1
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Lanier LL. Five decades of natural killer cell discovery. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231222. [PMID: 38842526 PMCID: PMC11157086 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The first descriptions of "non-specific" killing of tumor cells by lymphocytes were reported in 1973, and subsequently, the mediators of the activity were named "natural killer" (NK) cells by Rolf Kiessling and colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in 1975. The activity was detected in mice, rats, and humans that had no prior exposure to the tumors, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen matching of the effectors and tumor cells was not required, and the cells responsible were distinct from MHC-restricted, antigen-specific T cells. In the ensuing five decades, research by many labs has extended knowledge of NK cells beyond an in vitro curiosity to demonstrate their in vivo relevance in host defense against tumors and microbial pathogens and their role in regulation of the immune system. This brief Perspective highlights a timeline of a few selected advancements in NK cell biology from a personal perspective of being involved in this quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Fu YY, Ren CE, Qiao PY, Meng YH. Uterine natural killer cells and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13433. [PMID: 33896061 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), termed as two or more consecutive pregnancy loss is a great problem for some women of childbearing age. A large number of evidence confirm that there may be an immune background of RSA. As a member of the innate immune system, uterine natural killer (uNK) cells account for about 70% of total lymphocytes during pregnancy and play a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. This review mainly introduces the phenotype, origin, receptor, and function of uNK cells to illuminate its relationship with RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Fu
- Clinical Medical Colleges, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chun-E Ren
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Peng-Yun Qiao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yu-Han Meng
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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3
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Giunta EF, Argenziano G, Brancaccio G, Martinelli E, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Axis Blockade: New Combination Strategies in Metastatic Melanoma Treatment. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180927095650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Metastatic melanoma treatment has dramatically changed in the last few years, having a
breakthrough with the introduction of targeted agents and immunotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
is one of the physiologic mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance, but it also represents a
mechanism of tumor immune escape. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors represent new immune-checkpoint
drugs currently used in metastatic melanoma treatment.
:
Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade, which is the main cause of therapeutic failure during
therapeutic use of these drugs, could be linked to several mechanism of immune escape. In fact,
other inhibitory receptor such as CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 and TIGIT might be co-expressed on T
cells, deleting the effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1; overexpression of the enzyme IDO could cause immunosuppression
through the depletion of tryptophan in the tumor microenvironment; defective c
ostimulation (through reduced activity of 4-1BB and OX40 receptors) could result in T-cell
energy.
:
Combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with drugs targeting inhibitory or costimulatory receptors, intracellular
pathways, enzymes or neoangiogenesis could be a possible strategy to overcome resistance
to single PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Clinical trials evaluating combination therapies have already
showed interesting results, although most of them are still on going.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology unit, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Brancaccio
- Dermatology unit, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale , Italy
| | | | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale , Italy
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4
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Cheng H, Schwell V, Curtis BR, Fazlieva R, Roder H, Campbell KS. Conformational Changes in the Cytoplasmic Region of KIR3DL1 upon Interaction with SHP-2. Structure 2019; 27:639-650.e2. [PMID: 30773397 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KIR3DL1 is an inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) that negatively regulates natural killer cell cytotoxicity. The KIR3DL1 cytoplasmic region (3DL1-cyto) is disordered and can be dissected into three segments: (I) H340-V351; (II) M352-D371; and (III) P372-P423. NMR studies indicate that segment II can dynamically adopt a loop-like conformation, and segments I and III can form dynamic helices that may mediate binding to membranes, particularly in the region around the N-terminal (N) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), consistent with its role in signaling. Furthermore, individual SH2 domains of SHP-2 strongly engage with the unphosphorylated N-ITIM of 3DL1-cyto, while binding of the tandem SHP-2 SH2 domains to the bis-phosphorylated ITIMs results in more extensive conformational changes in segments I and III. The findings enhance our understanding of KIR function and how ITIMs in a target receptor operate in concert to engage the tandem SH2 domains of SHP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Vered Schwell
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Brett R Curtis
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Ruzaliya Fazlieva
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Heinrich Roder
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kerry S Campbell
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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5
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Pittari G, Vago L, Festuccia M, Bonini C, Mudawi D, Giaccone L, Bruno B. Restoring Natural Killer Cell Immunity against Multiple Myeloma in the Era of New Drugs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1444. [PMID: 29163516 PMCID: PMC5682004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformed plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM) are susceptible to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing via engagement of tumor ligands for NK activating receptors or “missing-self” recognition. Similar to other cancers, MM targets may elude NK cell immunosurveillance by reprogramming tumor microenvironment and editing cell surface antigen repertoire. Along disease continuum, these effects collectively result in a progressive decline of NK cell immunity, a phenomenon increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of MM progression. In recent years, unprecedented efforts in drug development and experimental research have brought about emergence of novel therapeutic interventions with the potential to override MM-induced NK cell immunosuppression. These NK-cell enhancing treatment strategies may be identified in two major groups: (1) immunomodulatory biologics and small molecules, namely, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic antibodies, lenalidomide, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors and (2) NK cell therapy, namely, adoptive transfer of unmanipulated and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered NK cells. Here, we summarize the mechanisms responsible for NK cell functional suppression in the context of cancer and, specifically, myeloma. Subsequently, contemporary strategies potentially able to reverse NK dysfunction in MM are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Pittari
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, HMC, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luca Vago
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Moreno Festuccia
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Molinette, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Deena Mudawi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, HMC, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luisa Giaccone
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Molinette, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Presidio Molinette, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Hilton HG, Blokhuis JH, Guethlein LA, Norman PJ, Parham P. Resurrecting KIR2DP1: A Key Intermediate in the Evolution of Human Inhibitory NK Cell Receptors That Recognize HLA-C. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1961-1973. [PMID: 28122963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DP1 is an inactive member of the human lineage III KIR family, which includes all HLA-C-specific receptor genes. The lethal, and only, defect in KIR2DP1 is a nucleotide deletion in codon 88. Fixed in modern humans, the deletion is also in archaic human genomes. KIR2DP1 is polymorphic, with dimorphism at specificity-determining position 44. By repairing the deletion, we resurrected 11 alleles of KIR2DP1F , the functional antecedent of KIR2DP1 We demonstrate how K44-KIR2DP1F with lysine 44 recognized C1+HLA-C, whereas T44-KIR2DP1F recognized C2+HLA-C. Dimorphisms at 12 other KIR2DP1F residues modulate receptor avidity or signaling. KIR2DP1 and KIR2DL1 are neighbors in the centromeric KIR region and are in tight linkage disequilibrium. Like KIR2DL1, KIR2DP1 contributed to CenA and CenB KIR haplotype differences. Encoded on CenA, C1-specific K44-KIR2DP1F were stronger receptors than the attenuated C2-specific T44-KIR2DP1F encoded on CenB The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had diverse lineage III KIR that passed on to chimpanzees but not to humans. Early humans inherited activating KIR2DS4 and an inhibitory lineage III KIR, likely encoding a C1-specific receptor. The latter spawned the modern family of HLA-C receptors. KIR2DP1F has properties consistent with KIR2DP1F having been the founder gene. The first KIR2DP1F alleles encoded K44-C1 receptors; subsequently KIR2DP1F alleles encoding T44-C2 receptors evolved. The emergence of dedicated KIR2DL2/3 and KIR2DL1 genes encoding C1 and C2 receptors, respectively, could have led to obsolescence of KIR2DP1F Alternatively, pathogen subversion caused its demise. Preservation of KIR2DP1F functional polymorphism was a side effect of fixation of the deletion in KIR2DP1F by micro gene conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jeroen H Blokhuis
