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Cassau S, Krieger J. Evidence for a role of SNMP2 and antennal support cells in sensillum lymph clearance processes of moth pheromone-responsive sensilla. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 164:104046. [PMID: 38043913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In insect antenna, following the activation of olfactory sensory neurons, odorant molecules are inactivated by enzymes in the sensillum lymph. How the inactivation products are cleared from the sensillum lymph is presently unknown. Here we studied the role of support cells (SCs) and the so-called sensory neuron membrane protein 2 (SNMP2), a member of the CD36 family of lipid transporters abundantly expressed in SCs, in sensillum lymph clearance processes in the moths Heliothis virescens and Bombyx mori. In these species, the sex pheromone components are inactivated to long-chain fatty acids. To approach a role of SNMP2 in the removal of such inactivation products, we analyzed the uptake of a fluorescent long-chain fatty acid analog into a newly generated HvirSNMP2-expressing cell line. We found an increased uptake of the analog into SNMP2-cells compared to control cells, which could be blocked by the CD36 protein inhibitor, SSO. Furthermore, analyses of sensilla from antenna treated with the fatty acid analog indicated that SNMP2-expressing SCs are able to take up fatty acids from the sensillum lymph. In addition, sensilla from SSO-pretreated antenna of B. mori showed reduced removal of the fluorescent analog from the sensillum lymph. Finally, we revealed that SSO pretreatment of male silkmoth antenna significantly prolonged the duration of the female pheromone-induced wing-fluttering behavior, possibly as a result of impaired lymph clearance processes. Together our findings in H. virescens and B. mori support a pivotal role of olfactory SCs in sensillum lymph maintenance processes and suggest an integral role of SNMP2 in the removal of lipophilic "waste products" such as fatty acids resulting from sex pheromone inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Cassau
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Gaspar CJ, Gomes T, Martins JC, Melo MN, Adrain C, Cordeiro TN, Domingos PM. Xport-A functions as a chaperone by stabilizing the first five transmembrane domains of rhodopsin-1. iScience 2023; 26:108309. [PMID: 38025784 PMCID: PMC10663829 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin-1 (Rh1), the main photosensitive protein of Drosophila, is a seven-transmembrane domain protein, which is inserted co-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Biogenesis of Rh1 occurs in the ER, where various chaperones interact with Rh1 to aid in its folding and subsequent transport from the ER to the rhabdomere, the light-sensing organelle of the photoreceptors. Xport-A has been proposed as a chaperone/transport factor for Rh1, but the exact molecular mechanism for Xport-A activity upon Rh1 is unknown. Here, we propose a model where Xport-A functions as a chaperone during the biogenesis of Rh1 in the ER by stabilizing the first five transmembrane domains (TMDs) of Rh1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina J. Gaspar
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago Gomes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana C. Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Colin Adrain
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7AE Belfast, UK
| | - Tiago N. Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Li JX, Tian Z, Liu XF, Li B, An HM, Brent CS, Wang JL, Wang XP, Liu W. Juvenile hormone regulates the photoperiodic plasticity of elytra coloration in the ladybird Harmonia axyridis. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2884-2897. [PMID: 36811404 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Many animals, including insects, exhibit plasticity of body colour in response to environmental changes. Varied expression of carotenoids, major cuticle pigments, significantly contributes to body colour flexibility. However, the molecular mechanisms by which environmental cues regulate carotenoid expression remain largely unknown. In this study, we used the ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model to investigate the photoperiodic-responsive plasticity of elytra coloration and its endocrine regulation. It was found that H. axyridis females under long-day conditions develop elytra that are much redder than those under short-day conditions, resulting from the differential accumulation of carotenoids. Exogenous hormone application and RNAi-mediated gene knockdown indicate that carotenoid deposition was directed through the juvenile hormone (JH) receptor-mediated canonical pathway. Moreover, we characterized an SR-BI/CD36 (SCRB) gene SCRB10 as the carotenoid transporter responding to JH signalling and regulating the elytra coloration plasticity. Taken together, we propose that JH signalling transcriptionally regulates the carotenoid transporter gene for the photoperiodic coloration plasticity of elytra in the beetles, which reveals a novel role of the endocrine system in the regulation of carotenoid-associated animal body coloration under environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Feng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Min An
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Colin S Brent
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arid Land Agricultural Centre, Maricopa, Arizona, USA
| | - Jia-Lu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Cassau S, Degen A, Krüger S, Krieger J. The specific expression patterns of sensory neuron membrane proteins are retained throughout the development of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:100053. [PMID: 36874554 PMCID: PMC9974456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The desert locust Schistocerca gregaria detects odorants through olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are surrounded by non-neuronal support cells (SCs). OSNs and SCs are housed in cuticle structures, named sensilla found abundantly on the antenna in all developmental stages of the hemimetabolic insect. In insects, multiple proteins expressed by OSNs and SCs are indicated to play a pivotal role in the detection of odorants. This includes insect-specific members of the CD36 family of lipid receptors and transporters called sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). While the distribution pattern of the SNMP1 and SNMP2 subtypes in OSNs and SCs across different sensilla types has been elucidated for the adult S. gregaria antenna, their localization in cells and sensilla of different developmental stages is unclear. Here, we determined the SNMP1 and SNMP2 expression topography on the antenna of the first, third and fifth instar nymphs. Through FIHC experiments we found that in all developmental stages SNMP1 is expressed in OSNs and SCs of the trichoid and basiconic sensilla while SNMP2 is restricted to the SCs of the basiconic and coeloconic sensilla thus resembling the adult arrangement. Our results demonstrate that both SNMP types have defined cell- and sensilla-specific distribution patterns established already in the first instar nymphs and retained into the adult stage. This conserved expression topography underlines the importance of SNMP1 and SNMP2 in olfactory processes throughout the development of the desert locust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Cassau
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Angelina Degen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephanie Krüger
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Developmental Biology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Biocenter, Microscopy Unit, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Chen SP, Lin XL, Qiu RZ, Chi MX, Yang G. An LW-Opsin Mutation Changes the Gene Expression of the Phototransduction Pathway: A Cryptochrome1 Mutation Enhances the Phototaxis of Male Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:72. [PMID: 36662000 PMCID: PMC9860677 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella is a typical phototactic pest. LW-opsin contributes to the phototaxis of P. xylostella, but the expression changes of other genes in the phototransduction pathway caused by the mutation of LW-opsin remain unknown. In the study, the head transcriptomes of male G88 and LW-opsin mutants were compared. A GO-function annotation showed that DEGs mainly belonged to the categories of molecular functions, biological processes, and cell composition. Additionally, a KEGG-pathway analysis suggested that DEGs were significantly enriched in some classical pathways, such as the phototransduction-fly and vitamin digestion and absorption pathways. The mRNA expressions of genes in the phototransduction-fly pathway, such as Gq, ninaC, and rdgC were significantly up-regulated, and trp, trpl, inaD, cry1, ninaA and arr1 were significantly down-regulated. The expression trends of nine DEGs in the phototransduction pathway confirmed by a RT-qPCR were consistent with transcriptomic data. In addition, the influence of a cry1 mutation on the phototaxis of P. xylostella was examined, and the results showed that the male cry1 mutant exhibited higher phototactic rates to UV and blue lights than the male G88. Our results indicated that the LW-opsin mutation changed the expression of genes in the phototransduction pathway, and the mutation of cry1 enhanced the phototaxis of a P. xylostella male, providing a basis for further investigation on the phototransduction pathway in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rong-Zhou Qiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Chi
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Takeshima M, Ogihara MH, Kataoka H. Characterization and functional analysis of BmSR-B1 for phytosterol uptake. Steroids 2022; 184:109039. [PMID: 35588900 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insects cannot synthesize sterols, such as cholesterol, and require sterols in their diet. Phytophagous insects use dietary phytosterols as a source of cholesterol. Sterols are transported from the midgut by the insect lipoprotein, lipophorin (Lp), although mechanisms for uptake of phytosterols into tissues are unclear. This study characterizes Scavenger Receptor class B type1 (SR-B1) from Bombyx mori (BmSR-B1) as molecules related to phytosterol uptake. According to sterol quantification using LC-MS/MS analysis, the midgut and fat body were phytosterol-rich relative to cholesterol-rich brain and prothoracic glands. Gene expression analysis of Bmsr-b1 in silkworm tissues showed that the genes Bmsr-b1_2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 were expressed in the midgut and fat body. To characterize the function of BmSR-B1, 11 BmSR-B1 homologs expressed in Bombyx ovary-derived BmN cells and Drosophila melanogaster embryo-derived Schneider 2 (S2) cells were incubated with purified Lp. Our analysis showed that BmSR-B1_3 induced the accumulation of campesterol and BmSR-B1_4 induced the accumulation of β-sitosterol and campesterol in culture cells. BmSR-B1 incorporated specific phytosterols into insect cells by selective uptake across the cell membrane where BmSR-B1 was localized. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that one function of BmSR-B1 is the uptake of phytosterols into silkworm tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takeshima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan; Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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Cassau S, Sander D, Karcher T, Laue M, Hause G, Breer H, Krieger J. The Sensilla-Specific Expression and Subcellular Localization of SNMP1 and SNMP2 Reveal Novel Insights into Their Roles in the Antenna of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070579. [PMID: 35886755 PMCID: PMC9317141 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, can form gigantic swarms of millions of individuals that devastate the vegetation of invaded landscapes. Locust food search, reproduction, and aggregation behaviors are triggered and controlled by complex olfactory signals. Insects detect odorants through different types of olfactory sensilla on the antenna that house olfactory sensory neurons and associated support cells, both of which express the proteins required for olfactory signaling. Among these proteins, two members of the CD36 lipid transporter/receptor family, named sensory neuron membrane proteins 1 and 2 (SNMP1 and SNMP2), are indicated to be of vital importance. Towards a better understanding of the role of the two SNMPs in the olfactory system of S. gregaria, we have analysed their antennal topography and subcellular localization using specific antibodies. The results indicate sensilla type- and cell type-specific distribution patterns of the SNMP proteins. SNMP1 was located in the receptive dendrites of subpopulations of olfactory sensory neurons as well as in the microvilli of associated support cells, suggesting a dual function of this protein, both in olfactory signal detection and in sensillum lymph maintenance, respectively. In contrast, SNMP2 was found solely in support cells and their microvilli membranes, suggesting a role limited to sensillum lymph recovery processes. Abstract Insect olfactory sensilla house olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and supports cells (SCs). The olfactory sensory processes require, besides the odorant receptors (ORs), insect-specific members of the CD36 family, named sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). While SNMP1 is considered to act as a coreceptor in the OR-mediated detection of pheromones, SNMP2 was found to be expressed in SCs; however, its function is unknown. For the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, we previously visualized mRNA for SNMP1 in OSNs and SNMP2 mRNA in cells associated with OSN clusters. Towards an understanding of their functional implication, it is imperative to explore the cellular and the subcellular localization the SNMP proteins. Therefore, we have generated polyclonal antibodies against SNMP1 and SNMP2 and used fluorescence immunohistochemistry (FIHC) to visualize the SNMP proteins. We found SNMP1 in the somata and respective dendrites of all OSNs in trichoid sensilla and in subsets of OSNs in basiconic sensilla. Notably, SNMP1 was also detected in SCs of these sensilla types. In contrast, SNMP2 protein was only visualized in SCs of basiconic and coeloconic sensilla, but not of trichoid sensilla. Exploring the subcellular localization by electron microscopy using anti-SNMP1-ab and anti-SNMP2-ab revealed an immunogold labelling of SC microvilli bordering the sensillum lymph. Together our findings suggest a dual role of SNMP1 in the antenna of S. gregaria, in some OSN subpopulations in odor detection as well as in functions of some SCs, whereas the role of SNMP2 is limited to the functions of support cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Cassau
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.S.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Doreen Sander
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Karcher
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.S.); (T.K.)
- BMG Labtech GmbH, 77799 Ortenberg, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 4 (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gerd Hause
- Microscopy Unit, Biocenter, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (D.S.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.K.)
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Zhu X, Xu B, Qin Z, Kader A, Song B, Chen H, Liu Y, Liu W. Identification of Candidate Olfactory Genes in Scolytus schevyrewi Based on Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717698. [PMID: 34671270 PMCID: PMC8521011 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi (S. schevyrewi), is an economically important pest in China that causes serious damage to the fruit industry, particularly, in Xinjiang Province. Chemical signals play an important role in the behavior of most insects, accordingly, ecofriendly traps can be used to monitor and control the target pests in agriculture. In order to lay a foundation for future research on chemical communication mechanisms at the molecular level, we generate antennal transcriptome databases for male and female S. schevyrewi using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. By assembling and analyzing the adult male and female antennal transcriptomes, we identified 47 odorant receptors (ORs), 22 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 22 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), and 11 chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Furthermore, expression levels of all the candidate OBPs and CSPs were validated in different tissues of male and female adults by semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). ScosOBP2 and ScosOBP18 were highly expressed in female antennae. ScosCSP2, ScosCSP3, and ScosCSP5 were specifically expressed in the antennae of both males and females. These results provide new potential molecular targets to inform and improve future management strategies of S. schevyrewi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Bingqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhenjie Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Abudukyoum Kader
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Huang HW, Ryoo HD. Drosophila fabp is required for light-dependent Rhodopsin-1 clearance and photoreceptor survival. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009551. [PMID: 34714826 PMCID: PMC8580249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins are light-detecting proteins coupled with retinal chromophores essential for visual function. Coincidentally, dysfunctional Rhodopsin homeostasis underlies retinal degeneration in humans and model organisms. Drosophila ninaEG69D mutant is one such example, where the encoded Rh1 protein imposes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and causes light-dependent retinal degeneration. The underlying reason for such light-dependency remains unknown. Here, we report that Drosophila fatty acid binding protein (fabp) is a gene induced in ninaEG69D/+ photoreceptors, and regulates light-dependent Rhodopsin-1 (Rh1) protein clearance and photoreceptor survival. Specifically, our photoreceptor-specific gene expression profiling study in ninaEG69D/+ flies revealed increased expression of fabp together with other genes that control light-dependent Rh1 protein degradation. fabp induction in ninaEG69D photoreceptors required vitamin A and its transporter genes. In flies reared under light, loss of fabp caused an accumulation of Rh1 proteins in cytoplasmic vesicles. The increase in Rh1 levels under these conditions was dependent on Arrestin2 that mediates feedback inhibition of light-activated Rh1. fabp mutants exhibited light-dependent retinal degeneration, a phenotype also found in other mutants that block light-induced Rh1 degradation. These observations reveal a previously unrecognized link between light-dependent Rh1 proteostasis and the ER-stress imposing ninaEG69D mutant that cause retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Wei Huang
- Department of Cell Biology NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology NYU Grossman School of Medicine New York, New York, United States of America
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10
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Liu W, Cao H, Liao S, Kudłak B, Williams MJ, Schiöth HB. Dibutyl phthalate disrupts conserved circadian rhythm in Drosophila and human cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147038. [PMID: 34088158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
People are constantly exposed to phthalates, due to their common use in the production of plastics, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and skin care products. The ability of phthalates to disrupt endocrine signaling, leading to developmental, reproductive and metabolic defects, has been studied, yet how phthalates interfere with these biological functions is still unclear. To uncover DBP interacting molecular pathways, we raised Drosophila melanogaster on food containing dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at various concentrations. Whole transcriptome analysis of adult Drosophila reveals that DBP exposure throughout development disrupts the expression of genes central to circadian rhythm regulation, including increased expression of vrille (vri, human NFIL3), timeless (tim, human TIMELESS) and period (per, human PER3), with decreased expression of Pigment-dispersing factor (Pdf). DBP exposure also alters the expression of the evolutionarily conserved nuclear receptor Hormone receptor-like in 38 (Hr38, human NR4A2), which is known to regulate Pdf expression. Furthermore, behavioral assays determined that exposing Drosophila to DBP throughout development modifies the circadian rhythm of adults. Although DBP inhibits the expression of signaling systems regulating vision, including Rh5 and Rh6, two light-sensing G-protein coupled receptors involved in the daily resetting of circadian rhythm, it does not influence eye development. Circadian rhythm genes are well conserved from flies to humans; therefore, we tested the effect of DBP exposure on human breast cells (MCF10A) and demonstrate that, similar to the fruit fly model, this exposure disrupts circadian rhythm (BMAL1 expression) at doses that promote the proliferation and migration ability of MCF10A cells. Our results are the first to provide comprehensive evidence that DBP interferes with circadian rhythm in both adult Drosophila and human cells, which may help to explain the broad physiological action of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hao Cao
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sifang Liao
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michael J Williams
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Mitra S, Ryoo HD. The role of Ire1 in Drosophila eye pigmentation revealed by an RNase dead allele. Dev Biol 2021; 478:205-211. [PMID: 34265355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ire1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane RNase that cleaves substrate mRNAs to help cells adapt to ER stress. Because there are cell types with physiological ER stress, loss of Ire1 results in metabolic and developmental defects in diverse organisms. In Drosophila, Ire1 mutants show developmental defects at early larval stages and in pupal eye photoreceptor differentiation. These Drosophila studies relied on a single Ire1 loss of function allele with a Piggybac insertion in the coding sequence. Here, we report that an Ire1 allele with a specific impairment in the RNase domain, H890A, unmasks previously unrecognized Ire1 phenotypes in Drosophila eye pigmentation. Specifically, we found that the adult eye pigmentation is altered, and the pigment granules are compromised in Ire1H890A homozygous mosaic eyes. Furthermore, the Ire1H890A mutant eyes had dramatically reduced Rhodopsin-1 protein levels. Drosophila eye pigment granules are most notably associated with late endosome/lysosomal defects. Our results indicate that the loss of Ire1, which would impair ER homeostasis, also results in altered adult eye pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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12
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Xu W, Zhang H, Liao Y, Papanicolaou A. Characterization of sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) in cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:769-779. [PMID: 32420694 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) play a critical role in insect chemosensory system. Previously, three SNMPs were identified, characterized and functionally investigated in a lepidopteran model insect, Bombyx mori. However, whether these results are consistent across other lepidopteran species are unknown. Here genome and transcriptome data analysis, expression profiling, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and the yeast hybridization system were utilized to examine snmp genes of Helicoverpa armigera, one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests in cropping areas. In silico expression and qRT-PCR analyses showed that, just as the B. mori snmp genes, H. armigera snmp1 (Harmsnmp1) is specifically expressed in adult antennae. Harmsnmp2 is broadly expressed in multiple tissues including adult antennae, tarsi, larval antennae and mouthparts. Harmsnmp3 is specifically expressed in larval midguts. Further RNAseq analysis suggested that the expression levels of Harmsnmp2 and Harmsnmp3 differed significantly depending on the plant species on which the larvae fed, indicating they may be involved in plant-feeding behaviours. Yeast hybridization results revealed a protein-protein interaction between HarmSNMP1 and the sex pheromone receptor, HarmOR13. This study demonstrated that SNMPs may share same functions and mechanisms in different lepidopteran species, which improved our understanding of insect snmp genes and their functions in lepidopterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yalin Liao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Alexie Papanicolaou
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
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13
