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Mendez-Guerrero O, Carranza-Carrasco A, Chi-Cervera LA, Torre A, Navarro-Alvarez N. Optimizing nutrition in hepatic cirrhosis: A comprehensive assessment and care approach. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1313-1328. [PMID: 38596498 PMCID: PMC11000076 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i10.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is considered a growing cause of morbidity and mortality, which represents a significant public health problem. Currently, there is no effective treatment to reverse cirrhosis. Treatment primarily centers on addressing the underlying liver condition, monitoring, and managing portal hypertension-related complications, and evaluating the potential for liver transplantation in cases of decompensated cirrhosis, marked by rapid progression and the emergence of complications like variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, malnutrition, and more. Malnutrition, a prevalent complication across all disease stages, is often underdiagnosed in cirrhosis due to the complexities of nutritional assessment in patients with fluid retention and/or obesity, despite its crucial impact on prognosis. Increasing emphasis has been placed on the collaboration of nutritionists within hepatology and Liver transplant teams to deliver comprehensive care, a practice that has shown to improve outcomes. This review covers appropriate screening and assessment methods for evaluating the nutritional status of this population, diagnostic approaches for malnutrition, and context-specific nutrition treatments. It also discusses evidence-based recommendations for supplementation and physical exercise, both essential elements of the standard care provided to cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvely Mendez-Guerrero
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Anaisa Carranza-Carrasco
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Chi-Cervera
- Clínica de Especialidades Gastrointestinales y Hepáticas, Hospital Star Medica, Merida 97133, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Aldo Torre
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Molecular Biology, Universidad Panamericana School of Medicine, Campus México, Mexico City 03920, Mexico
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045, United States
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Santangeli E, Abbati C, Chen R, Di Carlo A, Leoni S, Piscaglia F, Ferri S. Pathophysiological-Based Nutritional Interventions in Cirrhotic Patients with Sarcopenic Obesity: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:427. [PMID: 38337711 PMCID: PMC10857546 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, following the spread of obesity, metabolic dysfunction has come to represent the leading cause of liver disease. The classical clinical presentation of the cirrhotic patient has, therefore, greatly changed, with a dramatic increase in subjects who appear overweight or obese. Due to an obesogenic lifestyle (lack of physical activity and overall malnutrition, with an excess of caloric intake together with a deficit of proteins and micronutrients), these patients frequently develop a complex clinical condition defined as sarcopenic obesity (SO). The interplay between cirrhosis and SO lies in the sharing of multiple pathogenetic mechanisms, including malnutrition/malabsorption, chronic inflammation, hyperammonemia and insulin resistance. The presence of SO worsens the outcome of cirrhotic patients, affecting overall morbidity and mortality. International nutrition and liver diseases societies strongly agree on recommending the use of food as an integral part of the healing process in the comprehensive management of these patients, including a reduction in caloric intake, protein and micronutrient supplementation and sodium restriction. Based on the pathophysiological paths shared by cirrhosis and SO, this narrative review aims to highlight the nutritional interventions currently advocated by international guidelines, as well as to provide hints on the possible role of micronutrients and nutraceuticals in the treatment of this multifaceted clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina Santangeli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (C.A.); (R.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Chiara Abbati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (C.A.); (R.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Rusi Chen
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (C.A.); (R.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Alma Di Carlo
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergologic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Simona Leoni
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergologic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (C.A.); (R.C.); (F.P.)
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergologic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Silvia Ferri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergologic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.C.); (S.L.)
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Peixoto ÁS, Moreno MF, Castro É, Perandini LA, Belchior T, Oliveira TE, Vieira TS, Gilio GR, Tomazelli CA, Leonardi BF, Ortiz-Silva M, Silva Junior LP, Moretti EH, Steiner AA, Festuccia WT. Hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hepatocyte Pten deletion reduces BAT UCP-1 and thermogenic capacity in mice, despite increasing serum FGF-21 and iWAT browning. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:731-743. [PMID: 37405670 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) markedly enhances liver secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), a hepatokine that increases brown and subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissues (BAT and iWAT, respectively) uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) content, thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that an enhanced BAT and iWAT UCP-1-mediated thermogenesis induced by high levels of FGF-21 is involved in HCC-associated catabolic state and fat mass reduction. For this, we evaluated body weight and composition, liver mass and morphology, serum and tissue levels of FGF-21, BAT and iWAT UCP-1 content, and thermogenic capacity in mice with Pten deletion in hepatocytes that display a well-defined progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC upon aging. Hepatocyte Pten deficiency promoted a progressive increase in liver lipid deposition, mass, and inflammation, culminating with NASH at 24 weeks and hepatomegaly and HCC at 48 weeks of age. NASH and HCC were associated with elevated liver and serum FGF-21 content and iWAT UCP-1 expression (browning), but reduced serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels and BAT UCP-1 content and expression of sympathetically regulated gene glycerol kinase (GyK), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and fatty acid transporter protein 1 (FATP-1), which altogether resulted in an impaired whole-body thermogenic capacity in response to CL-316,243. In conclusion, FGF-21 pro-thermogenic actions in BAT are context-dependent, not occurring in NASH and HCC, and UCP-1-mediated thermogenesis is not a major energy-expending process involved in the catabolic state associated with HCC induced by Pten deletion in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álbert S Peixoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara F Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érique Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Perandini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Belchior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayna S Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Gilio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Tomazelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Leonardi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano P Silva Junior
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508000, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Rondanelli M, Gasparri C, Razza C, Ferraris C, Perna S, Ferrarotti I, Corsico AG. Practical dietary advices for subjects with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114753. [PMID: 37119738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare inherited disorder caused by the mutation of the SERPINA1 gene on chromosome 14. At pulmonary level, AAT deficiency leads to an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, starting from the third-fourth decade of life. At hepatic level, some variants of the allelic, in particular PI*Z, cause a conformational change of the AAT molecule, which polymerizes within the hepatocytes. Excessive hepatic accumulation of these abnormal molecules can lead to liver disease in both adults and children, with clinical presentation ranging from cholestatic jaundice in the newborn to abnormal blood indices of liver function in children and adults, up to fatty liver, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Nutritional interventions in AATD aim to provide the necessary calories, stop protein catabolism, prevent and treat malnutrition as in the case of common COPD, and even take into account any liver disease that is a distinctive trait, compared to common COPD. Actually, there is a lack of formal research regarding the effects of specific nutritional recommendations in patients with AATD, proper eating habits may help to preserve lung and liver function. For practical dietary advice in patients with AATD and COPD, recently a food pyramid proposal has been published. It has been observed that there is a marked overlap between AATD liver disease and obesity-related liver disease, suggesting shared molecular basis and, therefore, similar nutritional strategies. In this narrative review dietary advice for all possible stages of liver disease have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Clara Gasparri
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Claudia Razza
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona "Istituto Santa Margherita", University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferraris
- Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
| | - Ilaria Ferrarotti
- Center for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Division of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Angelo Guido Corsico
- Center for Diagnosis of Inherited Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy; Division of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Zhao J, Wu J, Li J, Wang ZY, Meng QH. Late evening snack and oral amino acid capsules improved respiratory quotient and Fischer ratio in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Ann Hepatol 2022:100750. [PMID: 36007871 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Appropriate nutritional support may improve energy metabolism in alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) patients. We explored the effect of a late evening snack (LES) and oral amino acid (OAA) capsules on energy metabolism and the Fischer ratio in ALC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ninety-one ALC patients were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups: 31 patients in the LES and OAA group, 32 in the LES group, and 28 controls. Respiratory quotient (RQ), carbohydrate oxidation rate (CHO%), fat oxidation rate (FAT%), serum isoleucine and the Fischer ratio were measured at baseline and at months 1, 3, and 6 of follow-up. RESULTS The RQ in the LES and OAA group was 0.79 ± 0.06, 0.80 ± 0.04, 0.82 ± 0.04, and 0.82 ± 0.04 at baseline and at months 1, 3, and 6 of follow-up, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the LES group (P < 0.05). The RQ in the LES group was significantly higher than that in the control group at month 1 and month 6 (P < 0.05). CHO% in the LES and OAA group was significantly increased and FAT% was significantly decreased at month 3 of follow-up (P < 0.05). In the LES and OAA group, serum isoleucine and the Fischer ratio were markedly increased compared with the LES group and control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LES can significantly increase the RQ in ALC. LES and OAA were more effective than LES alone in improving serum isoleucine and the Fischer ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Second Department of Liver Disease Centre, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital MedicalUniversity, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Youan Hospital(,) Capital Medical University(,) Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qing-Hua Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Youan Hospital(,) Capital Medical University(,) Beijing, 100069, China.
