form is associated specifically with Caspr in the paranodes, whereas a higher-molecular-weight form of contactin, not associated with Caspr, is present in central nodes of Ranvier. These results suggest that the targeting of contactin to different axonal domains may be determined, in part, via its association with Caspr. Treatment of myelinating cocultures of Schwann cells and neurons with RPTPbeta-Fc, a soluble construct containing the carbonic anhydrase domain of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta), a potential glial receptor for contactin, blocks the localization of the Caspr/contactin complex to the paranodes. These results strongly suggest that a preformed complex of Caspr and contactin is targeted to the paranodal junctions via extracellular interactions with myelinating glia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Coculture Techniques
- Contactins
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Intercellular Junctions/metabolism
- Molecular Weight
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase
- Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Ranvier's Nodes/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/cytology
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions/chemistry
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rios
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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35
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Abstract
An important biological consequence of the initial interactions between the cell surface and its extracellular environment is the diversity of cellular responses ranging from overt repulsion or avoidance reaction to stable adhesion or final positioning. It is now evident that positive and negative guiding mechanisms are equally relevant to normal pattern formation during development and decisive for the outcome of a regenerative process. In this context, the present review summarizes the knowledge about the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R, a member of the tenascin gene family. In contrast to all other known family members, tenascin-R is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system of vertebrates by oligodendrocytes and neuronal subsets at later developmental stages and in adulthood. We focus on the glycoprotein's structure, tissue distribution and functional implications in the molecular control of axon targeting, neural cell adhesion, migration and differentiation during nervous system morphogenesis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pesheva
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
As a means of defining functionally important regions of the L1 neuronal cell adhesion molecule, neurite outgrowth from cerebellar neurons was compared on monolayers of L1-negative B28 glioma cells, B28 cells transfected with wild-type human L1, and B28 cells transfected with variant forms of L1. Neurite outgrowth on L1-positive B28 cells is greatly enhanced over that seen on parental B28 cells. Neurite outgrowth on B28 cells expressing L1 variants that lack either the first or the fifth fibronectin type III repeat is comparable to that seen on monolayers expressing wild-type L1. In contrast, B28 cells expressing L1 without the third fibronectin type III repeat do not support neurite outgrowth above the background level seen on parental B28 cells. This suggests that the third fibronectin type III repeat plays a key role in the ability of L1 to promote neurite extension. This is consistent with reports that the third fibronectin type III repeat mediates L1 homomultimerization and integrin binding and that plasmin cleavage within this domain interferes with L1 function by abolishing these molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Stallcup
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla Cancer Research Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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37
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Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000; 218:235-59. [PMID: 10842355 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2<235::aid-dvdy2>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of animal form depends on the coordination of events that lead to the morphological patterning of cells. This epigenetic view of development suggests that embryonic structures arise as a consequence of environmental influences acting on the properties of cells, rather than an unfolding of a completely genetically specified and preexisting invisible pattern. Specialized cells of developing multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix (ECM), comprised largely of different collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. This ECM is a substrate for tissue morphogenesis, lends support and flexibility to mature tissues, and acts as an epigenetic informational entity in the sense that it transduces and integrates intracellular signals via distinct cell surface receptors. Consequently, ECM-receptor interactions have a profound influence on major cellular programs including growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. In contrast to many other ECM proteins, the tenascin (TN) family of glycoproteins (TN-C, TN-R, TN-W, TN-X, and TN-Y) display highly restricted and dynamic patterns of expression in the