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Xu L, Xu H, Tang C. Aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress of experimental models based on disease pathogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:354-365. [PMID: 38819039 PMCID: PMC11317952 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders that lead to permanent visual loss and motor dysfunction. To date, no effective treatment exists as the exact causative mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, experimental models of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are essential for exploring its pathogenesis and in screening for therapeutic targets. Since most patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4, which is highly expressed on the membrane of astrocyte endfeet, most current experimental models are based on aquaporin-4-IgG that initially targets astrocytes. These experimental models have successfully simulated many pathological features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, such as aquaporin-4 loss, astrocytopathy, granulocyte and macrophage infiltration, complement activation, demyelination, and neuronal loss; however, they do not fully capture the pathological process of human neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this review, we summarize the currently known pathogenic mechanisms and the development of associated experimental models in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms for further investigation, and provide guidance on experimental model choices. In addition, this review summarizes the latest information on pathologies and therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders based on experimental models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, offering further therapeutic targets and a theoretical basis for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huiming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changyong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Xu Q, Fan S, Wang L, Zheng J, Wan Y, Tian R, Xia J, Zhao Z. Circulating/cerebrospinal T lymphocytes as indicators of clinical prognosis in intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e35827. [PMID: 39029024 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary injury of cerebral hemorrhage is induced by systemic inflammatory cascades, which are related to perihematomal brain edema, cellular apoptosis, and the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. This study was to specifically elaborate the relationship of circulating/cerebrospinal T lymphocytes and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at 6 months after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The enrolled patients were divided into 2 groups based on GCS score: the favorable prognosis group (GCS > 12) and unfavorable prognosis group (GCS ≤ 12). T lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. A total of 30 samples of peripheral blood and 17 samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected and analyzed, including 19 cases and 12 cases in the favorable prognosis group (GCS > 12) respectively. Both CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocyte counts on Day 1 after ICH were lower in the peripheral blood of patients with unfavorable prognosis (GCS ≤ 12) (P = .025 and .022, respectively). There were correlation trends between the GCS scores and CD3+ T lymphocyte count (P = .0144), and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocyte count (P = .0135). In cerebrospinal fluid, there was a close correlation between the GCS scores and CD3+CD4+ percentage, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. The area under the curve of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio was the largest among them (P = .000 and area under the curve = 0.917), with a significantly high specificity and sensitivity (0.917 and 1.000). Based on cerebrospinal fluid samples, the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio on Day 1 after ICH may be a more significant indicator to predict the short-term prognosis at 6 months after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhenhai People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Qu X, Yang R, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Astrocytes-Secreted WNT5B Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier Via ROR1/JNK/c-JUN Cascade During Meningitic Escherichia Coli Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04303-4. [PMID: 38896157 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex structure that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral blood circulation. Effective communication between different cell types within the BBB is crucial for its proper functioning and maintenance of homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrate that meningitic Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced WNT5B plays a role in facilitating intercellular communication between astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). We discovered that astrocytes-derived WNT5B activates the non-canonical WNT signaling pathway JNK/c-JUN in BMECs through its receptor ROR1, leading to inhibition of ZO-1 expression and impairment of the tight junction integrity in BMECs. Notably, our findings reveal that c-JUN, a transcription factor, directly regulates ZO-1 expression. By employing a dual luciferase reporting system and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques, we identified specific binding sites of c-JUN on the ZO-1 promoter region. Overall, our study highlights the involvement of WNT5B in mediating intercellular communication between astrocytes and BMECs, provides insights into the role of WNT5B in meningitic E. coli-induced disruption of BBB integrity, and suggests potential therapeutic targeting of WNT5B as a strategy to address BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruicheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Biopharmaceuticals, The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (MOE), Wuhan, 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Biopharmaceuticals, The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (MOE), Wuhan, 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Animal Biopharmaceuticals, The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (MOE), Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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4
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Milne SM, Lahiri A, Sanchez CL, Marshall MJ, Jahan I, Meares GP. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein reactive Th17 cells drive Janus Kinase 1 dependent transcriptional reprogramming in astrocytes and alter cell surface cytokine receptor profiles during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13146. [PMID: 38849434 PMCID: PMC11161502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). T helper (Th) 17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by infiltrating the CNS and producing effector molecules that engage resident glial cells. Among these glial cells, astrocytes have a central role in coordinating inflammatory processes by responding to cytokines and chemokines released by Th17 cells. In this study, we examined the impact of pathogenic Th17 cells on astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. We identified that Th17 cells reprogram astrocytes by driving transcriptomic changes partly through a Janus Kinase (JAK)1-dependent mechanism, which included increased chemokines, interferon-inducible genes, and cytokine receptors. In vivo, we observed a region-specific heterogeneity in the expression of cell surface cytokine receptors on astrocytes, including those for IFN-γ, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-17, TGFβ, and IL-10. Additionally, these receptors were dynamically regulated during EAE induced by adoptive transfer of myelin-reactive Th17 cells. This study overall provides evidence of Th17 cell reprogramming of astrocytes, which may drive changes in the astrocytic responsiveness to cytokines during autoimmune neuroinflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Janus Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cellular Reprogramming
- Female
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Milne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Anirudhya Lahiri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Cristina L Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Micah J Marshall
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, IBMR 415D, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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5
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Garton T, Gadani SP, Gill AJ, Calabresi PA. Neurodegeneration and demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00372-6. [PMID: 38889714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) is an immune-initiated neurodegenerative condition that lacks effective therapies. Although peripheral immune infiltration is a hallmark of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), PMS is associated with chronic, tissue-restricted inflammation and disease-associated reactive glial states. The effector functions of disease-associated microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells are beginning to be defined, and recent studies have made significant progress in uncovering their pathologic implications. In this review, we discuss the immune-glia interactions that underlie demyelination, failed remyelination, and neurodegeneration with a focus on PMS. We highlight the common and divergent immune mechanisms by which glial cells acquire disease-associated phenotypes. Finally, we discuss recent advances that have revealed promising novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of PMS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garton
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sachin P Gadani
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Ma K, Gauthier LO, Cheung F, Huang S, Lek M. High-throughput assays to assess variant effects on disease. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050573. [PMID: 38940340 PMCID: PMC11225591 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Interpreting the wealth of rare genetic variants discovered in population-scale sequencing efforts and deciphering their associations with human health and disease present a critical challenge due to the lack of sufficient clinical case reports. One promising avenue to overcome this problem is deep mutational scanning (DMS), a method of introducing and evaluating large-scale genetic variants in model cell lines. DMS allows unbiased investigation of variants, including those that are not found in clinical reports, thus improving rare disease diagnostics. Currently, the main obstacle limiting the full potential of DMS is the availability of functional assays that are specific to disease mechanisms. Thus, we explore high-throughput functional methodologies suitable to examine broad disease mechanisms. We specifically focus on methods that do not require robotics or automation but instead use well-designed molecular tools to transform biological mechanisms into easily detectable signals, such as cell survival rate, fluorescence or drug resistance. Here, we aim to bridge the gap between disease-relevant assays and their integration into the DMS framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ma
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Logan O. Gauthier
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Frances Cheung
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shushu Huang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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7
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Overgaard Wichmann T, Hedegaard Højsager M, Hasager Damkier H. Water channels in the brain and spinal cord-overview of the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1414662. [PMID: 38818518 PMCID: PMC11137310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1414662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the fluid flow in the brain and spinal cord is essential for discovering the mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of central nervous system diseases. During recent years, research has highlighted the complexity of the fluid flow movement in the brain through a glymphatic system and a lymphatic network. Less is known about these pathways in the spinal cord. An important aspect of fluid flow movement through the glymphatic pathway is the role of water channels, especially aquaporin 1 and 4. This review provides an overview of the role of these aquaporins in brain and spinal cord, and give a short introduction to the fluid flow in brain and spinal cord during in the healthy brain and spinal cord as well as during traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Finally, this review gives an overview of the current knowledge about the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, highlighting some of the complexities and knowledge gaps in the field.