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Whittle CA, Kulkarni A, Chung N, Extavour CG. Adaptation of codon and amino acid use for translational functions in highly expressed cricket genes. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:234. [PMID: 33823803 PMCID: PMC8022432 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For multicellular organisms, much remains unknown about the dynamics of synonymous codon and amino acid use in highly expressed genes, including whether their use varies with expression in different tissue types and sexes. Moreover, specific codons and amino acids may have translational functions in highly transcribed genes, that largely depend on their relationships to tRNA gene copies in the genome. However, these relationships and putative functions are poorly understood, particularly in multicellular systems. RESULTS Here, we studied codon and amino acid use in highly expressed genes from reproductive and nervous system tissues (male and female gonad, somatic reproductive system, brain and ventral nerve cord, and male accessory glands) in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We report an optimal codon, defined as the codon preferentially used in highly expressed genes, for each of the 18 amino acids with synonymous codons in this organism. The optimal codons were mostly shared among tissue types and both sexes. However, the frequency of optimal codons was highest in gonadal genes. Concordant with translational selection, a majority of the optimal codons had abundant matching tRNA gene copies in the genome, but sometimes obligately required wobble tRNAs. We suggest the latter may comprise a mechanism for slowing translation of abundant transcripts, particularly for cell-cycle genes. Non-optimal codons, defined as those least commonly used in highly transcribed genes, intriguingly often had abundant tRNAs, and had elevated use in a subset of genes with specialized functions (gametic and apoptosis genes), suggesting their use promotes the translational upregulation of particular mRNAs. In terms of amino acids, we found evidence suggesting that amino acid frequency, tRNA gene copy number, and amino acid biosynthetic costs (size/complexity) had all interdependently evolved in this insect model, potentially for translational optimization. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results suggest a model whereby codon use in highly expressed genes, including optimal, wobble, and non-optimal codons, and their tRNA abundances, as well as amino acid use, have been influenced by adaptation for various functional roles in translation within this cricket. The effects of expression in different tissue types and the two sexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Whittle
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Arpita Kulkarni
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nina Chung
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.
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14
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Mahé C, Jumarie C, Boily M. The countryside or the city: Which environment is better for the honeybee? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110784. [PMID: 33497676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For a number of years, the decline of honeybee (Apis mellifera) in North America and Europe has been the subject of much debate. Among the many factors proposed by hundreds of studies to explain this phenomenon is the hypothesis that agricultural activities using pesticides contribute to the weakness of bee colonies. Moreover, while urban beekeeping is presently booming in several cities, we do not know if this environment is more beneficial for bees than the typical, rural area. In the summer of 2018, we sampled honeybees (foragers and larvae) in rural (Laurentians) and urban (city of Montreal) areas and compared them using the following biomarkers: carotenoids, retinoids, α-tocopherol, metallothionein-like proteins (MTLPs), lipid peroxidation, triglycerides, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and proteins. Pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and metals were also quantified in honeybees' tissues. Our result revealed that, globally, urban foragers had higher levels of insecticides and PPCPs and that metals were in greater concentrations in urban larvae. Compared to rural foragers, urban foragers had higher concentrations of MTLPs, triglycerides, protein and AChE activity. The multifactorial analysis confirmed that insecticides, some metals and PPCPs were the most influential components in the contaminant‒biomarker relationships for both foragers and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mahé
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN). Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | - C Jumarie
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN). Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | - M Boily
- Groupe de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN). Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8.
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15
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Dewett D, Lam-Kamath K, Poupault C, Khurana H, Rister J. Mechanisms of vitamin A metabolism and deficiency in the mammalian and fly visual system. Dev Biol 2021; 476:68-78. [PMID: 33774009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency can cause human pathologies that range from blindness to embryonic malformations. This diversity is due to the lack of two major vitamin A metabolites with very different functions: the chromophore 11-cis-retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) is a critical component of the visual pigment that mediates phototransduction, while the signaling molecule all-trans-retinoic acid regulates the development of various tissues and is required for the function of the immune system. Since animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, they must obtain it either as preformed vitamin A from animal products or as carotenoid precursors from plant sources. Due to its essential role in the visual system, acute vitamin A deprivation impairs photoreceptor function and causes night blindness (poor vision under dim light conditions), while chronic deprivation results in retinal dystrophies and photoreceptor cell death. Chronic vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness according to the World Health Organization. Due to the requirement of vitamin A for retinoic acid signaling in development and in the immune system, vitamin A deficiency also causes increased mortality in children and pregnant women in developing countries. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to study the effects of vitamin A deprivation on the eye because vitamin A is not essential for Drosophila development and chronic deficiency does not cause lethality. Moreover, genetic screens in Drosophila have identified evolutionarily conserved factors that mediate the production of vitamin A and its cellular uptake. Here, we review our current knowledge about the role of vitamin A in the visual system of mammals and Drosophila melanogaster. We compare the molecular mechanisms that mediate the uptake of dietary vitamin A precursors and the metabolism of vitamin A, as well as the consequences of vitamin A deficiency for the structure and function of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshe Dewett
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Khanh Lam-Kamath
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Clara Poupault
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Heena Khurana
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Jens Rister
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The sense of smell enables insects to recognize olfactory signals crucial for survival and reproduction. In insects, odorant detection highly depends on the interplay of distinct proteins expressed by specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and associated support cells which are housed together in chemosensory units, named sensilla, mainly located on the antenna. Besides odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and olfactory receptors, so-called sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) are indicated to play a critical role in the detection of certain odorants. SNMPs are insect-specific membrane proteins initially identified in pheromone-sensitive OSNs of Lepidoptera and are indispensable for a proper detection of pheromones. In the last decades, genome and transcriptome analyses have revealed a wide distribution of SNMP-encoding genes in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, with a given species expressing multiple subtypes in distinct cells of the olfactory system. Besides SNMPs having a neuronal expression in subpopulations of OSNs, certain SNMP types were found expressed in OSN-associated support cells suggesting different decisive roles of SNMPs in the peripheral olfactory system. In this review, we will report the state of knowledge of neuronal and non-neuronal members of the SNMP family and discuss their possible functions in insect olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Cassau
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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17
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Tu R, Duan B, Song X, Chen S, Scott A, Hall K, Blanck J, DeGraffenreid D, Li H, Perera A, Haug J, Xie T. Multiple Niche Compartments Orchestrate Stepwise Germline Stem Cell Progeny Differentiation. Curr Biol 2020; 31:827-839.e3. [PMID: 33357404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The niche controls stem cell self-renewal and progenitor differentiation for maintaining adult tissue homeostasis in various organisms. However, it remains unclear whether the niche is compartmentalized to control stem cell self-renewal and stepwise progeny differentiation. In the Drosophila ovary, inner germarial sheath (IGS) cells form a niche for controlling germline stem cell (GSC) progeny differentiation. In this study, we have identified four IGS subpopulations, which form linearly arranged niche compartments for controlling GSC maintenance and multi-step progeny differentiation. Single-cell analysis of the adult ovary has identified four IGS subpopulations (IGS1-IGS4), the identities and cellular locations of which have been further confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. IGS1 and IGS2 physically interact with GSCs and mitotic cysts to control GSC maintenance and cyst formation, respectively, whereas IGS3 and IGS4 physically interact with 16-cell cysts to regulate meiosis, oocyte development, and cyst morphological change. Finally, one follicle cell progenitor population has also been transcriptionally defined for facilitating future studies on follicle stem cell regulation. Therefore, this study has structurally revealed that the niche is organized into multiple compartments for orchestrating stepwise adult stem cell development and has also provided useful resources and tools for further functional characterization of the niche in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Tu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Bo Duan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Allison Scott
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kate Hall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jillian Blanck
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Dustin DeGraffenreid
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Anoja Perera
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jeff Haug
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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18
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von Lintig J, Moon J, Lee J, Ramkumar S. Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158580. [PMID: 31794861 PMCID: PMC7987234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids exert a rich variety of physiological functions in mammals and are beneficial for human health. These lipids are acquired from the diet and metabolized to apocarotenoids, including retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites). The small intestine is a major site for their absorption and bioconversion. From here, carotenoids and their metabolites are distributed within the body in triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins to support retinoid signaling in peripheral tissues and photoreceptor function in the eyes. In recent years, much progress has been made in identifying carotenoid metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and binding proteins. A diet-responsive regulatory network controls the activity of these components and adapts carotenoid absorption and bioconversion to the bodily requirements of these lipids. Genetic variability in the genes encoding these components alters carotenoid homeostasis and is associated with pathologies. We here summarize the advanced state of knowledge about intestinal carotenoid metabolism and its impact on carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis of other organ systems, including the eyes, liver, and immune system. The implication of the findings for science-based intake recommendations for these essential dietary lipids is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America.