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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7
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Oszmiana A, Williamson DJ, Cordoba SP, Morgan DJ, Kennedy PR, Stacey K, Davis DM. The Size of Activating and Inhibitory Killer Ig-like Receptor Nanoclusters Is Controlled by the Transmembrane Sequence and Affects Signaling. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1957-72. [PMID: 27210755 PMCID: PMC4893158 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has revealed that immune cell receptors are organized in nanoscale clusters at cell surfaces and immune synapses. However, mechanisms and functions for this nanoscale organization remain unclear. Here, we used super-resolution microscopy to compare the surface organization of paired killer Ig-like receptors (KIR), KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1, on human primary natural killer cells and cell lines. Activating KIR2DS1 assembled in clusters two-fold larger than its inhibitory counterpart KIR2DL1. Site-directed mutagenesis established that the size of nanoclusters is controlled by transmembrane amino acid 233, a lysine in KIR2DS1. Super-resolution microscopy also revealed two ways in which the nanoscale clustering of KIR affects signaling. First, KIR2DS1 and DAP12 nanoclusters are juxtaposed in the resting cell state but coalesce upon receptor ligation. Second, quantitative super-resolution microscopy revealed that phosphorylation of the kinase ZAP-70 or phosphatase SHP-1 is favored in larger KIR nanoclusters. Thus, the size of KIR nanoclusters depends on the transmembrane sequence and affects downstream signaling. Activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors have a distinct nanoscale organization The transmembrane sequence of KIR controls their nanoscale organization Nanoclusters of KIR2DS1 and its adaptor are juxtaposed but mix upon activation Phosphorylation of ZAP-70 or SHP-1 is favored in larger receptor nanoclusters
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oszmiana
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - David J Williamson
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Shaun-Paul Cordoba
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Philippa R Kennedy
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kevin Stacey
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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8
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Torelli GF, Peragine N, Mariglia P, Foà R. The antileukemic potential of natural killer cells. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:425-34. [PMID: 26973124 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antileukemic potential of natural killer (NK) cells has over the years raised considerable interest and new immune-based treatment protocols characterized by the infusion of freshly isolated or ex vivo activated and expanded effectors have been designed. Several aspects still need to be addressed, including the optimal timing of NK infusion during the course of the disease, the best preparative regimen, the origin of NK cells and the possible need of ex vivo NK cell manipulation before the infusion. The aims of this review are to discuss the experimental and clinical data available on the role played by NK cells for leukemia patients and to revise the different good manufacturing practice protocols for ex vivo manipulation of these effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni F Torelli
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies & Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Peragine
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies & Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mariglia
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies & Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies & Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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9
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Pittari G, Filippini P, Gentilcore G, Grivel JC, Rutella S. Revving up Natural Killer Cells and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Against Hematological Malignancies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:230. [PMID: 26029215 PMCID: PMC4429635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to innate immunity and exhibit cytolytic activity against infectious pathogens and tumor cells. NK-cell function is finely tuned by receptors that transduce inhibitory or activating signals, such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors, NK Group 2 member D (NKG2D), NKG2A/CD94, NKp46, and others, and recognize both foreign and self-antigens expressed by NK-susceptible targets. Recent insights into NK-cell developmental intermediates have translated into a more accurate definition of culture conditions for the in vitro generation and propagation of human NK cells. In this respect, interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 are instrumental in driving NK-cell differentiation and maturation, and hold great promise for the design of optimal NK-cell culture protocols. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells possess phenotypic and functional hallmarks of both T cells and NK cells. Similar to T cells, they express CD3 and are expandable in culture, while not requiring functional priming for in vivo activity, like NK cells. CIK cells may offer some advantages over other cell therapy products, including ease of in vitro propagation and no need for exogenous administration of IL-2 for in vivo priming. NK cells and CIK cells can be expanded using a variety of clinical-grade approaches, before their infusion into patients with cancer. Herein, we discuss GMP-compliant strategies to isolate and expand human NK and CIK cells for immunotherapy purposes, focusing on clinical trials of adoptive transfer to patients with hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Pittari
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Perla Filippini
- Deep Immunophenotyping Core, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Giusy Gentilcore
- Deep Immunophenotyping Core, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Jean-Charles Grivel
- Deep Immunophenotyping Core, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Sergio Rutella
- Clinical Research Center, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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10
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Thomas LM. Current perspectives on natural killer cell education and tolerance: emerging roles for inhibitory receptors. Immunotargets Ther 2015; 4:45-53. [PMID: 27471711 PMCID: PMC4918248 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s61498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are regulated through the coordinated functions of activating and inhibitory receptors. These receptors can act during the initial engagement of an NK cell with a target cell, or in subsequent NK cell engagements to maintain tolerance. Notably, each individual possesses a sizable minority-population of NK cells that are devoid of inhibitory receptors that recognize the surrounding MHC class I (ie, self-MHC). Since these NK cells cannot perform conventional inhibition, they are rendered less responsive through the process of NK cell education (also known as licensing) in order to reduce the likelihood of auto-reactivity. This review will delineate current views on NK cell education, clarify various misconceptions about NK cell education, and, lastly, discuss the relevance of NK cell education in anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Michael Thomas
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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11
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Chouaib S, Pittari G, Nanbakhsh A, El Ayoubi H, Amsellem S, Bourhis JH, Spanholtz J. Improving the outcome of leukemia by natural killer cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2014; 5:95. [PMID: 24672522 PMCID: PMC3956082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blurring the boundary between innate and adaptive immune system, natural killer (NK) cells are widely recognized as potent anti-leukemia mediators. Alloreactive donor NK cells have been shown to improve the outcome of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for leukemia. In addition, in vivo transfer of NK cells may soon reveal an important therapeutic tool for leukemia, if tolerance to NK-mediated anti-leukemia effects is overcome. This will require, at a minimum, the ex vivo generation of a clinically safe NK cell product containing adequate numbers of NK cells with robust anti-leukemia potential. Ideally, ex vivo generated NK cells should also have similar anti-leukemia potential in different patients, and be easy to obtain for convenient clinical scale-up. Moreover, optimal clinical protocols for NK therapy in leukemia and other cancers are still lacking. These and other issues are being currently addressed by multiple research groups. This review will first describe current laboratory NK cell expansion and differentiation techniques by separately addressing different NK cell sources. Subsequently, it will address the mechanisms known to be responsible for NK cell alloreactivity, as well as their clinical impact in the hematopoietic stem cells transplantation setting. Finally, it will briefly provide insight on past NK-based clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U753, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Gianfranco Pittari
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Arash Nanbakhsh
- INSERM U753, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Hanadi El Ayoubi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Sophie Amsellem
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapies, Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Jean-Henri Bourhis
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy , Villejuif , France
| | - Jan Spanholtz
- Glycostem Therapeutics , Hertogenbosch , Netherlands
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12
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Berry R, Rossjohn J, Brooks AG. The Ly49 natural killer cell receptors: a versatile tool for viral self‐discrimination. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:214-20. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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13