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8
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Liao X, Zhu W, Liao X, Liu W, Hou Y, Wan J. Expression of Toll-like receptors in the cerebellum during pathogenesis of prion disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1341901. [PMID: 38698886 PMCID: PMC11063360 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1341901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, such as scrapie, entail the accumulation of disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) within the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of the pattern recognition system. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a central role in orchestrating host innate immune responses. The expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the central nervous system (CNS) were not well-defined. To establish a model of prion diseases in BALB/C mice, the 22L strain was employed. The features of the 22L strain were analyzed, and the cerebellum exhibited severe pathological changes. TLR1-13 levels in the cerebellum were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at time points of 60, 90, 120, and the final end point (145 days post-infection). During the pathogenesis, the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 increased in a time-dependent manner. This trend mirrored the expression patterns of PrPSc (the pathological isoform of the prion protein) and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Notably, at the end point, TLR1-13 levels were significantly elevated. Protein level of TLR7 and TLR9 showed increasing at the end point of the 22L-infected mice. A deeper understanding of the increased Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in prion diseases could shed light on their role in initiating immune responses at various stages during pathogenesis. This insight is particularly relevant when considering TLRs as potential therapeutic targets for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liao
- Department of Oncology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Wufei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xingyu Liao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wensen Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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9
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Zimmer TS, Orr AL, Orr AG. Astrocytes in selective vulnerability to neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:289-302. [PMID: 38521710 PMCID: PMC11006581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Selective vulnerability of specific brain regions and cell populations is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Mechanisms of selective vulnerability involve neuronal heterogeneity, functional specializations, and differential sensitivities to stressors and pathogenic factors. In this review we discuss the growing body of literature suggesting that, like neurons, astrocytes are heterogeneous and specialized, respond to and integrate diverse inputs, and induce selective effects on brain function. In disease, astrocytes undergo specific, context-dependent changes that promote different pathogenic trajectories and functional outcomes. We propose that astrocytes contribute to selective vulnerability through maladaptive transitions to context-divergent phenotypes that impair specific brain regions and functions. Further studies on the multifaceted roles of astrocytes in disease may provide new therapeutic approaches to enhance resilience against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Zimmer
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam L Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna G Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Huang J, Wang XS, Gao T, Wang X, Yu MY, Song HX, Wang BY, Li LM, Zeng Q, Zhang HN. Astrocyte KDM4A mediates chemokines and drives neutrophil infiltration to aggravate cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:491-507. [PMID: 38008899 PMCID: PMC10981400 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231216158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils plays a crucial role in acute ischemic brain injury and have emerged as potential treatment targets to mitigate such injuries. Lysine-specific demethylase 4 A (KDM4A), a member of the histone lysine demethylase family of enzymes involved in transcriptional regulation of gene expression, is upregulated during hypoxic events. However, the exact role of KDM4A in the pathological process of ischemic stroke remains largely unexplored. Our findings reveal that there was an upregulation of KDM4A levels in reactive astrocytes within both stroke mouse models and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/regeneration (OGD/R) models. Using a conditional knockout mouse, we observed that astrocytic Kdm4a knockout regulates neutrophil infiltration and alleviates brain injury following middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion. Furthermore, Kdm4a deficiency astrocytes displayed lower chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) level upon OGD/R and decreased neutrophil infiltration in a transwell system. Mechanistically, KDM4A, in cooperation with nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), activates Cxcl1 gene expression by demethylating histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation at Cxcl1 gene promoters in astrocytes upon OGD/R injury. Our findings suggest that astrocyte KDM4A-mediated Cxcl1 activation contributes to neutrophil infiltration via cooperation with NF-κB, and KDM4A in astrocytes may serve as a potential therapeutic target to modulate neutrophil infiltration after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Health Management Institute, Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Shang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Man-Yang Yu
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao-Xin Song
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bi-Yan Wang
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ling-Mei Li
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Nan Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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11
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Turniak-Kusy M, Studzian M, Szpakowski P, Kuchta P, Smietanka K, Mattern C, Pulaski L, Bielecki B. Testosterone Inhibits Secretion of the Pro-Inflammatory Chemokine CXCL1 from Astrocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2105-2118. [PMID: 38534751 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of the inflammatory response in the CNS, e.g., in demyelinating diseases. Since the chemokine CXCL1 is known to be secreted by astrocytes and to have a pro-inflammatory effect on immune cells in the CNS, we verified the effect of testosterone on its secretion in vitro (in the astrocytic cell line DI TNC1). Testosterone reduced the increase in CXCL1 production caused by the pro-inflammatory agent lysophosphatidylcholine and restored the basal production level of CXCL1. The androgen receptor (present and functional in the studied cell line) was strongly suggested to mediate this effect-its non-steroid ligand flutamide exerted an agonist-like effect, mimicking the activity of testosterone itself on CXCL1 secretion. This novel mechanism has important implications for the known immunomodulatory effect of testosterone and potentially other androgenic hormones. It provides a potential explanation on the molecular level and shows that astrocytes are important players in inflammatory homeostasis in the CNS and its hormonal regulation. Therefore, it suggests new directions for the development of the therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Studzian
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-364 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Szpakowski
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuchta
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kaja Smietanka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Claudia Mattern
- Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
- M&P Pharma AG, 6376 Emmetten, Switzerland
| | - Lukasz Pulaski
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-364 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bielecki
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Han X, Zhang M, Yan L, Fu Y, Kou H, Shang C, Wang J, Liu H, Jiang C, Wang J, Cheng T. Role of dendritic cells in spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14593. [PMID: 38528832 PMCID: PMC10964036 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation can worsen spinal cord injury (SCI), with dendritic cells (DCs) playing a crucial role in the inflammatory response. They mediate T lymphocyte differentiation, activate microglia, and release cytokines like NT-3. Moreover, DCs can promote neural stem cell survival and guide them toward neuron differentiation, positively impacting SCI outcomes. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the role of DCs in SCI-related inflammation and identify potential therapeutic targets for treating SCI. METHODS Literature in PubMed and Web of Science was reviewed using critical terms related to DCs and SCI. RESULTS The study indicates that DCs can activate microglia and astrocytes, promote T-cell differentiation, increase neurotrophin release at the injury site, and subsequently reduce secondary brain injury and enhance functional recovery in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the repair mechanisms of DCs and their potential therapeutic potential for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Han
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liyan Yan
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of NeurologyThe Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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13
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Ruiz-Fernández I, Sánchez-Díaz R, Ortega-Sollero E, Martín P. Update on the role of T cells in cognitive impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:799-815. [PMID: 37559406 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has long been considered an immune-privileged site, with minimal interaction between immune cells, particularly of the adaptive immune system. Previously, the presence of immune cells in this organ was primarily linked to events involving disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or inflammation. However, current research has shown that immune cells are found patrolling CNS under homeostatic conditions. Specifically, T cells of the adaptive immune system are able to cross the BBB and are associated with ageing and cognitive impairment. In addition, T-cell infiltration has been observed in pathological conditions, where inflammation correlates with poor prognosis. Despite ongoing research, the role of this population in the ageing brain under both physiological and pathological conditions is not yet fully understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the interactions between T cells and other immune and CNS parenchymal cells, and examine the molecular mechanisms by which these interactions may contribute to normal brain function and the scenarios in which disruption of these connections lead to cognitive impairment. A comprehensive understanding of the role of T cells in the ageing brain and the underlying molecular pathways under normal conditions could pave the way for new research to better understand brain disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Díaz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Xu X, Han Y, Zhang B, Ren Q, Ma J, Liu S. Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:132. [PMID: 38368403 PMCID: PMC10874090 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal inflammatory states in the brain are associated with a variety of brain diseases. The dynamic changes in the number and function of immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous for the early prediction and diagnosis of immune diseases affecting the brain. The aggregated factors and cells in inflamed CSF may represent candidate targets for therapy. The physiological barriers in the brain, such as the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), establish a stable environment for the distribution of resident immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which peripheral immune cells migrate into the brain and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis in CSF are still unclear. To advance our understanding of the causal link between brain diseases and immune cell status, we investigated the characteristics of immune cell changes in CSF and the molecular mechanisms involved in common brain diseases. Furthermore, we summarized the diagnostic and treatment methods for brain diseases in which immune cells and related cytokines in CSF are used as targets. Further investigations of the new immune cell subtypes and their contributions to the development of brain diseases are needed to improve diagnostic specificity and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Binlong Zhang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wang Y, Wang B, Wang P, Hua Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Yang X, Zhang C. Review of neurotoxicity of T-2 toxin. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:85-95. [PMID: 38217761 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a representative trichothecene that is widely detected in corn, wheat and other grain feeds. T-2 toxin has stable physical and chemical properties, making it difficult to remove from food and feed. Hence, T-2 toxin has become an unavoidable pollutant in food for humans and animals. T-2 toxin can enter brain tissue by crossing the blood-brain barrier and leads to congestion, swelling and even apoptosis of neurons. T-2 toxin poisoning can directly lead to clinical symptoms (anti-feeding reaction and decline of learning and memory function in humans and animals). Maternal T-2 toxin exposure also exerted toxic effects on the central nervous system of offspring. Oxidative stress is the core neurotoxicity mechanism underlying T-2 toxin poison. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial oxidative damage and inflammation are all involved in the neurotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin. Thus, alleviating oxidative stress has become a potential target for relieving the neurotoxicity induced by T-2 toxin. Future efforts should be devoted to revealing the neurotoxic molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin and exploring effective therapeutic drugs to alleviate T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Zeao Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, China.
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16
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Lee SY, Chung WS. Astrocytic crosstalk with brain and immune cells in healthy and diseased conditions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 84:102840. [PMID: 38290370 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes interact with various cell types, including neurons, vascular cells, microglia, and peripheral immune cells. These interactions are crucial for regulating normal brain functions as well as modulating neuroinflammation in pathological conditions. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies have identified critical molecules involved in astrocytic crosstalk with other cells, shedding light on their roles in maintaining brain homeostasis in both healthy and diseased conditions. Astrocytes perform these various roles through either direct or indirect physical associations with neuronal synapses and vasculature. Furthermore, astrocytes can communicate with other immune cells, such as microglia, T cells, and natural killer cells, through secreted molecules during neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss the critical molecular basis of this astrocytic crosstalk and the underlying mechanisms of astrocyte communication with other cells. We propose that astrocytes function as a central hub in inter-connecting neurons, vasculatures, and immune cells in healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. https://twitter.com/SYLee_neuro
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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17
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McDermott CE, Salowe RJ, Di Rosa I, O’Brien JM. Stress, Allostatic Load, and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Racial and Socioeconomic Health Disparities in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1653. [PMID: 38338933 PMCID: PMC10855412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, and its pathophysiology includes neuroinflammatory changes. The present therapies for glaucoma target pressure-lowering mechanisms with limited success, making neuroinflammation a target for future interventions. This review summarizes the neuroinflammatory pathways seen in glaucoma and their interplay with stress. Glucocorticoids have been shown to activate proinflammatory glial cells, contributing to the neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Glucocorticoids have also been shown to increase the IOP directly. Stress-associated autonomic dysfunction can affect the vascular homeostasis in the retina and create oxidative stress. Diabetes, hyperglycemic-mediated endothelial damage, and vascular inflammation also play important roles in the neuroinflammation in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Psychosocial stress has been implicated in an increased IOP and glaucoma outcomes. People who experience maladaptive chronic stress suffer from a condition known as allostatic load, which describes pathologic neuroendocrine dysregulation. The effects of allostatic load and chronic stress have been studied in patients affected by a lower socioeconomic status (SES) and marginalized racial identities. A lower SES is associated with higher rates of glaucoma and also affects the access to care and screening. Additionally, people of African ancestry are disproportionately affected by glaucoma for reasons that are multifactorial. In conclusion, this review explores neuroinflammation in glaucoma, highlighting opportunities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. McDermott
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, USA
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.J.S.); (I.D.R.)
| | - Rebecca J. Salowe
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.J.S.); (I.D.R.)
| | - Isabel Di Rosa
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.J.S.); (I.D.R.)
| | - Joan M. O’Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.J.S.); (I.D.R.)
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18
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Schirò G, Sorbello G, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:150. [PMID: 38247841 PMCID: PMC10813980 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of the brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter the brain from the blood or to leave it towards the circulation. The BBB is structurally composed of a layer of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) bound to each other through tight junctions (TJs). However, its development as well as maintenance and properties are controlled by the other brain cells that contact the BCECs: pericytes, glial cells, and even neurons themselves. Astrocytes seem, in particular, to have a very important role in determining and controlling most properties of the BBB. Here, we will focus on these latter cells, since the comprehension of their roles in brain physiology has been continuously expanding, even including the ability to participate in neurotransmission and in complex functions such as learning and memory. Accordingly, pathological conditions that alter astrocytic functions can alter the BBB's integrity, thus compromising many brain activities. In this review, we will also refer to different kinds of in vitro BBB models used to study the BBB's properties, evidencing its modifications under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sorbello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
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19
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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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20
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Li Y, Acosta FM, Jiang JX. Gap Junctions or Hemichannel-Dependent and Independent Roles of Connexins in Fibrosis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions, and Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1796. [PMID: 38136665 PMCID: PMC10742173 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis initially appears as a normal response to damage, where activated fibroblasts produce large amounts of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during the wound healing process to assist in the repair of injured tissue. However, the excessive accumulation of the ECM, unresolved by remodeling mechanisms, leads to organ dysfunction. Connexins, a family of transmembrane channel proteins, are widely recognized for their major roles in fibrosis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and wound healing. Efforts have been made in recent years to identify novel mediators and targets for this regulation. Connexins form gap junctions and hemichannels, mediating communications between neighboring cells and inside and outside of cells, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that connexins, beyond forming channels, possess channel-independent functions in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing. One crucial channel-independent function is their role as the primary functional component for cell adhesion. Other channel-independent functions of connexins involve their roles in mitochondria and exosomes. This review summarizes the latest advances in the channel-dependent and independent roles of connexins in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing, with a particular focus on eye diseases, emphasizing their potential as novel, promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Francisca M. Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
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21
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Wu A, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:283. [PMID: 38012702 PMCID: PMC10683283 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of most common and severe mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) significantly increases the risks of premature death and other medical conditions for patients. Neuroinflammation is the abnormal immune response in the brain, and its correlation with MDD is receiving increasing attention. Neuroinflammation has been reported to be involved in MDD through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, among which the dysregulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus (HPC) is receiving increasing attention. The DG of the hippocampus is one of two niches for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, and neurotrophic factors are fundamental regulators of this neurogenesis process. The reported cell types involved in mediating neuroinflammation include microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, meningeal leukocytes, and peripheral immune cells which selectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier and infiltrate into inflammatory regions. This review summarizes the functions of the hippocampus affected by neuroinflammation during MDD progression and the corresponding influences on the memory of MDD patients and model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbiao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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22