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Limon-Miro AT, Jackson CD, Eslamparast T, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Plank LD, Henry CJ, Madden AM, Ferreira LG, Kalaitzakis E, Prieto de Frías C, Knudsen AW, Gramlich L, Raman M, Alberda C, Belland D, Den Heyer V, Tandon P, Morgan MY. Predicted estimates of resting energy expenditure have limited clinical utility in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2022; 77:98-107. [PMID: 35090958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Malnutrition is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with cirrhosis. Accurate assessment of energy requirements is needed to optimize dietary intake. Resting energy expenditure (REE), the major component of total energy expenditure, can be measured using indirect calorimetry (mREE) or estimated using prediction equations (pREE). This study assessed the usefulness of predicted estimates of REE in this patient population. METHODS Individual mREE data were available for 900 patients with cirrhosis (mean [±1 SD] age 55.7±11.6 years-old; 70% men; 52% south-east Asian) and 282 healthy controls (mean age 36.0±12.8 years-old; 52% men; 18% south-east Asian). Metabolic status was classified using thresholds based on the mean ± 1 SD of the mREE in the healthy controls. Comparisons were made between mREE and pREE estimates obtained using the Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield and Henry equations. Stepwise regression was used to build 3 new prediction models which included sex, ethnicity, body composition measures, and model for end-stage liver disease scores. RESULTS The mean mREE was significantly higher in patients than controls when referenced to dry body weight (22.4±3.8 cf. 20.8±2.6 kcal/kg/24 hr; p <0.001); there were no significant sex differences. The mean mREE was significantly higher in Caucasian than Asian patients (23.1±4.4 cf. 21.7±2.9 kcal/kg/24 hr; p <0.001). Overall, 37.1% of Caucasian and 25.3% of Asian patients were classified as hypermetabolic. The differences between mREE and pREE were both statistically and clinically relevant; in the total patient population, pREE estimates ranged from 501 kcal/24 hr less to 548 kcal/24 hr more than the mREE. Newly derived prediction equations provided better estimates of mREE but still had limited clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS Prediction equations do not provide useful estimates of REE in patients with cirrhosis. REE should be directly measured. LAY SUMMARY People with cirrhosis are often malnourished and this has a detrimental effect on outcome. Provision of an adequate diet is very important and is best achieved by measuring daily energy requirements and adjusting dietary intake accordingly. Prediction equations, which use information on age, sex, weight, and height can be used to estimate energy requirements; however, the results they provide are not accurate enough for clinical use, particularly as they vary according to sex and ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clive Douglas Jackson
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Angela Mary Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Livia Garcia Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil
| | - Evangelos Kalaitzakis
- Gastro Unit, Division of Endoscopy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Denmark; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Anne Wilkens Knudsen
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Leah Gramlich
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cathy Alberda
- Royal Alexandra Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dawn Belland
- University of Alberta Hospital, Alberta Health Services Nutrition Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vanessa Den Heyer
- University of Alberta Hospital, Alberta Health Services Nutrition Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Marsha Yvonne Morgan
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, UK.
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Abstract
Malnutrition is common in chronic liver diseases and worsens the patient's prognosis. Many liver disorders are associated with nutritional deficiencies. Some of the main factors that can lead to malnutrition in patients with chronic liver disease include decreased lipid absorption and reduced albumin production. In addition, these patients are sometimes candidates for a liver transplant that requires nutritional intervention after surgery to improve their prognosis. Thus, it is very important to recognise malnutrition in patients with liver failure in order to resolve it, mainly by a complete history of the patient, dietary survey, determination of muscle mass and a subjective assessment. To ensure a good nutritional status, exercise and lifestyle changes are considered, including dietary modifications, especially with a Mediterranean pattern. This article reviews these topics, including dietary modifications before and after liver transplantation. Additionally, nutritional recommendations are offered to patients with metabolic hepatic steatosis.
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Faccioli J, Nardelli S, Gioia S, Riggio O, Ridola L. Nutrition Assessment and Management in Patients with Cirrhosis and Cognitive Impairment: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102842. [PMID: 35628968 PMCID: PMC9147845 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a common complication of liver cirrhosis. Protein-calorie malnutrition is frequently encountered in the cirrhotic patient and its most obvious clinical manifestation is sarcopenia. This condition represents a risk factor for HE occurrence because skeletal muscle acts as an alternative site for ammonium detoxification. Preventive intervention through an adequate assessment of nutritional status should be carried out at early stages of the disease and in a multidisciplinary team using both non-instrumental methods (food diary, anthropometric measurements, blood chemistry tests) and instrumental methods (bioimpedance testing, DEXA, CT, indirect calorimetry, dynamometry). Dietary recommendations for patients with HE do not differ from those for cirrhotic patient without HE. Daily caloric intake in the non-obese patient should be 30–40 Kcal/Kg/day with a protein intake of 1–1.5 g/Kg/day, especially of vegetable origin, through 4–6 meals daily. In patients with HE, it is also essential to monitor electrolyte balance, supplementing any micronutrient deficiencies such as sodium and zinc, as well as vitamin deficiencies because they can cause neurological symptoms similar to those of HE. In light of the critical role of nutritional status, this aspect should not be underestimated and should be included in the diagnostic–therapeutic algorithm of patients with HE.