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Held W. Inhibitory receptors and their mode of action: key insights from NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3489-90. [PMID: 24058191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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14
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Huse M, Catherine Milanoski S, Abeyweera TP. Building tolerance by dismantling synapses: inhibitory receptor signaling in natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:143-53. [PMID: 23278746 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors bearing immunotyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) maintain natural killer (NK) cell tolerance to normal host tissues. These receptors are difficult to analyze mechanistically because they block activating responses in a rapid and comprehensive manner. The advent of high-resolution single cell imaging techniques has enabled investigators to explore the cell biological basis of the inhibitory response. Recent studies using these approaches indicate that ITIM-containing receptors function at least in part by structurally undermining the immunological synapse between the NK cell and its target. In this review, we discuss these new advances and how they might relate to what is known about the biochemistry of inhibitory signaling in NK cells and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Hellmann I, Letvin NL, Schmitz JE. KIR2DL4 copy number variation is associated with CD4+ T-cell depletion and function of cytokine-producing NK cell subsets in SIV-infected Mamu-A*01-negative rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:5305-10. [PMID: 23449795 PMCID: PMC3624297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02949-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that KIR2DL4 copy number variation (CNV) is associated with CD4(+) T-cell decline and functionality of cytokine-producing NK cells during primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in Mamu-A*01(-) Indian-origin rhesus macaques, with higher KIR2DL4 copy numbers being associated with a better preservation of CD4(+) T cells and an increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production from stimulated cytokine-producing NK cell subsets during acute SIVmac251 infection. These findings underscore the crucial role of activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in NK cell-mediated SIV responses during early SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hellmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Borhis G, Ahmed PS, Mbiribindi B, Naiyer MM, Davis DM, Purbhoo MA, Khakoo SI. A peptide antagonist disrupts NK cell inhibitory synapse formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2924-30. [PMID: 23382564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Productive engagement of MHC class I by inhibitory NK cell receptors depends on the peptide bound by the MHC class I molecule. Peptide:MHC complexes that bind weakly to killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) can antagonize the inhibition mediated by high-affinity peptide:MHC complexes and cause NK cell activation. We show that low-affinity peptide:MHC complexes stall inhibitory signaling at the step of Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 recruitment and do not go on to form the KIR microclusters induced by high-affinity peptide:MHC, which are associated with Vav dephosphorylation and downstream signaling. Furthermore, the low-affinity peptide:MHC complexes prevented the formation of KIR microclusters by high-affinity peptide:MHC. Thus, peptide antagonism of NK cells is an active phenomenon of inhibitory synapse disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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17
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Patankar MS, Gubbels JAA, Felder M, Connor JP. The immunomodulating roles of glycoproteins in epithelial ovarian cancer. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4:631-50. [PMID: 22201900 DOI: 10.2741/405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the immune system demands an intricate defense mechanism by tumors. Ovarian and other tumors employ specific glycoproteins and the associated glycan sequences to modulate immune responses. Glycoproteins enable tumor cells that express or secrete these molecules to evade immune cell attack and induce the immune system to promote tumor growth. This review focuses first on the immune environment in ovarian cancer, and the mechanisms of activation and inhibition that immune cells undergo in order to either attack or ignore a target cell. Next we illustrate the immunomodulatory roles of ovarian cancer-associated glycans and glycoproteins in 1. preventing immune synapse formation, 2. serving as ligands of immune cell receptors, 3. scavenging cytokines and chemokines, and 4. participating in the formation of autoantibodies against the tumor. The importance of these immunomodulating strategies from the view points of understanding the tumor immunology of ovarian tumors, potential origin of such mechanisms, and specific strategies to circumvent the glycoconjugate-mediated suppression of immune responses is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish S Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53792-6188, USA.
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18
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Orr MT, Lanier LL. Inhibitory Ly49 receptors on mouse natural killer cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 350:67-87. [PMID: 20680808 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ly49 receptors, which are expressed in a stochastic manner on subsets of murine natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and other cells, are encoded by the Klra gene family and include receptors with either inhibitory or activating function. All of the inhibitory Ly49 receptors are characterized by an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in their cytoplasmic domain, which upon phosphorylation recruits tyrosine or lipid phosphatases to dampen signals transmitted through other activating receptors. Most of the inhibitory Ly49 receptors recognize polymorphic epitopes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins as ligands. Here, we review the polymorphism, ligand specificity, and signaling capacity of the inhibitory Ly49 receptors and discuss how these molecules regulate NK cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Orr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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19
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Purdy AK, Campbell KS. SHP-2 expression negatively regulates NK cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7234-43. [PMID: 19915046 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) is required for full activation of Ras/ERK in many cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling pathways. In contrast, SHP-2 inhibits activation of human NK cells upon recruitment to killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). To determine how SHP-2 impacts NK cell activation in KIR-dependent or KIR-independent signaling pathways, we employed knockdown and overexpression strategies in NK-like cell lines and analyzed the consequences on functional responses. In response to stimulation with susceptible target cells, SHP-2-silenced NK cells had elevated cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma production, whereas cells overexpressing wild-type or gain-of-function mutants of SHP-2 exhibited dampened activities. Increased levels of SHP-2 expression over this range significantly suppressed microtubule organizing center polarization and granzyme B release in response to target cells. Interestingly, NK-target cell conjugation was only reduced by overexpressing SHP-2, but not potentiated in SHP-2-silenced cells, indicating that conjugation is not influenced by physiological levels of SHP-2 expression. KIR-dependent inhibition of cytotoxicity was unaffected by significant reductions in SHP-2 levels, presumably because KIR were still capable of recruiting the phosphatase under these limiting conditions. In contrast, the general suppressive effect of SHP-2 on cytotoxicity and cytokine release was much more sensitive to changes in cellular SHP-2 levels. In summary, our studies have identified a new, KIR-independent role for SHP-2 in dampening NK cell activation in response to tumor target cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This suppression of activation impacts microtubule organizing center-based cytoskeletal rearrangement and granule release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Purdy
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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20
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Abstract
SUMMARY Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a cell surface molecule that regulates the adaptive immune response. Engagement of PD-1 by its ligands PD-L1 or PD-L2 transduces a signal that inhibits T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic function. While a great deal is known concerning the biologic roles PD-1 plays in regulating the primary immune response and in T-cell exhaustion, comparatively little is known regarding how PD-1 ligation alters signaling pathways. PD-1 ligation is known to inhibit membrane-proximal T-cell signaling events, while ligation of the related inhibitory molecule cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 appears to target more downstream signaling pathways. A major obstacle to an in-depth understanding of PD-1 signaling is the lack of physiologic models in which to study signal transduction. This review focuses on: (i) signaling pathways altered by PD-1 ligation, (ii) factors recruited upon PD-1 phosphorylation, and (iii) exploring the hypothesis that PD-1 ligation induces distinct signals during various stages of immune-cell differentiation. Lastly, we describe models to dissect the function of the PD-1 cytoplasmic tail using primary cells in the absence of agonist antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Riley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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21
