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Chao L, Feng H, Qian G, Limin L, Ziwei L, Shuangshuang L, Xiaoyan L, Yuechao H, Mengjie Y, Yingze Z, Jun L, Xuancheng L, Shuguang D. Establishment of a humanized ST6GAL1 mouse model for influenza research. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:337-346. [PMID: 38859745 PMCID: PMC11228095 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to construct and characterize a humanized influenza mouse model expressing hST6GAL1. METHODS Humanized fragments, consisting of the endothelial cell-specific K18 promoter, human ST6GAL1-encoding gene, and luciferase gene, were microinjected into the fertilized eggs of mice. The manipulated embryos were transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant female mice. The offspring were identified using PCR. Mice exhibiting elevated expression of the hST6GAL1 gene were selectively bred for propagation, and in vivo analysis was performed for screening. Expression of the humanized gene was tested by performing immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Hematologic and biochemical analyses using the whole blood and serum of humanized hST6GAL1 mice were performed. RESULTS Successful integration of the human ST6GAL1 gene into the mouse genome led to the overexpression of human SiaT ST6GAL1. Seven mice were identified as carrying copies of the humanized gene, and the in vivo analysis indicated that hST6GAL1 gene expression in positive mice mirrored influenza virus infection characteristics. The IHC results revealed that hST6GAL1 was expressed in the lungs of humanized mice. Moreover, the hematologic and biochemical parameters of the positive mice were within the normal range. CONCLUSION A humanized influenza mouse model expressing the hST6GAL1 gene was successfully established and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyu Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Han Feng
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Qian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lv Limin
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ziwei
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shuangshuang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xiaoyan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Yuechao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Mengjie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhao Yingze
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Jun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xuancheng
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Duo Shuguang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu Z, Julius P, Mudenda V, Kang G, Del Valle L, West JT, Wood C. Limited HIV-associated neuropathologies and lack of immune activation in sub-saharan African individuals with late-stage subtype C HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:303-315. [PMID: 38943022 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested that subtype B HIV-1 proviruses in the brain are associated with physiological changes and immune activation accompanied with microgliosis and astrogliosis, and indicated that both HIV-1 subtype variation and geographical location might influence the neuropathogenicity of HIV-1 in the brain. The natural course of neuropathogenesis of the most widespread subtype C HIV-1 has not been adequately investigated, especially for people living with HIV (PLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa. To characterize the natural neuropathology of subtype C HIV-1, postmortem frontal lobe and basal ganglia tissues were collected from nine ART-naïve individuals who died of late-stage AIDS with subtype C HIV-1 infection, and eight uninfected deceased individuals as controls. Histological staining was performed on all brain tissues to assess brain pathologies. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) against CD4, p24, Iba-1, GFAP, and CD8 in all brain tissues was conducted to evaluate potential viral production and immune activation. Histological results showed mild perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes only in a minority of the infected individuals. Viral capsid p24 protein was only detected in circulating immune cells of one infected individual, suggesting a lack of productive HIV-1 infection of the brain even at the late-stage of AIDS. Notably, similar levels of Iba-1 or GFAP between HIV + and HIV- brain tissues indicated a lack of microgliosis and astrogliosis, respectively. Similar levels of CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration between HIV + and HIV- brain tissues indicated CTL were not likely to be involved within subtype C HIV-1 infected participants of this cohort. Results from this subtype C HIV-1 study suggest that there is a lack of productive infection and limited neuropathogenesis by subtype C HIV-1 even at late-stage disease, which is in contrast to what was reported for subtype B HIV-1 by other investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Peter Julius
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Mudenda
- Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Guobin Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John T West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- , 1700 Tulane Avenue, LCRC Rm 614, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Chandrasekaran S, Kochanowsky JA, Merritt EF, Lagas JS, Swannigan A, Koshy AA. IFN-γ stimulated murine and human neurons mount anti-parasitic defenses against the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4605. [PMID: 35941154 PMCID: PMC9360015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogma holds that Toxoplasma gondii persists in neurons because neurons cannot clear intracellular parasites, even with IFN-γ stimulation. As several recent studies questioned this idea, here we use primary murine neuronal cultures from wild type and transgenic mice in combination with IFN-γ stimulation and parental and transgenic parasites to reassess IFN-γ dependent neuronal clearance of intracellular parasites. We find that neurons respond to IFN-γ and that a subset of neurons clear intracellular parasites via immunity regulated GTPases. Whole neuron reconstructions from mice infected with parasites that trigger neuron GFP expression only after full invasion reveal that ~50% of these T. gondii-invaded neurons no longer harbor parasites. Finally, IFN-γ stimulated human pluripotent stem cell derived neurons show an ~50% decrease in parasite infection rate when compared to unstimulated cultures. This work highlights the capability of human and murine neurons to mount cytokine-dependent anti-T. gondii defense mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Kochanowsky
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily F Merritt
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph S Lagas
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ayesha Swannigan
- Undergraduate Research Opportunities Consortium, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anita A Koshy
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Hobson BD, Sulzer D. Neuronal Presentation of Antigen and Its Possible Role in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S137-S147. [PMID: 35253783 PMCID: PMC9440948 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies often exhibit autoimmune features, including CD4+ and some CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize epitopes derived from alpha-synuclein. While neurons have long been considered to not present antigens, recent data indicate that they can be induced to do so, particularly in response to interferons and other forms of stress. Here, we review literature on neuronal antigen presentation and its potential role in PD. Although direct evidence for CD8+ T cell-mediated neuronal death is lacking in PD, neuronal antigen presentation appears central to the pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis, a pediatric neurological disorder driven by cytotoxic T cell infiltration and neuroinflammation. Emerging data suggest that T cells enter the brain in PD and other synucleinopathies, where the majority of neuromelanin-containing substantia nigra and locus coeruleus neurons express MHC Class I molecules. In cell culture, CD8+ T cell recognition of antigen:MHC Class I complexes on neuronal membranes leads to cytotoxic responses and neuronal cell death. Recent animal models suggest the possibility of T cell autoreactivity to mitochondrial antigens in PD. It remains unclear if neuronal antigen presentation plays a role in PD or other neurodegenerative disorders, and efforts are underway to better elucidate the potential impact of autoimmune responses on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hobson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: David Sultzer, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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Poelaert KCK, Williams RM, Matullo CM, Rall GF. Noncanonical Transmission of a Measles Virus Vaccine Strain from Neurons to Astrocytes. mBio 2021; 12:e00288-21. [PMID: 33758092 PMCID: PMC8092232 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00288-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses, including members of the herpes-, entero-, and morbillivirus families, are the most common cause of infectious encephalitis in mammals worldwide. During most instances of acute viral encephalitis, neurons are typically the initial cell type that is infected. However, as replication and spread ensue, other parenchymal cells can become viral targets, especially in chronic infections. Consequently, to ascertain how neurotropic viruses trigger neuropathology, it is crucial to identify which central nervous system (CNS) cell populations are susceptible and permissive throughout the course of infection, and to define how viruses spread between distinct cell types. Using a measles virus (MV) transgenic mouse model that expresses human CD46 (hCD46), the MV vaccine strain receptor, under the control of a neuron-specific enolase promoter (NSE-hCD46+ mice), a novel mode of viral spread between neurons and astrocytes was identified. Although hCD46 is required for initial neuronal infection, it is dispensable for heterotypic spread to astrocytes, which instead depends on glutamate transporters and direct neuron-astrocyte contact. Moreover, in the presence of RNase A, astrocyte infection is reduced, suggesting that nonenveloped ribonucleoproteins (RNP) may cross the neuron-astrocyte synaptic cleft. The characterization of this novel mode of intercellular transport offers insights into the unique interaction of neurons and glia and may reveal therapeutic targets to mitigate the life-threatening consequences of measles encephalitis.IMPORTANCE Viruses are the most important cause of infectious encephalitis in mammals worldwide; several thousand people, primarily the very young and the elderly, are impacted annually, and few therapies are reliably successful once neuroinvasion has occurred. To understand how viruses contribute to neuropathology, and to develop tools to prevent or ameliorate such infections, it is crucial to define if and how viruses disseminate among the different cell populations within the highly complex central nervous system. This study defines a noncanonical mode of viral transmission between neurons and astrocytes within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien C K Poelaert