embryo, particularly during neural development, skeletogenesis, and vasculogenesis. These molecules are reexpressed in the adult during normal processes such as wound healing, nerve regeneration, and tissue involution, and in pathological states including vascular disease, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. In concert with a multitude of associated ECM proteins and cell surface receptors that include members of the integrin family, TN proteins impart contrary cellular functions, depending on their mode of presentation (i.e., soluble or substrate-bound) and the cell types and differentiation states of the target tissues. Expression of tenascins is regulated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, vasoactive peptides, ECM proteins, and biomechanical factors. The signals generated by these factors converge on particular combinations of cis-regulatory elements within the recently identified TN gene promoters via specific transcriptional activators or repressors. Additional complexity in regulating TN gene expression is achieved through alternative splicing, resulting in variants of TN polypeptides that exhibit different combinations of functional protein domains. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in TN biology that provide insights into the complex way in which the ECM is regulated and how it functions to regulate tissue morphogenesis and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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38
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Jones FS, Jones PL. The tenascin family of ECM glycoproteins: Structure, function, and regulation during embryonic development and tissue remodeling. Dev Dyn 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(200006)218:2%3c235::aid-dvdy2%3e3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Theodosis DT, Pierre K, Poulain DA. Differential expression of two adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily, F3 and polysialylated NCAM, in hypothalamic magnocellular neurones capable of plasticity. Exp Physiol 2000; 85 Spec No:187S-196S. [PMID: 10795922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-445x.2000.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The adult hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system undergoes activity-dependent, reversible morphological changes which result in reduced astrocytic coverage of its neurones and an increase in their synaptic contacts. Our recent observations show that neurones and glia of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system continue to express 'embryonic' molecular features which may underlie their capacity to undergo such plasticity. These include expression of cell surface molecules like the glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein F3, which intervenes in axonal outgrowth, and the polysialylated isoform of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), which reduces cell adhesion and promotes dynamic cell interactions. F3 is colocalised with vasopressin and oxytocin hormones in neurosecretory granules and follows an activity-dependent, regulated pathway for surface expression on neurohypophysial axons. In contrast, PSA-NCAM appears to follow a constitutive pathway, independent of the activity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, for expression on axonal and glial surfaces, in the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei and in the neurohypophysis. The role of F3 remains to be determined but in view of its presumptive functions during development, we propose that it promotes remodelling of neurosecretory terminals. On the other hand, we provide direct evidence that surface expression of PSA on NCAM is essential to morphological plasticity since its specific enzymatic degradation in vivo inhibited the neuronal-glial and synaptic changes normally induced by stimulation of secretion from the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Theodosis
- INSERM U378 Neurobiologie Morphofonctionnelle, Institut François Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
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40
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Theodosis DT, Poulain DA. Contribution of astrocytes to activity-dependent structural plasticity in the adult brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 468:175-82. [PMID: 10635028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4685-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A striking example of the capacity of adult astrocytes to undergo reversible morphological changes in response to stimuli which enhance neuronal activity is offered by astrocytes of the adult hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS). The HNS is composed of magnocellular neurons secreting the neurohormones oxytocin and vasopressin from axon terminals in the neurohypophysis. Upon activation of HNS secretion, glial coverage of oxytocin neurons significantly diminishes and their surfaces become extensively juxtaposed. These glial changes are invariably accompanied by structural synaptic remodelling resulting in increased numbers of GABAergic, glutamatergic, and noradrenergic afferents. In the neurohypophysis, they result in an enhanced neurohemal contact area. HNS glia in the adult continue to display "embryonic" features that may allow such activity-dependent