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Lynch LA, O'Connell JM, Kwasnik AK, Cawood TJ, O'Farrelly C, O'Shea DB. Are natural killer cells protecting the metabolically healthy obese patient? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:601-5. [PMID: 19238145 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the emerging obesity pandemic, identifying those who appear to be protected from adverse consequences such as type 2 diabetes and certain malignancies will become important. We propose that the circulating immune system plays a role in the development of these comorbidities. Clinical data and blood samples were collected from 52 patients with severe obesity attending a hospital weight-management clinic and 11 lean healthy controls. Patients were classified into metabolically "healthy obese" (n = 26; mean age 42.6 years, mean BMI 46.8 kg/m(2)) or "unhealthy obese" (n = 26; mean age 45 years, mean BMI 47.5 kg/m(2)) groups, based upon standard cutoff points for blood pressure, lipid profile, and fasting glucose. Circulating lymphoid populations and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Obese patients had significantly less circulating natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) compared to lean controls. There were significantly higher levels of NK cells and CTLs in the healthy obese group compared to the unhealthy obese group (NK: 11.7% vs. 6.5%, P < 0.0001, CD8 13.4% vs. 9.3%, P = 0.04), independent of age and BMI and these NK cells were also less activated in the healthy compared to the unhealthy group (CD69, 4.1% vs. 11.8%, P = 0.03). This is the first time that quantitative differences in the circulating immune system of obese patients with similar BMI but different metabolic profiles have been described. The significantly higher levels of CTLs and NK cells, which express fewer inhibitory molecules, could protect against malignancy, infection, and metabolic disease seen in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A Lynch
- Department of Obesity and Immunology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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Abstract
Receptors carrying immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tail control a vast array of cellular responses, ranging from autoimmunity, allergy, phagocytosis of red blood cells, graft versus host disease, to even neuronal plasticity in the brain. The inhibitory function of many receptors has been deduced on the basis of cytoplasmic ITIM sequences. Tight regulation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production by inhibitory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules has served as a model system to study the negative signaling pathway triggered by an ITIM-containing receptor in the physiological context of NK-target cell interactions. Advances in our understanding of the molecular details of inhibitory signaling in NK cells have provided a conceptual framework to address how ITIM-mediated regulation controls cellular reactivity in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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23
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Dissen E, Fossum S, Hoelsbrekken SE, Saether PC. NK cell receptors in rodents and cattle. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:369-75. [PMID: 18977671 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells discriminate between normal syngeneic cells and infected, neoplastic or MHC-disparate allogeneic cells. The reactivity of NK cells appears to be regulated by a balance between activating receptors that recognize non-self or altered self, and inhibitory receptors recognizing normal, self-encoded MHC class I molecules. Subfamilies of NK receptors undergo rapid evolution, and appear to co-evolve with the MHC. We here review present views on the evolution and function of NK cell receptors, with an emphasis on knowledge gained in cattle and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Dissen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1105 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Chini CC, Leibson PJ. Signal transduction during natural killer cell activation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2008; Chapter 9:Unit 9.16. [PMID: 18770753 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0916s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of transmembrane signaling during NK-cell activation has greatly expanded during the past few years. The discovery and characterization of novel triggering and inhibitory receptors have revealed the complexity of these processes. This unit focuses on receptor-initiated signaling pathways that modulate NK functions. Establishing the roles of different signaling pathways in NK cells is a crucial step in the design of therapeutic approaches for selective enhancement or suppression of NK-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chini
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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An essential function for beta-arrestin 2 in the inhibitory signaling of natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:898-907. [PMID: 18604210 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory signaling of natural killer (NK) cells is crucial in the regulation of innate immune responses. Here we show that the association of KIR2DL1, an inhibitory receptor of NK cells, with beta-arrestin 2 mediated recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 to KIR2DL1 and facilitated 'downstream' inhibitory signaling. Consequently, the cytotoxicity of NK cells was higher in beta-arrestin 2-deficient mice but was inhibited in beta-arrestin 2-transgenic mice. Moreover, beta-arrestin 2-deficient mice were less susceptible than wild-type mice to mouse cytomegalovirus infection, an effect that was abolished by depletion of NK cells. Our findings identify a previously unknown mechanism by which the inhibitory signaling in NK cells is regulated.
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26
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Chini CC, Leibson PJ. Signal transduction during natural killer cell activation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Chapter 11:Unit 11.9B. [PMID: 18432709 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1109bs35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes that can mediate cytotoxicity of certain tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and normal cells. In addition to their cytotoxic potential, NK cells secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines that can modulate the function, growth, and differentiation of other immune cells. These different responses are initiated by the interaction of specific NK surface receptors with defined soluble or cell-associated ligands. There are several different types of receptors on the NK cell surface including "triggering" receptors, adhesion molecules, cytokine receptors, and MHC-recognizing killer-cell inhibitory receptors. The functional response of an NK cell is the result of the integration of signals transduced by these different types of receptors. Some of these signaling pathways are similar to other lymphoid cells, but there are also unique features employed by NK cells. This overview focuses on receptor-initiated signaling pathways that modulate NK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chini
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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27
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Wahle JA, Paraiso KHT, Kendig RD, Lawrence HR, Chen L, Wu J, Kerr WG. Inappropriate recruitment and activity by the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) is responsible for receptor dominance in the SHIP-deficient NK cell. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8009-15. [PMID: 18056340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the NKR repertoire is profoundly disrupted by SHIP deficiency. This repertoire disruption is characterized by receptor dominance where inhibitory signals from 2B4 repress killing of complex targets expressing MHC class I and activating ligands. In this study, we examine the molecular basis of receptor dominance in SHIP-/- NK cells. In this study, we show that in SHIP-/- NK cells there is a pronounced bias toward the 2B4 long isoform. We have also characterized signaling molecules recruited to 2B4 in SHIP-/- NK cells. Interestingly, we find that approximately 10- to 16-fold more Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) is recruited to 2B4 in SHIP-/- NK cells when compared with wild type. Consistent with SHP1 overrecruitment, treatment with sodium orthovanadate or a novel inhibitor with micromolar activity against SHP1 restores the ability of SHIP-/- NK cells to kill Rae1+ RMA and M157+ targets. These findings define the molecular basis for hyporesponsiveness by SHIP-deficient NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Wahle
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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28
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Treanor B, Lanigan PMP, Kumar S, Dunsby C, Munro I, Auksorius E, Culley FJ, Purbhoo MA, Phillips D, Neil MAA, Burshtyn DN, French PMW, Davis DM. Microclusters of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling at natural killer cell immunological synapses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:153-61. [PMID: 16801390 PMCID: PMC2064172 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200601108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the supramolecular organization of killer Ig–like receptor (KIR) phosphorylation using a technique applicable to imaging phosphorylation of any green fluorescent protein–tagged receptor at an intercellular contact or immune synapse. Specifically, we use fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to report Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between GFP-tagged KIR2DL1 and a Cy3-tagged generic anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody. Visualization of KIR phosphorylation in natural killer (NK) cells contacting target cells expressing cognate major histocompatibility complex class I proteins revealed that inhibitory signaling is spatially restricted to the immune synapse. This explains how NK cells respond appropriately when simultaneously surveying susceptible and resistant target cells. More surprising, phosphorylated KIR was confined to microclusters within the aggregate of KIR, contrary to an expected homogeneous distribution of KIR signaling across the immune synapse. Also, yellow fluorescent protein–tagged Lck, a kinase important for KIR phosphorylation, accumulated in a multifocal distribution at inhibitory synapses. Spatial confinement of receptor phosphorylation within the immune synapse may be critical to how activating and inhibitory signals are integrated in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebhinn Treanor
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
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29