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riley M Williams
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M Matullo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Salvioni A, Belloy M, Lebourg A, Bassot E, Cantaloube-Ferrieu V, Vasseur V, Blanié S, Liblau RS, Suberbielle E, Robey EA, Blanchard N. Robust Control of a Brain-Persisting Parasite through MHC I Presentation by Infected Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3254-3268.e8. [PMID: 31189109 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of CNS pathogens by CD8 T cells is key to avoid fatal neuroinflammation. Yet, the modalities of MHC I presentation in the brain are poorly understood. Here, we analyze the antigen presentation mechanisms underlying CD8 T cell-mediated control of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in the CNS. We show that MHC I presentation of an efficiently processed model antigen (GRA6-OVA), even when not expressed in the bradyzoite stage, reduces cyst burden and dampens encephalitis in C57BL/6 mice. Antigen presentation assays with infected primary neurons reveal a correlation between lower MHC I presentation of tachyzoite antigens by neurons and poor parasite control in vivo. Using conditional MHC I-deficient mice, we find that neuronal MHC I presentation is required for robust restriction of T. gondii in the CNS during chronic phase, showing the importance of MHC I presentation by CNS neurons in the control of a prevalent brain pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salvioni
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Marcy Belloy
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurore Lebourg
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Bassot
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Cantaloube-Ferrieu
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Blanié
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Elsa Suberbielle
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Center for Pathophysiology Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 31024 Toulouse, France.
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Jmii H, Halouani A, Maatouk M, Chekir-Ghedira L, Aouni M, Fisson S, Jaïdane H. Coxsackievirus B4 infection and interneuronal spread in primary cultured neurons. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Baxter VK, Griffin DE. Interferon-Gamma Modulation of the Local T Cell Response to Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis. Viruses 2020; 12:E113. [PMID: 31963302 PMCID: PMC7019780 DOI: 10.3390/v12010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Sindbis virus (SINV) provides a model for examining the role of the immune response to alphavirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is an important component of this response, and we show that SINV-infected differentiated neurons respond to IFN-γ in vitro by induction of antiviral genes and suppression of virus replication. To determine the in vivo effects of IFN-γ on SINV clearance and T cell responses, C57BL/6 mice lacking IFN-γ or IFN-γ receptor-1 were compared to wild-type (WT) mice after intracranial SINV infection. In WT mice, IFN-γ was first produced in the CNS by natural killer cells and then by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Mice with impaired IFN-γ signaling initiated clearance of viral RNA earlier than WT mice associated with CNS entry of more granzyme B-producing CD8+ T cells. However, these mice established fewer CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and were more likely to experience reactivation of viral RNA synthesis late after infection. Therefore, IFN-γ suppresses the local development of granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells and slows viral RNA clearance but promotes CD8+ TRM cell establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K. Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Association between Y-Maze Acquisition Learning and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Polymorphisms in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6381932. [PMID: 30112411 PMCID: PMC6077659 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6381932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the association between the acquisition process in the Y-maze and H-2 class II polymorphisms in mice. Methods Mice were trained for 5 consecutive days in the Y-maze. The value of the slope of the latent period was considered an indication for the acquisition process. A slope < 0 indicated learning during the training and a slope > 0 indicated no learning. The H-2 polymorphism was determined with PCR amplification, and the correlation between the alleles and the acquisition process was analyzed. Results The overall percentage of mice that learned was 46.1%. The percentage of mice that had learned with MudoEb5 (37.9%) was significantly lower than that of mice without MudoEb5 (61.1%; P < 0.05). The percentage of mice that had learned with MudoEb7 (26.1%) was significantly lower than that of mice without MudoEb7 (51.9%; P < 0.05). Conclusions The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and other alleles may be involved in the acquisition process. There may be a biological basis for learning in mice.
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the world’s most successful parasites, in part because of its ability to infect and persist in most warm-blooded animals. A unique characteristic of T. gondii is its ability to persist in the central nervous system (CNS) of a variety of hosts, including humans and rodents. How, what, and why T. gondii encysts in the CNS has been the topic of study for decades. In this review, we will discuss recent work on how T. gondii is able to traverse the unique barrier surrounding the CNS, what cells of the CNS play host to T. gondii, and finally, how T. gondii infection may influence global and cellular physiology of the CNS.
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Klein RS, Hunter CA. Protective and Pathological Immunity during Central Nervous System Infections. Immunity 2017; 46:891-909. [PMID: 28636958 PMCID: PMC5662000 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has dominated the study of inflammatory processes in the brain. However, clinically relevant models have highlighted that innate pathways limit pathogen invasion of the CNS and adaptive immunity mediates control of many neural infections. As protective responses can result in bystander damage, there are regulatory mechanisms that balance protective and pathological inflammation, but these mechanisms might also allow microbial persistence. The focus of this review is to consider the host-pathogen interactions that influence neurotropic infections and to highlight advances in our understanding of innate and adaptive mechanisms of resistance as key determinants of the outcome of CNS infection. Advances in these areas have broadened our comprehension of how the immune system functions in the brain and can readily overcome immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Nanostructures have been widely involved in changes in the drug delivery system. Nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties, e.g., ultrasmall size, large surface area, and the ability to target specific actions. Various nanomaterials, like Ag, ZnO, Cu/CuO, and Al2O3, have antimicrobial activity. Basically, six mechanisms are involved in the production of antimicrobial activity, i.e., (1) destruction of the peptidoglycan layer, (2) release of toxic metal ions, (3) alteration of cellular pH via proton efflux pumps, (4) generation of reactive oxygen species, (5) damage of nuclear materials, and (6) loss of ATP production. Nanomedicine contributes to various pharmaceutical applications, like diagnosis and treatment of various ailments including microbial diseases. Furthermore, nanostructured antimicrobial agents are also involved in the treatment of the neuroinfections associated with neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter focuses on the nanostructure and nanomedicine of antimicrobial agents and their prospects for the possible management of infections associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Barger SW. Gene regulation and genetics in neurochemistry, past to future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:24-57. [PMID: 27747882 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ask any neuroscientist to name the most profound discoveries in the field in the past 60 years, and at or near the top of the list will be a phenomenon or technique related to genes and their expression. Indeed, our understanding of genetics and gene regulation has ushered in whole new systems of knowledge and new empirical approaches, many of which could not have even been imagined prior to the molecular biology boon of recent decades. Neurochemistry, in the classic sense, intersects with these concepts in the manifestation of neuropeptides, obviously dependent upon the central dogma (the established rules by which DNA sequence is eventually converted into protein primary structure) not only for their conformation but also for their levels and locales of expression. But, expanding these considerations to non-peptide neurotransmitters illustrates how gene regulatory events impact neurochemistry in a much broader sense, extending beyond the neurochemicals that translate electrical signals into chemical ones in the synapse, to also include every aspect of neural development, structure, function, and pathology. From the beginning, the mutability - yet relative stability - of genes and their expression patterns were recognized as potential substrates for some of the most intriguing phenomena in neurobiology - those instances of plasticity required for learning and memory. Near-heretical speculation was offered in the idea that perhaps the very sequence of the genome was altered to encode memories. A fascinating component of the intervening progress includes evidence that the central dogma is not nearly as rigid and consistent as we once thought. And this mutability extends to the potential to manipulate that code for both experimental and clinical purposes. Astonishing progress has been made in the molecular biology of neurochemistry during the 60 years since this journal debuted. Many of the gains in conceptual understanding have been driven by methodological progress, from automated high-throughput sequencing instruments to recombinant-DNA vectors that can convey color-coded genetic modifications in the chromosomes of live adult animals. This review covers the highlights of these advances, both theoretical and technological, along with a brief window into the promising science ahead. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Tetruashvily MM, McDonald MA, Boulanger LM, Boulanger LM. MHCI promotes developmental synapse elimination and aging-related synapse loss at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:197-208. [PMID: 26802986 PMCID: PMC5813483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse elimination at the developing neuromuscular junction (NMJ) sculpts motor circuits, and synapse loss at the aging NMJ drives motor impairments that are a major cause of loss of independence in the elderly. Here we provide evidence that at the NMJ, both developmental synapse elimination and aging-related synapse loss are promoted by specific immune proteins, members of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI). MHCI is expressed at the developing NMJ, and three different methods of reducing MHCI function all disrupt synapse elimination during the second postnatal week, leaving some muscle fibers multiply-innervated, despite otherwise outwardly normal synapse formation and maturation. Conversely, overexpressing MHCI modestly accelerates developmental synapse elimination. MHCI levels at the NMJ rise with aging, and reducing MHCI levels ameliorates muscle denervation in aged mice. These findings identify an unexpected role for MHCI in the elimination of neuromuscular synapses during development, and indicate that reducing MHCI levels can preserve youthful innervation of aging muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazell M. Tetruashvily
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Marin A. McDonald
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego 92093,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego 92093
| | - Lisa M. Boulanger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego 92093,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,Correspondence to:
| | - Lisa M Boulanger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego 92093, United States; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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15
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Lazarczyk MJ, Kemmler JE, Eyford BA, Short JA, Varghese M, Sowa A, Dickstein DR, Yuk FJ, Puri R, Biron KE, Leist M, Jefferies WA, Dickstein DL. Major Histocompatibility Complex class I proteins are critical for maintaining neuronal structural complexity in the aging brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26199. [PMID: 27229916 PMCID: PMC4882527 DOI: 10.1038/srep26199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) proteins have been implicated in neuronal function through the modulation of neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory consolidation during development. However, the involvement of MHCI in the aged brain is unclear. Here we demonstrate that MHCI deficiency results in significant dendritic atrophy along with an increase in thin dendritic spines and a reduction in stubby spines in the hippocampus of aged (12 month old) mice. Ultrastructural analyses revealed a decrease in spine head diameter and post synaptic density (PSD) area, as well as an increase in overall synapse density, and non-perforated, small spines. Interestingly, we found that the changes in synapse density and morphology appear relatively late (after the age of 6 months). Finally, we found a significant age dependent increase in the levels of the glutamate receptor, GluN2B in aged MHCI knockout mice, with no change in GluA2/3, VGluT1, PSD95 or synaptophysin. These results indicate that MHCI may be also be involved in maintaining brain integrity at post-developmental stages notably in the modulation of neuronal and spine morphology and synaptic function during non-pathological aging which could have significant implications for cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J Lazarczyk
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Division of General Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia E Kemmler
- University of Konstanz, Doerenkamp-Zbinden, Universitätsstrasse. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Brett A Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Short
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Allison Sowa
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Frank J Yuk
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kaan E Biron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marcel Leist
- University of Konstanz, Doerenkamp-Zbinden, Universitätsstrasse. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, 1364-2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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16
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Oldstone MBA. The Anatomy of a Career in Science. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:109-17. [PMID: 26836569 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B A Oldstone
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California
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17
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Liu J, Shen Y, Li M, Lv D, Zhang A, Peng Y, Miao F, Zhang J. Spatial-Temporal Expression of Non-classical MHC Class I Molecules in the C57 Mouse Brain. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1487-96. [PMID: 26040564 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies clearly demonstrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in the brain plays an important functional role in neural development and plasticity. A previous study from our laboratory demonstrated the temporal and spatial expression patterns of classical MHC class I molecules in the brain of C57 mice. Studies regarding non-classical MHC class I molecules remain limited. Here we examine the expression of non-classical MHC class I molecules in mouse central nervous system (CNS) during embryonic and postnatal developmental stages using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. We find non-classical MHC class I molecules, M3/T22/Q1, are expressed in the cerebral cortex, neuroepithelium of the lateral ventricle, neuroepithelium of aquaeductus and developing cerebellum during embryonic developmental stages. During the postnatal period from P0 to adult, non-classical MHC class I mRNAs are detected in olfactory bulb, hippocampus, cerebellum and some nerve nuclei. Overall, the expression patterns of non-classical MHC class I molecules are similar to those of classical MHC class I molecules in the developing mouse brain. In addition, non-classical MHC class I molecules are present in the H2-K(b) and H2-D(b) double knock-out mice where their expression levels are greatly increased within the same locations as compared to wild type mice. The elucidation and discovery of the expression profile of MHC class I molecules during development is important for supporting an enhanced understanding of their physiological and potential pathological roles within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiane Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
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18
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Homeostatic interferon expression in neurons is sufficient for early control of viral infection. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 279:11-9. [PMID: 25669994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which neurons respond to inflammatory mediators such as interferons (IFNs) remain largely undefined. We previously showed that the activation and nuclear localization of the core IFN signaling molecule, Stat1, are muted and delayed in primary mouse hippocampal neurons treated with IFN gamma as compared to control mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Here, we show that the kinetics of Stat1 and Stat2 activation following type I IFN exposure are also unique in neurons, affecting gene expression and neuronal response. Specifically, despite lower basal expression of many IFN stimulated genes in neurons, basal expression of the type I IFN themselves is significantly higher in primary hippocampal neurons compared to MEF. Elevated homeostatic IFN in neurons is critical and sufficient for early control of viral infection. These data provide further evidence that neurons exploit unique signaling responses to IFNs, and define an important contribution of homeostatic IFN within the CNS. Such differences are likely critical for the ability of neurons to survive a viral challenge.
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19
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Synapse elimination and learning rules co-regulated by MHC class I H2-Db. Nature 2014; 509:195-200. [PMID: 24695230 PMCID: PMC4016165 DOI: 10.1038/nature13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of precise connections between retina and LGN involves the activity-dependent elimination of some synapses, with strengthening and retention of others. Here we show that the MHC Class I (MHCI) molecule H2-Db is necessary and sufficient for synapse elimination in the retinogeniculate system. In mice lacking both H2-Kb and H2-Db (KbDb−/−) despite intact retinal activity and basal synaptic transmission, the developmentally-regulated decrease in functional convergence of retinal ganglion cell synaptic inputs to LGN neurons fails and eye-specific layers do not form. Neuronal expression of just H2-Db in KbDb−/− mice rescues both synapse elimination and eye specific segregation despite a compromised immune system. When patterns of stimulation mimicking endogenous retinal waves are used to probe synaptic learning rules at retinogeniculate synapses, LTP is intact but LTD is impaired in KbDb−/− mice. This change is due to an increase in Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors. Restoring H2-Db to KbDb−/− neurons renders AMPA receptors Ca2+ impermeable and rescues LTD. These observations reveal an MHCI mediated link between developmental synapse pruning and balanced synaptic learning rules enabling both LTD and LTP, and demonstrate a direct requirement for H2-Db in functional and structural synapse pruning in CNS neurons.
