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Pereira D, Alline T, Cascaro L, Lin E, Asnacios A. Mechanical resistance of the environment affects root hair growth and nucleus dynamics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13788. [PMID: 38877117 PMCID: PMC11178823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Root hair (RH) cells are important for the growth and survival of seedlings. They favor plant-microbe interactions and nutrients uptake. When invading the soil, RH cells have to penetrate a dense medium exhibiting a variety of physical properties, such as mechanical resistance, that impact the growth and survival of plants. Here we investigate the effect of the mechanical resistance of the culture medium on RH-physical and phenotypical parameters such as length, time, and speed of growth. We also analyze the impact of the environment on nuclear dynamics. We show that the RH growth rate and the nucleus speed decrease similarly as mechanical resistance increases while the time of growth of RH cells is invariable. Moreover, during RH growth, the nucleus-to-tip distance was found to decrease when the stiffness of the environment was increased. Along this line, using Latrunculin B treatment in liquid growth media, we could internally slow down RH growth to reach speeds similar to those observed in stiff solid media while the nucleus-to-tip distance was only slightly affected, supporting thus the idea of a specific effect of mechanical resistance of the environment on nucleus dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pereira
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Alline
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Léa Cascaro
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Lin
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.
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2
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Yang Z, Qu J, Qiao L, Jiang M, Zou X, Cao W. Tea and Pleurotus ostreatus intercropping modulates structure of soil and root microbial communities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11295. [PMID: 38760401 PMCID: PMC11101613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Intercropping with Pleurotus ostreatus has been demonstrated to increase the tea yield and alleviate soil acidification in tea gardens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, high-throughput sequencing and Biolog Eco analysis were performed to identify changes in the community structure and abundance of soil microorganisms in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden at different seasons (April and September). The results showed that the soil microbial diversity of rhizosphere decreased in April, while rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial diversity increased in September in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden. The diversity of tea tree root microorganisms increased in both periods. In addition, the number of fungi associated with organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, such as Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Trechispora, was significantly higher in the intercropped group than in the control group. Intercropping with P. ostreatus increased the levels of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP) in the soil. It also improved the content of secondary metabolites, such as tea catechins, and polysaccharides in tea buds. Microbial network analysis showed that Unclassified_o__Helotiales, and Devosia were positively correlated with soil TN and pH, while Lactobacillus, Acidothermus, and Monascus were positively correlated with flavone, AE, and catechins in tea trees. In conclusion, intercropping with P. ostreatus can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and the composition and structure of microbial communities in tea gardens, which has significant potential for application in monoculture tea gardens with acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkai Yang
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiaojiao Qu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Lu Qiao
- Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Meiling Jiang
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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3
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Solangi F, Zhu X, Cao W, Dai X, Solangi KA, Zhou G, Alwasel YA. Nutrient Uptake Potential of Nonleguminous Species and Its Interaction with Soil Characteristics and Enzyme Activities in the Agro-ecosystem. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13860-13871. [PMID: 38559976 PMCID: PMC10975627 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The potential nutrient uptake abilities of a plant are essential for improving the yield and quality. Green manures can take up a huge amount of macronutrients from the soil. The mechanisms underlying the differences in nutrient uptake capacity among different nonlegume species remain unclear. The plot experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of nonlegume species including forage radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus), oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus), February orchid (Orychophragmus violaceus L), and rapeseed (Baricca napus), while a ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) species was used as a control. The study results showed that forage radish had the highest nutrient uptake (N and P), i.e., 322 and 101% in Hunan and 277 and 469% in the Sichuan site, respectively, compared with the control. While the greatest K uptake was found in forage radish, i.e., 123%, and February orchid, 243%, in the Hunan and Sichuan sites. Forage radish also presented higher phosphorus use efficiency in both experimental areas: Hunan by 301% and Sichuan by 633% compared to the control. Significant modifications were found in nutrient availability and enzyme activities after the cultivation of various species. The oil radish enhanced the β-glucosidase (BG) and leucine-aminopeptidase enzyme activities by 324 and 367%, respectively, while forage radish developed the highest phosphatase (Phase) and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities compared to the ryegrass in Hunan. In the Sichuan site, the oil radish promotes enzyme activities such as Phase (126%), BG (19%), and NAG (17%), compared to the control. It is concluded that forage radish, oil radish, and February orchid can easily improve soil nutrient quality in green manuring practices and provide valuable nutrient management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Solangi
- Research
Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable
Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingye Zhu
- Research
Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable
Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiu Dai
- Key
Laboratory of Smart Agriculture Technology (Yangtze River Delta), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kashif Ali Solangi
- Key
Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry
of Education, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guopeng Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable
Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yasmeen A. Alwasel
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Porat A, Tekinalp A, Bhosale Y, Gazzola M, Meroz Y. On the mechanical origins of waving, coiling and skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312761121. [PMID: 38446852 PMCID: PMC10945788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312761121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
By masterfully balancing directed growth and passive mechanics, plant roots are remarkably capable of navigating complex heterogeneous environments to find resources. Here, we present a theoretical and numerical framework which allows us to interrogate and simulate the mechanical impact of solid interfaces on the growth pattern of plant organs. We focus on the well-known waving, coiling, and skewing patterns exhibited by roots of Arabidopsis thaliana when grown on inclined surfaces, serving as a minimal model of the intricate interplay with solid substrates. By modeling growing slender organs as Cosserat rods that mechanically interact with the environment, our simulations verify hypotheses of waving and coiling arising from the combination of active gravitropism and passive root-plane responses. Skewing is instead related to intrinsic twist due to cell file rotation. Numerical investigations are outfitted with an analytical framework that consistently relates transitions between straight, waving, coiling, and skewing patterns with substrate tilt angle. Simulations are found to corroborate theory and recapitulate a host of reported experimental observations, thus providing a systematic approach for studying in silico plant organs behavior in relation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Porat
- Department of Condensed Matter, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Center for Physics, Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Arman Tekinalp
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yashraj Bhosale
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Mattia Gazzola
- Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- Center for Physics, Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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5