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Lopez-Ortiz AO, Eyo UB. Astrocytes and microglia in the coordination of CNS development and homeostasis. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.16006. [PMID: 37985374 PMCID: PMC11102936 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glia have emerged as important architects of central nervous system (CNS) development and maintenance. While traditionally glial contributions to CNS development and maintenance have been studied independently, there is growing evidence that either suggests or documents that glia may act in coordinated manners to effect developmental patterning and homeostatic functions in the CNS. In this review, we focus on astrocytes, the most abundant glia in the CNS, and microglia, the earliest glia to colonize the CNS highlighting research that documents either suggestive or established coordinated actions by these glial cells in various CNS processes including cell and/or debris clearance, neuronal survival and morphogenesis, synaptic maturation, and circuit function, angio-/vasculogenesis, myelination, and neurotransmission. Some molecular mechanisms underlying these processes that have been identified are also described. Throughout, we categorize the available evidence as either suggestive or established interactions between microglia and astrocytes in the regulation of the respective process and raise possible avenues for further research. We conclude indicating that a better understanding of coordinated astrocyte-microglial interactions in the developing and mature brain holds promise for developing effective therapies for brain pathologies where these processes are perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aída Oryza Lopez-Ortiz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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23
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Lee HG, Lee JH, Flausino LE, Quintana FJ. Neuroinflammation: An astrocyte perspective. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadi7828. [PMID: 37939162 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play active roles in health and disease. Recent technologies have uncovered the functional heterogeneity of astrocytes and their extensive interactions with other cell types in the CNS. In this Review, we highlight the intricate interactions between astrocytes, other CNS-resident cells, and CNS-infiltrating cells as well as their potential therapeutic value in the context of inflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joon-Hyuk Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucas E Flausino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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24
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Xu X, Wang J, Chen G. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220712. [PMID: 37872969 PMCID: PMC10590615 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian cycle is a fundamental characteristic of life formed in the long-term evolution of organisms and plays an important role in maintaining the proliferation, migration, and activation of immune cells. Studies have shown that circadian rhythm disorders affect the occurrence and development of neuroinflammation by inducing glial cell activation and peripheral immune responses. In this article, we briefly described the research progress of neuroinflammation and circadian rhythm in recent years and explored the effects and possible mechanism of circadian rhythmicity on microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Xu
- College of Clinical Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan430065, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan430022, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan430022, China
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25
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Sámano C, Mazzone GL. The role of astrocytes response triggered by hyperglycaemia during spinal cord injury. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37798949 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2264538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This manuscript aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms triggered by reactive astrocytes (RA) in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI), with a particular focus on cases involving hyperglycaemia.Methods: The compilation of articles related to astrocyte responses in neuropathological conditions, with a specific emphasis on those related to SCI and hyperglycaemia, was conducted by searching through databases including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed.Results and Conclusions: This article explores the dual role of astrocytes in both neurophysiological and neurodegenerative conditions within the central nervous system (CNS). In the aftermath of SCI and hyperglycaemia, astrocytes undergo a transformation into RA, adopting a distinct phenotype. While there are currently no approved therapies for SCI, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed to alleviate the detrimental effects of RAs following SCI and hyperglycemia. These strategies show promising potential in the treatment of SCI and its likely comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sámano
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa (UAM-C), Ciudad de México, México
| | - G L Mazzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Suo Q, Deng L, Chen T, Wu S, Qi L, Liu Z, He T, Tian HL, Li W, Tang Y, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Optogenetic Activation of Astrocytes Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via IL-10 In Stroke. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1870-1886. [PMID: 37196130 PMCID: PMC10529757 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been used to regulate astrocyte activity and modulate neuronal function after brain injury. Activated astrocytes regulate blood-brain barrier functions and are thereby involved in brain repair. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of optogenetic-activated astrocytes on the change in barrier function in ischemic stroke remain obscure. In this study, adult male GFAP-ChR2-EYFP transgenic Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated by optogenetics at 24, 36, 48, and 60 h after photothrombotic stroke to activate ipsilateral cortical astrocytes. The effects of activated astrocytes on barrier integrity and the underlying mechanisms were explored using immunostaining, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and shRNA interference. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The results demonstrated that IgG leakage, gap formation of tight junction proteins, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 expression were reduced after optogenetic activation of astrocytes (p<0.05). Moreover, photo-stimulation of astrocytes protected neurons against apoptosis and improved neurobehavioral outcomes in stroke rats compared to controls (p<0.05). Notably, interleukin-10 expression in optogenetic-activated astrocytes significantly increased after ischemic stroke in rats. Inhibition of interleukin-10 in astrocytes compromised the protective effects of optogenetic-activated astrocytes (p<0.05). We found for the first time that interleukin-10 derived from optogenetic-activated astrocytes protected blood-brain barrier integrity by decreasing the activity of matrix metallopeptidase 2 and attenuated neuronal apoptosis, which provided a novel therapeutic approach and target in the acute stage of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Suo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lidong Deng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengju Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Qi
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ze Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng-Li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wanlu Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Wang P, Anderson DE, Ye Y. PI3K-AKT activation resculpts integrin signaling to drive filamentous tau-induced proinflammatory astrogliosis. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:179. [PMID: 37759245 PMCID: PMC10536728 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubule-binding protein tau is a misfolding-prone protein associated with tauopathies. As tau undergoes cell-to-cell transmission, extracellular tau aggregates convert astrocytes into a pro-inflammatory state via integrin activation, causing them to release unknown neurotoxic factors. RESULTS Here, we combine transcriptomics with isotope labeling-based quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of mouse primary astrocyte secretome to establish PI3K-AKT as a critical differentiator between pathogenic and physiological integrin activation; simultaneous activation of PI3K-AKT and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in tau fibril-treated astrocytes changes the output of integrin signaling, causing pro-inflammatory gene upregulation, trans-Golgi network restructuring, and altered secretory flow. Furthermore, NCAM1, as a proximal signaling component in tau-stimulated integrin and PI3K-AKT activation, facilitates the secretion of complement C3 as a main neurotoxic factor. Significantly, tau fibrils-associated astrogliosis and C3 secretion can be mitigated by FAK or PI3K inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal an unexpected function for PI3K-AKT in tauopathy-associated reactive astrogliosis, which may be a promising target for anti-inflammation-based Alzheimer's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - D Eric Anderson
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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28
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Gonzalez H, Narasipura SD, Shull T, Shetty A, Teppen TL, Naqib A, Al-Harthi L. An Efficient and Cost-Effective Approach to Generate Functional Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2357. [PMID: 37830571 PMCID: PMC10571578 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes (iAs) are critical to study astrocytes in health and disease. They provide several advantages over human fetal astrocytes in research, which include consistency, availability, disease modeling, customization, and ethical considerations. The generation of iAs is hampered by the requirement of Matrigel matrix coating for survival and proliferation. We provide a protocol demonstrating that human iAs cultured in the absence of Matrigel are viable and proliferative. Further, through a side-by-side comparison of cultures with and without Matrigel, we show significant similarities in astrocyte-specific profiling, including morphology (shape and structure), phenotype (cell-specific markers), genotype (transcriptional expression), metabolic (respiration), and functional aspects (glutamate uptake and cytokine response). In addition, we report that, unlike other CNS cell types, such as neuronal progenitor cells and neurons, iAs can withstand the absence of Matrigel coating. Our study demonstrates that Matrigel is dispensable for the culture of human iPSC-derived astrocytes, facilitating an easy, streamlined, and cost-effective method of generating these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemil Gonzalez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Srinivas D. Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Tanner Shull
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Amogh Shetty
- Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL 60506, USA
| | - Tara L. Teppen
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Genome Core Facility, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.D.N.); (T.S.)