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20
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Kreutzfeldt M, Bergthaler A, Fernandez M, Brück W, Steinbach K, Vorm M, Coras R, Blümcke I, Bonilla WV, Fleige A, Forman R, Müller W, Becher B, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M, Pinschewer DD, Merkler D. Neuroprotective intervention by interferon-γ blockade prevents CD8+ T cell-mediated dendrite and synapse loss. J Exp Med 2013; 210:2087-103. [PMID: 23999498 PMCID: PMC3782053 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are postmitotic and thus irreplaceable cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Accordingly, CNS inflammation with resulting neuronal damage can have devastating consequences. We investigated molecular mediators and structural consequences of CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) attack on neurons in vivo. In a viral encephalitis model in mice, disease depended on CTL-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and neuronal IFN-γ signaling. Downstream STAT1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in neurons were associated with dendrite and synapse loss (deafferentation). Analogous molecular and structural alterations were also found in human Rasmussen encephalitis, a CTL-mediated human autoimmune disorder of the CNS. Importantly, therapeutic intervention by IFN-γ blocking antibody prevented neuronal deafferentation and clinical disease without reducing CTL responses or CNS infiltration. These findings identify neuronal IFN-γ signaling as a novel target for neuroprotective interventions in CTL-mediated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and 2 World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Elliott R, Li F, Dragomir I, Chua MMW, Gregory BD, Weiss SR. Analysis of the host transcriptome from demyelinating spinal cord of murine coronavirus-infected mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75346. [PMID: 24058676 PMCID: PMC3776850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induces a demyelinating disease pathologically similar to multiple sclerosis and is therefore used as a model system. There is little information regarding the host factors that correlate with and contribute to MHV-induced demyelination. Here, we detail the genes and pathways associated with MHV-induced demyelinating disease in the spinal cord. High-throughput sequencing of the host transcriptome revealed that demyelination is accompanied by numerous transcriptional changes indicative of immune infiltration as well as changes in the cytokine milieu and lipid metabolism. We found evidence that a Th1-biased cytokine/chemokine response and eicosanoid-derived inflammation accompany persistent MHV infection and that antigen presentation is ongoing. Interestingly, increased expression of genes involved in lipid transport, processing, and catabolism, including some with known roles in neurodegenerative diseases, coincided with demyelination. Lastly, expression of several genes involved in osteoclast or bone-resident macrophage function, most notably TREM2 and DAP12, was upregulated in persistently infected mouse spinal cord. This study highlights the complexity of the host antiviral response, which accompany MHV-induced demyelination, and further supports previous findings that MHV-induced demyelination is immune-mediated. Interestingly, these data suggest a parallel between bone reabsorption by osteoclasts and myelin debris clearance by microglia in the bone and the CNS, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using an RNA-seq approach to study the host CNS response to persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Dragomir
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Ming W. Chua
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Nelson PA, Sage JR, Wood SC, Davenport CM, Anagnostaras SG, Boulanger LM. MHC class I immune proteins are critical for hippocampus-dependent memory and gate NMDAR-dependent hippocampal long-term depression. Learn Mem 2013; 20:505-17. [PMID: 23959708 PMCID: PMC3744042 DOI: 10.1101/lm.031351.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory impairment is a common feature of conditions that involve changes in inflammatory signaling in the brain, including traumatic brain injury, infection, neurodegenerative disorders, and normal aging. However, the causal importance of inflammatory mediators in cognitive impairments in these conditions remains unclear. Here we show that specific immune proteins, members of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I), are essential for normal hippocampus-dependent memory, and are specifically required for NMDAR-dependent forms of long-term depression (LTD) in the healthy adult hippocampus. In β2m−/−TAP−/−mice, which lack stable cell-surface expression of most MHC class I proteins, NMDAR-dependent LTD in area CA1 of adult hippocampus is abolished, while NMDAR-independent forms of potentiation, facilitation, and depression are unaffected. Altered NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of β2m−/−TAP−/−mice is accompanied by pervasive deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory, including contextual fear memory, object recognition memory, and social recognition memory. Thus normal MHC class I expression is essential for NMDAR-dependent hippocampal synaptic depression and hippocampus-dependent memory. These results suggest that changes in MHC class I expression could be an unexpected cause of disrupted synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in the aging, damaged, and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Austin Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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23
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Abstract
The fate of T lymphocytes revolves around a continuous stream of interactions between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Beginning in the thymus and continuing into the periphery, these interactions, refined by accessory molecules, direct the expansion, differentiation, and function of T-cell subsets. The cellular context of T-cell engagement with antigen-presenting cells, either in lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues, plays an important role in determining how these cells respond to antigen encounters. CD8(+) T cells are essential for clearance of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, but the virus can present a number of unique challenges that antiviral T cells must overcome. Peripheral LCMV infection can lead to rapid cytolytic clearance or chronic viral persistence; central nervous system infection can result in T-cell-dependent fatal meningitis or an asymptomatic carrier state amenable to immunotherapeutic clearance. These diverse outcomes all depend on interactions that require TCR engagement of cognate peptide-MHC complexes. In this review, we explore the diversity in antiviral T-cell behaviors resulting from TCR engagement, beginning with an overview of the immunological synapse and progressing to regulators of TCR signaling that shape the delicate balance between immunopathology and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ashley Moseman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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24
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Chacon MA, Boulanger LM. MHC class I protein is expressed by neurons and neural progenitors in mid-gestation mouse brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 52:117-27. [PMID: 23147111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) are known for their role in the vertebrate adaptive immune response, and are required for normal postnatal brain development and plasticity. However, it remains unknown if MHCI proteins are present in the mammalian brain before birth. Here, we show that MHCI proteins are widely expressed in the developing mouse central nervous system at mid-gestation (E9.5-10.5). MHCI is strongly expressed in several regions of the prenatal brain, including the neuroepithelium and olfactory placode. MHCI is expressed by neural progenitors at these ages, as identified by co-expression in cells positive for neuron-specific class III β-tubulin (Tuj1) or for Pax6, a marker of neural progenitors in the dorsal neuroepithelium. MHCI is also co-expressed with nestin, a marker of neural stem/progenitor cells, in olfactory placode, but the co-localization is less extensive in other regions. MHCI is detected in the small population of post-mitotic neurons that are present at this early stage of brain development, as identified by co-expression in cells positive for neuronal microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2). Thus MHCI protein is expressed during the earliest stages of neuronal differentiation in the mammalian brain. MHCI expression in neurons and neural progenitors at mid-gestation, prior to the maturation of the adaptive immune system, is consistent with MHCI performing non-immune functions in prenatal brain development. These results raise the possibility that disruption of the levels and/or patterns of MHCI expression in the prenatal brain could contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A Chacon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, 123 Lewis Thomas Laboratories, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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25
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Abstract
Members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I family of proteins are well known for their central role in the adaptive immune system, where they present self and non-self peptides for immune surveillance. Although the brain has been long considered immune privileged, in part because of an apparent lack of neuronal MHC class I, it has since been shown that MHC class I proteins are expressed by normal, uninfected neurons. Moreover, expression of MHC class I is unusually dynamic in the developing and adult brain, and MHC class I levels in neurons can be regulated by endogenous and exogenous electrical activity. Unexpectedly, several recent studies find that MHC class I is required for distinct activity-dependent events during brain development, adult plasticity, and in response to injury. Together, these studies indicate a novel role for MHC class I proteins in translating electrical activity into changes in synaptic strength and neuronal connectivity in vivo.