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Audemar V, Guerringue Y, Frederick J, Vinet P, Melogno I, Babataheri A, Legué V, Thomine S, Frachisse JM. Straining the root on and off triggers local calcium signalling. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231462. [PMID: 38052247 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental function of an organ is the ability to perceive mechanical cues. Yet, how this is accomplished is not fully understood, particularly in plant roots. In plants, the majority of studies dealing with the effects of mechanical stress have investigated the aerial parts. However, in natural conditions roots are also subjected to mechanical cues, for example when the root encounters a hard obstacle during its growth or when the soil settles. To investigate root cellular responses to root compression, we developed a microfluidic system associated with a microvalve allowing the delivery of controlled and reproducible mechanical stimulations to the root. In this study, examining plants expressing the R-GECO1-mTurquoise calcium reporter, we addressed the root cell deformation and calcium increase induced by the mechanical stimulation. Lateral pressure applied on the root induced a moderate elastic deformation of root cortical cells and elicited a multicomponent calcium signal at the onset of the pressure pulse, followed by a second one at the release of the pressure. This indicates that straining rather than stressing of tissues is relevant to trigger the calcium signal. Although the intensity of the calcium response increases with the pressure applied, successive pressure stimuli led to a remarkable attenuation of the calcium signal. The calcium elevation was restricted to the tissue under pressure and did not propagate. Strain sensing, spatial restriction and habituation to repetitive stimulation represent the fundamental properties of root signalling in response to local mechanical stimulation. These data linking mechanical properties of root cells to calcium elevation contribute to elucidating the pathway allowing the root to adapt to the mechanical cues generated by the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassanti Audemar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yannick Guerringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joni Frederick
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pauline Vinet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isaty Melogno
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique LadHyX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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Colombi T, Eitelberg L, Kolb E, Legué V, Bogeat-Triboulot MB. Genotypic differences in systemic root responses to mechanical obstacles. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14094. [PMID: 38148185 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
As roots grow through the soil to forage for water and nutrients, they encounter mechanical obstacles such as patches of dense soil and stones that locally impede root growth. Here, we investigated hitherto poorly understood systemic responses of roots to localised root impedance. Seedlings of two wheat genotypes were grown in hydroponics and exposed to impenetrable obstacles constraining the vertical growth of the primary or a single seminal root. We deployed high-resolution in vivo imaging to quantify temporal dynamics of root elongation rate, helical root movement, and root growth direction. The two genotypes exhibited distinctly different patterns of systemic responses to localised root impedance, suggesting different strategies to cope with obstacles, namely stress avoidance and stress tolerance. Shallower growth of unconstrained seminal roots and more pronounced helical movement of unconstrained primary and seminal roots upon localised root impedance characterised the avoidance strategy shown by one genotype. Stress tolerance to localised root impedance, as exhibited by the other genotype, was indicated by relatively fast elongation of primary roots and steeper seminal root growth. These different strategies highlight that the effects of mechanical obstacles on spatiotemporal root growth patterns can differ within species, which may have major implications for resource acquisition and whole-plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Colombi
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leah Eitelberg
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evelyne Kolb
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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7
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Kaiser CF, Perilli A, Grossmann G, Meroz Y. Studying root-environment interactions in structured microdevices. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad122. [PMID: 37042515 PMCID: PMC10353529 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In negotiating with the environment, plant roots integrate sensory information over space and time, as the basis of decision making in roots under non-uniform conditions. The complexity and dynamic properties of soil across spatial and temporal scales pose a significant technical challenge for research on mechanisms that drive metabolism, growth and development in roots, as well as on inter-organismal networks in the rhizosphere. Synthetic environments, combining microscopic access and manipulation capabilities with soil-like heterogeneity, are needed to elucidate the intriguing tug-of-war that characterises subsurface ecosystems. Microdevices have provided opportunities for innovative approaches to observe, analyse and manipulate plant roots and advanced our understanding of their development, physiology and interactions with the environment. Initially conceived as perfusion platforms for root cultivation under hydroponic conditions, microdevice design has, in recent years, increasingly shifted to better reflect the complex growth conditions in soil. Heterogeneous micro-environments have been created through co-cultivation with microbes, laminar flow-based local stimulation and physical obstacles and constraints. As such, structured microdevices provide an experimental entry point to the complex network behaviour of soil communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Frederic Kaiser
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessia Perilli
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. Recent insights into metabolic and signalling events of directional root growth regulation and its implications for sustainable crop production systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154088. [PMID: 37008498 PMCID: PMC10060999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots are sensors evolved to simultaneously respond to manifold signals, which allow the plant to survive. Root growth responses, including the modulation of directional root growth, were shown to be differently regulated when the root is exposed to a combination of exogenous stimuli compared to an individual stress trigger. Several studies pointed especially to the impact of the negative phototropic response of roots, which interferes with the adaptation of directional root growth upon additional gravitropic, halotropic or mechanical triggers. This review will provide a general overview of known cellular, molecular and signalling mechanisms involved in directional root growth regulation upon exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, we summarise recent experimental approaches to dissect which root growth responses are regulated upon which individual trigger. Finally, we provide a general overview of how to implement the knowledge gained to improve plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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9
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Mimault M, Ptashnyk M, Dupuy LX. Particle-based model shows complex rearrangement of tissue mechanical properties are needed for roots to grow in hard soil. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010916. [PMID: 36881572 PMCID: PMC10072375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When exposed to increased mechanical resistance from the soil, plant roots display non-linear growth responses that cannot be solely explained by mechanical principles. Here, we aim to investigate how changes in tissue mechanical properties are biologically regulated in response to soil strength. A particle-based model was developed to solve root-soil mechanical interactions at the cellular scale, and a detailed numerical study explored factors that affect root responses to soil resistance. Results showed how softening of root tissues at the tip may contribute to root responses to soil impedance, a mechanism likely linked to soil cavity expansion. The model also predicted the shortening and decreased anisotropy of the zone where growth occurs, which may improve the mechanical stability of the root against axial forces. The study demonstrates the potential of advanced modeling tools to help identify traits that confer plant resistance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mimault
- Information and Computational Science, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (MP); (LXD)
| | - Mariya Ptashnyk
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (MP); (LXD)
| | - Lionel X. Dupuy
- Neiker, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- * E-mail: (MM); (MP); (LXD)
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10
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Pereira D, Alline T, Singh G, Chabouté ME, Asnacios A. A Microfluidic-Like System (MLS) to Grow, Image, and Quantitatively Characterize Rigidity Sensing by Plant's Roots and Root Hair Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:121-131. [PMID: 36587094 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant's roots grow in soils of different rigidities. Understanding how the stiffness of the surrounding environment impacts growth and cell fate of roots and root hair cells is an important and open question. Here, we describe a simple method to setup a microfluidic-like system (MLS) to tackle this question. This system enables to grow plantlets during weeks in microfluidic chips filled with gels of controlled stiffness and to image them under a microscope from a few minutes up to a few days. Furthermore, MLS keeps the numerous benefits of microfluidic chips, such as high-resolution imaging, precise control of the geometry of growth, and standardization of the measurements. In sum, MLS enables one to quantitatively test, even on long time scales, the effect of the rigidity and the geometry of the environment on the growth of roots and root hair cells, including mechanotransduction to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pereira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Alline
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Paris, France.