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Joan Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States of America
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19
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Ernst DA, Fitak RR, Schmidt M, Derby CD, Johnsen S, Lohmann KJ. Pulse magnetization elicits differential gene expression in the central nervous system of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:725-742. [PMID: 32607762 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diverse animals use Earth's magnetic field to guide their movements, but the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying the magnetic sense remain enigmatic. One hypothesis is that particles of the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) provide the basis of magnetoreception. Here we examined gene expression in the central nervous system of a magnetically sensitive invertebrate, the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), after applying a magnetic pulse known to alter magnetic orientation behavior. Numerous genes were differentially expressed in response to the pulse, including 647 in the brain, 1256 in the subesophageal ganglion, and 712 in the thoracic ganglia. Many such genes encode proteins linked to iron regulation, oxidative stress, and immune response, consistent with possible impacts of a magnetic pulse on magnetite-based magnetoreceptors. Additionally, however, altered expression also occurred for numerous genes with no apparent link to magnetoreception, including genes encoding proteins linked to photoreception, carbohydrate and hormone metabolism, and other physiological processes. Overall, the results are consistent with the magnetite hypothesis of magnetoreception, yet also reveal that in spiny lobsters, a strong pulse altered expression of > 10% of all expressed genes, including many seemingly unrelated to sensory processes. Thus, caution is required when interpreting the effects of magnetic pulses on animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ernst
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Robert R Fitak
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Charles D Derby
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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20
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von Lintig J, Moon J, Babino D. Molecular components affecting ocular carotenoid and retinoid homeostasis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 80:100864. [PMID: 32339666 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of vision employs opsins and geometric isomerization of their covalently bound retinylidine chromophores. In different animal classes, these light receptors associate with distinct G proteins that either hyperpolarize or depolarize photoreceptor membranes. Vertebrates also use the acidic form of chromophore, retinoic acid, as the ligand of nuclear hormone receptors that orchestrate eye development. To establish and sustain these processes, animals must acquire carotenoids from the diet, transport them, and metabolize them to chromophore and retinoic acid. The understanding of carotenoid metabolism, however, lagged behind our knowledge about the biology of their receptor molecules. In the past decades, much progress has been made in identifying the genes encoding proteins that mediate the transport and enzymatic transformations of carotenoids and their retinoid metabolites. Comparative analysis in different animal classes revealed how evolutionary tinkering with a limited number of genes evolved different biochemical strategies to supply photoreceptors with chromophore. Mutations in these genes impair carotenoid metabolism and induce various ocular pathologies. This review summarizes this advancement and introduces the involved proteins, including the homeostatic regulation of their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Darwin Babino
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Leung NY, Thakur DP, Gurav AS, Kim SH, Di Pizio A, Niv MY, Montell C. Functions of Opsins in Drosophila Taste. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1367-1379.e6. [PMID: 32243853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a light receptor comprised of an opsin protein and a light-sensitive retinal chromophore. Despite more than a century of scrutiny, there is no evidence that opsins function in chemosensation. Here, we demonstrate that three Drosophila opsins, Rh1, Rh4, and Rh7, are needed in gustatory receptor neurons to sense a plant-derived bitter compound, aristolochic acid (ARI). The gustatory requirements for these opsins are light-independent and do not require retinal. The opsins enabled flies to detect lower concentrations of aristolochic acid by initiating an amplification cascade that includes a G-protein, phospholipase Cβ, and the TRP channel, TRPA1. In contrast, responses to higher levels of the bitter compound were mediated through direct activation of TRPA1. Our study reveals roles for opsins in chemosensation and raise questions concerning the original roles for these classical G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Leung
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Dhananjay P Thakur
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Adishthi S Gurav
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel; The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel; The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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22
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Photoperiodic and clock regulation of the vitamin A pathway in the brain mediates seasonal responsiveness in the monarch butterfly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25214-25221. [PMID: 31767753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913915116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal adaptation to changes in light:dark regimes (i.e., photoperiod) allows organisms living at temperate latitudes to anticipate environmental changes. In nearly all animals studied so far, the circadian system has been implicated in measurement and response to the photoperiod. In insects, genetic evidence further supports the involvement of several clock genes in photoperiodic responses. Yet, the key molecular pathways linking clock genes or the circadian clock to insect photoperiodic responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show that inactivating the clock in the North American monarch butterfly using loss-of-function mutants for the circadian activators CLOCK and BMAL1 and the circadian repressor CRYPTOCHROME 2 abolishes photoperiodic responses in reproductive output. Transcriptomic approaches in the brain of monarchs raised in long and short photoperiods, summer monarchs, and fall migrants revealed a molecular signature of seasonal-specific rhythmic gene expression that included several genes belonging to the vitamin A pathway. We found that the rhythmic expression of these genes was abolished in clock-deficient mutants, suggesting that the vitamin A pathway operates downstream of the circadian clock. Importantly, we showed that a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the pathway's rate-limiting enzyme, ninaB1, abolished photoperiod responsiveness independently of visual function in the compound eye and without affecting circadian rhythms. Together, these results provide genetic evidence that the clock-controlled vitamin A pathway mediates photoperiod responsiveness in an insect. Given previously reported seasonal changes associated with this pathway in the mammalian brain, our findings suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of vitamin A in animal photoperiodism.