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29
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Zhou R, Li J, Wang R, Chen Z, Zhou F. The neurovascular unit in healthy and injured spinal cord. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1437-1455. [PMID: 37190756 PMCID: PMC10414016 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231172008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) reflects the close temporal and spatial link between neurons and blood vessels. However, the understanding of the NVU in the spinal cord is far from clear and largely based on generalized knowledge obtained from the brain. Herein, we review the present knowledge of the NVU and highlight candidate approaches to investigate the NVU, particularly focusing on the spinal cord. Several unique features maintain the highly regulated microenvironment in the NVU. Autoregulation and neurovascular coupling ensure regional blood flow meets the metabolic demand according to the blood supply or local neural activation. The blood-central nervous system barrier partitions the circulating blood from neural parenchyma and facilitates the selective exchange of substances. Furthermore, we discuss spinal cord injury (SCI) as a common injury from the perspective of NVU dysfunction. Hopefully, this review will help expand the understanding of the NVU in the spinal cord and inspire new insights into SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhao Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ruideng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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30
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Wang P, Anderson DE, Ye Y. PI3K-AKT activation resculpts integrin signaling to drive filamentous tau-induced proinflammatory astrogliosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3253118. [PMID: 37674732 PMCID: PMC10479431 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3253118/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Microtubule-binding protein tau is a misfolding-prone protein associated with tauopathies. As tau undergoes cell-to-cell transmission, extracellular tau aggregates convert astrocytes into a pro-inflammatory state via integrin activation, causing them to release unknown neurotoxic factors. Results Here, we combine transcriptomics with isotope labeling-based quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of mouse primary astrocyte secretome to establish PI3K-AKT as a critical differentiator between pathogenic and physiological integrin activation; simultaneous activation of PI3K-AKT and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in tau fibril-treated astrocytes changes the output of integrin signaling, causing pro-inflammatory gene upregulation, trans-Golgi network restructuring, and altered secretory flow. Furthermore, NCAM1, as a proximal signaling component in tau-stimulated integrin and PI3K-AKT activation, facilitates the secretion of complement C3 as a main neurotoxic factor. Significantly, tau fibrils-associated astrogliosis and C3 secretion can be mitigated by FAK or PI3K inhibitors. Conclusions These findings reveal an unexpected function for PI3K-AKT in tauopathy-associated reactive astrogliosis, which may be a promising target for anti-inflammation-based Alzheimer's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
| | - D Eric Anderson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
| | - Yihong Ye
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
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31
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Peron JPS. Direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1317-1326. [PMID: 37004544 PMCID: PMC10066989 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Although COVID-19 is mostly a pulmonary disease, it is now well accepted that it can cause a much broader spectrum of signs and symptoms and affect many other organs and tissue. From mild anosmia to severe ischemic stroke, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the central nervous system is still a great challenge to scientists and health care practitioners. Besides the acute and severe neurological problems described, as encephalopathies, leptomeningitis, and stroke, after 2 years of pandemic, the chronic impact observed during long-COVID or the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) greatly intrigues scientists worldwide. Strikingly, even asymptomatic, and mild diseased patients may evolve with important neurological and psychiatric symptoms, as confusion, memory loss, cognitive decline, chronic fatigue, associated or not with anxiety and depression. Thus, the knowledge on the correlation between COVID-19 and the central nervous system is of great relevance. In this sense, here we discuss some important mechanisms obtained from in vitro and in vivo investigation regarding how SARS-CoV-2 impacts the brain and its cells and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P S Peron
- Neuroimmune Interactions Laboratory, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730 Lab 232. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
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32
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Yu H, Wan X, Yang M, Xie J, Xu K, Wang J, Wang G, Xu P. A large-scale causal analysis of gut microbiota and delirium: A Mendelian randomization study. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:64-71. [PMID: 36842654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have linked gut microbiota to human brain activity. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbes and delirium. METHODS MR was used to select SNPs from large-scale GWAS summary data on 211 gut microbiota taxa and delirium. Inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger methods were used for statistical analyses. Outliers were assessed using the leave-one-out method. To avoid horizontal pleiotropy, we performed the MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercept tests. Cochran's Q and I2 values for IVW and MR-Egger were used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS IVW suggested that genetic prediction of the family Desulfovibrionaceae (1.784 (1.267-2.512), P = 0.001), order Desulfovibrionales (1.501 (1.058-2.128), P = 0.023), and genus Candidatus Soleaferrea (1.322 (1.052-1.659), P = 0.016) increased the risk of delirium, but the family Oxalobacteraceae (0.841 (0.722-0.981), P = 0.027), and genera Holdemania (0.766 (0.620-0.946), P = 0.013), Ruminococcus gnavus (0.806 (0.661-0.982), P = 0.033), and Eggerthella (0.815 (0.667-0.997), P = 0.047) reduced the risk of delirium. LIMITATIONS (1) Limited sample size, (2) inability to assess gut microbiota interactions, and (3) limited to European populations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that presence of the microbial family Desulfovibrionaceae, order Desulfovibrionales, and genus Candidatus Soleaferrea increased the risk of delirium, whereas the Oxalobacteraceae family, and the genera Holdemania, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Eggerthella decreased the risk of delirium. However, the potential of gut probiotic interventions in the prevention of perioperative delirium should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Xianjie Wan
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Mingyi Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Jiale Xie
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710054, China.