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11
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Wang H, Hu Y, Qin J, Guo C, Wu D, Xing Q, Pan L, Xia K, Shen Y, Guo J, Jiang R. Interactive responses of root and shoot of camphor tree ( Cinnamomum camphora L.) to asymmetric disturbance treatments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993319. [PMID: 36523620 PMCID: PMC9744769 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant root and shoot growth are closely interrelated, though the connotation of root-shoot balance should not be limited to their connectivity in biomass and physiological indicators. Their directional distribution of mass in architecture and the resulting root-shoot interactions are the keys to understanding the dynamic balance of the below- and above-ground organs related to tree anchorage. This study focuses on the 4-year-old camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora L.) as a system to observe the biomass distribution in response to the asymmetric disturbance treatments of biased root (BRT), inclined trunk (ITT), and half-crown (HCT) in a controlled cultivation experiment using the minirhizotron technique. We found an inverse relationship of biomass distribution of crowns to roots in BRT and opposite asymmetries of roots with crowns in response to the ITT and HCT treatments. We also observed higher net photosynthesis rate (Pn ), water use efficiency, and chlorophyll content in the leaves on the side opposite the lean in ITT, and higher Pn , transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content on the root-bias side in BRT, which is consistent with the nutrient allocation strategies of allocating nutrients across plant organs in an optimal way to obtain 'functional equilibrium' and adapt to the stressed environment. Furthermore, the asymmetrical growth transformation of first-level branch length from the root-bias side to the opposite side in BRT, and a similar transformation of root length from the crown-bias side to the opposite side in HCT, imbues further theoretical support of the nutrient allocation strategy and the biomechanical stability principle, respectively. In summary, this study is the first to identify opposite interaction between below- and above-ground biomass distributions of the camphor tree. The findings enrich the connotation of root-shoot interactions and help to realize root design for the silviculture management of urban forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenbing Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duorun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianlian Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangsheng Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Pirrone SRM, Del Dottore E, Mazzolai B. Historical evolution and new trends for soil-intruder interaction modeling. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 18:011001. [PMID: 36223782 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac99c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil is a crucial resource for life on Earth. Every activity, whether natural or man-made, that interacts with the sub or deep soil can affect the land at large scales (e.g. geological risks). Understanding such interactions can help identify more sustainable and less invasive soil penetration, exploration, and monitoring solutions. Over the years, multiple approaches have been used in modeling soil mechanics to reveal soil behavior. This paper reviews the different modeling techniques used to simulate the interaction between a penetrating tool and the soil, following their use over time. Opening with analytical methods, we discuss the limitations that have partially been overcome by the finite element method (FEM). FEM models are capable of simulating more complex conditions and geometries. However, they require the continuum mechanics assumption. Hence, FEM analysis cannot simulate the discrete processes occurring during soil deformation (i.e. the separation and mixing of soil layers, the appearance of cracks, or the flow of soil particles). The discrete element method (DEM) has thus been adopted as a more promising modeling technique. Alongside models, experimental approaches have also been used to describe soil-intruder interactions, complementing or validating simulation results. Recently, bioinspired approaches have been considered promising to improve sustainability and reduce the invasiveness of classical penetration strategies. This review highlights how DEM-based models can help in studying the interaction mechanisms between bioinspired root-like artificial penetrometers and the soil. Bioinspired designs and the merging of multiple analysis approaches can offer new perspectives. These may be pivotal in the design of highly optimized soil robotic explorers capable of adapting their morphology and penetration strategies based on their surrounding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena R M Pirrone
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (GE), Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Emanuela Del Dottore
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (GE), Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova (GE), Italy
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13
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Lu C, Tian Y, Hou X, Hou X, Jia Z, Li M, Hao M, Jiang Y, Wang Q, Pu Q, Yin Z, Li Y, Liu B, Kang X, Zhang G, Ding X, Liu Y. Multiple forms of vitamin B 6 regulate salt tolerance by balancing ROS and abscisic acid levels in maize root. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:39. [PMID: 37676445 PMCID: PMC10441934 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress causes osmotic stress, ion toxicity and oxidative stress, inducing the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which further damage cell structure and inhibit the development of roots in plants. Previous study showed that vitamin B6 (VB6) plays a role in plant responses to salt stress, however, the regulatory relationship between ROS, VB6 and ABA under salt stress remains unclear yet in plants. In our study, we found that salt stress-induced ABA accumulation requires ROS production, in addition, salt stress also promoted VB6 (including pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)) accumulation, which involved in ROS scavenging and ABA biosynthesis. Furthermore, VB6-deficient maize mutant small kernel2 (smk2) heterozygous is more susceptible to salt stress, and which failed to scavenge excessive ROS effectively or induce ABA accumulation in maize root under salt stress, interestingly, which can be restored by exogenous PN and PLP, respectively. According to these results, we proposed that PN and PLP play an essential role in balancing ROS and ABA levels under salt stress, respectively, it laid a foundation for VB6 to be better applied in crop salt resistance than ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xuanxuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zichang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Qiong Pu
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Baoyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, 265500, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyi Zhang
- Shandong Xinyuan Seed Industry Co., LTD, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yinggao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection; Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Matthus E, Wilkins KA, Mohammad-Sidik A, Ning Y, Davies JM. Spatial origin of the extracellular ATP-induced cytosolic calcium signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots: wave formation and variation with phosphate nutrition. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:863-873. [PMID: 35395136 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) increases cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) as a specific second messenger 'signature' through the plasma membrane DORN1/P2K1 receptor. Previous studies revealed a biphasic signature in Arabidopsis thaliana roots that is altered by inorganic phosphate (Pi) deprivation. The relationship between the two phases of the signature and possible wave formation have been tested as a function of Pi nutrition. The bioluminescent aequorin and intensiometric GCaMP3 reporters were used to resolve the spatial origin of the eATP [Ca2+ ]cyt signature in Arabidopsis root tips. Application of eATP only to the root apex allowed [Ca2+ ]cyt wave resolution without the confounding effects of eATP delivery by superfusion. The first apical millimetre of the root generates the first [Ca2+ ]cyt increase by eATP, regardless of nutritional status. The second increase occurs sub-apically in the root hair zone, has some autonomy and is significantly reduced in Pi-starved roots. A significant component of the Pi-replete signature does not require DORN1/P2K1, but Pi-starved roots appear to have an absolute requirement for that receptor. Application of eATP specifically to the root apex provides evidence for cell-to-cell propagation of a [Ca2+ ]cyt wave that diminishes sub-apically. The apex maintains a robust [Ca2+ ]cyt increase (even under Pi starvation) that is the basis of a propagative wave, with implications for the ability of the root's eATP signalling systems to signal systemically. Partial autonomy of the sub-apical region may be relevant to the perception of eATP from microbes. eATP-induced [Ca2+ ]cyt increase may not have always have an obligate requirement for DORN1/P2K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - K A Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Mohammad-Sidik