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23
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Katana R, Guan C, Zanini D, Larsen ME, Giraldo D, Geurten BRH, Schmidt CF, Britt SG, Göpfert MC. Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2961-2969.e4. [PMID: 31447373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsins, the major light-detecting molecules of animal visual systems [1], consist of opsin apoproteins that covalently bind a retinal chromophore with a conserved lysine residue [1, 2]. In addition to capturing photons, this chromophore contributes to rhodopsin maturation [3, 4], trafficking [3, 4], and stabilization [5], and defects in chromophore synthesis and recycling can cause dysfunction of the retina and dystrophy [6-9]. Indications that opsin apoproteins alone might have biological roles have come from archaebacteria and platyhelminths, which present opsin-like proteins that lack the chromophore binding site and are deemed to function independently of light [10, 11]. Light-independent sensory roles have been documented for Drosophila opsins [12-15], yet also these unconventional opsin functions are thought to require chromophore binding [12, 13, 15]. Unconjugated opsin apoproteins act as phospholipid scramblases in mammalian photoreceptor disks [16], yet chromophore-independent roles of opsin apoproteins outside of eyes have, to the best of our knowledge, hitherto not been described. Drosophila chordotonal mechanoreceptors require opsins [13, 15], and we find that their function remains uncompromised by nutrient carotenoid depletion. Disrupting carotenoid uptake and cleavage also left the mechanoreceptors unaffected, and manipulating the chromophore attachment site of the fly's major visual opsin Rh1 impaired photoreceptor, but not mechanoreceptor, function. Notwithstanding this chromophore independence, some proteins that process and recycle the chromophore in the retina are also required in mechanoreceptors, including visual cycle components that recycle the chromophore upon its photoisomerization. Our results thus establish biological function for unconjugated opsin apoproteins outside of eyes and, in addition, document chromophore-independent roles for chromophore pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Katana
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chonglin Guan
- Faculty of Physics, Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damiano Zanini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthew E Larsen
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Diego Giraldo
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bart R H Geurten
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph F Schmidt
- Faculty of Physics, Third Institute of Physics - Biophysics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Physics and Soft Matter Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Steven G Britt
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin C Göpfert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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24
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Blankenburg S, Cassau S, Krieger J. The expression patterns of SNMP1 and SNMP2 underline distinct functions of two CD36-related proteins in the olfactory system of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:485-497. [PMID: 31321488 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In insects, male and female pheromone signals are detected by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the "sensory neuron membrane protein type 1". SNMP1 is supposed to function as a co-receptor involved in the transfer of pheromones to adjacent pheromone receptors. In the moth Heliothis virescens, we previously found OSNs that project their dendrites into pheromone-responsive trichoid sensilla and are associated with cells containing transcripts for the HvirSNMP1-related protein HvirSNMP2. Like HvirSNMP1, HvirSNMP2 belongs to the CD36-family of two-transmembrane domain receptors and transporters for lipophilic compounds, but its role in the olfactory system is unknown. Here, we generated polyclonal anti-peptide antibodies against HvirSNMP2 as well as HvirSNMP1 and conducted an in-depth immunohistochemical analysis of their subcellular localization in the antenna of both sexes. In line with a function in pheromone detection, HvirSNMP1 was immunodetected in the somata and the dendrites of distinct OSNs in subsets of trichoid sensilla. These trichoid sensilla contained only one α-SNMP1-positive OSN in males and clusters of 2-3 labeled cells in females. In contrast, experiments with α-SNMP2-antibodies revealed a broad labeling of non-neuronal support cells (SCs) that are associated with OSNs in likely all trichoid and basiconic sensilla of the antenna with no differences between sexes. Detailed confocal microscope examinations of olfactory sensilla revealed SNMP2-like immunoreactivity close to the apical membrane of SCs and interestingly inside the sensillum. Together, these findings indicate a potential function of SNMP2 in pheromone- as well as general odorant-responsive sensilla and a role fundamentally different from SNMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Blankenburg
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sina Cassau
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Institute of Biology/Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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25
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Chai C, Xu X, Sun W, Zhang F, Ye C, Ding G, Li J, Zhong G, Xiao W, Liu B, von Lintig J, Lu C. Characterization of the novel role of NinaB orthologs from Bombyx mori and Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:106-115. [PMID: 30871993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids can be enzymatically converted to apocarotenoids by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Insect genomes encode only one member of this ancestral enzyme family. We cloned and characterized the ninaB genes from the silk worm (Bombyx mori) and the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). We expressed BmNinaB and TcNinaB in E. coli and analyzed their biochemical properties. Both enzymes catalyzed a conversion of carotenoids into cis-retinoids. The enzymes catalyzed a combined trans to cis isomerization at the C11, C12 double bond and oxidative cleavage reaction at the C15, C15' bond of the carotenoid carbon backbone. Analyses of the spatial and temporal expression patterns revealed that ninaB genes were differentially expressed during the beetle and moth life cycles with high expression in reproductive organs. In Bombyx mori, ninaB was almost exclusively expressed in female reproductive organs of the pupa and adult. In Tribolium castaneum, low expression was found in reproductive organs of females but high expressions in male reproductive organs of the pupa and imagoes. We performed RNAi experiments to characterize the role of NinaB in insect reproduction. We observed that RNAi treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of BmninaB and TcninaB and reduced the egg laying capacity of both insects. Together, our study revealed that NinaB's unique enzymatic properties are well conserved among insects and implicate NinaB function in insect reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weizhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangshu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoxuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Life Sciences Institute and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Sericulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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26
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Huang HW, Brown B, Chung J, Domingos PM, Ryoo HD. highroad Is a Carboxypetidase Induced by Retinoids to Clear Mutant Rhodopsin-1 in Drosophila Retinitis Pigmentosa Models. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1384-1391. [PMID: 29425495 PMCID: PMC5832065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins require retinoid chromophores for their function. In vertebrates, retinoids also serve as signaling molecules, but whether these molecules similarly regulate gene expression in Drosophila remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of a retinoid-inducible gene in Drosophila, highroad, which is required for photoreceptors to clear folding-defective mutant Rhodopsin-1 proteins. Specifically, knockdown or genetic deletion of highroad blocks the degradation of folding-defective Rhodopsin-1 mutant, ninaEG69D. Moreover, loss of highroad accelerates the age-related retinal degeneration phenotype of ninaEG69D mutants. Elevated highroad transcript levels are detected in ninaEG69D flies, and interestingly, deprivation of retinoids in the fly diet blocks this effect. Consistently, mutations in the retinoid transporter, santa maria, impairs the induction of highroad in ninaEG69D flies. In cultured S2 cells, highroad expression is induced by retinoic acid treatment. These results indicate that cellular quality-control mechanisms against misfolded Rhodopsin-1 involve regulation of gene expression by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Wei Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jaehoon Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pedro M Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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27
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Zhao H, Wang J, Wang T. The V-ATPase V1 subunit A1 is required for rhodopsin anterograde trafficking in Drosophila. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1640-1651. [PMID: 29742016 PMCID: PMC6080656 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-09-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and maturation of the light sensor, rhodopsin, are critical for the maintenance of light sensitivity and for photoreceptor homeostasis. In Drosophila, the main rhodopsin, Rh1, is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the rhabdomere through the secretory pathway. In an unbiased genetic screen for factors involved in rhodopsin homeostasis, we identified mutations in vha68-1, which encodes the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) catalytic subunit A isoform 1 of the V1 component. Loss of vha68-1 in photoreceptor cells disrupted post-Golgi anterograde trafficking of Rh1, reduced light sensitivity, increased secretory vesicle pH, and resulted in incomplete Rh1 deglycosylation. In addition, vha68-1 was required for activity-independent photoreceptor cell survival. Importantly, vha68-1 mutants exhibited phenotypes similar to those exhibited by mutations in the V0 component of V-ATPase, vha100-1. These data demonstrate that the V1 and V0 components of V-ATPase play key roles in post-Golgi trafficking of Rh1 and that Drosophila may represent an important animal model system for studying diseases associated with V-ATPase dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
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28
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Zanini D, Giraldo D, Warren B, Katana R, Andrés M, Reddy S, Pauls S, Schwedhelm-Domeyer N, Geurten BR, Göpfert MC. Proprioceptive Opsin Functions in Drosophila Larval Locomotion. Neuron 2018; 98:67-74.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Sokabe T, Chen HC, Luo J, Montell C. A Switch in Thermal Preference in Drosophila Larvae Depends on Multiple Rhodopsins. Cell Rep 2017; 17:336-344. [PMID: 27705783 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila third-instar larvae exhibit changes in their behavioral responses to gravity and food as they transition from feeding to wandering stages. Using a thermal gradient encompassing the comfortable range (18°C to 28°C), we found that third-instar larvae exhibit a dramatic shift in thermal preference. Early third-instar larvae prefer 24°C, which switches to increasingly stronger biases for 18°C-19°C in mid- and late-third-instar larvae. Mutations eliminating either of two rhodopsins, Rh5 and Rh6, wiped out these age-dependent changes in thermal preference. In larvae, Rh5 and Rh6 are thought to function exclusively in the light-sensing Bolwig organ. However, the Bolwig organ was dispensable for the thermal preference. Rather, Rh5 and Rh6 were required in trpA1-expressing neurons in the brain, ventral nerve cord, and body wall. Because Rh1 contributes to thermal selection in the comfortable range during the early to mid-third-instar stage, fine thermal discrimination depends on multiple rhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Sokabe
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chin Chen
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Junjie Luo
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Craig Montell
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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30
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Douglas AE. The B vitamin nutrition of insects: the contributions of diet, microbiome and horizontally acquired genes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:65-69. [PMID: 29129284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insects generally cannot synthesize eight B vitamins that function as co-enzymes in various required enzymatic reactions. Most insects derive their B vitamin requirements from the diet, microbial symbionts, or a combination of these complementary sources. Exceptionally, the genomes of a few insects bear genes in vitamin B5 (pantothenate) and B7 (biotin) synthesis, horizontally acquired from bacteria. Biomarkers of B vitamin deficiency (e.g. vitamin titers, activity of vitamin-dependent enzymes) offer routes to investigate the incidence and the physiological and fitness consequences of B vitamin deficiency in laboratory and field populations of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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31
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Karunendiran A, Cisek R, Tokarz D, Barzda V, Stewart BA. Examination of Drosophila eye development with third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4504-4513. [PMID: 29082080 PMCID: PMC5654795 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy can exploit endogenous harmonophores such as pigment macromolecules for enhanced image contrast, and therefore can be used without exogenous contrast agents. Previous studies have established that carotenoid compounds are ideal harmonophores for THG microscopy; we therefore sought to determine whether THG from endogenous carotenoid-derived compounds, such as retinal in photoreceptor cells, could serve as a new label-free method for developmental studies. Here we study the development of the pupal eye in Drosophila melanogaster and determine the localization of rhodopsin using THG microscopy technique. Additionally, by altering the chromophore or the opsin protein we were able to detect changes in both the retinal distribution morphology and in THG intensity age-dependent profiles. These results demonstrate that THG microscopy can be used to detect altered photoreceptor development and may be useful in clinically relevant conditions associated with photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiramy Karunendiran