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26
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Elmer BM, McAllister AK. Major histocompatibility complex class I proteins in brain development and plasticity. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:660-70. [PMID: 22939644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Proper development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires the establishment of appropriate connections between neurons. Recent work suggests that this process is controlled by a balance between synaptogenic molecules and proteins that negatively regulate synapse formation and plasticity. Surprisingly, many of these newly identified synapse-limiting molecules are classic 'immune' proteins. In particular, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules regulate neurite outgrowth, the establishment and function of cortical connections, activity-dependent refinement in the visual system, and long-term and homeostatic plasticity. This review summarizes our current understanding of MHCI expression and function in the CNS, as well as the potential mechanisms used by MHCI to regulate brain development and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford M Elmer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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Podolsky MA, Solomos AC, Durso LC, Evans SM, Rall GF, Rose RW. Extended JAK activation and delayed STAT1 dephosphorylation contribute to the distinct signaling profile of CNS neurons exposed to interferon-gamma. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 251:33-8. [PMID: 22769061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a critical role in the noncytolytic elimination of many neurotropic viral infections, the signaling response to this cytokine has not been extensively characterized in primary CNS neurons. We previously demonstrated that the IFN-γ response at the signaling and gene expression levels is temporally extended in primary mouse hippocampal neurons, as compared to the transient response of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). We hypothesize that the protracted kinetics of STAT1 phosphorylation in IFN-γ-treated neurons are due to extended receptor activation and/or delayed STAT1 dephosphorylation in the nucleus. Here, we show that in response to IFN-γ, the Janus kinases (JAK1/JAK2) associated with the neuronal IFN-γ receptor complex remain active for an extended period as compared to MEF. Experimental inactivation of JAK1/JAK2 in neurons after IFN-γ treatment did not reverse the extended STAT1 phosphorylation phenotype. These results suggest that the extended kinetics of neuronal IFN-γ signaling are a product of distinct negative feedback mechanisms operating at both the receptor and within the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Podolsky
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, 450 South Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA
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28
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Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules modulate embryonic neuritogenesis and neuronal polarization. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 247:1-8. [PMID: 22503373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied cultured hippocampal neurons from embryonic wildtype, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) heavy chain-deficient (K(b)D(b)-/-) and NSE-D(b) (which have elevated neuronal MHCI expression) C57BL/6 mice. K(b)D(b)-/- neurons displayed slower neuritogenesis and establishment of polarity, while NSE-D(b) neurons had faster neurite outgrowth, more primary neurites, and tended to have accelerated polarization. Additional studies with ß2M-/- neurons, exogenous ß2M, and a self-MHCI monomer suggest that free heavy chain cis interactions with other surface molecules can promote neuritogenesis while tripartite MHCI interactions with classical MHCI receptors can inhibit axon outgrowth. Together with the results of others, MHCI appears to differentially modulate neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis.
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29
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Zirger JM, Puntel M, Bergeron J, Wibowo M, Moridzadeh R, Bondale N, Barcia C, Kroeger KM, Liu C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Immune-mediated loss of transgene expression from virally transduced brain cells is irreversible, mediated by IFNγ, perforin, and TNFα, and due to the elimination of transduced cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:808-19. [PMID: 22233583 PMCID: PMC3321600 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response to viral vectors reduces vector-mediated transgene expression from the brain. It is unknown, however, whether this loss is caused by functional downregulation of transgene expression or death of transduced cells. Herein, we demonstrate that during the elimination of transgene expression, the brain becomes infiltrated with CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and that these T cells are necessary for transgene elimination. Further, the loss of transgene-expressing brain cells fails to occur in the absence of IFNγ, perforin, and TNFα receptor. Two methods to induce severe immune suppression in immunized animals also fail to restitute transgene expression, demonstrating the irreversibility of this process. The need for cytotoxic molecules and the irreversibility of the reduction in transgene expression suggested to us that elimination of transduced cells is responsible for the loss of transgene expression. A new experimental paradigm that discriminates between downregulation of transgene expression and the elimination of transduced cells demonstrates that transduced cells are lost from the brain upon the induction of a specific antiviral immune response. We conclude that the anti-adenoviral immune response reduces transgene expression in the brain through loss of transduced cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Zirger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Josee Bergeron
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mia Wibowo
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rameen Moridzadeh
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Niyati Bondale
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlos Barcia
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kurt M Kroeger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Deceased
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Current address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Current address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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O'Donnell LA, Conway S, Rose RW, Nicolas E, Slifker M, Balachandran S, Rall GF. STAT1-independent control of a neurotropic measles virus challenge in primary neurons and infected mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1915-23. [PMID: 22246627 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are chiefly nonrenewable; thus, cytolytic immune strategies to clear or control neurotropic viral infections could have lasting neurologic consequences. IFN-γ is a potent antiviral cytokine that is critical for noncytolytic clearance of multiple neurotropic viral infections, including measles virus (MV); however, the downstream pathways through which IFN-γ functions in neurons have not been defined. Unlike most cell types studied to date in which IFN-γ affects gene expression via rapid and robust activation of STAT1, basal STAT1 levels in primary hippocampal neurons are constitutively low, resulting in attenuated STAT1 activation and consequently slower kinetics of IFN-γ-driven STAT1-dependent gene expression. Given this altered expression and activation of STAT1 in neurons, we sought to determine whether STAT1 was required for IFN-γ-mediated protection from infection in neurons. To do so, we evaluated the consequences of MV challenge of STAT1-deficient mice and primary hippocampal neurons explanted from these mice. Surprisingly, the absence of STAT1 did not restrict the ability of IFN-γ to control viral infection either in vivo or ex vivo. Moreover, the canonical IFN-γ-triggered STAT1 gene expression profile was not induced in STAT1-deficient neurons, suggesting that IFN-γ regulates neuronal STAT1-independent pathways to control viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Donnell
- Program in Immune Cell Development and Host Defense, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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31