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Y Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Quiros M, Bogeat-Triboulot MB, Couturier E, Kolb E. Plant root growth against a mechanical obstacle: the early growth response of a maize root facing an axial resistance is consistent with the Lockhart model. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, INTERFACE 2022; 19:20220266. [PMID: 35919977 PMCID: PMC9346360 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant root growth is dramatically reduced in compacted soils, affecting the growth of the whole plant. Through a model experiment coupling force and kinematics measurements, we probed the force-growth relationship of a primary root contacting a stiff resisting obstacle, which mimics the strongest soil impedance variation encountered by a growing root. The growth of maize roots just emerging from a corseting agarose gel and contacting a force sensor (acting as an obstacle) was monitored by time-lapse imaging simultaneously to the force. The evolution of the velocity field along the root was obtained from kinematics analysis of the root texture with a particle image velocimetry derived technique. A triangular fit was introduced to retrieve the elemental elongation rate or strain rate. A parameter-free model based on the Lockhart law quantitatively predicts how the force at the obstacle modifies several features of the growth distribution (length of the growth zone, maximal elemental elongation rate and velocity) during the first 10 min. These results suggest a strong similarity of the early growth responses elicited either by a directional stress (contact) or by an isotropic perturbation (hyperosmotic bath).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Quiros
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Etienne Couturier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot CNRS UMR 7057, 10 Rue Alice Domont et Léonie Ducquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Evelyne Kolb
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
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16
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A mechano-sensing mechanism for waving in plant roots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9635. [PMID: 35688922 PMCID: PMC9187721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis roots grown on inclined agar surfaces exhibit unusual sinusoidal patterns known as root-waving. The origin of these patterns has been ascribed to both genetic and environmental factors. Here we propose a mechano-sensing model for root-waving, based on a combination of friction induced by gravitropism, the elasticity of the root and the anchoring of the root to the agar by thin hairs, and demonstrate its relevance to previously obtained experimental results. We further test the applicability of this model by performing experiments in which we measure the effect of gradually changing the inclination angles of the agar surfaces on the wavelength and other properties of the growing roots. We find that the observed dynamics is different than the dynamics reported in previous works, but that it can still be explained using the same mechano-sensing considerations. This is supported by the fact that a scaling relation derived from the model describes the observed dependence of the wavelength on the tilt angle for a large range of angles. We also compare the prevalence of waving in different plant species and show that it depends on root thickness as predicted by the model. The results indicate that waving can be explained using mechanics and gravitropism alone and that mechanics may play a greater role in root growth and form than was previously considered.
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17
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de la Fuente Cantó C, Diouf MN, Ndour PMS, Debieu M, Grondin A, Passot S, Champion A, Barrachina C, Pratlong M, Gantet P, Assigbetsé K, Kane N, Cubry P, Diedhiou AG, Heulin T, Achouak W, Vigouroux Y, Cournac L, Laplaze L. Genetic control of rhizosheath formation in pearl millet. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9205. [PMID: 35655088 PMCID: PMC9163325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizosheath, the layer of soil that adheres strongly to roots, influences water and nutrients acquisition. Pearl millet is a cereal crop that plays a major role for food security in arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa and India. We previously showed that root-adhering soil mass is a heritable trait in pearl millet and that it correlates with changes in rhizosphere microbiota structure and functions. Here, we studied the correlation between root-adhering soil mass and root hair development, root architecture, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and we analysed the genetic control of this trait using genome wide association (GWAS) combined with bulk segregant analysis and gene expression studies. Root-adhering soil mass was weakly correlated only to root hairs traits in pearl millet. Twelve QTLs for rhizosheath formation were identified by GWAS. Bulk segregant analysis on a biparental population validated five of these QTLs. Combining genetics with a comparison of global gene expression in the root tip of contrasted inbred lines revealed candidate genes that might control rhizosheath formation in pearl millet. Our study indicates that rhizosheath formation is under complex genetic control in pearl millet and suggests that it is mainly regulated by root exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M N Diouf
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Écologique Des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de L'Ouest (IESOL), Dakar, Senegal.,Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - P M S Ndour
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Écologique Des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de L'Ouest (IESOL), Dakar, Senegal
| | - M Debieu
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A Grondin
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal.,CERAAS, Thiès, Senegal
| | - S Passot
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A Champion
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - M Pratlong
- Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier, France
| | - P Gantet
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - K Assigbetsé
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Écologique Des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de L'Ouest (IESOL), Dakar, Senegal
| | - N Kane
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal
| | - P Cubry
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A G Diedhiou
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal.,Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - T Heulin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LEMiRE, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - W Achouak
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LEMiRE, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Y Vigouroux
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - L Cournac
- Eco&Sols, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - L Laplaze
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France. .,Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation Des Plantes Et Microorganismes Associés Aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Centre de recherche de Bel-Air, Dakar, Senegal.