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Bryan A Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
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32
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Mo YD, Yang SX, Zhao JY, Jin PY, Hong XY. Comparative transcriptomes and reciprocal best hit analysis revealed potential pigment genes in two color forms of Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:159-176. [PMID: 29116474 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch is a worldwide agricultural pest. There are two color forms: red and green. The molecular mechanism underlying this color variation is unknown. To elucidate the mechanism, we characterized differentially expressed pigment pathway genes shared in the transcriptomes of these two forms using RNA sequencing and reciprocal best hit analysis. Differentially expressed pigment pathway genes were determined by qRT-PCR to confirm the accuracy of RNA-Seq. The transcriptomes revealed 963 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 687 DEGs were higher in the green form. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed carotenoid biosynthesis genes in T. urticae. Reciprocal best hit analysis revealed 817 putative pigment pathway genes, 38 of which were differentially expressed and mainly classified into four categories: heme, melanin, ommochrome and rhodopsin. Phylogenetic analysis of homologous ommochrome genes showed that tetur09g01950 is closely related to Ok. This study revealed putative pigment pathway genes in the two forms of T. urticae, and might provide a new resource for understanding the mechanism of color variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dan Mo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Xia Yang
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng-Yu Jin
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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33
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Wingen A, Carrera P, Ekaterini Psathaki O, Voelzmann A, Paululat A, Hoch M. Debris buster is a Drosophila scavenger receptor essential for airway physiology. Dev Biol 2017; 430:52-68. [PMID: 28821389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors class B (SR-B) are multifunctional transmembrane proteins, which in vertebrates participate in lipid transport, pathogen clearance, lysosomal delivery and intracellular sorting. Drosophila has 14 SR-B members whose functions are still largely unknown. Here, we reveal a novel role for the SR-B family member Debris buster (Dsb) in Drosophila airway physiology. Larvae lacking dsb show yeast avoidance behavior, hypoxia, and severe growth defects associated with impaired elongation and integrity along the airways. Furthermore, in dsb mutant embryos, the barrier function of the posterior spiracles, which are critical for gas exchange, is not properly established and liquid clearance is locally impaired at the spiracular lumen. We found that Dsb is specifically expressed in a group of distal epithelial cells of the posterior spiracle organ and not throughout the entire airways. Furthermore, tissue-specific knockdown and rescue experiments demonstrate that Dsb function in the airways is only required in the posterior spiracles. Dsb localizes in intracellular vesicles, and a subset of these associate with lysosomes. However, we found that depletion of proteins involved in vesicular transport to the apical membrane, but not in lysosomal function, causes dsb-like airway elongation defects. We propose a model in which Dsb sorts components of the apical extracellular matrix which are essential for airway physiology. Since SR-B LIMP2-deficient mice show reduced expression of several apical plasma membrane proteins, sorting of proteins to the apical membrane is likely an evolutionary conserved function of Dsb and LIMP2. Our data provide insights into a spatially confined function of the SR-B Dsb in intracellular trafficking critical for the physiology of the whole tubular airway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Wingen
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pilar Carrera
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Olympia Ekaterini Psathaki
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany; EM Unit, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - André Voelzmann
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hoch
- Developmental Genetic&Molecular Physiology Unit, Life&Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Pelosi P, Iovinella I, Zhu J, Wang G, Dani FR. Beyond chemoreception: diverse tasks of soluble olfactory proteins in insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:184-200. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pelosi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | | | - Jiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
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Zhu J, Iovinella I, Dani FR, Liu YL, Huang LQ, Liu Y, Wang CZ, Pelosi P, Wang G. Conserved chemosensory proteins in the proboscis and eyes of Lepidoptera. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1394-1404. [PMID: 27877091 PMCID: PMC5118785 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are endowed with several different functions besides being carriers for pheromones and odorants. Based on a previous report of a CSP acting as surfactant in the proboscis of the moth Helicoverpa armigera, we revealed the presence of orthologue proteins in two other moths Plutella xylostella and Chilo suppressalis, as well as two butterflies Papilio machaon and Pieris rapae, using immunodetection and proteomic analysis. The unusual conservation of these proteins across large phylogenetic distances indicated a common specific function for these CSPs. This fact prompted us to search for other functions of these proteins and discovered that CSPs are abundantly expressed in the eyes of H. armigera and possibly involved as carriers for carotenoids and visual pigments. This hypothesis is supported by ligand-binding experiments and docking simulations with retinol and β-carotene. This last orange pigment, occurring in many fruits and vegetables, is an antioxidant and the precursor of visual pigments. We propose that structurally related CSPs solubilise nutritionally important carotenoids in the proboscis, while they act as carriers of both β-carotene and its derived products 3-hydroxyretinol and 3-hydroxyretinal in the eye. The use of soluble olfactory proteins, such as CSPs, as carriers for visual pigments in insects, here reported for the first time, parallels the function of retinol-binding protein in vertebrates, a lipocalin structurally related to vertebrate odorant-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Immacolata Iovinella
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Dani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Yu-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Gomez-Diaz C, Bargeton B, Abuin L, Bukar N, Reina JH, Bartoi T, Graf M, Ong H, Ulbrich MH, Masson JF, Benton R. A CD36 ectodomain mediates insect pheromone detection via a putative tunnelling mechanism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11866. [PMID: 27302750 PMCID: PMC4912623 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD36 transmembrane proteins have diverse roles in lipid uptake, cell adhesion and pathogen sensing. Despite numerous in vitro studies, how they act in native cellular contexts is poorly understood. A Drosophila CD36 homologue, sensory neuron membrane protein 1 (SNMP1), was previously shown to facilitate detection of lipid-derived pheromones by their cognate receptors in olfactory cilia. Here we investigate how SNMP1 functions in vivo. Structure-activity dissection demonstrates that SNMP1's ectodomain is essential, but intracellular and transmembrane domains dispensable, for cilia localization and pheromone-evoked responses. SNMP1 can be substituted by mammalian CD36, whose ectodomain can interact with insect pheromones. Homology modelling, using the mammalian LIMP-2 structure as template, reveals a putative tunnel in the SNMP1 ectodomain that is sufficiently large to accommodate pheromone molecules. Amino-acid substitutions predicted to block this tunnel diminish pheromone sensitivity. We propose a model in which SNMP1 funnels hydrophobic pheromones from the extracellular fluid to integral membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoîte Bargeton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Abuin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Bukar
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6.,Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Jaime H Reina
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tudor Bartoi
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marion Graf
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6.,Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Liu Q, Yang X, Tian J, Gao Z, Wang M, Li Y, Guo A. Gap junction networks in mushroom bodies participate in visual learning and memory in Drosophila. eLife 2016; 5:e13238. [PMID: 27218450 PMCID: PMC4909397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are widely distributed in the brains across species and play essential roles in neural information processing. However, the role of gap junctions in insect cognition remains poorly understood. Using a flight simulator paradigm and genetic tools, we found that gap junctions are present in Drosophila Kenyon cells (KCs), the major neurons of the mushroom bodies (MBs), and showed that they play an important role in visual learning and memory. Using a dye coupling approach, we determined the distribution of gap junctions in KCs. Furthermore, we identified a single pair of MB output neurons (MBONs) that possess a gap junction connection to KCs, and provide strong evidence that this connection is also required for visual learning and memory. Together, our results reveal gap junction networks in KCs and the KC-MBON circuit, and bring new insight into the synaptic network underlying fly's visual learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aike Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
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Dong ZP, Chai CL, Dai FY, Pan MH, Huang P, Wang W, Liao PF, Liu M, Lu C. Expression pattern and tissue localization of the class B scavenger receptor BmSCRBQ4 in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:739-747. [PMID: 25092485 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Class B scavenger receptors (SR-Bs) are cell surface glycoproteins involved in various physiological processes in vivo, including the transport and metabolism of lipids, binding and phagocytosis of xenobiotics, and signaling. But little information is available about silkworm SR-Bs; it is necessary to study these SR-Bs for revealing their function. In this study, we cloned the full-length coding sequence of BmSCRBQ4, a SR-B gene from the silkworm Bombyx mori L. We found that the BmSCRBQ4 gene consists of nine exons and eight introns, with an open reading frame of 1371 bp encoding 456 amino acids. Gene expression studies determined that BmSCRBQ4 messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in unfertilized eggs, during embryonic development and throughout the majority of the larval period. Expression of mRNA was detected in the mid gut, middle silk gland, posterior silk gland, head, integumentum, fat body, testes and the ovaries of the larval B. mori Dazao strain, as well as in the silkworm cell lines BmN and BmE. Protein expression studies found BmSCRBQ4 protein was expressed only in the testes, fat body and middle silk gland of larvae, as well as in the silkworm cell lines BmN and BmE. The BmSCRBQ4 protein showed variability in banding patterns in different tissues and cells when analyzed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the BmSCRBQ4 protein localizes to the constitutive membranes or cellular membranes of these tissues. These results indicated that BmSCRBQ4 gene may play some physiologically relevant roles at the cell surface in each tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Peng Dong
- Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan
| | - Chun-Li Chai
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing
| | - Fang-Yin Dai
- Institute of Sericulture and System Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- Institute of Sericulture and System Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing
| | - Ping Huang
- Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liao
- Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan
| | - Min Liu
- Sericultural and Apicultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi, Yunnan
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and System Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Drosophila TRPA1 isoforms detect UV light via photochemical production of H2O2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5753-61. [PMID: 26443856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514862112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) channel is an evolutionarily conserved detector of temperature and irritant chemicals. Here, we show that two specific isoforms of TRPA1 in Drosophila are H2O2 sensitive and that they can detect strong UV light via sensing light-induced production of H2O2. We found that ectopic expression of these H2O2-sensitive Drosophila TRPA1 (dTRPA1) isoforms conferred UV sensitivity to light-insensitive HEK293 cells and Drosophila neurons, whereas expressing the H2O2-insensitive isoform did not. Curiously, when expressed in one specific group of motor neurons in adult flies, the H2O2-sensitive dTRPA1 isoforms were as competent as the blue light-gated channelrhodopsin-2 in triggering motor output in response to light. We found that the corpus cardiacum (CC) cells, a group of neuroendocrine cells that produce the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in the larval ring gland endogenously express these H2O2-sensitive dTRPA1 isoforms and that they are UV sensitive. Sensitivity of CC cells required dTRPA1 and H2O2 production but not conventional phototransduction molecules. Our results suggest that specific isoforms of dTRPA1 can sense UV light via photochemical production of H2O2. We speculate that UV sensitivity conferred by these isoforms in CC cells may allow young larvae to activate stress response--a function of CC cells--when they encounter strong UV, an aversive stimulus for young larvae.