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Washburn LR, Zekzer D, Eitan S, Lu Y, Dang H, Middleton B, Evans CJ, Tian J, Kaufman DL. A potential role for shed soluble major histocompatibility class I molecules as modulators of neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18439. [PMID: 21483793 PMCID: PMC3069096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological activities of classical major histocompatibility class I (MHCI) molecules are just beginning to be explored. To further examine MHCI's actions during the formation of neuronal connections, we cultured embryonic mouse retina explants a short distance from wildtype thalamic explants, or thalami from transgenic mice (termed “NSE-Db”) whose neurons express higher levels of MHCI. While retina neurites extended to form connections with wildtype thalami, we were surprised to find that retina neurite outgrowth was very stunted in regions proximal to NSE-Db thalamic explants, suggesting that a diffusible factor from these thalami inhibited retina neurite outgrowth. It has been long known that MHCI-expressing cells release soluble forms of MHCI (sMHCI) due to the shedding of intact MHCI molecules, as well as the alternative exon splicing of its heavy chain or the action proteases which cleave off it's transmembrane anchor. We show that the diffusible inhibitory factor from the NSE-Db thalami is sMHCI. We also show that COS cells programmed to express murine MHCI release sMHCI that inhibits neurite outgrowth from nearby neurons in vitro. The neuroinhibitory effect of sMHCI could be blocked by lowering cAMP levels, suggesting that the neuronal MHCI receptor's signaling mechanism involves a cyclic nucleotide-dependent pathway. Our results suggest that MHCI may not only have neurobiological activity in its membrane-bound form, it may also influence local neurons as a soluble molecule. We discuss the involvement of complement proteins in generating sMHCI and new theoretical models of MHCI's biological activities in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine R. Washburn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Zekzer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shoshana Eitan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yuxin Lu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Blake Middleton
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Evans
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Joseph MS, Bilousova T, Zdunowski S, Wu ZP, Middleton B, Boudzinskaia M, Wong B, Ali N, Zhong H, Yong J, Washburn L, Escande-Beillard N, Dang H, Edgerton VR, Tillakaratne NJK, Kaufman DL. Transgenic mice with enhanced neuronal major histocompatibility complex class I expression recover locomotor function better after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2010; 89:365-72. [PMID: 21259323 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mice that are deficient in classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) have abnormalities in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment and have more extensive loss of synapses and reduced axon regeneration after sciatic nerve transection, suggesting that MHCI participates in maintaining synapses and axon regeneration. Little is known about the biological consequences of up-regulating MHCI's expression on neurons. To understand MHCI's neurobiological activity better, and in particular its role in neurorepair after injury, we have studied neurorepair in a transgenic mouse model in which classical MHCI expression is up-regulated only on neurons. Using a well-established spinal cord injury (SCI) model, we observed that transgenic mice with elevated neuronal MHCI expression had significantly better recovery of locomotor abilities after SCI than wild-type mice. Although previous studies have implicated inflammation as both deleterious and beneficial for recovery after SCI, our results point directly to enhanced neuronal MHCI expression as a beneficial factor for promoting recovery of locomotor function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Selvan Joseph
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wu ZP, Washburn L, Bilousova TV, Boudzinskaia M, Escande-Beillard N, Querubin J, Dang H, Xie CW, Tian J, Kaufman DL. Enhanced neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex class I leads to aberrations in neurodevelopment and neurorepair. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 232:8-16. [PMID: 20950866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) have aberrations in neurodevelopment. The consequences of upregulated neuronal MHCI expression have not been examined. We found that transgenic C57Bl/6 mice that are engineered to express higher levels of self-D(b) on their CNS neurons have alterations in their hippocampal morphology and retinogeniculate projections, as well as impaired neurorepair responses. Thus, enhanced neuronal classical MHCI expression can lead to aberrations in neural circuitry and neurorepair. These findings complement a growing body of knowledge concerning the neurobiological activities of MHCI and may have potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi-Phyllis Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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McDole JR, Danzer SC, Pun RYK, Chen Y, Johnson HL, Pirko I, Johnson AJ. Rapid formation of extended processes and engagement of Theiler's virus-infected neurons by CNS-infiltrating CD8 T cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1823-33. [PMID: 20813972 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in neuroimmunology is the extent to which CD8 T cells actively engage virus-infected neurons. In the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of multiple sclerosis, an effective central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating antiviral CD8 T cell response offers protection from this demyelinating disease. However, the specific CNS cell types engaged by these protective CD8 T cells in TMEV-resistant strains remains unknown. We used confocal microscopy to visualize the morphology, migration, and specific cellular interactions between adoptively transferred CD8 T cells and specific CNS cell types. Adoptively transferred GFP+ CD8+ splenocytes migrated to the brain and became 93% specific for the immunodominant virus epitope D(b):VP2(121-130). These CD8 T cells also polarized T cell receptor, CD8 protein, and granzyme B toward target neurons. Furthermore, we observed CD8 T cells forming cytoplasmic processes up to 45 μm in length. Using live tissue imaging, we determined that these T cell-extended processes (TCEPs) could be rapidly formed and were associated with migratory behavior through CNS tissues. These studies provide evidence that antiviral CD8 T cells have the capacity to engage virus-infected neurons in vivo and are the first to document and measure the rapid formation of TCEPs on these brain-infiltrating lymphocytes using live tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah R McDole
- Departments of Neurology,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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35
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Murine coronavirus receptors are differentially expressed in the central nervous system and play virus strain-dependent roles in neuronal spread. J Virol 2010; 84:11030-44. [PMID: 20739537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02688-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection of the murine central nervous system (CNS) provides a model for studies of viral encephalitis and demyelinating disease. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) neurotropism varies by strain: MHV-A59 causes mild encephalomyelitis and demyelination, while the highly neurovirulent strain JHM.SD (MHV-4) causes fatal encephalitis with extensive neuronal spread of virus. In addition, while neurons are the predominant CNS cell type infected in vivo, the canonical receptor for MHV, the carcinoembryonic antigen family member CEACAM1a, has been demonstrated only on endothelial cells and microglia. In order to investigate whether CEACAM1a is also expressed in other cell types, ceacam1a mRNA expression was quantified in murine tissues and primary cells. As expected, among CNS cell types, microglia expressed the highest levels of ceacam1a, but lower levels were also detected in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Given the low levels of neuronal expression of ceacam1a, primary neurons from wild-type and ceacam1a knockout mice were inoculated with MHV to determine the extent to which CEACAM1a-independent infection might contribute to CNS infection. While both A59 and JHM.SD infected small numbers of ceacam1a knockout neurons, only JHM.SD spread efficiently to adjacent cells in the absence of CEACAM1a. Quantification of mRNA for the ceacam1a-related genes ceacam2 and psg16 (bCEA), which encode proposed alternative MHV receptors, revealed low ceacam2 expression in microglia and oligodendrocytes and psg16 expression exclusively in neurons; however, only CEACAM2 mediated infection in human 293T cells. Therefore, neither CEACAM2 nor PSG16 is likely to be an MHV receptor on neurons, and the mechanism for CEACAM1a-independent neuronal spread of JHM.SD remains unknown.