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Imhof D, Wavreille AS, May A, Zacharias M, Tridandapani S, Pei D. Sequence specificity of SHP-1 and SHP-2 Src homology 2 domains. Critical roles of residues beyond the pY+3 position. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20271-82. [PMID: 16702225 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601047200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A combinatorial phosphotyrosyl (pY) peptide library was screened to determine the amino acid preferences at the pY+4 to pY+6 positions for the four SH2 domains of protein-tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Individual binding sequences selected from the library were resynthesized and their binding affinities and specificities to various SH2 domains were further evaluated by SPR studies, stimulation of SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatase activity, and in vitro pulldown assays. These studies reveal that binding of a pY peptide to the N-SH2 domain of SHP-2 is greatly enhanced by a large hydrophobic residue (Trp, Tyr, Met, or Phe) at the pY+4 and/or pY+5 positions, whereas binding to SHP-1 N-SH2 domain is enhanced by either hydrophobic or positively charged residues (Arg, Lys, or His) at these positions. Similar residues at the pY+4 to pY+6 positions are also preferred by SHP-1 and SHP-2 C-SH2 domains, although their influence on the overall binding affinities is much smaller compared with the N-SH2 domains. A structural model was generated to qualitatively interpret the contribution of the pY+4 and pY+5 residues to the overall binding affinity. Examination of pY motifs from known SHP-1 and SHP-2-binding proteins shows that many of the pY motifs contain a hydrophobic or positively charged residue(s) at the pY+4 and pY+5 positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Imhof
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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30
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Abstract
Tolerance of natural killer (NK) cells toward normal cells is mediated through their expression of inhibitory receptors that detect the normal expression of self in the form of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) molecules on target cells. These MHC-I-binding inhibitory receptors recruit tyrosine phosphatases, which are believed to counteract activating receptor-stimulated tyrosine kinases. The perpetual balance between signals derived from inhibitory and activating receptors controls NK cell responsiveness and provides an interesting paradigm of signaling cross talk. This review summarizes our knowledge of the intracellular mechanisms by which cell surface receptors influence biological responses by NK cells. Special emphasis focuses on the dynamic signaling events at the NK immune synapse and the unique signaling characteristics of specific receptors, such as NKG2D, 2B4, and KIR2DL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W MacFarlane
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Division of Basic Science, Institute for Cancer Research, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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31
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Kirwan SE, Burshtyn DN. Killer cell Ig-like receptor-dependent signaling by Ig-like transcript 2 (ILT2/CD85j/LILRB1/LIR-1). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5006-15. [PMID: 16210603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) signal by recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 to ITIM. In the present study, we show that, surprisingly, KIR lacking ITIM are able to signal and inhibit in the human NK cell line NK92, but not in mouse NK cells. Signaling by mutant KIR is weaker than the wild-type receptor, does not require the transmembrane or cytoplasmic tail of KIR, and is blocked by overexpression of a catalytically inactive Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 molecule. We also demonstrate that mutant KIR signaling is blocked by Abs, which disrupt the interaction between KIR and human leukocyte Ag-C or Abs, which block the interaction between Ig-like transcript 2 (ILT2) and the alpha3 domain of HLA class I molecules. Thus, although ILT2 expressed in NK92 is insufficient to signal in response to human leukocyte Ag-C alone, ILT2 can signal in a KIR-dependent manner revealing functional cooperation between receptors encoded by two distinct inhibitory receptor families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl E Kirwan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Abstract
The integrated processing of signals transduced by activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors regulates NK cell effector functions. Here, I review the structure, function, and ligand specificity of the receptors responsible for NK cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA.
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33
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Avril T, Floyd H, Lopez F, Vivier E, Crocker PR. The membrane-proximal immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif is critical for the inhibitory signaling mediated by Siglecs-7 and -9, CD33-related Siglecs expressed on human monocytes and NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6841-9. [PMID: 15557178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 are two members of the recently characterized CD33-related Siglec family of sialic acid binding proteins and are both expressed on human monocytes and NK cells. In addition to their ability to recognize sialic acid residues, these Siglecs display two conserved tyrosine-based motifs in their cytoplasmic region similar to those found in inhibitory receptors of the immune system. In the present study, we use the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) model to examine the potential of Siglecs-7 and -9 to function as inhibitory receptors and investigate the molecular basis for this. We first demonstrate that Siglecs-7 and -9 are able to inhibit the FcepsilonRI-mediated serotonin release from RBL cells following co-crosslinking. In addition, we show that under these conditions or after pervanadate treatment, Siglecs-7 and -9 associate with the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP), SHP-1 and SHP-2, both in immunoprecipitation and in fluorescence microscopy experiments using GFP fusion proteins. We then show by site-directed mutagenesis that the membrane-proximal tyrosine motif is essential for the inhibitory function of both Siglec-7 and -9, and is also required for tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases. Finally, mutation of the membrane-proximal motif increased the sialic acid binding activity of Siglecs-7 and -9, raising the possibility that "inside-out" signaling may occur to regulate ligand binding.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins/biosynthesis
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/metabolism
- Lectins/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Transport
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, IgE/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgE/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
- Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins
- Sialic Acids/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Avril
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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34
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Yusa SI, Catina TL, Campbell KS. KIR2DL5 can inhibit human NK cell activation via recruitment of Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7385-92. [PMID: 15187115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells use class I MHC-binding inhibitory receptors, such as the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family, to discriminate between normal and abnormal cells. Some tumors and virus-infected cells down-regulate class I MHC and thereby become targets of NK cells. Substantial evidence indicates that the mechanism of KIR-mediated inhibition involves recruitment of the protein tyrosine phosphatases, Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SHP-2, to two phosphorylated cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). KIR2DL5 is a type II member of the KIR2D family with an atypical extracellular domain and an intracytoplasmic domain containing one typical ITIM and one atypical ITIM sequence. Although KIR2DL5 structure is expressed by approximately 50% of humans and is conserved among primate species, its function has not been determined. In the present study, we directly compared functional and biochemical properties of KIR2DL5, KIR3DL1 (a type I KIR with two ITIMs), and KIR2DL4 (the only other type II KIR, which has a single ITIM) in a human NK-like cell line. Our results show that KIR2DL5 is an inhibitory receptor that can recruit both SHP-1 and SHP-2, and its inhibitory capacity is more similar to that of the cytoplasmic domain of KIR2DL4 than KIR3DL1. Interestingly, inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity by KIR2DL5 was blocked by dominant-negative SHP-2, but not dominant-negative SHP-1, whereas both dominant-negative phosphatases can block inhibition by KIR3DL1. Therefore, the cytoplasmic domains of type II KIRs (2DL4 and 2DL5) exhibit distinct inhibitory capacities when compared with type I KIRs (3DL1), due to alterations in the canonical ITIM sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Phosphorylation
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Phosphatase 2
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Transport
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/immunology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL4
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-ichi Yusa
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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35
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Katz G, Gazit R, Arnon TI, Gonen-Gross T, Tarcic G, Markel G, Gruda R, Achdout H, Drize O, Merims S, Mandelboim O. MHC Class I-Independent Recognition of NK-Activating Receptor KIR2DS4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1819-25. [PMID: 15265913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are capable of killing tumor and virus-infected cells. This killing is mediated primarily via the natural cytotoxicity receptors, including NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, and by the NKG2D receptor. Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are mainly involved in inhibiting NK killing (inhibitory KIRs) via interaction with MHC class I molecules. Some KIRs, however, have been found to enhance NK killing when interacting with MHC class I molecules (activating KIRs). We have previously demonstrated that KIR2DS4, an activating KIR, recognizes the HLA-Cw4 protein. The interaction observed was weak and highly restricted to HLA-Cw4 only. These findings prompted us to check whether KIR2DS4 might have additional ligand(s). In this study, we show that KIR2DS4 is able to also interact with a non-class I MHC protein expressed on melanoma cell lines and on a primary melanoma. This interaction is shown to be both specific and functional. Importantly, site-directed mutagenesis analysis reveals that the amino acid residues involved in the recognition of this novel ligand are different from those interacting with HLA-Cw4. These results may shed new light on the function of activating KIRs and their relevance in NK biology.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- HLA-C Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Melanoma/chemistry