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Being a scientist. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022:10.1038/s41430-022-01079-5. [PMID: 35105944 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND the Practical Guideline is based on the current scientific ESPEN guide on Clinical Nutrition in Liver Disease. METHODS it has been shortened and transformed into flow charts for easier use in clinical practice. The guideline is dedicated to all professionals including physicians, dieticians, nutritionists and nurses working with patients with chronic liver disease. RESULTS a total of 103 statements and recommendations are presented with short commentaries for the nutritional and metabolic management of patients with (i) acute liver failure, (ii) alcoholic steatohepatitis, (iii) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, (iv) liver cirrhosis, and (v) liver surgery/transplantation. Disease-related recommendations are preceded by general recommendations on the diagnosis of nutritional status in liver patients and on liver complications associated with medical nutrition. CONCLUSION this Practical Guideline gives guidance to health care providers involved in the management of liver disease on how to offer optimal nutritional care.
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Santos BC, Fonseca ALF, Ferreira LG, Ribeiro HS, Correia MITD, Lima AS, Penna FGCE, Anastácio LR. Different combinations of the GLIM criteria for patients awaiting a liver transplant: Poor performance for malnutrition diagnosis but a potentially useful prognostic tool. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:97-104. [PMID: 34864459 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria for patients with liver cirrhosis are limited. This study aimed to assess the impact of malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria on the outcomes of patients awaiting a liver transplant (LTx) and compare these criteria with Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). METHODS This retrospective observational study included adult patients awaiting LTx. Patient clinical data, nutritional status according to various tools including SGA, and resting energy expenditure were assessed. The distinct phenotypic and etiologic criteria provided 36 different GLIM combinations. The GLIM criteria and SGA were compared using the kappa coefficient. The variables associated with mortality before and after the LTx and with a longer length of stay (LOS) after LTx (≥18 days) were assessed by Cox regression and logistic regression analyses, respectively. RESULTS A total of 152 patients were included [median age 52.0 (interquartile range: 46.5-59.5) years; 66.4% men; 63.2% malnourished according to SGA]. The prevalence of malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria ranged from 0.7% to 30.9%. The majority of the GLIM combinations exhibited poor agreement with SGA. Independent predictors of mortality before and after LTx were presence of ascites or edema (p = 0.011; HR:2.58; CI95%:1.24-5.36), GLIM 32 (PA-phase angle + MELD) (p = 0.026; HR:2.08; CI95%:1.09-3.97), GLIM 33 (PA + MELD-Na≥12) (p = 0.018; HR:2.17; CI95%:1.14-4.13), and GLIM 34 (PA + Child-Pugh) (p = 0.043; HR:1.96; CI95%:1.02-3.77). Malnutrition according to GLIM 28 (handgrip strength + Child-Pugh) was independently associated with a longer LOS (p = 0.029; OR:7.21; CI95%:1.22-42.50). CONCLUSION The majority of GLIM combinations had poor agreement with SGA, and 4 of the 36 GLIM combinations were independently associated with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Chaves Santos
- Food Science Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Ferreira Fonseca
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Garcia Ferreira
- Nutrition and Health Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helem Sena Ribeiro
- Surgery Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson Correia
- Surgery Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Hospital das Clínicas-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Soares Lima
- Surgery Post-Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Niederwieser T, Braunwarth E, Dasari BVM, Pufal K, Szatmary P, Hackl H, Haselmann C, Connolly CE, Cardini B, Öfner D, Roberts K, Malik H, Stättner S, Primavesi F. Early postoperative arterial lactate concentrations to stratify risk of post-hepatectomy liver failure. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1360-1370. [PMID: 34694377 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) represents the major determinant for death after liver resection. Early recognition is essential. Perioperative lactate dynamics for risk assessment of PHLF and associated morbidity were evaluated. METHODS This was a multicentre observational study of patients undergoing hepatectomy with validation in international high-volume units. Receiver operating characteristics analysis and cut-off calculation for the predictive value of lactate for clinically relevant International Study Group of Liver Surgery grade B/C PHLF (clinically relevant PHLF (CR-PHLF)) were performed. Lactate and other perioperative factors were assessed in a multivariable CR-PHLF regression model. RESULTS The exploratory cohort comprised 509 patients. CR-PHLF, death, overall morbidity and severe morbidity occurred in 7.7, 3.3, 40.9 and 29.3 per cent of patients respectively. The areas under the curve (AUCs) regarding CR-PHLF were 0.829 (95 per cent c.i. 0.770 to 0.888) for maximum lactate within 24 h (Lactate_Max) and 0.870 (95 per cent c.i. 0.818 to 0.922) for postoperative day 1 levels (Lactate_POD1). The respective AUCs in the validation cohort (482 patients) were 0.812 and 0.751 and optimal Lactate_Max cut-offs were identical in both cohorts. Exploration cohort patients with Lactate_Max 50 mg/dl or greater more often developed CR-PHLF (50.0 per cent) than those with Lactate_Max between 20 and 49.9 mg/dl (7.4 per cent) or less than 20 mg/dl (0.5 per cent; P < 0.001). This also applied to death (18.4, 2.7 and 1.4 per cent), severe morbidity (71.1, 35.7 and 14.1 per cent) and associated complications such as acute kidney injury (26.3, 3.1 and 2.3 per cent) and haemorrhage (15.8, 3.1 and 1.4 per cent). These results were confirmed in the validation group. Combining Lactate_Max with Lactate_POD1 further increased AUC (ΔAUC = 0.053) utilizing lactate dynamics for risk assessment. Lactate_Max, major resections, age, cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for CR-PHLF. A freely available calculator facilitates clinical risk stratification (www.liver-calculator.com). CONCLUSION Early postoperative lactate values are powerful, readily available markers for CR-PHLF and associated complications after hepatectomy with potential for guiding postoperative care.Presented in part as an oral video abstract at the 2020 online Congress of the European Society for Surgical Research and the 2021 Congress of the Austrian Surgical Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niederwieser
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Braunwarth
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bobby V M Dasari
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kamil Pufal
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Szatmary
- Department of Hepato-Biliary Surgery, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Haselmann
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catherine E Connolly
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benno Cardini
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Öfner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Keith Roberts
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- Department of Hepato-Biliary Surgery, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stefan Stättner
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Salzkammergut Klinikum, Vöcklabruck, Austria
| | - Florian Primavesi
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Hepato-Biliary Surgery, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Salzkammergut Klinikum, Vöcklabruck, Austria
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13
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Vargas-Mendoza N, García-Machorro J, Angeles-Valencia M, Martínez-Archundia M, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Morales-González Á, Anguiano-Robledo L, Morales-González JA. Liver disorders in COVID-19, nutritional approaches and the use of phytochemicals. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5630-5665. [PMID: 34629792 PMCID: PMC8473593 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i34.5630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people globally. It was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The hyperinflammatory response to the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the result of a "cytokine storm" and the high oxidative stress responsible for the associated symptomatology. Not only respiratory symptoms are reported, but gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea) and liver abnormalities (high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase transaminases, and bilirubin) are observed in at least 30% of patients. Reduced food intake and a delay in medical services may lead to malnutrition, which increases mortality and poor outcomes. This review provides some strategies to identify malnutrition and establishes nutritional approaches for the management of COVID-19 and liver injury, taking energy and nutrient requirements and their impact on the immune response into account. The roles of certain phytochemicals in the prevention of the disease or as promising target drugs in the treatment of this disease are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservacion, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservacion, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Marlet Martínez-Archundia