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33
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Delgado L, Navarrete M. Shining the Light on Astrocytic Ensembles. Cells 2023; 12:1253. [PMID: 37174653 PMCID: PMC10177371 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While neurons have traditionally been considered the primary players in information processing, the role of astrocytes in this mechanism has largely been overlooked due to experimental constraints. In this review, we propose that astrocytic ensembles are active working groups that contribute significantly to animal conduct and suggest that studying the maps of these ensembles in conjunction with neurons is crucial for a more comprehensive understanding of behavior. We also discuss available methods for studying astrocytes and argue that these ensembles, complementarily with neurons, code and integrate complex behaviors, potentially specializing in concrete functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Navarrete
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Hu Y, Zhang M, Liu B, Tang Y, Wang Z, Wang T, Zheng J, Zhang J. Honokiol prevents chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced astrocyte A1 polarization to alleviate neurotoxicity by targeting SIRT3-STAT3 axis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 202:62-75. [PMID: 36997099 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Dementia (AD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD) are two main types of dementias for which no specific treatment is available. Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (CCH) is a pathogenesis underlying AD and VaD that promotes neuroinflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Honokiol (HNK) is a natural compound isolated from magnolia leaves that can easily cross blood brain barrier and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the present study, the effects of HNK on astrocyte polarization and neurological damage in in vivo and in vitro models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion were explored. We found that HNK was able to inhibit the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, A1 polarization, and reduce conditioned medium's neuronal toxicity of astrocyte under chronic hypoxia induced by cobalt chloride; STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor C188-9 was able to mimic the above effects of HNK, suggesting that HNK may inhibit chronic hypoxia-induced A1 polarization in astrocytes via STAT3. SIRT3 inhibitor 3-TYP reversed, while Sirt3 overexpression mimicked the inhibitory effects of HNK on oxidative stress, STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, A1 polarization and neuronal toxicity of astrocyte under chronic hypoxic conditions. For in vivo research, continuous intraperitoneal injection of HNK (1mg/kg) for 21 days ameliorated the decrease in SIRT3 activity and oxidative stress, inhibited astrocytic STAT3 nuclear translocation and A1 polarization, and prevented neuron and synaptic loss in the hippocampal of CCH rats. Besides, HNK application improved the spatial memory impairment of CCH rats, as assessed with Morris Water Maze. In conclusion, these results suggest that the phytochemical HNK can inhibit astrocyte A1 polarization via regulating SIRT3-STAT3 axis, thus improving CCH-induced neurological damage. These results highlight HNK as novel treatment for dementia with underlying vascular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bihan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443003, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Junjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 169, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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35
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Wheeler MA, Clark IC, Lee HG, Li Z, Linnerbauer M, Rone JM, Blain M, Akl CF, Piester G, Giovannoni F, Charabati M, Lee JH, Kye YC, Choi J, Sanmarco LM, Srun L, Chung EN, Flausino LE, Andersen BM, Rothhammer V, Yano H, Illouz T, Zandee SEJ, Daniel C, Artis D, Prinz M, Abate AR, Kuchroo VK, Antel JP, Prat A, Quintana FJ. Droplet-based forward genetic screening of astrocyte-microglia cross-talk. Science 2023; 379:1023-1030. [PMID: 36893254 PMCID: PMC10066924 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions in the central nervous system play important roles in neurologic diseases. However, little is known about the specific molecular pathways involved, and methods for their systematic identification are limited. Here, we developed a forward genetic screening platform that combines CRISPR-Cas9 perturbations, cell coculture in picoliter droplets, and microfluidic-based fluorescence-activated droplet sorting to identify mechanisms of cell-cell communication. We used SPEAC-seq (systematic perturbation of encapsulated associated cells followed by sequencing), in combination with in vivo genetic perturbations, to identify microglia-produced amphiregulin as a suppressor of disease-promoting astrocyte responses in multiple sclerosis preclinical models and clinical samples. Thus, SPEAC-seq enables the high-throughput systematic identification of cell-cell communication mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain C. Clark
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph M. Rone
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manon Blain
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gavin Piester
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc Charabati
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joon-Hyuk Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yoon-Chul Kye
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua Choi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liliana M. Sanmarco
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lena Srun
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Chung
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lucas E. Flausino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian M. Andersen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jamaica Plain Veterans Affairs Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tomer Illouz
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie E. J. Zandee
- Neuroimmunology Research Lab, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Carolin Daniel
- Type 1 Diabetes Immunology, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam R. Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jack P. Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Lab, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Francisco J. Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Sun Y, Yu H, Guan Y. Glia Connect Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:466-478. [PMID: 36853544 PMCID: PMC10043151 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sun
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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37
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and eventually to neurodegeneration. Activation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cells in the brain and spinal cord of people with MS has been well described. However, with the innovation of technology in glial cell research, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms of glial cells connecting inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of MS. We mainly focus on the connection between glial cells and immune cells in the process of axonal damage and demyelinating neuron loss.
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38
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TAM receptor signaling dictates lesion location and clinical phenotype during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 375:578016. [PMID: 36708633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by the adoptive transfer of Th17 cells, typically presents with ascending paralysis and inflammatory demyelination of the spinal cord. Brain white matter is relatively spared. Here we show that treatment of Th17 transfer recipients with a highly selective inhibitor to the TAM family of tyrosine kinase receptors results in ataxia associated with a shift of the inflammatory infiltrate to the hindbrain parenchyma. During homeostasis and preclinical EAE, hindbrain microglia express high levels of the TAM receptor Mer. Our data suggest that constitutive TAM receptor signaling in hindbrain microglia confers region-specific protection against Th17 mediated EAE.
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39
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Yun Y, Wang X, Xu J, Jin C, Chen J, Wang X, Wang J, Qin L, Yang P. Pristane induced lupus mice as a model for neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE). BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:3. [PMID: 36765366 PMCID: PMC9921421 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pristane-induced lupus (PIL) model is a useful tool for studying environmental-related systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, neuropsychiatric manifestations in this model have not been investigated in detail. Because neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is an important complication of SLE, we investigated the neuropsychiatric symptoms in the PIL mouse model to evaluate its suitability for NPSLE studies. RESULTS PIL mice showed olfactory dysfunction accompanied by an anxiety- and depression-like phenotype at month 2 or 4 after pristane injection. The levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17A) and chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL10) in the brain and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability increased significantly from week 2 or month 1, and persisted throughout the observed course of the disease. Notably, IgG deposition in the choroid plexus and lateral ventricle wall were observed at month 1 and both astrocytes and microglia were activated. Persistent activation of astrocytes was detected throughout the observed course of the disease, while microglial activation diminished dramatically at month 4. Lipofuscin deposition, a sign of neuronal damage, was detected in cortical and hippocampal neurons from month 4 to 8. CONCLUSION PIL mice exhibit a series of characteristic behavioral deficits and pathological changes in the brain, and therefore might be suitable for investigating disease pathogenesis and for evaluating potential therapeutic targets for environmental-related NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yun
- grid.412467.20000 0004 1806 3501Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenye Jin
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueru Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Pingting Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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40