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/isolation & purification
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Katz
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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36
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that were first identified for their ability to kill tumor cells without deliberate immunization or activation. Subsequently, they were also found to be able to kill cells that are infected with certain viruses and to attack preferentially cells that lack expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens. The recent discovery of novel NK receptors and their ligands has uncovered the molecular mechanisms that regulate NK activation and function. Several activating NK cell receptors and costimulatory molecules have been identified that permit these cells to recognize tumors and virus-infected cells. These are modulated by inhibitory receptors that sense the levels of MHC class I on prospective target cells to prevent unwanted destruction of healthy tissues. In vitro and in vivo, their cytotoxic ability can be enhanced by cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15 and interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta). In animal studies, they have been shown to play a critical role in the control of tumor growth and metastasis and to provide innate immunity against infection with certain viruses. Following activation, NK cells release cytokines and chemokines that induce inflammatory responses; modulate monocyte, dendritic cells, and granulocyte growth and differentiation; and influence subsequent adaptive immune responses. The underlining mechanism of discriminating tumor cells and normal cells by NK cells has provided new insights into tumor immunosurveillance and has suggested new strategies for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Shanghai Gnomics, Inc., and Chinese National Genome Center, Shanghai, China
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37
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Dorothée G, Echchakir H, Le Maux Chansac B, Vergnon I, El Hage F, Moretta A, Bensussan A, Chouaib S, Mami-Chouaib F. Functional and molecular characterization of a KIR3DL2/p140 expressing tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone infiltrating a human lung carcinoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:7192-8. [PMID: 14562047 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes infiltrating a human lung carcinoma stimulated in vitro with autologous tumor cell line showed a TCRVbeta13.6(+) T-cell expansion. This subset was isolated using TCRVbeta-specific antibody and several T-cell clones were generated. All these clones expressed a unique Vbeta13.6-Jbeta2.7 TCR with the same junctional region strongly suggesting that they derived from the same cell. They were CD8(+)/CD28(-) and expressed the MHC class I binding killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR)3DL2/p140, but not KIR3DL1/p70, KIR2DL1/p58.1 and KIR2DL2/3/p58.2. Sequence analysis indicated that KIR3DL2/p140 cDNA was identical to the previously reported 3DL2*002 allele except for two nucleic acid substitutions. Functional studies showed that KIR3DL2/p140(+) CTL secrete a significant level of IFNgamma and mediate an HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxicity against the autologous and some allogeneic tumor cells but not towards the autologous EBV-B cells. Strikingly, both the lytic and the cytokine secretion activities induced upon specific cell interactions were unaffected by anti-KIR3DL2/p140 antibody. In addition, crosslinking KIR3DL2/p140 molecules on CTL did not result into the modification of cytotoxicity and cytokine production triggered by anti-CD3 antibody. These results strongly suggest that, as opposed to distinct KIR expressed by CTL, the in vitro KIR3DL2/p140 engagement does not result into inhibitory (nor activatory) effects on tumor-specific CTL.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, KIR2DL2
- Receptors, KIR2DL3
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- Receptors, KIR3DL2
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dorothée
- Laboratoire Cytokines et Immunologie des tumeurs Humaines, INSERM U487, Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, Cedex, France
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38
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Westgaard IH, Dissen E, Torgersen KM, Lazetic S, Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Fossum S. The lectin-like receptor KLRE1 inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1551-61. [PMID: 12782717 PMCID: PMC2193914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and functional characterization in the mouse and the rat of a novel natural killer (NK) cell receptor termed KLRE1. The receptor is a type II transmembrane protein with a COOH-terminal lectin-like domain, and constitutes a novel KLR family. Rat Klre1 was mapped to the NK gene complex. By Northern blot and flow cytometry using newly generated monoclonal antibodies, KLRE1 was shown to be expressed by NK cells and a subpopulation of CD3+ cells, with pronounced interstrain variation. Western blot analysis indicated that KLRE1 can be expressed on the NK cell surface as a disulphide-linked dimer. The predicted proteins do not contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or a positively charged amino acid in the transmembrane domain. However, in a redirected lysis assay, the presence of whole IgG, but not of F(ab')2 fragments of a monoclonal anti-KLRE1 antibody inhibited lysis of Fc-receptor bearing tumor target cells. Moreover, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 was coimmunoprecipitated with KLRE1 from pervanadate-treated interleukin 2-activated NK cells. Together, our results indicate that KLRE1 may form a functional heterodimer with an as yet unidentified ITIM-bearing partner that recruits SHP-1 to generate an inhibitory receptor complex.
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39
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Yusa SI, Campbell KS. Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) can play a direct role in the inhibitory function of killer cell Ig-like receptors in human NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4539-47. [PMID: 12707331 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory forms of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) are MHC class I-binding receptors that are expressed by human NK cells and prevent their attack of normal cells. Substantial evidence indicates that the mechanism of KIR-mediated inhibition involves recruitment of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1, to phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). However, the functional significance of parallel recruitment of a SHP-1-related phosphatase, SHP-2, to KIR ITIMs has not been addressed. In the present study, our results with mutant forms of a classical KIR, KIR3DL1, show a direct correlation between SHP-2 recruitment and functional inhibition of target cell conjugation and cytotoxicity. In addition, KIR3DL1 inhibition of target cell cytotoxicity is blocked by overexpression of a dominant-negative form of SHP-2. Finally, KIR3DL1 fused directly with the catalytic domain of SHP-2 inhibits both target cell conjugation and cytotoxicity responses. These results strongly indicate that SHP-2 catalytic activity plays a direct role in inhibitory KIR functions, and SHP-2 inhibits NK cell activation in concert with SHP-1.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Catalytic Domain/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Protein Phosphatase 2
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/biosynthesis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Sequence Deletion
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrosine/genetics
- src Homology Domains/genetics
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Yusa
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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40
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Becker S, Tonn T, Füssel T, Uhrberg M, Bogdanow M, Seifried E, Seidl C. Assessment of killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptor expression and corresponding HLA class I phenotypes demonstrates heterogenous KIR expression independent of anticipated HLA class I ligands. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:183-93. [PMID: 12559621 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytolysis is stimulated and downregulated through the interaction of distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on target cells with specific killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptors (KIRs) on NK cells. Killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptors are highly polymorphic and are clonally distributed on NK cell populations within individuals. However, the regulation of KIR expression by individual HLA class I phenotypes is not well understood. To examine a potential influence of the HLA class I phenotype on KIR expression patterns we studied the KIR expression in individuals that were subgrouped according to the major HLA-C encoded KIR-epitopes (group C1 versus C2). In these individuals, NK cells were analyzed for KIR expression using flow cytometry and RNA-based expression analysis. Our results demonstrate that KIR genes are transmitted very heterogeneously with two main patterns of KIR genotypes as previously described; group A and group B (with 21 different genotypes). There are distinct populations exhibiting different densities of CD158a and/or CD158b positive NK cells that coexist in all individuals. A clear correlation between KIR expression and the currently known HLA class I ligands was not observed. In conclusion, the surface expression of KIRs in individuals with different HLA class I genotypes indicates that other non-HLA class I encoded factors contribute to the shaping of the KIR repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Donors