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotécnológica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - José A Morales-González
- Laboratorio Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340, Mexico
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14
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Siddiqui ATS, Parkash O, Hashmi SA. Malnutrition and liver disease in a developing country. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4985-4998. [PMID: 34497430 PMCID: PMC8384735 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is a highly prevalent and under recognized condition in developing countries of South Asia. The presence of malnutrition causes a severe impact on patients with liver cirrhosis. The etiology of cirrhosis differs in the South Asian region compared to the West, with hepatitis B and C still being the leading causes and the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increasing over time. Comorbid malnutrition worsens outcomes for cirrhosis patients. Urgent attention to address malnutrition is needed to improve patient outcomes. The etiology and pathophysiology of malnutrition in liver diseases is multifactorial, as reduction in liver function affects both macronutrients and micronutrients. A need for nutritional status assessment for liver disease patients exists in all parts of the world. There are many widely studied tools in use to perform a thorough nutritional assessment, of which some tools are low cost and do not require extensive training. These tools can be studied and evaluated for use in the resource limited setting of a country like Pakistan. Treatment guidelines for proper nutrition maintenance in chronic liver disease exist for all parts of the world, but the knowledge and practice of nutritional counseling in Pakistan is poor, both amongst patients and physicians. Emphasis on assessment for nutritional status at the initial visit with recording of vital signs is needed. Simultaneously, treating physicians need to be made aware of the misconceptions surrounding nutritional restrictions in cirrhosis so that patient education is done correctly based on proper scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Om Parkash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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15
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Bottaro M, Abid NUH, El-Azizi I, Hallett J, Koranteng A, Formentin C, Montagnese S, Mani AR. Skin temperature variability is an independent predictor of survival in patients with cirrhosis. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14452. [PMID: 32562383 PMCID: PMC7305245 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cirrhosis is a disease with multisystem involvement. It has been documented that patients with cirrhosis exhibit abnormal patterns of fluctuation in their body temperature. However, the clinical significance of this phenomenon is not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine if temperature variability analysis can predict survival in patients with cirrhosis. Methods Thirty eight inpatients with cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. Wireless temperature sensors were used to record patients’ proximal skin temperature for 24 hr. The pattern of proximal temperature fluctuation was assessed using the extended Poincaré plot to measure short‐term and long‐term proximal temperature variability (PTV). Patients were followed up for 12 months, and information was collected on the occurrence of death/liver transplantation. Results During the follow‐up period, 15 patients (39%) died or underwent transplantation for hepatic decompensation. Basal proximal skin temperature absolute values were comparable in survivors and nonsurvivors. However, nonsurvivors showed a significant reduction in both short‐term and long‐term HRV indices. Cox regression analysis showed that both short‐term and long‐term PTV indices could predict survival in these patients. However, only measures of short‐term PTV were shown to be independent of the severity of hepatic failure in predicting survival. Finally, the prognostic value of short‐term PTV was also independent of heart rate variability, that is, a measure of autonomic dysfunction. Conclusion Changes in the pattern of patients’ temperature fluctuations, rather than their absolute values, hold key prognostic information, suggesting that impaired thermoregulation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bottaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ilias El-Azizi
- Network Physiology Lab, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Joseph Hallett
- Network Physiology Lab, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | - Anita Koranteng
- Network Physiology Lab, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ali R Mani
- Network Physiology Lab, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK
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16
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Li TH, Liu CW, Huang CC, Tsai YL, Huang SF, Yang YY, Tsai CY, Hou MC, Lin HC. Non-Selective Beta-Blockers Decrease Infection, Acute Kidney Injury Episodes, and Ameliorate Sarcopenic Changes in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Propensity-Score Matching Tertiary-Center Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112244. [PMID: 34064207 PMCID: PMC8196849 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cirrhotic complications resulting from portal hypertension can be considerably reduced by non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs); however, scarce studies have investigated therapeutic agents for other complications. We aimed to investigate the effects of NSBBs on common cirrhotic complications of infection, acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic renal function declination, and sarcopenic changes. Methods: Medical records of hospitalization for cirrhosis with at least a 4-year follow-up were analyzed and selected using propensity-score matching (PSM). Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was applied to assess the association of NSBBs with infection requiring hospitalization and AKI. Chronic renal function declination was evaluated by slope of regression lines derived from reciprocal of the serum creatinine level. The covariates of CT-measured skeletal muscle index (SMI) alterations were analyzed by generalized linear mixed model. Results: Among the 4946 reviewed individuals, 166 (83 NSBB group, 83 non-NSBB group) were eligible. Using GEE, Charlson comorbidity index, Child-Pugh score and non-NSBB were risk factors for infection; non-NSBB group revealed a robust trend toward AKI, showed no significant difference with chronic renal function declination of NSBB group, and was negatively associated with SMI alteration. Conclusion: Chronic NSBB use lowered the episodes of infection requiring hospitalization and AKIs, whereas non-NSBB was associated with sarcopenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Li
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, No.95, Wen Chang Rd., Shihlin District, Taipei 111, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-C.H.); (S.-F.H.); (C.-Y.T.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-C.H.); (S.-F.H.); (C.-Y.T.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-C.H.); (S.-F.H.); (C.-Y.T.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lien Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Fen Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-C.H.); (S.-F.H.); (C.-Y.T.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-C.H.); (S.-F.H.); (C.-Y.T.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chang-Youh Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (C.-W.L.); (C.-C.H.); (S.-F.H.); (C.-Y.T.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.T.); (M.-C.H.); (H.-C.L.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
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Bendavid I, Lobo DN, Barazzoni R, Cederholm T, Coëffier M, de van der Schueren M, Fontaine E, Hiesmayr M, Laviano A, Pichard C, Singer P. The centenary of the Harris-Benedict equations: How to assess energy requirements best? Recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:690-701. [PMID: 33279311 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The year 2019 marked the centenary of the publication of the Harris and Benedict equations for estimation of energy expenditure. In October 2019 a Scientific Symposium was organized by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) in Vienna, Austria, to celebrate this historical landmark, looking at what is currently known about the estimation and measurement of energy expenditure. METHODS Current evidence was discussed during the symposium, including the scientific basis and clinical knowledge, and is summarized here to assist with the estimation and measurement of energy requirements that later translate into energy prescription. RESULTS In most clinical settings, the majority of predictive equations have low to moderate performance, with the best generally reaching an accuracy of no more than 70%, and often lead to large errors in estimating the true needs of patients. Generally speaking, the addition of body composition measurements did not add to the accuracy of predictive equations. Indirect calorimetry is the most reliable method to measure energy expenditure and guide energy prescription, but carries inherent limitations, greatly restricting its use in real life clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS While the limitations of predictive equations are clear, their use is still the mainstay in clinical practice. It is imperative to recognize specific patient populations for whom a specific equation should be preferred. When available, the use of indirect calorimetry is advised in a variety of clinical settings, aiming to avoid under-as well as overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Bendavid