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Ziegler AB, Ménagé C, Grégoire S, Garcia T, Ferveur JF, Bretillon L, Grosjean Y. Lack of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Causes Synapse Dysfunction in the Drosophila Visual System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135353. [PMID: 26308084 PMCID: PMC4550417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients for animals and necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. A lack of PUFAs can result from the consumption of a deficient diet or genetic factors, which impact PUFA uptake and metabolism. Both can cause synaptic dysfunction, which is associated with numerous disorders. However, there is a knowledge gap linking these neuronal dysfunctions and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Because of its genetic manipulability and its easy, fast, and cheap breeding, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model organism for genetic screens, helping to identify the genetic bases of such events. As a first step towards the understanding of PUFA implications in Drosophila synaptic physiology we designed a breeding medium containing only very low amounts of PUFAs. We then used the fly’s visual system, a well-established model for studying signal transmission and neurological disorders, to measure the effects of a PUFA deficiency on synaptic function. Using both visual performance and eye electrophysiology, we found that PUFA deficiency strongly affected synaptic transmission in the fly’s visual system. These defects were rescued by diets containing omega-3 or omega-6 PUFAs alone or in combination. In summary, manipulating PUFA contents in the fly’s diet was powerful to investigate the role of these nutrients on the fly´s visual synaptic function. This study aims at showing how the first visual synapse of Drosophila can serve as a simple model to study the effects of PUFAs on synapse function. A similar approach could be further used to screen for genetic factors underlying the molecular mechanisms of synaptic dysfunctions associated with altered PUFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ziegler
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (ABZ); (YG)
| | - Cindy Ménagé
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Garcia
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1324 CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, UMR CSGA, 21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (ABZ); (YG)
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Helmer SH, Kerbaol A, Aras P, Jumarie C, Boily M. Effects of realistic doses of atrazine, metolachlor, and glyphosate on lipid peroxidation and diet-derived antioxidants in caged honey bees (Apis mellifera). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8010-21. [PMID: 24728576 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the population of pollinators is a worrying phenomenon worldwide. In North America, the extensive use of herbicides in maize and soya crops may affect the health of nontarget organisms like the honey bee. In this study, caged honey bees were exposed to realistic doses of atrazine, metolachlor, and glyphosate for 10 days via contaminated syrup. Peroxidation of lipids was evaluated using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) test, and diet-derived antioxidants-carotenoids, all-trans-retinol (at-ROH) and α-tocopherol-were detected and quantified using reversed-phase HPLC techniques. Significant increases in syrup consumption were observed in honey bees exposed to metolachlor, and a lower TBARS value was recorded for the highest dose. No relationship was observed between the peroxidation of lipids and the levels of antioxidants. However, β-carotene, which was found to be the most abundant carotenoid, and at-ROH (derived from β-carotene) both decreased with increasing doses of atrazine and glyphosate. In contrast, metolachlor increased levels of at-ROH without any effects on β-carotene. These results show that the honey bee carotenoid-retinoid system may be altered by sublethal field-realistic doses of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hedrei Helmer
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
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Wang S, Tan KL, Agosto MA, Xiong B, Yamamoto S, Sandoval H, Jaiswal M, Bayat V, Zhang K, Charng WL, David G, Duraine L, Venkatachalam K, Wensel TG, Bellen HJ. The retromer complex is required for rhodopsin recycling and its loss leads to photoreceptor degeneration. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001847. [PMID: 24781186 PMCID: PMC4004542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin recycling via the retromer, rather than degradation through lysosomes, can alleviate light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in Drosophila. Rhodopsin mistrafficking can cause photoreceptor (PR) degeneration. Upon light exposure, activated rhodopsin 1 (Rh1) in Drosophila PRs is internalized via endocytosis and degraded in lysosomes. Whether internalized Rh1 can be recycled is unknown. Here, we show that the retromer complex is expressed in PRs where it is required for recycling endocytosed Rh1 upon light stimulation. In the absence of subunits of the retromer, Rh1 is processed in the endolysosomal pathway, leading to a dramatic increase in late endosomes, lysosomes, and light-dependent PR degeneration. Reducing Rh1 endocytosis or Rh1 levels in retromer mutants alleviates PR degeneration. In addition, increasing retromer abundance suppresses degenerative phenotypes of mutations that affect the endolysosomal system. Finally, expressing human Vps26 suppresses PR degeneration in Vps26 mutant PRs. We propose that the retromer plays a conserved role in recycling rhodopsins to maintain PR function and integrity. Upon light exposure, rhodopsins—light-sensing proteins in the eye—trigger visual transduction signaling to activate fly photoreceptor cells. After activation, rhodopsins can be internalized from the cell surface into endosomes and then degraded in lysosomes. This mechanism prevents constant activation of the visual transduction pathway, thereby maintaining the function and integrity of photoreceptor cells. It is not known, however, whether these internalized rhodopsins can be recycled. Here, we show that the retromer, an evolutionarily conserved protein complex, is required for the recycling of rhodopsins. We find that loss of key retromer subunits (Vps35 or Vps26) causes rhodopsin mislocalization in the photoreceptors and severe light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Conversely, gain of retromer subunits can alleviate photoreceptor degeneration in some contexts. Human retromer components can stand in for depleted fruit fly retromer, suggesting that this complex plays a role in recycling light sensors in both vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan Wang
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai Li Tan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melina A. Agosto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo Xiong
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hector Sandoval
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vafa Bayat
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ke Zhang
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wu-Lin Charng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriela David
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lita Duraine
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kartik Venkatachalam
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Theodore G. Wensel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hauling T, Krautz R, Markus R, Volkenhoff A, Kucerova L, Theopold U. A Drosophila immune response against Ras-induced overgrowth. Biol Open 2014; 3:250-60. [PMID: 24659248 PMCID: PMC3988794 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal is to characterize the innate immune response against the early stage of tumor development. For this, animal models where genetic changes in specific cells and tissues can be performed in a controlled way have become increasingly important, including the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Many tumor mutants in Drosophila affect the germline and, as a consequence, also the immune system itself, making it difficult to ascribe their phenotype to a specific tissue. Only during the past decade, mutations have been induced systematically in somatic cells to study the control of tumorous growth by neighboring cells and by immune cells. Here we show that upon ectopic expression of a dominant-active form of the Ras oncogene (RasV12), both imaginal discs and salivary glands are affected. Particularly, the glands increase in size, express metalloproteinases and display apoptotic markers. This leads to a strong cellular response, which has many hallmarks of the granuloma-like encapsulation reaction, usually mounted by the insect against larger foreign objects. RNA sequencing of the fat body reveals a characteristic humoral immune response. In addition we also identify genes that are specifically induced upon expression of RasV12. As a proof-of-principle, we show that one of the induced genes (santa-maria), which encodes a scavenger receptor, modulates damage to the salivary glands. The list of genes we have identified provides a rich source for further functional characterization. Our hope is that this will lead to a better understanding of the earliest stage of innate immune responses against tumors with implications for mammalian immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hauling