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Fontana A, Gast H, Reith W, Recher M, Birchler T, Bassetti CL. Narcolepsy: autoimmunity, effector T cell activation due to infection, or T cell independent, major histocompatibility complex class II induced neuronal loss? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:1300-11. [PMID: 20403960 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human narcolepsy with cataplexy is a neurological disorder, which develops due to a deficiency in hypocretin producing neurons in the hypothalamus. There is a strong association with human leucocyte antigens HLA-DR2 and HLA-DQB1*0602. The disease typically starts in adolescence. Recent developments in narcolepsy research support the hypothesis of narcolepsy being an immune-mediated disease. Narcolepsy is associated with polymorphisms of the genes encoding T cell receptor alpha chain, tumour necrosis factor alpha and tumour necrosis factor receptor II. Moreover the rate of streptococcal infection is increased at onset of narcolepsy. The hallmarks of anti-self reactions in the tissue--namely upregulation of major histocompatibility antigens and lymphocyte infiltrates--are missing in the hypothalamus. These findings are questionable because they were obtained by analyses performed many years after onset of disease. In some patients with narcolepsy autoantibodies to Tribbles homolog 2, which is expressed by hypocretin neurons, have been detected recently. Immune-mediated destruction of hypocretin producing neurons may be mediated by microglia/macrophages that become activated either by autoantigen specific CD4(+) T cells or superantigen stimulated CD8(+) T cells, or independent of T cells by activation of DQB1*0602 signalling. Activation of microglia and macrophages may lead to the release of neurotoxic molecules such as quinolinic acid, which has been shown to cause selective destruction of hypocretin neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Fontana
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Haeldeliweg 4, CH 8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Chakraborty S, Nazmi A, Dutta K, Basu A. Neurons under viral attack: victims or warriors? Neurochem Int 2010; 56:727-35. [PMID: 20206655 PMCID: PMC7115389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique challenge because an intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of proper lymphatic drainage keeps the CNS virtually outside the radar of circulating immune cells that are at constant vigilance for antigens in peripheral tissues. Limited antigen presentation skills of CNS cells in comparison to peripheral tissues is because of a total lack of dendritic cells and feeble expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in neurons and glia. However, research over the past two decades has identified immune effector mechanisms intrinsic to the CNS for immediate tackling, attenuating and clearing of viral infections, with assistance pouring in from peripheral circulation in the form of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells at a later stage. Specialized CNS cells, microglia and astrocytes, were regarded as sole sentinels of the brain for containing a viral onslaught but neurons held little recognition as a potential candidate for protecting itself from the proliferation and pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses. Accumulating evidence however indicates that extracellular insult causes neurons to express immune factors characteristic of lymphoid tissues. This article aims to comprehensively analyze current research on this conditional alteration in the protein expression repertoire of neurons and the role it plays in CNS innate immune response to counter viral infections.
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38
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Silverberg J, Ginsburg D, Orman R, Amassian V, Durkin HG, Stewart M. Lymphocyte infiltration of neocortex and hippocampus after a single brief seizure in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:263-72. [PMID: 19822204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various immune responses have been described in epileptic patients and animal models of epilepsy, but immune responses in brain after a single seizure are poorly understood. We studied immune responses in brain after a single brief generalized tonic-clonic seizure in mice. C57bl/6 mice, either unanesthetized or anesthetized (pentobarbital, ethyl chloride) received either electrical (15-30 mA, 100 Hz, 1s) or sham stimulation (subcutaneous electrodes over frontal lobe, no current). Electrical stimulation of unanesthetized mice resulted in tonic-clonic convulsions with hind-limb extension (maximal seizure), tonic-clonic convulsions without hind-limb extension (submaximal seizure), or no seizure. In contrast, such stimulation of anesthetized mice did not result in seizure. Mice were killed at 1h-7 days after seizure. Brains or regions dissected from brain (neocortex, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum) of each group were pooled, single cell suspensions prepared, and cells separated according to density. CD4(+) (CD3(+)CD45(Hi)) and CD8(+) (CD3(+)CD45(Hi)) T cell and CD45R(+) (CD45(Hi)) B cell numbers were determined by flow cytometry. At 24h after a maximal seizure, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and CD45R(+) B cells appeared in brain, reaching peak numbers at 48 h, but were no longer detected at 7days. CD4(+) T cells and CD45R(+) B cells were preferentially found in neocortex compared with hippocampus, whereas CD8(+) T cells were preferentially found in hippocampus at 24h after a maximal seizure. In contrast, virtually no lymphocytes were detected in brains of unstimulated or sham stimulated mice, unanesthetized stimulated mice after submaximal or no seizure, and anesthetized stimulated mice at 1 h-7 day. Neither Ly6-G+ neutrophils nor erythrocytes were detected in brains of any animals, nor was there any detectable increase of blood-brain barrier permeability by uptake of Evans Blue dye. The results indicate that lymphocyte entry into brain after a single brief seizure is due to a selective process of recruitment into cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Silverberg
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.
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39
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Amor S, Puentes F, Baker D, van der Valk P. Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2010; 129:154-69. [PMID: 20561356 PMCID: PMC2814458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons and axons in the central nervous system, is the primary pathological feature of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, neurotropic viral infections, stroke, paraneoplastic disorders, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. Despite different triggering events, a common feature is chronic immune activation, in particular of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Apart from the pathogenic role of immune responses, emerging evidence indicates that immune responses are also critical for neuroregeneration. Here, we review the impact of innate and adaptive immune responses on the central nervous system in autoimmune, viral and other neurodegenerative disorders, and discuss their contribution to either damage or repair. We also discuss potential therapies aimed at the immune responses within the central nervous system. A better understanding of the interaction between the immune and nervous systems will be crucial to either target pathogenic responses, or augment the beneficial effects of immune responses as a strategy to intervene in chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced mortality in mice is triggered by edema and brain herniation. J Virol 2010; 84:312-20. [PMID: 19828618 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00727-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and the subsequent immune response in its natural murine host, some crucial aspects of LCMV-mediated pathogenesis remain undefined, including the underlying basis of the characteristic central nervous system disease that occurs following intracerebral (i.c.) challenge. We show that the classic seizures and paresis that occur following i.c. infection of adult, immunocompetent mice with LCMV are accompanied by anatomical and histological changes that are consistent with brain herniation, likely of the uncal subtype, as a causative basis for disease and precipitous death. Both by water weight determinations and by magnetic resonance imaging of infected brain tissues, edema was detected only at the terminal stages of disease, likely caused by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the parenchyma. Furthermore, death was accompanied by unilateral pupillary dilation, which is indicative of uncal herniation. While immunohistochemical analysis revealed periventricular inflammation and a loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), these events preceded seizures by 2 to 3 days. Moreover, surviving perforin knockout mice showed barrier permeability equivalent to that of moribund, immunocompetent mice; thus, BBB damage does not appear to be the basis of LCMV-induced neuropathogenesis. Importantly, brain herniation can occur in humans as a consequence of injuries that would be predicted to increase intracranial pressure, including inflammation, head trauma, and brain tumors. Thus, a mechanistic dissection of the basis of LCMV neuropathogenesis may be informative for the development of interventive therapies to prevent this typically fatal human condition.
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41
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Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell-neuron interactions: perforin-dependent electrical silencing precedes but is not causally linked to neuronal cell death. J Neurosci 2010; 29:15397-409. [PMID: 20007464 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4339-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are considered important effector cells contributing to neuronal damage in inflammatory and degenerative CNS disorders. Using time-lapse video microscopy and two-photon imaging in combination with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we here show that major histocompatibility class I (MHC I)-restricted neuronal antigen presentation and T cell receptor specificity determine CD8(+) T-cell locomotion and neuronal damage in culture and hippocampal brain slices. Two separate functional consequences result from a direct cell-cell contact between antigen-presenting neurons and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. (1) An immediate impairment of electrical signaling in single neurons and neuronal networks occurs as a result of massive shunting of the membrane capacitance after insertion of channel-forming perforin (and probably activation of other transmembrane conductances), which is paralleled by an increase of intracellular Ca(2+) levels (within <10 min). (2) Antigen-dependent neuronal apoptosis may occur independently of perforin and members of the granzyme B cluster (within approximately 1 h), suggesting that extracellular effects can substitute for intracellular delivery of granzymes by perforin. Thus, electrical silencing is an immediate consequence of MHC I-restricted interaction of CD8(+) T cells with neurons. This mechanism is clearly perforin-dependent and precedes, but is not causally linked, to neuronal cell death.