structural plasticity. For example, supraoptic astrocytes display a radial glia-like morphology and continue to express vimentin, together with GFAP. All HNS astrocytes secrete extracellular matrix glycoproteins, like tenascin-C; they also express high levels of polysialylated NCAM or PSA-NCAM and the glycoprotein F3, molecules considered essential for neuronal-glial interactions in the developing and lesioned CNS. HNS expression of most of these proteins does not visibly vary under different conditions of neurohormone secretion. We consider them as permissive factors, therefore, allowing HNS cells to undergo remodeling whenever the proper stimuli intervene. In the hypothalamic nuclei, one such stimulus is oxytocin itself which, in synergy with steroids, can induce neuronal-glial remodelling; adrenaline does so in the neurohypophysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Theodosis
- Neurobiologie Morphofonctionnelle INSERM U. 378 Institute François Magendie, Bordeaux, France
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41
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Hindermann W, Berndt A, Borsi L, Luo X, Hyckel P, Katenkamp D, Kosmehl H. Synthesis and protein distribution of the unspliced large tenascin-C isoform in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 1999; 189:475-80. [PMID: 10629546 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199912)189:4<475::aid-path462>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion or omission of the alternatively spliced region in the tenascin-C (Tn-C) mRNA gives rise to the large (Tn-C(L)) or small (Tn-C(S)) variant, respectively. Tn-C(L) is thought to be a typical component of provisional extracellular matrices (ECMs) and is expressed during tumour stroma remodelling. Tn-C(L) synthesis has been studied using RNA/RNA in situ hybridization, and Tn-C(L) protein distribution, using immunohistochemistry (clone BC-2), in 18 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) of different grades of malignancy. While the Tn-C(L) protein was demonstrated within the whole stromal compartment regardless of grade of malignancy, the majority of the Tn-C(L) mRNA signal-bearing cells were carcinoma cells. Only a few stromal myofibroblasts were able to synthesize Tn-C(L), as revealed by alpha-smooth muscle actin double staining. In well-differentiated carcinomas (G1), the Tn-C(L) synthesizing carcinoma cells were localized as a single positive cell layer in the tumour stroma interface, particularly in invasive areas. A higher grade of malignancy (G2/G3) is associated with a significantly increased number of Tn-C(L) synthesizing carcinoma cells randomly distributed within the invading tumour areas. Double-staining experiments (Tn-C(L) mRNA ISH/BC-2 immunohistochemistry) indicate that these cells are capable of organizing and depositing a three-dimensional Tn-C(L) matrix. Even though an instructive and/or inductive role of the carcinoma cells in tumour stroma formation cannot be excluded, these results demonstrate that carcinoma cells can directly produce the ECM components of tumour stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hindermann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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42
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Zeng L, D'Alessandri L, Kalousek MB, Vaughan L, Pallen CJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPalpha) and contactin form a novel neuronal receptor complex linked to the intracellular tyrosine kinase fyn. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:707-14. [PMID: 10562275 PMCID: PMC2156155 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.4.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked receptors and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), both play key roles in nervous system development, although the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Despite lacking a transmembrane domain, GPI receptors can recruit intracellular src family tyrosine kinases to receptor complexes. Few ligands for the extracellular regions of RPTPs are known, relegating most to the status of orphan receptors. We demonstrate that PTPalpha, an RPTP that dephosphorylates and activates src family kinases, forms a novel membrane-spanning complex with the neuronal GPI-anchored receptor contactin. PTPalpha and contactin associate in a lateral (cis) complex mediated through the extracellular region of PTPalpha. This complex is stable to isolation from brain lysates or transfected cells through immunoprecipitation and to antibody-induced coclustering of PTPalpha and contactin within cells. This is the first demonstration of a receptor PTP in a cis configuration with another cell surface receptor, suggesting an additional mode for regulation of a PTP. The transmembrane and catalytic nature of PTPalpha indicate that it likely forms the transducing element of the complex, and we postulate that the role of contactin is to assemble a phosphorylation-competent system at the cell surface, conferring a dynamic signal transduction capability to the recognition element.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zeng
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 117609, Republic of Singapore
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43