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Croucher PJP, Brewer MS, Winchell CJ, Oxford GS, Gillespie RG. De novo characterization of the gene-rich transcriptomes of two color-polymorphic spiders, Theridion grallator and T. californicum (Araneae: Theridiidae), with special reference to pigment genes. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:862. [PMID: 24314324 PMCID: PMC3878950 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of spider species within the family Theridiidae exhibit a dramatic abdominal (opisthosomal) color polymorphism. The polymorphism is inherited in a broadly Mendelian fashion and in some species consists of dozens of discrete morphs that are convergent across taxa and populations. Few genomic resources exist for spiders. Here, as a first necessary step towards identifying the genetic basis for this trait we present the near complete transcriptomes of two species: the Hawaiian happy-face spider Theridion grallator and Theridion californicum. We mined the gene complement for pigment-pathway genes and examined differential expression (DE) between morphs that are unpatterned (plain yellow) and patterned (yellow with superimposed patches of red, white or very dark brown). Results By deep sequencing both RNA-seq and normalized cDNA libraries from pooled specimens of each species we were able to assemble a comprehensive gene set for both species that we estimate to be 98-99% complete. It is likely that these species express more than 20,000 protein-coding genes, perhaps 4.5% (ca. 870) of which might be unique to spiders. Mining for pigment-associated Drosophila melanogaster genes indicated the presence of all ommochrome pathway genes and most pteridine pathway genes and DE analyses further indicate a possible role for the pteridine pathway in theridiid color patterning. Conclusions Based upon our estimates, T. grallator and T. californicum express a large inventory of protein-coding genes. Our comprehensive assembly illustrates the continuing value of sequencing normalized cDNA libraries in addition to RNA-seq in order to generate a reference transcriptome for non-model species. The identification of pteridine-related genes and their possible involvement in color patterning is a novel finding in spiders and one that suggests a biochemical link between guanine deposits and the pigments exhibited by these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J P Croucher
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
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Tian Y, Li T, Sun M, Wan D, Li Q, Li P, Zhang Z, Han J, Xie W. Neurexin Regulates Visual Function via Mediating Retinoid Transport to Promote Rhodopsin Maturation. Neuron 2013; 77:311-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Senthilan PR, Piepenbrock D, Ovezmyradov G, Nadrowski B, Bechstedt S, Pauls S, Winkler M, Möbius W, Howard J, Göpfert MC. Drosophila auditory organ genes and genetic hearing defects. Cell 2012; 150:1042-54. [PMID: 22939627 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila auditory organ shares equivalent transduction mechanisms with vertebrate hair cells, and both are specified by atonal family genes. Using a whole-organ knockout strategy based on atonal, we have identified 274 Drosophila auditory organ genes. Only four of these genes had previously been associated with fly hearing, yet one in five of the genes that we identified has a human cognate that is implicated in hearing disorders. Mutant analysis of 42 genes shows that more than half of them contribute to auditory organ function, with phenotypes including hearing loss, auditory hypersusceptibility, and ringing ears. We not only discover ion channels and motors important for hearing, but also show that auditory stimulus processing involves chemoreceptor proteins as well as phototransducer components. Our findings demonstrate mechanosensory roles for ionotropic receptors and visual rhodopsins and indicate that different sensory modalities utilize common signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingkalai R Senthilan
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, University of Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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47
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Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in developing countries. Some studies also implicate a suboptimal vitamin A intake in certain parts of the population of the industrialized world. Provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene are the major source for retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) in the human diet. However, it is still controversial how much β-carotene intake is required and safe. An important contributor to this uncertainty is the lack of knowledge about the biochemical and molecular basis of β-carotene metabolism. Recently, key players of provitamin A metabolism have been molecularly identified and biochemically characterized. Studies in knockout mouse models showed that intestinal β-carotene absorption and conversion to retinoids is under negative feedback regulation that adapts this process to the actual requirement of vitamin A of the body. These studies also showed that in peripheral tissues a conversion of β-carotene occurs and affects retinoid-dependent physiologic processes. Moreover, these analyses provided a possible explanation for the adverse health effects of carotenoids by showing that a pathologic accumulation of these compounds can induce oxidative stress in mitochondria and cell signaling pathways related to disease. Genetic polymorphisms in identified genes exist in humans and also alter carotenoid homeostasis. Here, the advanced knowledge of β-carotene metabolism is reviewed, which provides a molecular framework for understanding the role of this important micronutrient in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Tang X, Zhou B. Ferritin is the key to dietary iron absorption and tissue iron detoxification in Drosophila melanogaster. FASEB J 2012; 27:288-98. [PMID: 23064556 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ferritin is predominantly in the cytosol, with a minor portion found in plasma. In most insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, ferritin belongs to the secretory type. The functional role of secretory ferritin in iron homeostasis remains poorly understood in insects as well as in mammalians. Here we used Drosophila to dissect the involvement of ferritin in insect iron metabolism. Midgut-specific knockdown of ferritin resulted in iron accumulation in the gut but systemic iron deficiency (37% control), accompanied by retarded development and reduced survival (3% survival), and was rescued by dietary iron supplementation (50% survival) or exacerbated by iron depletion (0% survival). These results suggest an essential role of ferritin in removing iron from enterocytes across the basolateral membrane. Expression of wild-type ferritin in the midgut, especially in the iron cell region, could significantly rescue ferritin-null mutants (first-instar larvae rescued up to early adults), indicating iron deficiency as the major cause of early death for ferritin flies. In many nonintestinal tissues, tissue-specific ferritin knockdown also caused local iron accumulation (100% increase) and resulted in severe tissue damage, as evidenced by cell loss. Overall, our study demonstrated Drosophila ferritin is essential to two key aspects of iron homeostasis: dietary iron absorption and tissue iron detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Phototransduction in Drosophila. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:27-34. [PMID: 22314488 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila visual transduction is the fastest known G protein-coupled signaling cascade and has been served as a model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of other G protein-coupled signaling cascades. Numbers of components in visual transduction machinery have been identified. Based on the functional characterization of these genes, a model for Drosophila phototransduction has been outlined, including rhodopsin activation, phosphoinoside signaling, and the opening of TRP and TRPL channels. Recently, the characterization of mutants, showing slow termination, revealed the physiological significance and the mechanism of rapid termination of light response.
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Pak WL, Shino S, Leung HT. PDA (prolonged depolarizing afterpotential)-defective mutants: the story of nina's and ina's--pinta and santa maria, too. J Neurogenet 2012; 26:216-37. [PMID: 22283778 PMCID: PMC3433705 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.642430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Our objective is to present a comprehensive view of the PDA (prolonged depolarizing afterpotential)-defective Drosophila mutants, nina's and ina's, from the discussion of the PDA and the PDA-based mutant screening strategy to summaries of the knowledge gained through the studies of mutants generated using the strategy. The PDA is a component of the light-evoked photoreceptor potential that is generated when a substantial fraction of rhodopsin is photoconverted to its active form, metarhodopsin. The PDA-based mutant screening strategy was adopted to enhance the efficiency and efficacy of ERG (electroretinogram)-based screening for identifying phototransduction-defective mutants. Using this strategy, two classes of PDA-defective mutants were identified and isolated, nina and ina, each comprising multiple complementation groups. The nina mutants are characterized by allele-dependent reduction in the major rhodopsin, Rh1, whereas the ina mutants display defects in some aspects of functions related to the transduction channel, TRP (transient receptor potential). The signaling proteins that have been identified and elucidated through the studies of nina mutants include the Drosophila opsin protein (NINAE), the chaperone protein for nascent opsin (NINAA), and the multifunctional protein, NINAC, required in multiple steps of the Drosophila phototransduction cascade. Also identified by the nina mutants are some of the key enzymes involved in the biogenesis of the rhodopsin chromophore. As for the ina mutants, they led to the discovery of the scaffold protein, INAD, responsible for the nucleation of the supramolecular signaling complex. Also identified by the ina mutants is one of the key members of the signaling complex, INAC (ePKC), and two other proteins that are likely to be important, though their roles in the signaling cascade have not yet been fully elucidated. In most of these cases, the protein identified is the first member of its class to be so recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Pak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
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