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18
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Wang L, Rengel Z, Zhang K, Jin K, Lyu Y, Zhang L, Cheng L, Zhang F, Shen J. Ensuring future food security and resource sustainability: insights into the rhizosphere. iScience 2022; 25:104168. [PMID: 35434553 PMCID: PMC9010633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding the world’s growing population requires continuously increasing crop yields with less fertilizers and agrochemicals on limited land. Focusing on plant belowground traits, especially root-soil-microbe interactions, holds a great promise for overcoming this challenge. The belowground root-soil-microbe interactions are complex and involve a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes that influence nutrient-use efficiency, plant growth and health. Understanding, predicting, and manipulating these rhizosphere processes will enable us to harness the relevant interactions to improve plant productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Here, we review the recent progress and challenges in root-soil-microbe interactions. We also highlight how root-soil-microbe interactions could be manipulated to ensure food security and resource sustainability in a changing global climate, with an emphasis on reducing our dependence on fertilizers and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kemo Jin
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Lyu
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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19
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Jouanlanne M, Egelé A, Favier D, Drenckhan W, Farago J, Hourlier-Fargette A. Elastocapillary deformation of thin elastic ribbons in 2D foam columns. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2325-2331. [PMID: 35174372 PMCID: PMC9466004 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of liquid interfaces to shape slender elastic structures provides powerful strategies to control the architecture of mechanical self assemblies. However, elastocapillarity-driven intelligent design remains unexplored in more complex architected liquids - such as foams. Here we propose a model system which combines an assembly of bubbles and a slender elastic structure. Arrangements of soap bubbles in confined environments form well-defined periodic structures, dictated by Plateau's laws. We consider a 2D foam column formed in a container with square cross-section in which we introduce an elastomer ribbon, leading to architected structures whose geometry is guided by a competition between elasticity and capillarity. In this system, we quantify both experimentally and theoretically the equilibrium shapes, using X-ray micro-tomography and energy minimisation techniques. Beyond the understanding of the amplitude of the wavy elastic ribbon deformation, we provide a detailed analysis of the profile of the ribbon, and show that such a setup can be used to grant a shape to a UV-curable composite slender structure, as a foam-forming technique suitable to miniaturisation. In more general terms, this work provides a stepping stone towards an improved understanding of the interactions between liquid foams and slender structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Jouanlanne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Antoine Egelé
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Damien Favier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Wiebke Drenckhan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean Farago
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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20
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García-González J, Lacek J, Weckwerth W, Retzer K. Throttling Growth Speed: Evaluation of aux1-7 Root Growth Profile by Combining D-Root system and Root Penetration Assay. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050650. [PMID: 35270119 PMCID: PMC8912881 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Directional root growth control is crucial for plant fitness. The degree of root growth deviation depends on several factors, whereby exogenous growth conditions have a profound impact. The perception of mechanical impedance by wild-type roots results in the modulation of root growth traits, and it is known that gravitropic stimulus influences distinct root movement patterns in concert with mechanoadaptation. Mutants with reduced shootward auxin transport are described as being numb towards mechanostimulus and gravistimulus, whereby different growth conditions on agar-supplemented medium have a profound effect on how much directional root growth and root movement patterns differ between wild types and mutants. To reduce the impact of unilateral mechanostimulus on roots grown along agar-supplemented medium, we compared the root movement of Col-0 and auxin resistant 1-7 in a root penetration assay to test how both lines adjust the growth patterns of evenly mechanostimulated roots. We combined the assay with the D-root system to reduce light-induced growth deviation. Moreover, the impact of sucrose supplementation in the growth medium was investigated because exogenous sugar enhances root growth deviation in the vertical direction. Overall, we observed a more regular growth pattern for Col-0 but evaluated a higher level of skewing of aux1-7 compared to the wild type than known from published data. Finally, the tracking of the growth rate of the gravistimulated roots revealed that Col-0 has a throttling elongation rate during the bending process, but aux1-7 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Kemp N, Angelidakis V, Luli S, Nadimi S. How Do Roots Interact with Layered Soils? J Imaging 2022; 8:5. [PMID: 35049846 PMCID: PMC8781602 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vegetation alters soil fabric by providing biological reinforcement and enhancing the overall mechanical behaviour of slopes, thereby controlling shallow mass movement. To predict the behaviour of vegetated slopes, parameters representing the root system structure, such as root distribution, length, orientation and diameter, should be considered in slope stability models. This study quantifies the relationship between soil physical characteristics and root growth, giving special emphasis on (1) how roots influence the physical architecture of the surrounding soil structure and (2) how soil structure influences the root growth. A systematic experimental study is carried out using high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) to observe the root behaviour in layered soil. In total, 2 samples are scanned over 15 days, enabling the acquisition of 10 sets of images. A machine learning algorithm for image segmentation is trained to act at 3 different training percentages, resulting in the processing of 30 sets of images, with the outcomes prompting a discussion on the size of the training data set. An automated in-house image processing algorithm is employed to quantify the void ratio and root volume ratio. This script enables post processing and image analysis of all 30 cases within few hours. This work investigates the effect of stratigraphy on root growth, along with the effect of image-segmentation parameters on soil constitutive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kemp
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (N.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Vasileios Angelidakis
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (N.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Saimir Luli
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Sadegh Nadimi
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; (N.K.); (V.A.)
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22
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The Pellicle-Another Strategy of the Root Apex Protection against Mechanical Stress? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312711. [PMID: 34884528 PMCID: PMC8658001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In grasses, the apical part of the root is covered by a two-layered deposit of extracellular material, the pellicle, which together with the outer periclinal wall of protodermal cells forms the three-layered epidermal surface. In this study, the effect of mechanical stress on the pellicle was examined. An experiment was performed, in which maize roots were grown in narrow diameter plastic tubes with conical endings for 24 h. Two groups of experimental roots were included in the analysis: stressed (S) roots, whose tips did not grow out of the tubes, and recovering (R) roots, whose apices grew out of the tube. Control (C) roots grew freely between the layers of moist filter paper. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy analysis revealed microdamage in all the layers of the epidermal surface of S roots, however, protodermal cells in the meristematic zone remained viable. The outermost pellicle layer was twice as thick as in C roots. In R roots, large areas of dead cells were observed between the meristematic zone and the transition zone. The pellicle was defective with a discontinuous and irregular outermost layer. In the meristematic zone the pellicle was undamaged and the protodermal cells were intact. The results lead to the conclusion that the pellicle may prevent damage to protodermal cells, thus protecting the root apical meristem from the negative effects of mechano-stress.
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23
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Hartmann FP, Tinturier E, Julien JL, Leblanc-Fournier N. Between Stress and Response: Function and Localization of Mechanosensitive Ca 2+ Channels in Herbaceous and Perennial Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11043. [PMID: 34681698 PMCID: PMC8538497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, how plants sense and respond to mechanical stress has become a flourishing field of research. The pivotal role of mechanosensing in organogenesis and acclimation was demonstrated in various plants, and links are emerging between gene regulatory networks and physical forces exerted on tissues. However, how plant cells convert physical signals into chemical signals remains unclear. Numerous studies have focused on the role played by mechanosensitive (MS) calcium ion channels MCA, Piezo and OSCA. To complement these data, we combined data mining and visualization approaches to compare the tissue-specific expression of these genes, taking advantage of recent single-cell RNA-sequencing data obtained in the root apex and the stem of Arabidopsis and the Populus stem. These analyses raise questions about the relationships between the localization of MS channels and the localization of stress and responses. Such tissue-specific expression studies could help to elucidate the functions of MS channels. Finally, we stress the need for a better understanding of such mechanisms in trees, which are facing mechanical challenges of much higher magnitudes and over much longer time scales than herbaceous plants, and we mention practical applications of plant responsiveness to mechanical stress in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P. Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.T.); (J.-L.J.)