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Berglund EO, Murai KK, Fredette B, Sekerková G, Marturano B, Weber L, Mugnaini E, Ranscht B. Ataxia and abnormal cerebellar microorganization in mice with ablated contactin gene expression. Neuron 1999; 24:739-50. [PMID: 10595523 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Axon guidance and target recognition depend on neuronal cell surface receptors that recognize and elicit selective growth cone responses to guidance cues in the environment. Contactin, a cell adhesion/recognition molecule of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, regulates axon growth and fasciculation in vitro, but its role in vivo is unknown. To assess its function in the developing nervous system, we have ablated contactin gene expression in mice. Contactin-/- mutants displayed a severe ataxic phenotype consistent with defects in the cerebellum and survived only until postnatal day 18. Analysis of the contactin-/- mutant cerebellum revealed defects in granule cell axon guidance and in dendritic projections from granule and Golgi cells. These results demonstrate that contactin controls axonal and dendritic interactions of cerebellar interneurons and contributes to cerebellar microorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Berglund
- The Burnham Institute Neurobiology Program, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Virgintino D, Ambrosini M, D'Errico P, Bertossi M, Papadaki C, Karagogeos D, Gennarini G. Regional distribution and cell type-specific expression of the mouse F3 axonal glycoprotein: a developmental study. J Comp Neurol 1999; 413:357-72. [PMID: 10502245 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991025)413:3<357::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the mouse axonal adhesive glycoprotein F3 and of its mRNA was studied on sections of mouse cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb from postnatal days 0 (P0) to 30 (P30). In cerebellar cortex, a differential expression of F3 in granule versus Purkinje neurons was observed. F3 was highly expressed during migration of and initial axonal growth from cerebellar granule cells. The molecule was then downregulated on cell bodies and remained expressed, although at low levels, on their axonal extensions. On Purkinje cells, F3 was strongly expressed on cell bodies and processes at the beginning of the second postnatal week; by P16 it was restricted to neurites of Purkinje cells subpopulations. In the cerebral cortex, the molecule was highly expressed on migrating neurons at P0; by P16, it was found essentially within the neuropil with a diffuse pattern. In the hippocampal formation, where F3 was expressed on both pyramidal and granule neurons, a clear shift from the cell bodies to neurite extensions was observed on P3. In the olfactory pathway, F3 was expressed mainly on olfactory nerve fibers, mitral cells, and the synaptic glomeruli from P0 to P3, with a sharp decline from P11 to P16. As a whole, the data show that F3 protein expression is regulated at the regional, cellular, and subcellular levels and suggest that, in different regions, it can be proposed as a reliable neuronal differentiation marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Virgintino
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia e Fisiologia Umana, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Bari, I-70124 Bari, Italy
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45
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Zacharias U, Nörenberg U, Rathjen FG. Functional interactions of the immunoglobulin superfamily member F11 are differentially regulated by the extracellular matrix proteins tenascin-R and tenascin-C. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:24357-65. [PMID: 10446214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon-associated protein F11 is a GPI-anchored member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that promotes axon outgrowth and that shows a complex binding pattern toward multiple cell surface and extracellular matrix proteins including tenascin-R and tenascin-C. In this study, we demonstrate that tenascin-R and tenascin-C differentially modulate cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth of tectal cells on F11. While soluble tenascin-R increases the number of attached cells and the percentage of cells with neurites on immobilized F11, tenascin-C stimulates cell attachment to a similar extent but decreases neurite outgrowth. The cellular receptor interacting with F11 has been previously identified as NrCAM; however, in the presence of tenascin-R or tenascin-C cell attachment and neurite extension are independent of NrCAM. Antibody perturbation experiments indicate that beta(1) integrins instead of NrCAM function as receptor for neurite outgrowth of tectal cells on an F11.TN-R complex. Cellular binding assays support the possibility that the interaction of F11 to NrCAM is blocked in the presence of tenascin-R and tenascin-C. Furthermore, a sandwich binding assay demonstrates that tenascin-R and tenascin-C are able to form larger molecular complexes and to link F11 polypeptides by forming a molecular bridge. These results suggest that the molecular interactions of F11 might be regulated by the presence of tenascin-R and tenascin-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zacharias
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13122 Berlin, Germany.