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dileep N Lobo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Theme Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Department of Nutrition, CIC1404, Rouen University Hospital and Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm UMR1073, Rouen, France
| | - Marian de van der Schueren
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, HAN University of Applied Sciences, School of Allied Health, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fontaine
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LBFA, INSERM U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Hiesmayr
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claude Pichard
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Traub J, Reiss L, Aliwa B, Stadlbauer V. Malnutrition in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:540. [PMID: 33562292 PMCID: PMC7915767 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is an increasing public health threat worldwide. Malnutrition is a serious complication of cirrhosis and is associated with worse outcomes. With this review, we aim to describe the prevalence of malnutrition, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets to treat malnutrition. Malnutrition is frequently underdiagnosed and occurs-depending on the screening methods used and patient populations studied-in 5-92% of patients. Decreased energy and protein intake, inflammation, malabsorption, altered nutrient metabolism, hypermetabolism, hormonal disturbances and gut microbiome dysbiosis can contribute to malnutrition. The stepwise diagnostic approach includes a rapid prescreen, the use of a specific screening tool, such as the Royal Free Hospital Nutritional Prioritizing Tool and a nutritional assessment by dieticians. General dietary measures-especially the timing of meals-oral nutritional supplements, micronutrient supplementation and the role of amino acids are discussed. In summary malnutrition in cirrhosis is common and needs more attention by health care professionals involved in the care of patients with cirrhosis. Screening and assessment for malnutrition should be carried out regularly in cirrhotic patients, ideally by a multidisciplinary team. Further research is needed to better clarify pathogenic mechanisms such as the role of the gut-liver-axis and to develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Traub
- Department of Clinical Medical Nutrition, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (J.T.); (L.R.)
| | - Lisa Reiss
- Department of Clinical Medical Nutrition, University Hospital Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (J.T.); (L.R.)
| | - Benard Aliwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
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Puri P, Dhiman RK, Taneja S, Tandon P, Merli M, Anand AC, Arora A, Acharya SK, Benjamin J, Chawla YK, Dadhich S, Duseja A, Eapan C, Goel A, Kalra N, Kapoor D, Kumar A, Madan K, Nagral A, Pandey G, Rao PN, Saigal S, Saraf N, Saraswat VA, Saraya A, Sarin SK, Sharma P, Shalimar, Shukla A, Sidhu SS, Singh N, Singh SP, Srivastava A, Wadhawan M. Nutrition in Chronic Liver Disease: Consensus Statement of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:97-143. [PMID: 33679050 PMCID: PMC7897902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and sarcopenia are common in patients with chronic liver disease and are associated with increased risk of decompensation, infections, wait-list mortality and poorer outcomes after liver transplantation. Assessment of nutritional status and management of malnutrition are therefore essential to improve outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. This consensus statement of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver provides a comprehensive review of nutrition in chronic liver disease and gives recommendations for nutritional screening and treatment in specific clinical scenarios of malnutrition in cirrhosis in adults as well as children with chronic liver disease and metabolic disorders.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure
- ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass
- BCAA, branched chain amino acids
- BIA, bioimpedance analysis
- BMD, bone mineral densitometry
- BMI, body mass index
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CS, corn-starch
- CT, computed tomography
- CTP, Child–Turcotte–Pugh
- DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- EASL, European Association for the Study of the Liver
- ESPEN, European society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism
- GSD, glycogen storage disease
- HGS, hand-grip strength
- IBW, ideal body weight
- IEM, inborn error of metabolism
- INASL, Indian National Association for Study of the Liver
- L3, third lumbar
- LFI, Liver Frailty Index
- MCT, medium-chain triglyceride
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- MLD, metabolic liver disease
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- RDA, recommended daily allowance
- REE, NASH
- RFH-NPT, Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool
- SMI, skeletal muscle index
- Sarcopenia
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- chronic liver disease
- cirrhosis
- malnutrition
- non-alcoholic liver disease, resting energy expenditure
- nutrition
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Puri
- Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Radha K. Dhiman
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Sunil Taneja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Manuela Merli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubhaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology and Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Subrat K. Acharya
- Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Jaya Benjamin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Yogesh K. Chawla
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubhaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil Dadhich
- Department of Gastroenterology SN Medical College, Jodhpur, 342003, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - C.E. Eapan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004, India
| | - Amit Goel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Naveen Kalra
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Dharmesh Kapoor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Global Hospital, Hyderabad, 500004, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology and Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Max Smart Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, 400026, India
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Padaki N. Rao
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, 500082, India
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Department of Hepatology, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, 122001, India
| | - Neeraj Saraf
- Department of Hepatology, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, 122001, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology and Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GSMC & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400022, India
| | - Sandeep S. Sidhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, SPS Hospital, Ludhiana, 141001, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shivaram P. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, 753007, India
| | - Anshu Srivastava
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sciences, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Institute of Liver & Digestive Diseases, BL Kapur Memorial Hospital, New Delhi, 110005, India
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Chapman B, Sinclair M, Gow PJ, Testro AG. Malnutrition in cirrhosis: More food for thought. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:883-896. [PMID: 33312416 PMCID: PMC7701970 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i11.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is highly prevalent in liver cirrhosis and its presence carries important prognostic implications. The clinical conditions and pathophysiological mechanisms that cause malnutrition in cirrhosis are multiple and interrelated. Anorexia and liver decompensation symptoms lead to poor dietary intake; metabolic changes characterised by elevated energy expenditure, reduced glycogen storage, an accelerated starvation response and protein catabolism result in muscle and fat wasting; and, malabsorption renders the cirrhotic patient unable to fully absorb or utilise food that has been consumed. Malnutrition is therefore a considerable challenge to manage effectively, particularly as liver disease progresses. A high energy, high protein diet is recognised as standard of care, yet patients struggle to follow this recommendation and there is limited evidence to guide malnutrition interventions in cirrhosis and liver transplantation. In this review, we seek to detail the factors which contribute to poor nutritional status in liver disease, and highlight complexities far greater than "poor appetite" or "reduced oral intake" leading to malnutrition. We also discuss management strategies to optimise nutritional status in this patient group, which target the inter-related mechanisms unique to advanced liver disease. Finally, future research requirements are suggested, to develop effective treatments for one of the most common and debilitating complications afflicting cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Chapman
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia.