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24
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Tojo H, Nakamura A, Ferjani A, Kazama Y, Abe T, Iida H. A Method Enabling Comprehensive Isolation of Arabidopsis Mutants Exhibiting Unusual Root Mechanical Behavior. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646404. [PMID: 33747026 PMCID: PMC7966703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root penetration into soils is fundamental for land plants to support their own aboveground parts and forage water and nutrients. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying root mechanical penetration, mutants defective in this behavior need to be comprehensively isolated; however, established methods are currently scarce. We herein report a method to screen for these mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and present their phenotypes. We isolated five mutants using this method, tentatively named creep1 to creep5, the primary roots of which crept over the surface of horizontal hard medium that hampered penetration by the primary root of the wild type, thereby forcing it to spring up on the surface and die. By examining root skewing, which is induced by a touch stimulation that is generated as the primary roots grow along a vertical impenetrable surface, the five creep mutants were subdivided into three groups, namely mutants with the primary root skewing leftward, those skewing rightward, and that growing dispersedly. While the majority of wild type primary roots skewed slightly leftward, nearly half of the primary roots of creep1 and creep5 skewed rightward as viewed from above. The primary roots of creep4 displayed scattered growth, while those of creep2 and creep3 showed a similar phenotype to the wild type primary roots. These results demonstrate the potential of the method developed herein to isolate various mutants that will be useful for investigating root mechanical behavior regulation not only in Arabidopsis, but also in major crops with economical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tojo
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Aki Nakamura
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Iida
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Japan
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25
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Trejo M, Lazarus A, Vandembroucq D, Kolb E. Deformations of a 2D Elastica under a random distribution of normal loads. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124910006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the deformations of a 2D elastic structure (beam, rod or filament) subjected to randomly distributed local orthogonal forces. The fiber is in quasistatic equilibrium condition when a given force distribution is acting on it. To analyze the effects of force fluctuations on the observed configurations, we study the behavior of the bending moment at the origin and the filament curvature, as a function of nominal values of the local mean forces and small, moderate and large fluctuations around them.
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26
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Lascurain T, Angelidakis V, Luli S, Nadimi S. Imaging the root–rhizosphere interface using micro computed tomography: quantifying void ratio and root volume ratio profiles. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202124911005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Root growth alters soil fabric and consequently its mechanical and physical properties. Recent studies show that roots induce compaction of soil in their immediate vicinity, a region that is central for plant health. However, high quality quantification of root influence on the soil fabric, able to inform computational models is lacking from the literature. This study quantifies the relationship between soil physical characteristics and root growth, giving special emphasis on how roots in early stage formation influence the physical architecture of the surrounding soil structure. High-resolution X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (µCT) is used to acquire three dimensional images of two homogeneously-packed samples. It is observed that the void ratio profile extending from the soil-root interface into the bulk soil is altered by root growth. The roots considerably modify the immediate soil physical characteristics by creating micro cracks at the soil-root interface and by increasing void ratio. This paper presents the mechanisms that led to the observed structure as well as some of the implications that it has in such a dynamic zone.
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27
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Wang X, Shen J, Hedden P, Phillips AL, Thomas SG, Ge Y, Ashton RW, Whalley WR. Wheat growth responses to soil mechanical impedance are dependent on phosphorus supply. SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH 2021; 205:104754. [PMID: 33390631 PMCID: PMC7729824 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased mechanical impedance induced by soil drying or compaction causes reduction in plant growth and crop yield. However, how mechanical impedance interacts with nutrient stress has been largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of mechanical impedance on the growth of wheat seedlings under contrasting phosphorus (P) supply in a sand culture system which allows the mechanical impedance to be independent of water and nutrient availability. Two wheat genotypes containing the Rht-B1a (tall) or Rht-B1c (gibberellin-insensitive dwarf) alleles in the Cadenza background were used and their shoot and root traits were determined. Mechanical impedance caused a significant reduction in plant growth under sufficient P supply, including reduced shoot and root biomass, leaf area and total root length. By contrast, under low P supply, mechanical impedance did not affect biomass, tiller number, leaf length, and nodal root number in both wheat genotypes, indicating that the magnitude of the growth restriction imposed by mechanical impedance was dependent on P supply. The interaction effect between mechanical impedance and P level was significant on most plant traits except for axial and lateral root length, suggesting an evident physical and nutritional interaction. Our findings provide valuable insights into the integrated effects of plants in response to both soil physical and nutritional stresses. Understanding the response patterns is critical for optimizing soil tillage and nutrient management in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MoE, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MoE, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peter Hedden
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Yaoxiang Ge
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
- College of Biology and Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, PR China
| | - Rhys W. Ashton
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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28
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Wang X, Whalley WR, Miller AJ, White PJ, Zhang F, Shen J. Sustainable Cropping Requires Adaptation to a Heterogeneous Rhizosphere. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1194-1202. [PMID: 32830043 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-soil interactions in the rhizosphere are central to resource acquisition and crop production in agricultural systems. However, apart from studies in idealized experimental systems, rhizosphere processes in real agricultural soils in situ are largely uncharacterized. This limits the contribution of rhizosphere science to agriculture and the ongoing Green Revolution. Here, we argue that understanding plant responses to soil heterogeneity is key to understanding rhizosphere processes. We highlight rhizosphere sensing and root-induced soil modification in the context of heterogeneous soil structure, resource distribution, and root-soil interactions. A deeper understanding of the integrated and dynamic root-soil interactions in the heterogeneously structured rhizosphere could increase crop production and resource use efficiency towards sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | | | - Philip J White
- Ecological Science Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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29
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Matthus E, Doddrell NH, Guillaume G, Mohammad-Sidik AB, Wilkins KA, Swarbreck SM, Davies JM. Phosphate Deprivation Can Impair Mechano-Stimulated Cytosolic Free Calcium Elevation in Arabidopsis Roots. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091205. [PMID: 32942534 PMCID: PMC7570281 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The root tip responds to mechanical stimulation with a transient increase in cytosolic free calcium as a possible second messenger. Although the root tip will grow through a heterogeneous soil nutrient supply, little is known of the consequence of nutrient deprivation for such signalling. Here, the effect of inorganic phosphate deprivation on the root’s mechano-stimulated cytosolic free calcium increase is investigated. Arabidopsisthaliana (cytosolically expressing aequorin as a bioluminescent free calcium reporter) is grown in zero or full phosphate conditions, then roots or root tips are mechanically stimulated. Plants also are grown vertically on a solid medium so their root skewing angle (deviation from vertical) can be determined as an output of mechanical stimulation. Phosphate starvation results in significantly impaired cytosolic free calcium elevation in both root tips and whole excised roots. Phosphate-starved roots sustain a significantly lower root skewing angle than phosphate-replete roots. These results suggest that phosphate starvation causes a dampening of the root mechano-signalling system that could have consequences for growth in hardened, compacted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Nicholas H. Doddrell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Gaëtan Guillaume
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Amirah B. Mohammad-Sidik
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Katie A. Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Stéphanie M. Swarbreck