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42
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Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Neuropathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, an animal model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:355-69. [PMID: 19894121 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection of mice is an experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS). TMEV induces a biphasic disease in susceptible mouse strains. During the acute phase, 1 week after infection, TMEV causes polioencephalomyelitis characterized by infection and apoptosis of neurons in the gray matter of the brain. During the chronic phase, about 1 month after infection, virus infects glial cells and macrophages, and induces inflammatory demyelination with oligodendrocyte apoptosis and axonal degeneration in the white matter of the spinal cord. Although antibody, CD4(+), and CD8(+) T cell responses against TMEV capsid proteins play important roles in neuropathogenesis, infectious virus with persistence is necessary to induce demyelination; in general, adoptive transfer of antibody or T cells alone did not induce central nervous system (CNS) disease. The TMEV model can be useful for testing new therapeutic strategies specifically as a viral model for MS. Therapies targeting adhesion molecules, axonal degeneration, and immunosuppression can be beneficial for pure autoimmune CNS demyelinating diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, but could be detrimental in virus-induced demyelinating diseases, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Abstract
For the nervous system to translate experience into memory and behavior, lasting structural change at synapses must occur. This requirement is clearly evident during critical periods of activity-dependent neural development, and accumulating evidence has established a surprising role for the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Shatz
- Bio-X and Departments of Biology and Neurobiology, James H. Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive W1.1, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-5437, USA.
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Inflammation on the mind: visualizing immunity in the central nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 334:227-63. [PMID: 19521688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a remarkably complex structure that utilizes electrochemical signaling to coordinate activities throughout the entire body. Because the nervous system contains nonreplicative cells, it is postulated that, through evolutionary pressures, this compartment has acquired specialized mechanisms to limit damage. One potential source of damage comes from our immune system, which has the capacity to survey the CNS and periphery for the presence of foreign material. The immune system is equipped with numerous effector mechanisms and can greatly alter the homeostasis and function of the CNS. Degeneration, autoimmunity, and pathogen infection can all result in acute, and sometimes chronic, inflammation within the CNS. Understanding the specialized functionality of innate and adaptive immune cells within the CNS is critical to the design of more efficacious treatments to mitigate CNS inflammatory conditions. Much of our knowledge of CNS-immune interactions stems from seminal studies that have used static and dynamic imaging approaches to visualize inflammatory cells responding to different CNS conditions. This review will focus on how imaging techniques have elevated our understanding of CNS inflammation as well as the exciting prospects that lie ahead as we begin to pursue investigation of the inflamed CNS in real time.
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Tanaka M. [Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: role of cellular immunity]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2008; 97:1816-1822. [PMID: 18833701 DOI: 10.2169/naika.97.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Kang SS, McGavern DB. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection of the central nervous system. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:4529-43. [PMID: 18508527 PMCID: PMC5279998 DOI: 10.2741/3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in a multitude of responses including pathology, persistence or immune clearance. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a powerful model system to explore these potential outcomes of CNS infection due to the diversity of responses that can be achieved after viral inoculation. Several factors including tropism, timing, dose and variant of LCMV in combination with the development or suppression of the corresponding immune response dictates whether lethal meningitis, chronic infection or clearance of LCMV in the CNS will occur. Importantly, the functionality and positioning of the LCMV-specific CD8+ T cell response are critical in directing the subsequent outcome of CNS LCMV infection. Although a basic understanding of LCMV and immune interactions in the brain exists, the molecular machinery that shapes the balance between pathogenesis and clearance in the LCMV-infected CNS remains to be elucidated. This review covers the various outcomes of LCMV infection in the CNS and what is currently known about the impact of the virus itself versus the immune response in the development of disease or clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S. Kang
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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A T-cell receptor associated with naturally occurring human tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 104:19073-8. [PMID: 18045792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704336104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The onconeural antigens appear to serve as tumor rejection antigens in the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Here, we used an unbiased peptide binding screen, followed by studies in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice to identify naturally processed HLA-A2.1 restricted epitopes of the paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration breast/ovarian cancer antigen cdr2. These mice were used to clone high-avidity cdr2-specific CD8(+) T cells that recognize human tumor cells presenting endogenously loaded MHC class I-cdr2 peptide. T cells with this specificity were detected in the peripheral blood of two HLA-A2.1(+) paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration patients. We cloned T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta genes from cdr2-specific T cells; electroporation of RNA encoding this TCR turned nonreactive donor T cells into efficient killers of human cdr2-expressing tumor cells. Cloned cdr2-specific TCR genes provide a clinically relevant means for immunologic targeting of human gynecologic cancers.
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Abstract
The role of immune-mediated axonal injury in the induction of nonremitting functional deficits associated with multiple sclerosis is an area of active research that promises to substantially alter our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and modify or change our therapeutic focus. This review summarizes the current state of research regarding changes in axonal function during demyelination, provides evidence of axonal dysmorphia and degeneration associated with demyelination, and identifies the cellular and molecular effectors of immune-mediated axonal injury. Finally, a unifying hypothesis that links neuronal stress associated with demyelination-induced axonal dysfunction to immune recognition and immunopathology is provided in an effort to shape future experimentation.
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Rose RW, Vorobyeva AG, Skipworth JD, Nicolas E, Rall GF. Altered levels of STAT1 and STAT3 influence the neuronal response to interferon gamma. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:145-56. [PMID: 18006082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As immune responses in the CNS are highly regulated, cell-specific differences in IFNgamma signaling may be integral in dictating the outcome of host cell responses. In comparing the response of IFNgamma-treated primary neurons to control MEF, we observed that neurons demonstrated lower basal expression of both STAT1 and STAT3, the primary signal transducers responsible for IFNgamma signaling. Following IFNgamma treatment of these cell populations, we noted muted and delayed STAT1 phosphorylation, no detectable STAT3 phosphorylation, and a 3-10-fold lower level of representative IFNgamma-responsive gene transcripts. Moreover, in response to a brief pulse of IFNgamma, a steady increase in STAT1 phosphorylation and IFNgamma gene expression over 48 h was observed in neurons, as compared to rapid attenuation in MEF. These distinct response kinetics in IFNgamma-stimulated neurons may reflect modifications in the IFNgamma negative feedback loop, which may provide a mechanism for the cell-specific heterogeneity of responses to IFNgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wesley Rose
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, 450 South Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, United States
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Makhortova NR, Askovich P, Patterson CE, Gechman LA, Gerard NP, Rall GF. Neurokinin-1 enables measles virus trans-synaptic spread in neurons. Virology 2007; 362:235-44. [PMID: 17434199 PMCID: PMC1945128 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV), a morbillivirus that remains a significant human pathogen, can infect the central nervous system, resulting in rare but often fatal diseases, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Previous work demonstrated that MV was transmitted trans-synaptically and that, while a cellular receptor for the hemagglutinin (H) protein was required for MV entry, it was dispensable for subsequent cell-to-cell spread. Here, we explored what role the other envelope protein, fusion (F), played in trans-synaptic transport. We made the following observations: (1) MV-F expression in infected neurons was similar to that seen in infected fibroblasts; (2) fusion inhibitory peptide (FIP), an inhibitor of MV fusion, prevented both infection and spread in primary neurons; (3) Substance P, a neurotransmitter with the same active site as FIP, also blocked neuronal MV spread; and (4) both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of the Substance P receptor, neurokinin-1 (NK-1), reduced infection of susceptible mice. Together, these data implicate a role for NK-1 in MV CNS infection and spread, perhaps serving as an MV-F receptor or co-receptor on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Makhortova
- Division of Basic Science, The Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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