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46
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Zamze S, Harvey DJ, Pesheva P, Mattu TS, Schachner M, Dwek RA, Wing DR. Glycosylation of a CNS-specific extracellular matrix glycoprotein, tenascin-R, is dominated by O-linked sialylated glycans and "brain-type" neutral N-glycans. Glycobiology 1999; 9:823-31. [PMID: 10406848 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.8.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the tenascin family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, tenascin-R is located exclusively in the CNS. It is believed to play a role in myelination and axonal stabilization and, through repulsive properties, may contribute to the lack of regeneration of CNS axons following damage. The contrary functions of the tenascins have been localized to the different structural domains of the protein. However, little is known concerning the influence of the carbohydrate conjugated to the many potential sites for N - and O -glycosylation (10-20% by weight). As a first analytical requirement, we show that >80% of the N -glycans in tenascin-R are neutral and dominated by complex biantennary structures. These display the "brain-type" characteristics of outer-arm- and core-fucosylation, a bisecting N -acetylglucosamine and, significantly, an abundance of antennae truncation. In some structures, truncation resulted in only a single mannose residue remaining on the 3-arm, a particularly unusual consequence of the N -glycan processing pathway. In contrast to brain tissue, hybrid and oligomannosidic N -glycans were either absent or in low abundance. A high relative abundance of O -linked sialylated glycans was found. This was associated with a significant potential for O -linked glycosylation sites and multivalent display of the sialic acid residues. These O -glycans were dominated by the disialylated structure, NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-3(NeuAcalpha2-6)GalNAc. The possibility that these O -glycans enable tenascin-R to interact in the CNS either with the myelin associated glycoprotein or with sialoadhesin on activated microglia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zamze
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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47
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Yamamoto K, Dang QN, Kennedy SP, Osathanondh R, Kelly RA, Lee RT. Induction of tenascin-C in cardiac myocytes by mechanical deformation. Role of reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:21840-6. [PMID: 10419501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overload may change cardiac structure through angiotensin II-dependent and angiotensin II-independent mechanisms. We investigated the effects of mechanical strain on the gene expression of tenascin-C, a prominent extracellular molecule in actively remodeling tissues, in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Mechanical strain induced tenascin-C mRNA (3.9 +/- 0.5-fold, p < 0.01, n = 13) and tenascin-C protein in an amplitude-dependent manner but did not induce secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine nor fibronectin. RNase protection assay demonstrated that mechanical strain induced all three alternatively spliced isoforms of tenascin-C. An angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist inhibited mechanical induction of brain natriuretic peptide but not tenascin-C. Antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, catalase, and 1, 2-dihydroxy-benzene-3,5-disulfonate significantly inhibited induction of tenascin-C. Truncated tenascin-C promoter-reporter assays using dominant negative mutants of IkappaBalpha and IkappaB kinase beta and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that mechanical strain increases tenascin-C gene transcription by activating nuclear factor-kappaB through reactive oxygen species. Our findings demonstrate that mechanical strain induces tenascin-C in cardiac myocytes through a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent and angiotensin II-independent mechanism. These data also suggest that reactive oxygen species may participate in mechanically induced left ventricular remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt/pharmacology
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Alternative Splicing
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Catalase/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart Ventricles
- I-kappa B Kinase
- I-kappa B Proteins
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- Osteonectin/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Stress, Mechanical
- Tenascin/biosynthesis
- Tenascin/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Probstmeier R, Michels M, Franz T, Chan BM, Pesheva P. Tenascin-R interferes with integrin-dependent oligodendrocyte precursor cell adhesion by a ganglioside-mediated signalling mechanism. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:2474-88. [PMID: 10383637 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage progression is characterized by the transient expression of the disialoganglioside GD3 by OL precursor (preOL) cells followed by the sequential expression of myelin-specific lipids and proteins. Whereas GD3+ preOLs are highly motile cells, the migratory capacity of OLs committed to terminal differentiation is strongly reduced, and we have recently shown that the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-R (TN-R) promotes the stable adhesion and differentiation of O4+ OLs by a sulphatide-mediated autocrine mechanism (O4 is a monoclonal antibody recognizing sulphatides/seminolipids expressed by OLs and in myelin). Using culture conditions that allow the isolation of mouse OLs at distinct lineage stages, here we demonstrate that TN-R is antiadhesive for GD3+ preOLs and inhibits their integrin-dependent adhesion to fibronectin (FN) by a disialoganglioside-mediated signalling mechanism affecting the tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase. This responsive mechanism appears to be common to various cell types expressing disialogangliosides as: (i) disialogangliosides interfered with the inhibition of cell adhesion of different neural and non-neural cells on substrata containing TN-R and FN or RGD-containing FN fragments. TN-R interacted specifically with disialoganglioside-expressing cells or immobilized gangliosides, and ganglioside treatment of TN-R substrata resulted in a delayed preOL cell detachment as a function of time. We conclude that OL response to one and the same signal in the extracellular matrix critically depends on the molecular repertoire expressed by OLs at different lineage stages and could thus define their final positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Probstmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115, Germany
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49
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Abstract
Tenascin-C is a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that acts in vitro as both a permissive and a nonpermissive substrate for neurite growth. We analyzed, by immunocytochemistry, the distribution of tenascin-C along neural growth pathways in the developing mouse cochlea. In the spiral lamina, tenascin-C coexists in a region where nerve bundles arborize. In the organ of Corti, tenascin-C lines the neural pathways along pillar and Deiters' cells before and during the time of nerve fiber ingrowth. By embryonic day 16, tenascin-C is abundant on the pillar side of the inner hair cell but does not accumulate on the modiolar side until about birth, a time after the arrival of afferent fibers. The synaptic zones beneath outer hair cells are strongly labeled during the time when early events in afferent synaptogenesis are progressing but not during the time of efferent synaptogenesis. At the age when most neural growth ceases, tenascin-C immunoreactivity disappears. Faint tenascin-C immunolabeling of normal hair cells, strong tenascin immunolabeling in pathological hair cells of Bronx waltzer (bv/bv) mice, and staining for beta-galactosidase, whose gene replaces tenascin in a "knockout" mouse, indicate that hair cells supply at least part of the tenascin-C. The changing composition of the extracellular matrix in the synaptic region during afferent and efferent synaptogenesis is consistent with a role for tenascin in synaptogenesis. The presence of tenascin-C along the growth routes of nerve fibers, particularly toward the outer hair cells, raises the possibility that growth cone interactions with tenascin-C helps to guide nerve fibers in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Whitlon
- Audiology and Hearing Sciences Program and Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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50
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Revest JM, Faivre-Sarrailh C, Maeda N, Noda M, Schachner M, Rougon G. The interaction between F3 immunoglobulin domains and protein tyrosine phosphatases zeta/beta triggers bidirectional signalling between neurons and glial cells. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:1134-47. [PMID: 10103110 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
F3, a mouse glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchored molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is known to influence axonal growth and fasciculation via multiple interactions of its modular immunoglobulin-like domains. We prepared an Fc chimeric molecule (F3IgFc) to identify molecules interacting with these domains and characterize the functional impact of the interactions. We affinity-isolated tenascin-C and isoforms of the proteoglycan-type protein tyrosine phosphatases zeta/beta (PTPzeta/RPTPbeta) from extracts of developing mouse brain. We showed that both PTPzeta/RPTPbeta and tenascin-C can bind directly to F3, possibly in an exclusive manner, with the highest affinity for the F3-PTPzeta/RPTPbeta interaction. We observed a strong binding of F3IgFc-coated fluorospheres to astrocytes in neural primary cultures and to C6 astrocytoma cells, and demonstrated, in antibody perturbation experiments, that F3-Ig binding on astrocytes depends on its interaction with PTPzeta/RPTPbeta. We also found by confocal analysis that tenascin-C and PTPzeta/RPTPbeta were colocalized on astrocytes which suggests a complex interplay of interactions between PTPzeta/RPTPbeta, tenascin-C and F3. We showed that the interaction between PTPzeta/RPTPbeta and F3-Ig-like domains can trigger bidirectional signalling. C6 glia-expressed PTPzeta/RPTPbeta stimulated neurite outgrowth by cortical and cerebellar neurons, whereas preclustered F3IgFc specifically modified the distribution of phosphotyrosine labelling in these glial cells. Both effects could be prevented and/or mimicked by anti-F3 and anti-6B4PG antibodies. These results identify F3 and PTPzeta/RPTPbeta as potential mediators of a reciprocal exchange of information between glia and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Revest
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie du Développement, CNRS 6545 Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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