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Zhou J, Guo P, Duan M, Li J, Ru X, Li L, Guo Z, Zhang JH, Feng H, Chen Y, Sun X. EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling mediates pericyte-induced transient glia limitans formation as a secondary protective barrier after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114293. [PMID: 36493862 PMCID: PMC10561606 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) do not exhibit brain parenchymal injury upon imaging but present significant blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and secondary neurological deficits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stressed astrocytes act as a secondary barrier to exert a protective effect after SAH and to investigate the mechanism of glial limitan formation. METHODS A total of 204 adult male C57BL/6 mice and an endovascular perforation SAH model were employed. The spatiotemporal characteristics of glial limitan formation after SAH were determined by immunofluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy. The molecular mechanisms by which pericytes regulate glia limitans formation were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and ELISA in a pericyte-astrocyte contact coculture system. The findings were validated ex vivo and in vivo using lentiviruses and inhibitors. Finally, pericytes were targeted to regulate glial limitan formation, and the effect of the glia limitans on secondary brain injury after SAH was evaluated by flow cytometry and analysis of neurological function. RESULTS Stress-induced glial limitan formation occurred 1 day after SAH and markedly subsided 3 days after ictus. Pericytes regulated astrocyte glia limitan formation via EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and altered neurological function. CONCLUSIONS Astrocyte-derived glia limitans serve as a secondary protective barrier following BBB disruption after SAH in mice, and pericytes can regulate glial limitan formation and alter neurological function via EphA4/EphrinB2 signaling. Strategies for maintaining this secondary protective barrier may be novel treatment approaches for alleviating early brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junhan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xufang Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Ni W, Ramalingam M, Li Y, Park JH, Dashnyam K, Lee JH, Bloise N, Fassina L, Visai L, De Angelis MGC, Pedraz JL, Kim HW, Hu J. Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory effect of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Central Nervous System. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:866-885. [PMID: 36650367 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical event that responds to disturbed homeostasis and governs various neurological diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). The excessive inflammatory microenvironment in the CNS can adversely affect endogenous neural stem cells, thereby impeding neural self-repair. Therapies with neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) have shown significant inhibitory effects on inflammation, which is mainly achieved through intercellular contact and paracrine signalings. The intercellular contact between NSPCs and immune cells, the activated CNS- resident microglia, and astrocyte plays a critical role in the therapeutic NSPCs homing and immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, the paracrine effect mainly regulates infiltrating innate and adaptive immune cells, activated microglia, and astrocyte through the secretion of bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the immunomodulatory effect of NSPCs is not well discussed. This article provides a systematic analysis of the immunomodulatory mechanism of NSPCs, discusses efficient ways to enhance its immunomodulatory ability, and gives suggestions on clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Khandmaa Dashnyam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiabo Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Asano S, Okada-Ogawa A, Kobayashi M, Yonemoto M, Hojo Y, Shibuta I, Noma N, Iwata K, Hitomi S, Shinoda M. Involvement of interferon gamma signaling in spinal trigeminal caudal subnucleus astrocyte in orofacial neuropathic pain in rats with infraorbital nerve injury. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231222403. [PMID: 38073236 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231222403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trigeminal nerve injury causes orofacial pain that can interfere with activities of daily life. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown, and the appropriate treatment has not been established yet. This study aimed to examine the involvement of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) signaling in the spinal trigeminal caudal subnucleus (Vc) in orofacial neuropathic pain. Methods: Infraorbital nerve (ION) injury (IONI) was performed in rats by partial ION ligation. The head-withdrawal reflex threshold (HWT) to mechanical stimulation of the whisker pad skin was measured in IONI or sham rats, as well as following a continuous intracisterna magna administration of IFN-γ and a mixture of IFN-γ and fluorocitrate (inhibitor of astrocytes activation) in naïve rats, or an IFN-γ antagonist in IONI rats. The IFN-γ receptor immunohistochemistry and IFN-γ Western blotting were analyzed in the Vc after IONI or sham treatment. The glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were also analyzed after administration of IFN-γ and the mixture of IFN-γ and fluorocitrate. Moreover, the change in single neuronal activity in the Vc was examined in the IONI, sham, and IONI group administered IFN-γ antagonist. Results: The HWT decreased after IONI. The IFN-γ and IFN-γ receptor were upregulated after IONI, and the IFN-γ receptor was expressed in Vc astrocytes. IFN-γ administration decreased the HWT, whereas the mixture of IFN-γ and fluorocitrate recovered the decrement of HWT. IFN-γ administration upregulated GFAP expression, while the mixture of IFN-γ and fluorocitrate recovered the upregulation of GFAP expression. IONI significantly enhanced the neuronal activity of the mechanical-evoked responses, and administration of an IFN-γ antagonist significantly inhibited these enhancements. Conclusions: IFN-γ signaling through the receptor in astrocytes is a key mechanism underlying orofacial neuropathic pain associated with trigeminal nerve injury. These findings will aid in the development of therapeutics for orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Asano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Okada-Ogawa
- Department of Oral Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Orofacial Pain Clinic, Nihon University Dental Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoyo Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Yonemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Noma
- Department of Oral Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Orofacial Pain Clinic, Nihon University Dental Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Lai WD, Wang S, You WT, Chen SJ, Wen JJ, Yuan CR, Zheng MJ, Jin Y, Yu J, Wen CP. Sinomenine regulates immune cell subsets: Potential neuro-immune intervene for precise treatment of chronic pain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1041006. [PMID: 36619869 PMCID: PMC9813792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a disease of long-lasting pain with unpleasant feelings mediated by central and (or) peripheral sensitization, its duration usually lasts more than 3 months or longer than the expected recovery time. The patients with chronic pain are manifested with enhanced sensitivity to noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms, patients are commonly insensitive to the treatment of first line analgesic medicine in clinic. Thus, the exploration of non-opioid-dependent analgesia are needed. Recent studies have shown that "sinomenine," the main active ingredient in the natural plant "sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. Et Wils," has a powerful inhibitory effect on chronic pain, but its underlying mechanism still needs to be further elucidated. A growing number of studies have shown that various immune cells such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, astrocytes and microglia, accompanied with the relative inflammatory factors and neuropeptides, are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pain. Notably, the interaction of the immune system and sensory neurons is essential for the development of central and (or) peripheral sensitization, as well as the progression and maintenance of chronic pain. Based on the effects of sinomenine on immune cells and their subsets, this review mainly focused on describing the potential analgesic effects of sinomenine, with rationality of regulating the neuroimmune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Lai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ting You
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, China
| | - Si-Jia Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cun-Rui Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jia Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jie Yu, ; Cheng-Ping Wen,
| | - Cheng-Ping Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jie Yu, ; Cheng-Ping Wen,
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44
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Attfield KE, Jensen LT, Kaufmann M, Friese MA, Fugger L. The immunology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:734-750. [PMID: 35508809 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex neurological disease. Recent studies explore the role of immune cells at different stages of MS and how they interact with cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The findings presented here begin to question the exclusivity of an antigen-specific cause and highlight how seemingly distinct immune cell types can share common functions that drive disease. Innovative techniques further expose new disease-associated immune cell populations and reinforce how environmental context is critical to their phenotype and subsequent role in disease. Importantly, the differentiation of immune cells into a pathogenic state is potentially reversible through therapeutic manipulation. As such, understanding the mechanisms that provide plasticity to causal cell types is likely key to uncoupling these disease processes and may identify novel therapeutic targets that replace the need for cell ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Max Kaufmann
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institut für Neuroimmunologie und Multiple Sklerose, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Fugger
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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45
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Xia S, Zheng Y, Yan F, Chen G. MicroRNAs modulate neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage: Prospects for new therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945860. [PMID: 36389834 PMCID: PMC9665326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. After ICH, blood components extravasate from vessels into the brain, activating immune cells and causing them to release a series of inflammatory mediators. Immune cells, together with inflammatory mediators, lead to neuroinflammation in the perihematomal region and the whole brain, and neuroinflammation is closely related to secondary brain injury as well as functional recovery of the brain. Despite recent progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ICH, there is still no effective treatment for this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs 17-25 nucleotides in length that are generated naturally in the human body. They bind complementarily to messenger RNAs and suppress translation, thus regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They have been found to regulate the pathophysiological process of ICH, particularly the neuroinflammatory cascade. Multiple preclinical studies have shown that manipulating the expression and activity of miRNAs can modulate immune cell activities, influence neuroinflammatory responses, and ultimately affect neurological functions after ICH. This implicates the potentially crucial roles of miRNAs in post-ICH neuroinflammation and indicates the possibility of applying miRNA-based therapeutics for this disease. Thus, this review aims to address the pathophysiological roles and molecular underpinnings of miRNAs in the regulation of neuroinflammation after ICH. With a more sophisticated understanding of ICH and miRNAs, it is possible to translate these findings into new pharmacological therapies for ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonghe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Feng Yan, ; Gao Chen,
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Feng Yan, ; Gao Chen,