| | - Marie Sinclair
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Paul J Gow
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Adam G Testro
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
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21
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Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, Merli M, Plank LD, Schütz T, Plauth M. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3533-3562. [PMID: 33213977 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Practical guideline is based on the current scientific ESPEN guideline on Clinical Nutrition in Liver Disease. METHODS It has been shortened and transformed into flow charts for easier use in clinical practice. The guideline is dedicated to all professionals including physicians, dieticians, nutritionists and nurses working with patients with chronic liver disease. RESULTS A total of 103 statements and recommendations are presented with short commentaries for the nutritional and metabolic management of patients with (i) acute liver failure, (ii) alcoholic steatohepatitis, (iii) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, (iv) liver cirrhosis, and (v) liver surgery/transplantation. The disease-related recommendations are preceded by general recommendations on the diagnostics of nutritional status in liver patients and on liver complications associated with medical nutrition. CONCLUSION This practical guideline gives guidance to health care providers involved in the management of liver disease to offer optimal nutritional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Department for Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - William Bernal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manuela Merli
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Schütz
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Plauth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Municipal Hospital of Dessau, Dessau, Germany
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22
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Santos BC, Correia MITD, Anastácio LR. Energy Expenditure and Liver Transplantation: What We Know and Where We Are. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 45:456-464. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Chaves Santos
- Food Science Post Graduation Program Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Toulson Davisson Correia
- Food Science Post Graduation Program Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Surgery Department Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Lucilene Rezende Anastácio
- Food Science Post Graduation Program Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Food Science Department Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
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23
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Meyer F, Bannert K, Wiese M, Esau S, Sautter LF, Ehlers L, Aghdassi AA, Metges CC, Garbe LA, Jaster R, Lerch MM, Lamprecht G, Valentini L. Molecular Mechanism Contributing to Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5357. [PMID: 32731496 PMCID: PMC7432938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is frequently accompanied by disease-related malnutrition (DRM) and sarcopenia, defined as loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. DRM and sarcopenia often coexist in cirrhotic patients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The clinical manifestation of both comorbidities are triggered by multifactorial mechanisms including reduced nutrient and energy intake caused by dietary restrictions, anorexia, neuroendocrine deregulation, olfactory and gustatory deficits. Maldigestion and malabsorption due to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency or cholestasis may also contribute to DRM and sarcopenia. Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation is the cornerstone mechanism to muscle loss, among others mediated by disease- and inflammation-mediated metabolic changes, hyperammonemia, increased myostatin and reduced human growth hormone. The concise pathophysiological mechanisms and interactions of DRM and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis are not completely understood. Furthermore, most knowledge in this field are based on experimental models, but only few data in humans exist. This review summarizes known and proposed molecular mechanisms contributing to malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis and highlights remaining knowledge gaps. Since, in the prevention and treatment of DRM and sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients, more research is needed to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis and development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatuma Meyer
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Karen Bannert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Mats Wiese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.W.); (A.A.A.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Susanne Esau
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Lea F. Sautter
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Luise Ehlers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Ali A. Aghdassi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.W.); (A.A.A.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Leif-A. Garbe
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany;
| | - Robert Jaster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.W.); (A.A.A.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (K.B.); (L.E.); (R.J.); (G.L.)
| | - Luzia Valentini
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg Institute for Evidence-Based Dietetics (NIED), University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; (F.M.); (S.E.); (L.F.S.)
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NUTRIC and Modified NUTRIC are Accurate Predictors of Outcome in End-Stage Liver Disease: A Validation in Critically Ill Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072134. [PMID: 32709104 PMCID: PMC7400844 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition in critically ill patients with cirrhosis is a frequent but often overlooked complication with high prognostic relevance. The Nutrition Risk in Critically ill (NUTRIC) score and its modified variant (mNUTRIC) were established to assess the nutrition risk of intensive care unit patients. Considering the high mortality of cirrhosis in critically ill patients, this study aims to evaluate the discriminative ability of NUTRIC and mNUTRIC to predict outcome. We performed a retro-prospective evaluation in 150 Caucasian cirrhotic patients admitted to our ICU. Comparative prognostic analyses between NUTRIC and mNUTRIC were assessed in 114 patients. On ICU admission, a large proportion of 65% were classified as high NUTRIC (6-10) and 75% were categorized as high mNUTRIC (5-9). High nutritional risk was linked to disease severity and poor outcome. NUTRIC was moderately superior to mNUTRIC in prediction of 28-day mortality (area under curve 0.806 vs. 0.788) as well as 3-month mortality (area under curve 0.839 vs. 0.819). We found a significant association of NUTRIC and mNUTRIC with MELD, CHILD, renal function, interleukin 6 and albumin, but not with body mass index. NUTRIC and mNUTRIC are characterized by high prognostic accuracy in critically ill patients with cirrhosis. NUTRIC revealed a moderate advantage in prognostic ability compared to mNUTRIC.