- Chromosome Segregation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Frequency
- Genotype
- Germany
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, KIR2DL3
- White People/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Becker
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, RCBDS, Frankfurt, Germany
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41
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Vyas YM, Maniar H, Dupont B. Visualization of signaling pathways and cortical cytoskeleton in cytolytic and noncytolytic natural killer cell immune synapses. Immunol Rev 2002; 189:161-78. [PMID: 12445273 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of imaging approaches and other methods of cell biology have provided high-resolution visualization of the location of fluorescent proteins in living and fixed cells during cell-cell interactions between lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells and target cells. We review the composition and dynamics of molecular and cytoskeletal events occurring during natural killer cell interactions with susceptible and nonsusceptible target cells. The natural killer cell immune synapse and the concomitant changes in cytoskeletal components and cytoplasmic organelles are described. The findings are compared with the observations made in T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. It is concluded that the cytolytic immune synapses display spatial-temporal dynamics that are accelerated as compared with T helper cells. In addition, the cytolytic conjugates have unique characteristics relating to their effector function. Furthermore, the natural killer cell immune synapses in cytolytic and noncytolytic interactions are distinctly different and display patterns consistent with characteristic signaling pathways identified in biochemical studies of disrupted cells. The precise relationship between different stages of the natural killer cell immune synapse formation and progression in signal transduction pathways is yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatin M Vyas
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10021, USA
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42
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Abstract
It has been shown that endogenous production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during T cell activation regulates signaling events including MAPK activation. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been regarded as targets of ROS which modify the catalytic cysteine residues of the enzymes. We have analyzed the interplay between the inhibition of PTPs and the activation of MAPK by H(2)O(2). Stimulation of Jurkat T cells with H(2)O(2) induces the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK members of MAPK family. H(2)O(2) stimulation of T cells was found to inhibit the PTP activity of CD45, SHP-1, and HePTP. Transfection of cells with wtSHP-1 decreased H(2)O(2)-induced ERK and JNK phosphorylation without affecting p38 phosphorylation. Transfection with wtHePTP inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced ERK and p38 phosphorylation without inhibiting JNK phosphorylation. The Src-family kinase inhibitor, PP2, inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, Ro-31-8425, blocked H(2)O(2)-induced ERK phosphorylation, whereas the same treatment did not inhibit p38 or JNK phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of PTPs by H(2)O(2) contributes to the induction of distinct MAPK activation profiles via differential signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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43
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Kabat J, Borrego F, Brooks A, Coligan JE. Role that each NKG2A immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif plays in mediating the human CD94/NKG2A inhibitory signal. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1948-58. [PMID: 12165520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human NKG2A chain of the CD94/NKG2A receptor contains two immunoreceptor Tyr-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in its cytoplasmic tail. To determine the relative importance of membrane-distal (residues 6-11) and membrane-proximal (residues 38-43) ITIMs in mediating the inhibitory signal, we made site-directed mutants of NKG2A at the Y (Y8F, Y40F, Y8F/Y40F) and the residues two positions N-terminal (Y-2) of Y (V6A, I38A, V6A/I38A) in each motif. Wild-type (wt) and mutated NKG2A were then cotransfected with CD94 into rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cells. Immunochemical analyses after pervanadate treatment showed that each of the mutant molecules could be phosphorylated to expected levels relative to wt NKG2A and that all the mutations significantly reduced the avidity of SH2 domain-bearing tyrosine phosphatase-1 for NKG2A. Confocal microscopy was used to determine whether SH2 domain-bearing tyrosine phosphatase-1 and CD94/NKG2A colocalized intracellularly after receptor ligation. Only the Y8F/Y40F and Y8F mutant NKG2A molecules failed to show a dramatic colocalization. In agreement with this result, the Y8F/Y40F mutant was unable to inhibit FcepsilonRI-mediated serotonin release and the Y8F mutant was relatively ineffective compared with wt NKG2A. In contrast, the Y40F mutant was 70% as effective as wt in mediating inhibition, and the Y-2 mutations did not remarkably affect inhibitory function. These results show that, like KIR, both NKG2A ITIMs are required for mediating the maximal inhibitory signal, but opposite to KIR, the membrane-distal ITIM is of primary importance rather than the membrane-proximal ITIM. This probably reflects the opposite orientation of the ITIMs in type II vs type I proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Degranulation
- Cell Line
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Immunological
- Mutation
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Tyrosine/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Kabat
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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44
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Faure M, Long EO. KIR2DL4 (CD158d), an NK cell-activating receptor with inhibitory potential. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6208-14. [PMID: 12055234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DL4 (CD158d) is an unusual member of the killer cell Ig-like receptor family expressed in all NK cells and some T cells. KIR2DL4 activates the cytotoxicity of NK cells, despite the presence of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic tail. The role of this ITIM on the activating function of KIR2DL4, and whether it can provide inhibitory signals, is not known. Mutated forms of KIR2DL4 were engineered that lacked either the tyrosine in the ITIM or an arginine-tyrosine motif in the transmembrane region that is required for the activation signal. The activity of the mutated KIR2DL4 molecules was tested in a redirected lysis assay. The ITIM was not necessary for activation of lysis by KIR2DL4. The activation signal of KIR2DL4 was sensitive to inhibition by another ITIM-containing receptor. The activation-deficient mutant of KIR2DL4 inhibited the signal delivered by the activating receptor CD16. In pull-down experiments with GST fusion proteins, the tyrosine-phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail of KIR2DL4 bound the Src homology 2-containing phosphatases 1 and 2, as did the tail of the inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1. Therefore, KIR2DL4 has inhibitory potential in addition to its activating function.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL1
- Receptors, KIR2DL4
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- src Homology Domains/genetics
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Faure
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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45
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Yusa SI, Catina TL, Campbell KS. SHP-1- and phosphotyrosine-independent inhibitory signaling by a killer cell Ig-like receptor cytoplasmic domain in human NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5047-57. [PMID: 11994457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) are MHC class I-binding immunoreceptors that can suppress activation of human NK cells through recruitment of the Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) to two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic domains. KIR2DL4 (2DL4; CD158d) is a structurally distinct member of the KIR family, which is expressed on most, if not all, human NK cells. 2DL4 contains only one ITIM in its cytoplasmic domain and an arginine in its transmembrane region, suggesting both inhibitory and activating functions. While 2DL4 can activate IFN-gamma production, dependent upon the transmembrane arginine, the function of the single ITIM of 2DL4 remains unknown. In this study, tandem ITIMs of KIR3DL1 (3DL1) and the single ITIM of 2DL4 were directly compared in functional and biochemical assays. Using a retroviral transduction method, we show in human NK cell lines that 1) the single ITIM of 2DL4 efficiently inhibits natural cytotoxicity responses; 2) the phosphorylated single ITIM recruits SHP-2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, but not SHP-1 in NK cells; 3) expression of dominant-negative SHP-1 does not block the ability of 2DL4 to inhibit natural cytotoxicity; 4) surprisingly, mutation of the tyrosine within the single ITIM does not completely abolish inhibitory function; and 5) this correlates with weak SHP-2 binding to the mutant ITIM of 2DL4 in NK cells and a corresponding nonphosphorylated ITIM peptide in vitro. These results reveal new aspects of the KIR-inhibitory pathway in human NK cells, which are SHP-1 and phosphotyrosine independent.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Line
- Cytoplasm/enzymology
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Killer Cells, Natural/enzymology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/physiology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/biosynthesis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL4
- Receptors, KIR3DL1
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus/enzymology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-ichi Yusa
- Division of Basic Science, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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46