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46
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Van Roy Z, Kielian T. Exploring epigenetic reprogramming during central nervous system infection. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:112-129. [PMID: 35481573 PMCID: PMC9790395 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics involves the study of various modes of adaptable transcriptional regulation, contributing to cell identity, characteristics, and function. During central nervous system (CNS) infection, epigenetic mechanisms can exert pronounced control over the maturation and antimicrobial properties of nearly every immune cell type. Epigenetics is a relatively new field, with the first mention of these marks proposed only a half-century ago and a substantial body of immunological epigenetic research emerging only in the last few decades. Here, we review the best-characterized epigenetic marks and their functions as well as illustrate how various immune cell populations responding to CNS infection utilize these marks to organize their activation state and inflammatory processes. We also discuss the metabolic and clinical implications of epigenetic marks and the rapidly expanding set of tools available to researchers that are enabling elucidation of increasingly detailed genetic regulatory pathways. These considerations paint an intricate picture of inflammatory regulation, where epigenetic marks influence genetic, signaling, and environmental elements to orchestrate a tailored immunological response to the threat at hand, cementing epigenetics as an important player in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Van Roy
- Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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47
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Lemaître F, Farzam-Kia N, Carmena Moratalla A, Carpentier Solorio Y, Clenet ML, Tastet O, Cleret-Buhot A, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Duquette P, Girard JM, Prat A, Larochelle C, Arbour N. IL-27 shapes the immune properties of human astrocytes and their impact on encountered human T lymphocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:212. [PMID: 36050707 PMCID: PMC9434874 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-27 (IL-27) can trigger both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. This cytokine is elevated in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but how it influences neuroinflammatory processes remains unclear. As astrocytes express the receptor for IL-27, we sought to determine how these glial cells respond to this cytokine and whether such exposure alters their interactions with infiltrating activated T lymphocytes. To determine whether inflammation shapes the impact of IL-27, we compared the effects of this cytokine in non-inflamed and inflamed conditions induced by an IL-1β exposure. Main body Transcriptomic analysis of IL-27-exposed human astrocytes showed an upregulation of multiple immune genes. Human astrocytes increased the secretion of chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) and the surface expression of proteins (PD-L1, HLA-E, and ICAM-1) following IL-27 exposure. To assess whether exposure of astrocytes to IL-27 influences the profile of activated T lymphocytes infiltrating the CNS, we used an astrocyte/T lymphocyte co-culture model. Activated human CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes were co-cultured with astrocytes that have been either untreated or pre-exposed to IL‑27 or IL-1β. After 24 h, we analyzed T lymphocytes by flow cytometry for transcription factors and immune molecules. The contact with IL-27-exposed astrocytes increased the percentages of T-bet, Eomes, CD95, IL-18Rα, ICAM-1, and PD-L1 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and reduced the proportion of CXCR3-positive CD8+ T lymphocytes. Human CD8+ T lymphocytes co-cultured with human IL-27-treated astrocytes exhibited higher motility than when in contact with untreated astrocytes. These results suggested a preponderance of kinapse-like over synapse-like interactions between CD8+ T lymphocytes and IL-27-treated astrocytes. Finally, CD8+ T lymphocytes from MS patients showed higher motility in contact with IL-27-exposed astrocytes compared to healthy donors’ cells. Conclusion Our results establish that IL-27 alters the immune functions of human astrocytes and shapes the profile and motility of encountered T lymphocytes, especially CD8+ T lymphocytes from MS patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02572-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lemaître
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marie-Laure Clenet
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Victor Guimond
- CLSC Des Faubourgs, CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-L'Ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - J Marc Girard
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,MS-CHUM Clinic, 900 St-Denis Street, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), 900 St-Denis Street, Room R09.464, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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48
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You S, Su X, Ying J, Li S, Qu Y, Mu D. Research Progress on the Role of RNA m6A Modification in Glial Cells in the Regulation of Neurological Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081158. [PMID: 36009052 PMCID: PMC9405963 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant and widely distributed cells that maintain cerebral homeostasis in the central nervous system. They mainly include microglia, astrocytes, and the oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Moreover, glial cells may induce pathological changes, such as inflammatory responses, demyelination, and disruption of the blood–brain barrier, to regulate the occurrence and development of neurological diseases through various molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, RNA m6A modifications are involved in various pathological processes associated with glial cells. In this review, the roles of glial cells in physiological and pathological states, as well as advances in understanding the mechanisms by which glial cells regulate neurological diseases under RNA m6A modification, are summarized, hoping to provide new perspectives on the deeper mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi You
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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49
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Park JC, Im SH. The gut-immune-brain axis in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 38046904 PMCID: PMC10688819 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is gaining momentum as an interdisciplinary field addressing how intestinal microbes influence the central nervous system (CNS). Studies using powerful tools, including germ-free, antibiotic-fed, and fecal microbiota transplanted mice, demonstrate how gut microbiota perturbations alter the fate of neurodevelopment. Probiotics are also becoming more recognized as potentially effective therapeutic agents in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders. While gut microbes may directly communicate with the CNS through their effector molecules, including metabolites, their influence on neuroimmune populations, including newly discovered brain-resident T cells, underscore the host immunity as a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. In this review, we examine the unique immune populations within the brain, the effects of the gut microbiota on the CNS, and the efficacy of specific probiotic strains to propose the novel concept of the gut-immune-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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50
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Cuervo-Zanatta D, Syeda T, Sánchez-Valle V, Irene-Fierro M, Torres-Aguilar P, Torres-Ramos MA, Shibayama-Salas M, Silva-Olivares A, Noriega LG, Torres N, Tovar AR, Ruminot I, Barros LF, García-Mena J, Perez-Cruz C. Dietary Fiber Modulates the Release of Gut Bacterial Products Preventing Cognitive Decline in an Alzheimer's Mouse Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1595-1618. [PMID: 35953741 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fiber intake is associated with a lower risk for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) in older adults. Intake of plant-based diets rich in soluble fiber promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs: butyrate, acetate, propionate) by gut bacteria. Butyrate administration has antiinflammatory actions, but propionate promotes neuroinflammation. In AD patients, gut microbiota dysbiosis is a common feature even in the prodromal stages of the disease. It is unclear whether the neuroprotective effects of fiber intake rely on gut microbiota modifications and specific actions of SCFAs in brain cells. Here, we show that restoration of the gut microbiota dysbiosis through the intake of soluble fiber resulted in lower propionate and higher butyrate production, reduced astrocyte activation and improved cognitive function in 6-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. The neuroprotective effects were lost in antibiotic-treated mice. Moreover, propionate promoted higher glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes, while butyrate induced a more quiescent metabolism. Therefore, fiber intake neuroprotective action depends on the modulation of butyrate/propionate production by gut bacteria. Our data further support and provide a mechanism to explain the beneficial effects of dietary interventions rich in soluble fiber to prevent dementia and AD. Fiber intake restored the concentration of propionate and butyrate by modulating the composition of gut microbiota in male transgenic (Tg) mice with Alzheimer´s disease. Gut dysbiosis was associated with intestinal damage and high propionate levels in control diet fed-Tg mice. Fiber-rich diet restored intestinal integrity and promoted the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria. Butyrate concentration was associated with better cognitive performance in fiber-fed Tg mice. A fiber-rich diet may prevent the development of a dysbiotic microbiome and the related cognitive dysfunction in people at risk of developing Alzheimer´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México.,Laboratorio de Referencia y Soporte Para Genomas, Transcriptomas y Caracterización de Microbiomas, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Vicente Sánchez-Valle
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Mariangel Irene-Fierro
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México
| | - Pablo Torres-Aguilar
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Ciudad de Mexico, 14269, México
| | - Mónica Adriana Torres-Ramos
- Unidad Periférica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNNMVS), Ciudad de Mexico, 14269, México
| | - Mineko Shibayama-Salas
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Angélica Silva-Olivares
- Departmento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubiran" (INCMNSZ), 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubiran" (INCMNSZ), 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubiran" (INCMNSZ), 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Ruminot
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Estudios Científicos-CECs, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Felipe Barros
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Estudios Científicos-CECs, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Laboratorio de Referencia y Soporte Para Genomas, Transcriptomas y Caracterización de Microbiomas, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México.
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de Mexico, 07360, México.
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