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Mizuno Y, Ishikawa T, Ishida J, Kobayashi A, Konakahara Y, Kinoshita A, Hama H, Hokari A, Saruta M. The Molar Ratio of Total Branched-chain Amino Acids to Tyrosine Predicts a Digit Symbol Test Abnormality in Cirrhotic Patients. Intern Med 2020; 59:1695-1704. [PMID: 32296001 PMCID: PMC7434536 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4298-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate the association between the digit symbol test (DST) and clinical characteristics, including the nutritional status of liver cirrhosis patients. Methods Fifty-nine cirrhotic patients without a history of overt hepatic encephalopathy were retrospectively evaluated. We examined neuropsychological abnormalities (NPAs) using the DST. We also estimated the detailed nutritional status using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The patients were divided into two groups according to their DST status: patients with normal DST scores (DST-Nor group, n=45) and those with abnormal DST scores (DST-Abn group, n=14). The clinical and nutritional findings of the two groups were compared. Results Overall, 14 (23.7%) patients had a DST abnormality. There were significant differences between the two groups in serum albumin (Alb; p=0.0043), valine (Val; p=0.0016), leucine (Leu; p=0.0078), isoleucine (Ile; p=0.0022), the molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acids to tyrosine (BTR; p=0.00025), total-bilirubin (T-Bil; p=0.0071), prothrombin time (%) (PT; p=0.028), and serum sodium (Na; p=0.035). A multivariate analysis found the BTR to be the only independent predictor of a DST abnormality (hazard ratio, 9.24; p<0.031). An FFQ analysis, revealed that the nutritional findings of patients with and without a DST abnormality, were similar. Conclusion The BTR was useful for predicting the risk of NPAs, as defined by a DST abnormality. The risk of NPAs may be estimated by monitoring the BTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jinya Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akemi Kobayashi
- Clinical Nutritional Supports, Jikei University Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Akiyoshi Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hama
- Clinical Nutritional Supports, Jikei University Hospital, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hokari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
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Byerly S, Vasileiou G, Qian S, Mantero A, Lee EE, Parks J, Mulder M, Pust DG, Rattan R, Lineen E, Byers P, Namias N, Yeh DD. Early Hypermetabolism is Uncommon in Trauma Intensive Care Unit Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 46:771-781. [PMID: 32562287 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic experiments demonstrating hypermetabolism after major trauma were performed in a different era of critical care. We aim to describe the modern posttraumatic metabolic response in the trauma intensive care unit (TICU). METHODS This prospective observational study enrolled TICU mechanically ventilated adults (aged ≥18) from 3/2018-2/2019. Multiple, daily resting energy expenditure (REE) measurements were recorded. Basal energy expenditure (BEE) was calculated by the Harris-Benedict equation. Hypometabolism was defined as average daily REE < 0.85*BEE and hypermetabolism defined as average daily REE > 1.15*BEE. Demographics, interventions, and clinical outcomes were abstracted. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistical regression models evaluating demographics with the outcome variable of hypermetabolism for the first 3 days ("sustained hypermetabolism") were performed, along with group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). RESULTS Fifty-five patients were analyzed: median age was 38 (28-56) years; 38 (69%) were male; body mass index (kg/m2 ) was 28 (26-32); and Injury Severity Score was 27 (19-34), with (38 [71%] blunt, 8 [15%] penetrating, 7 [13%] burn) injury mechanism. Overall, 19 (35%) had hypermetabolism on day 1 ("immediate hypermetabolism"), and 11 (21%) had sustained hypermetabolism for the first 3 days. Logistic regression analysis identified penetrating mechanism (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 16.4; 95% CI, 1.9-199.6; p = .015), burn mechanism (AOR, 11.1; 95% CI, 1.3-116.8; p =.029), and maximum temperature (AOR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.3-20.3; p= .041) as independent predictors of sustained hypermetabolism. GBTM identified 4 nutrition phenotypes, with 2 hyperconsumptive phenotypes associated with increased risk of malnutrition at discharge. CONCLUSION Only a minority of injured patients is hypermetabolic in the first week after injury. Elevated temperature, penetrating mechanism, and burn mechanism are independently associated with sustained hypermetabolism. Hyperconsumptive phenotype patients are more likely to develop malnutrition during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya Byerly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Georgia Vasileiou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sinong Qian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alejandro Mantero
- Department of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eugenia E Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan Parks
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Mulder
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel G Pust
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rishi Rattan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Edward Lineen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patricia Byers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas Namias
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - D Dante Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Lee YL, Pang S, Ong C. Non-cirrhotic hyperammonaemia: are we missing the diagnosis? BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/3/e233218. [PMID: 32234862 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy secondary to hyperammonaemia is a known complication of chronic liver disease. In contrast, non-cirrhotic hyperammonaemia is a lesser-known entity that should be considered in a patient with acute encephalopathy as part of the diagnostic workup as prompt identification can help to avoid complications such as seizures and cerebral oedema. We present a case of a middle-aged woman who presented electively for a total pancreatectomy-duodenectomy with splenectomy, hepatico-jejunostomy, gastro-jejunostomy and developed encephalopathy on postoperative day 10 due to non-cirrhotic hyperammonaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin Lee
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Siying Pang
- Department of Anaesthesiology Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Caroline Ong
- Department of Anaesthesiology Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
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28
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Influence of diabetes mellitus on energy metabolism in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:110-115. [PMID: 31567641 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to explore the characteristics of energy metabolism in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) and diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Thirty-four male patients with ALC and DM, 30 male patients with ALC without DM and 10 male healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed using the Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and χ2 tests between two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for hypermetabolism. RESULTS Measured REE was significantly higher in patients with ALC and DM (1740 ± 338 kcal/d) than in patients with ALC (1400 ± 304 kcal/d, P < 0.01). Fasting blood glucose was an independent factor predicting hypermetabolism in all of the patients with ALC (P = 0.005). RQ was lower in patients with ALC and DM (0.80 ± 0.06) than in patients with ALC (0.83 ± 0.05, P = 0.027) and the HC (0.86 ± 0.03, P = 0.001). In the ALC and DM group, measured REE as percentage of predicted REE by Harris-Benedict formula was higher in patients with HbA1c ≥ 7.5% than in those with HbA1c < 7.5% (126.36 ± 15.19% vs. 109.48 ± 23.89%, P = 0.040). CONCLUSION REE was increased and RQ was significantly decreased in patients with ALC and DM. These changes were associated with poor glucose control. HbA1c less than 7.5% may reduce the risk of hypermetabolism.