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Jiang K, Zhong B, Gilvary DL, Corliss BC, Vivier E, Hong-Geller E, Wei S, Djeu JY. Syk regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent NK cell function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3155-64. [PMID: 11907067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that NK-activatory receptors use KARAP/DAP12, CD3zeta, and FcepsilonRIgamma adaptors that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activatory motifs to mediate NK direct lysis of tumor cells via Syk tyrosine kinase. NK cells may also use DAP10 to drive natural cytotoxicity through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). In contrast to our recently identified PI3K pathway controlling NK cytotoxicity, the signaling mechanism by which Syk associates with downstream effectors to drive NK lytic function has not been clearly defined. In NK92 cells, which express DAP12 but little DAP10/NKG2D, we now show that Syk acts upstream of PI3K, subsequently leading to the specific signaling of the PI3K-->Rac1-->PAK1-->mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase-->ERK cascade that we earlier described. Tumor cell ligation stimulated DAP12 tyrosine phosphorylation and its association with Syk in NK92 cells; Syk tyrosine phosphorylation and activation were also observed. Inhibition of Syk function by kinase-deficient Syk or piceatannol blocked target cell-induced PI3K, Rac1, PAK1, mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase, and ERK activation, perforin movement, as well as NK cytotoxicity, indicating that Syk is upstream of all these signaling events. Confirming that Syk does not act downstream of PI3K, constitutively active PI3K reactivated all the downstream effectors as well as NK cytotoxicity suppressed in Syk-impaired NK cells. Our results are the first report documenting the instrumental role of Syk in control of PI3K-dependent natural cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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47
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Kashiwada M, Giallourakis CC, Pan PY, Rothman PB. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif of the IL-4 receptor associates with SH2-containing phosphatases and regulates IL-4-induced proliferation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6382-7. [PMID: 11714803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) have been implicated in the negative modulation of immunoreceptor signaling pathways. The IL-4R alpha-chain (IL-4Ralpha) contains a putative ITIM in the carboxyl terminal. To determine the role of ITIM in the IL-4 signaling pathway, we ablated the ITIM of IL-4Ralpha by deletion and site-directed mutagenesis and stably expressed the wild-type (WT) and mutant hIL-4Ralpha in 32D/insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) cells. Strikingly, 32D/IRS-2 cells expressing mutant human (h)IL-4Ralpha were hyperproliferative in response to IL-4 compared with cells expressing WT hIL-4Ralpha. Enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6, but not IRS-2, induced by hIL-4 was observed in cells expressing mutant Y713F. Using peptides corresponding to the ITIM of hIL-4Ralpha, we demonstrate that tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides, but not their nonphosphorylated counterparts, coprecipitate SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1, SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2, and SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase. The in vivo association of SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase with IL-4Ralpha was verified by coimmunoprecipitation with anti-IL-4Ralpha Abs. These results demonstrate a functional role for ITIM in the regulation of IL-4-induced proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cytoplasm/enzymology
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Enzyme Activation/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Humans
- Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Janus Kinase 1
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatases
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Phosphatase 1
- Protein Phosphatase 2
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Sequence Deletion
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Tyrosine/genetics
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- src Homology Domains/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kashiwada
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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48
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Vyas YM, Mehta KM, Morgan M, Maniar H, Butros L, Jung S, Burkhardt JK, Dupont B. Spatial organization of signal transduction molecules in the NK cell immune synapses during MHC class I-regulated noncytolytic and cytolytic interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4358-67. [PMID: 11591760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic activity of NK cells is tightly regulated by inhibitory receptors specific for MHC class I Ags. We have investigated the composition of signal transduction molecules in the supramolecular activation clusters in the MHC class I-regulated cytolytic and noncytolytic NK cell immune synapses. KIR2DL3-positive NK clones that are specifically inhibited in their cytotoxicity by HLA-Cw*0304 and polyclonal human NK cells were used for conjugate formation with target cells that are either protected or are susceptible to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Polarization of talin, microtubule-organizing center, and lysosomes occurred only during cytolytic interactions. The NK immune synapses were analyzed by three-dimensional immunofluorescence microscopy, which showed two distinctly different synaptic organizations in NK cells during cytolytic and noncytolytic interactions. The center of a cytolytic synapse with MHC class I-deficient target is comprised of a complex of signaling molecules including Src homology (SH)2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). Closely related molecules with overlapping functions, such as the Syk kinases, SYK, and ZAP-70, and adaptor molecules, SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa and B cell linker protein, are expressed in activated NK cells and are all recruited to the center of the cytolytic synapse. In contrast, the noncytolytic synapse contains SHP-1, but is lacking other components of the central supramolecular activation cluster. These findings indicate a functional role for SHP-1 in both the cytolytic and noncytolytic interactions. We also demonstrate, in three-cell conjugates, that a single NK cell forms a cytolytic synapse with a susceptible target cell in the presence of both susceptible and nonsusceptible target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Vyas
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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49
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express numerous receptors, which continually engage with ligands on cell surfaces. Until 1995, only a handful of these receptors were characterized and the molecular basis of NK cell activation was obscure. Recently, considerable advances have been made in characterizing the receptor repertoire on human NK cells. Both activating and inhibitory receptors can transduce positive or negative signals to regulate NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine release responses. The inhibitory receptors normally predominate in this balance of signals. Certain tumor cells and virally infected cells that lack major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, however, can rapidly trigger NK cell activation. The basis of this activation is the loss of negative signals that are normally transmitted by MHC class I-binding inhibitory receptors, and the corresponding domination of activating receptor signals. While ligand specificity for a number of the recently described receptors is still a mystery, their signal transduction properties have begun to be defined. The dynamic crosstalk between these receptors ultimately governs the NK cell activation state. Although the complexities of NK cell signalling are only marginally understood, several overall themes have been defined by characterizing the roles of distinct pathways during NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Campbell
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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50
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Newman DK, Hamilton C, Newman PJ. Inhibition of antigen-receptor signaling by Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (CD31) requires functional ITIMs, SHP-2, and p56(lck). Blood 2001; 97:2351-7. [PMID: 11290597 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.8.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) is a 130-kd member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily that is expressed on the surface of platelets, endothelial cells, myeloid cells, and certain lymphocyte subsets. PECAM-1 has recently been shown to contain functional immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) within its cytoplasmic domain, and co-ligation of PECAM-1 with the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) results in tyrosine phosphorylation of PECAM-1, recruitment of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), and attenuation of TCR-mediated cellular signaling. To determine the molecular basis of PECAM-1 inhibitory signaling in lymphocytes, the study sought to (1) establish the importance of the PECAM-1 ITIMs for its inhibitory activity, (2) determine the relative importance of SHP-2 versus SHP-1 in mediating the inhibitory effect of PECAM-1, and (3) identify the protein tyrosine kinases required for PECAM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in T cells. Co-ligation of wild-type PECAM-1 with the B-cell antigen receptor expressed on chicken DT40 B cells resulted in a marked reduction of calcium mobilization-similar to previous observations in T cells. In contrast, co-ligation of an ITIM-less form of PECAM-1 had no inhibitory effect. Furthermore, wild-type PECAM-1 was unable to attenuate calcium mobilization in SHP-2-deficient DT40 variants despite abundant levels of SHP-1 in these cells. Finally, PECAM-1 failed to become tyrosine phosphorylated in p56(lck)-deficient Jurkat T cells. Together, these data provide important insights into the molecular requirements for PECAM-1 regulation of antigen receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Newman
- Blood Research Institute, The Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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