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (E.M.); (N.H.D.); (G.G.); (A.B.M.-S.); (K.A.W.); (S.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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de la Fuente Cantó C, Simonin M, King E, Moulin L, Bennett MJ, Castrillo G, Laplaze L. An extended root phenotype: the rhizosphere, its formation and impacts on plant fitness. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:951-964. [PMID: 32324287 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants forage soil for water and nutrients, whose distribution is patchy and often dynamic. To improve their foraging activities, plants have evolved mechanisms to modify the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of the rhizosphere, i.e. the soil compartment under the influence of the roots. This dynamic interplay in root-soil-microbiome interactions creates emerging properties that impact plant nutrition and health. As a consequence, the rhizosphere can be considered an extended root phenotype, a manifestation of the effects of plant genes on their environment inside and/or outside of the organism. Here, we review current understanding of how plants shape the rhizosphere and the benefits it confers to plant fitness. We discuss future research challenges and how applying their solutions in crops will enable us to harvest the benefits of the extended root phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla de la Fuente Cantó
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Simonin
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- UMR IPME, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Eoghan King
- UMR IPME, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Moulin
- UMR IPME, IRD, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Gabriel Castrillo
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
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31
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Tedone F, Del Dottore E, Palladino M, Mazzolai B, Marcati P. Optimal control of plant root tip dynamics in soil. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2020; 15:056006. [PMID: 32503024 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab9a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to propose a novel approach to model the dynamics of objects that move within the soil, e.g. plants roots. One can assume that external forces are significant only at the tip of the roots, where the plant's growth is actuated. We formulate an optimal control problem that minimises the energy spent by a growing root subject to physical constraints imposed by the surrounding soil at the tip. We study the motion strategy adopted by plant roots to facilitate penetration into the soil, which we hypothesize to be a circumnutation movement. By solving the proposed optimal control problem numerically, we validate the hypothesis that plant roots adopt a circumnutation motion pattern to reduce soil penetration resistance during growth. The proposed formalisation could be applied to replicate such a biological behaviour in robotic systems, to adopt the most efficient strategy for autonomous devices in soil exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tedone
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), viale F. Crispi 7, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy. Center for Micro-Biorobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
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32
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Ruiz‐Munoz JF, Nimmagadda JK, Dowd TG, Baciak JE, Zare A. Super resolution for root imaging. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11374. [PMID: 32765973 PMCID: PMC7394708 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE High-resolution cameras are very helpful for plant phenotyping as their images enable tasks such as target vs. background discrimination and the measurement and analysis of fine above-ground plant attributes. However, the acquisition of high-resolution images of plant roots is more challenging than above-ground data collection. An effective super-resolution (SR) algorithm is therefore needed for overcoming the resolution limitations of sensors, reducing storage space requirements, and boosting the performance of subsequent analyses. METHODS We propose an SR framework for enhancing images of plant roots using convolutional neural networks. We compare three alternatives for training the SR model: (i) training with non-plant-root images, (ii) training with plant-root images, and (iii) pretraining the model with non-plant-root images and fine-tuning with plant-root images. The architectures of the SR models were based on two state-of-the-art deep learning approaches: a fast SR convolutional neural network and an SR generative adversarial network. RESULTS In our experiments, we observed that the SR models improved the quality of low-resolution images of plant roots in an unseen data set in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio. We used a collection of publicly available data sets to demonstrate that the SR models outperform the basic bicubic interpolation, even when trained with non-root data sets. DISCUSSION The incorporation of a deep learning-based SR model in the imaging process enhances the quality of low-resolution images of plant roots. We demonstrate that SR preprocessing boosts the performance of a machine learning system trained to separate plant roots from their background. Our segmentation experiments also show that high performance on this task can be achieved independently of the signal-to-noise ratio. We therefore conclude that the quality of the image enhancement depends on the desired application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Ruiz‐Munoz
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Jyothier K. Nimmagadda
- Department of Material Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Tyler G. Dowd
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - James E. Baciak
- Department of Material Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Alina Zare
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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33
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Esteves GDF, de Souza KRD, Bressanin LA, Andrade PCC, Veroneze Júnior V, Dos Reis PE, da Silva AB, Mantovani JR, Magalhães PC, Pasqual M, de Souza TC. Vermicompost improves maize, millet and sorghum growth in iron mine tailings. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 264:110468. [PMID: 32250898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fundão dam was designed to store iron mine tailings in the region of Mariana, MG, Brazil. When it ruptured, the tailings overflowed. These tailings affected the soil due to the formation of a thick crust as a result of drying (compaction) and hindered the natural revegetation process. In this context, the use of organic fertilizers, including vermicompost, is method of reducing the physical limitations on root growth caused by soil properties and changing soil-metal interactions. For this reason, vermicompost was added to iron mine tailings, and its morphological and physiological effects on maize, millet and sorghum plants were studied. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using 6 dm3 pots. The plants were subjected to three treatments: mine tailings, mine tailings + vermicompost, and a reference soil. From the V3 stage onwards, biweekly growth, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence evaluations were performed. At the end of the experiment, dry biomass and metal, macro- and micronutrient contents were quantified, and the root morphology was evaluated. The tailings created physical limitations on root growth and had low nutrient content as well as high concentrations of chromium, iron and manganese. The addition of vermicompost favored increases in shoot and root dry biomass, increases in root length, volume, surface area and diameter, and the absorption of macro- and micronutrients, which was reflected in the growth of the studied species. In addition, vermicompost led to greater investment in thick and very thick roots, and in general, the plants showed no symptoms of metal toxicity. Considering the characteristics of the studied tailings, it can be concluded that vermicompost favors the growth of plant species and may be a viable method for beginning the recovery process in areas containing iron mine tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele de Fátima Esteves
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Instituto de Ciências da Natureza - ICN, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Cristina Castro Andrade
- Universidade José Do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Setor de Ciências Agrícolas, Rod MG 39 Km 0, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Valdir Veroneze Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Instituto de Ciências da Natureza - ICN, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ernesto Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Instituto de Ciências da Natureza - ICN, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Bortolotti da Silva
- Universidade José Do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Setor de Ciências Agrícolas, Rod MG 39 Km 0, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - José Ricardo Mantovani
- Universidade José Do Rosário Vellano - UNIFENAS, Setor de Ciências Agrícolas, Rod MG 39 Km 0, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Magalhães
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Milho e Sorgo, P. O. Box 151, 35701-970, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Pasqual
- Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia de Plantas, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago Corrêa de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Instituto de Ciências da Natureza - ICN, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Martins AD, O'Callaghan F, Bengough AG, Loades KW, Pasqual M, Kolb E, Dupuy LX. The helical motions of roots are linked to avoidance of particle forces in soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2356-2367. [PMID: 31693763 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limitation to root growth results from forces required to overcome soil resistance to deformation. The variations in individual particle forces affects root development and often deflects the growth trajectory. We have developed transparent soil and optical projection tomography microscopy systems where measurements of growth trajectory and particle forces can be acquired in a granular medium at a range of confining pressures. We developed image-processing pipelines to analyse patterns in root trajectories and a stochastic-mechanical theory to establish how root deflections relate to particle forces and thickening of the root. Root thickening compensates for the increase in mean particle forces but does not prevent deflections from 5% of most extreme individual particle forces causing root deflection. The magnitude of deflections increases with pressure but they assemble into helices of conserved wavelength in response linked to gravitropism. The study reveals mechanisms for the understanding of root growth in mechanically impeding soil conditions and provides insights relevant to breeding of drought-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalvan D Martins
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, MG 37.200-000, Brazil
| | | | - A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | | | - Moacir Pasqual
- Federal University of Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, MG 37.200-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Kolb
- Physics and Mechanics of Heterogeneous Materials (PMMH) Joint Research Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, UMR 7636), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielle de Paris (ESPCI), Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University (PSL), Sorbonne Université - UPMC, Université Paris 06, Université Paris 07, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lionel X Dupuy
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Schunter DJ, Czech RK, Holmes DP. Packing transitions in the elastogranular confinement of a slender loop. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2039-2044. [PMID: 31998922 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02152c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Confined thin structures are ubiquitous in nature. Spatial and length constraints have led to a number of novel packing strategies at both the micro-scale, as when DNA packages inside a capsid, and the macro-scale, seen in plant root development and the arrangement of the human intestinal tract. Here, we investigate the resulting packing behaviors between a growing slender structure constrained by deformable boundaries. Experimentally, we vary the arc length of an elastic loop injected into an array of soft, spherical grains at various initial number densities. At low initial packing fractions, the elastic loop deforms as though it were hitting a flat surface by periodically folding into the array. Above a critical packing fraction φc, local re-orientations within the granular medium create an effectively curved surface leading to the emergence of a distinct circular packing morphology. These results bring new insights into the packing behavior of wires and thin sheets, and will be relevant to modeling plant root morphogenesis, burrowing and locomotive strategies of vertebrates & invertebrates, and developing smart, steerable needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Schunter
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Regina K Czech
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Douglas P Holmes
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Roué J, Chauvet H, Brunel-Michac N, Bizet F, Moulia B, Badel E, Legué V. Root cap size and shape influence responses to the physical strength of the growth medium in Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:126-137. [PMID: 31682268 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the progression of root in soil, root cap cells are the first to encounter obstacles and are known to sense environmental cues, thus making the root cap a potential mechanosensing site. In this study, a two-layered growth medium system was developed in order to study root responses to variations in the physical strength of the medium and the importance of the root cap in the establishment of these responses. Root growth and trajectory of primary roots of Arabidopsis seedlings were investigated using in vivo image analysis. After contact with the harder layer of the medium, the root either penetrated it or underwent rapid curvature, thus enabling reorientation of growth. We initially hypothesized that the root-cap structure would affect apex penetration and reorientation, with pointed caps facilitating and domed caps impeding root penetration. This hypothesis was investigated by analysing the responses of Arabidopsis mutants with altered root caps. The primary root of lines of the fez-2 mutant, which has fewer root-cap cell layers and a more pointed root cap than wild-type roots, showed impaired penetration ability. Conversely, smb-3 roots, which display a rectangular-shaped cap, showed enhanced penetration abilities. These results, which contradict our original hypothesis, reveal a role for resistance to buckling in determining root penetration abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - H Chauvet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - N Brunel-Michac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - F Bizet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - E Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - V Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Wang D, Liu YX, Yu Q, Zhao SP, Zhao JY, Ru JN, Cao XY, Fang ZW, Chen J, Zhou YB, Chen M, Ma YZ, Xu ZS, Lan JH. Functional Analysis of the Soybean GmCDPK3 Gene Responding to Drought and Salt Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5909. [PMID: 31775269 PMCID: PMC6928923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have a series of response mechanisms to adapt when they are subjected to external stress. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in plants function against a variety of abiotic stresses. We screened 17 CDPKs from drought- and salt-induced soybean transcriptome sequences. The phylogenetic tree divided CDPKs of rice, Arabidopsis and soybean into five groups (I-V). Cis-acting element analysis showed that the 17 CDPKs contained some elements associated with drought and salt stresses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the 17 CDPKs were responsive after different degrees of induction under drought and salt stresses. GmCDPK3 was selected as a further research target due to its high relative expression. The subcellular localization experiment showed that GmCDPK3 was located on the membrane of Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Overexpression of GmCDPK3 improved drought and salt resistance in Arabidopsis. In the soybean hairy roots experiment, the leaves of GmCDPK3 hairy roots with RNA interference (GmCDPK3-RNAi) soybean lines were more wilted than those of GmCDPK3 overexpression (GmCDPK3-OE) soybean lines after drought and salt stresses. The trypan blue staining experiment further confirmed that cell membrane damage of GmCDPK3-RNAi soybean leaves was more severe than in GmCDPK3-OE soybean lines. In addition, proline (Pro) and chlorophyll contents were increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased in GmCDPK3-OE soybean lines. On the contrary, GmCDPK3-RNAi soybean lines had decreased Pro and chlorophyll content and increased MDA. The results indicate that GmCDPK3 is essential in resisting drought and salt stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (D.W.); (Y.-X.L.); (Q.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Yuan-Xia Liu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (D.W.); (Y.-X.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (D.W.); (Y.-X.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Shu-Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Juan-Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Jing-Na Ru
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Xin-You Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Zheng-Wu Fang
- College of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China;
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; (S.-P.Z.); (J.-Y.Z.); (J.-N.R.); (J.C.); (Y.-B.Z.); (M.C.); (Y.-Z.M.)
| | - Jin-Hao Lan
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (D.W.); (Y.-X.L.); (Q.Y.)
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Correa J, Postma JA, Watt M, Wojciechowski T. Soil compaction and the architectural plasticity of root systems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6019-6034. [PMID: 31504740 PMCID: PMC6859514 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil compaction is a serious global problem, and is a major cause of inadequate rooting and poor yield in crops around the world. Root system architecture (RSA) describes the spatial arrangement of root components within the soil and determines the plant's exploration of the soil. Soil strength restricts root growth and may slow down root system development. RSA plasticity may have an adaptive value, providing environmental tolerance to soil compaction. However, it is challenging to distinguish developmental retardation (apparent plasticity) or responses to severe stress from those root architectural changes that may provide an actual environmental tolerance (adaptive plasticity). In this review, we outline the consequences of soil compaction on the rooting environment and extensively review the various root responses reported in the literature. Finally, we discuss which responses enhance root exploration capabilities in tolerant genotypes, and to what extent these responses might be useful for breeding. We conclude that RSA plasticity in response to soil compaction is complex and can be targeted in breeding to increase the performance of crops under specific agronomical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Correa
- Institute of Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2): Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, Jülich,Germany
| | - Johannes A Postma
- Institute of Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2): Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, Jülich,Germany
| | - Michelle Watt
- Institute of Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2): Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, Jülich,Germany
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40
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Micromechanics of root development in soil. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 51:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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