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Prognostic value of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient measuring in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1899-1904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses the prevalence of malnutrition in cirrhosis, metabolic functions of the liver and alterations in cirrhosis, malnutrition screening tools, and common macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies encountered in individuals with chronic liver disease and their impact on morbidity and mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Several meta-analyses and international society guidelines recommend malnutrition screening and nutrition interventions to improve outcomes in all patients with chronic liver disease given their high risk of malnutrition which is often under recognized. Malnutrition is common in individuals with chronic liver disease and has a significant impact on patient outcomes. Thus, it is critical that validated malnutrition screening tools are used routinely in this patient population in order to identify high-risk patients and implement nutrition and exercise interventions early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena B Palmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 2400 Canal St, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA.
| | - Gabriela Kuftinec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Caitlin Homberger Green
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Resting Energy Expenditure of Children With End-stage Chronic Liver Disease Before and After Liver Transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:102-107. [PMID: 30908388 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to test the hypothesis that children with end-stage chronic liver disease (ESCLD) are hypermetabolic when compared to healthy children, and that this hypermetabolism persists for at least 6 months after liver transplant. METHODS Seventeen patients with end-stage chronic liver disease and 14 healthy controls had their resting energy expenditure measured (mREE) by indirect calorimetry. Weight, height, and body mass index were converted to standard deviation (SD) scores. Children older than 5 years had air displacement plethysmography and patients older than 5 years also had whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with characterization of fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and bone-free fat free (lean) mass. RESULTS When compared to the prediction equation 44% of the patients and 50% of the healthy controls were hypermetabolic. The younger patients (0-5 years) had a lower mREE than the healthy controls but were significantly lighter and shorter than their healthy counterparts. mREE correlated strongly for all children with age, weight, height, and FFM. There was a strong negative correlation between age and mREE/kg in both patients (rs = -0.94, P < 0.01) and controls (rs = -0.91, P < 0.01). Almost 84% of the variance in mREE was explained by age (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between resting energy expenditure (REE)/FFM between the 2 groups. mREE/kg before liver transplant correlated with mREE/kg after transplant (Pearson r = 0.83, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS REE mostly reflected the size of the child. The patients were not hypermetabolic when compared to the healthy children. The main determinant of REE/kg after transplant was REE/kg before transplant.
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Indirect Calorimetry Performance Using a Handheld Device Compared to the Metabolic Cart in Outpatients with Cirrhosis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051030. [PMID: 31071956 PMCID: PMC6566822 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing malnutrition is important to improve health outcomes in outpatients with cirrhosis, yet assessing energy requirements in this population is challenging. Predictive equations of resting energy expenditure (REE) are thought to be unreliable, and traditional indirect calorimetry is expensive and infrequently available for clinical use. The accuracy of REE predictions using a MedGem® handheld indirect calorimeter, the Harris Benedict Equation (HBE), the Mifflin St. Jeor equation (MSJ), and the gold standard Vmax Encore® (Vmax) metabolic cart was compared. The REE of cirrhotic pre-liver transplant outpatients was analyzed using each of the four methods. Agreement between methods was calculated using Bland-Altman analysis. Fourteen patients with cirrhosis participated, and were primarily male (71%) and malnourished (subjective global assessment (SGA) B or C 64%). Lin's concordance coefficient (ρC) for MedGem® vs. Vmax demonstrated poor levels of precision and accuracy (ρC = 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.92) between measures, as did the HBE compared to Vmax (ρC = 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.79). Mean REE by MedGem® was similar to that measured by Vmax (-1.5%); however, only 21% of REE measures by MedGem® were within ±5% of Vmax measures. Wide variability limits the use of MedGem® at an individual level; a more accurate and feasible method for determination of REE in patients with cirrhosis and malnutrition is needed.
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Eslamparast T, Vandermeer B, Raman M, Gramlich L, Den Heyer V, Belland D, Ma M, Tandon P. Are Predictive Energy Expenditure Equations Accurate in Cirrhosis? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020334. [PMID: 30720726 PMCID: PMC6412603 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis. An accurate nutrition prescription is an essential component of care, often estimated using time-efficient predictive equations. Our aim was to compare resting energy expenditure (REE) estimated using predictive equations (predicted REE, pREE) versus REE measured using gold-standard, indirect calorimetry (IC) (measured REE, mREE). We included full-text English language studies in adults with cirrhosis comparing pREE versus mREE. The mean differences across studies were pooled with RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 17 studies (1883 patients) were analyzed. The pooled cohort was comprised of 65% men with a mean age of 53 ± 7 years. Only 45% of predictive equations estimated energy requirements to within 90⁻110% of mREE using IC. Eighty-three percent of predictive equations underestimated and 28% overestimated energy needs by ±10%. When pooled, the mean difference between the mREE and pREE was lowest for the Harris⁻Benedict equation, with an underestimation of 54 (95% CI: 30⁻137) kcal/d. The pooled analysis was associated with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). In conclusion, predictive equations calculating REE have limited accuracy in patients with cirrhosis, most commonly underestimating energy requirements and are associated with wide variations in individual comparative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Eslamparast
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 130 University Campus, Zeidler ledcor Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Vandermeer
- Alberta Research Center for Health Evidence, Pediatrics, 4-496 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 6D26 TRW Building 3280 Hospital drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Leah Gramlich
- Department of Medicine, Royal Alexandra Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Vanessa Den Heyer
- Alberta Health Services Nutrition Services, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Dawn Belland
- Alberta Health Services Nutrition Services, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5H 3V9, Canada.
| | - Mang Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 130 University Campus, Zeidler ledcor Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada.
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 130 University Campus, Zeidler ledcor Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada.
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Plauth M, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, Merli M, Plank LD, Schütz T, Bischoff SC. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:485-521. [PMID: 30712783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This update of evidence-based guidelines (GL) aims to translate current evidence and expert opinion into recommendations for multidisciplinary teams responsible for the optimal nutritional and metabolic management of adult patients with liver disease. The GL was commissioned and financially supported by ESPEN. Members of the guideline group were selected by ESPEN. We searched for meta-analyses, systematic reviews and single clinical trials based on clinical questions according to the PICO format. The evidence was evaluated and used to develop clinical recommendations implementing the SIGN method. A total of 85 recommendations were made for the nutritional and metabolic management of patients with acute liver failure, severe alcoholic steatohepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, liver surgery and transplantation as well as nutrition associated liver injury distinct from fatty liver disease. The recommendations are preceded by statements covering current knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry as well as pertinent methods for the assessment of nutritional status and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Plauth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Municipal Hospital of Dessau, Dessau, Germany.
| | - William Bernal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manuela Merli
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Schütz
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department for Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Rattanachaiwong S, Singer P. Indirect calorimetry as point of care testing. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:2531-2544. [PMID: 30670292 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Determining energy requirement is a fundamental of nutrition support. Indirect calorimetry (IC) has been long recognized as the gold standard for assessing basal or resting energy expenditure (REE). The measurement of REE is recommended particularly in the situation where adjustment of energy provision is critical. The result of the IC measurement can lead to changes in treatment and since the change can be carried out immediately at the bedside, this may be considered as point-of-care testing. Beyond the nutritional aspects, studies of energy expenditure with IC have brought out more understanding of the metabolic changes during the natural course of diseases or conditions as well as those related to the intervention. The literature in various disease states has shown that changes in energy expenditure may reveal hidden metabolic information that might be translated into clinical information and have the potential of being both prognostic indicators and/or treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sornwichate Rattanachaiwong
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
| | - Pierre Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Merli M, Berzigotti A, Zelber-Sagi S, Dasarathy S, Montagnese S, Genton L, Plauth M, Parés A. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2019; 70:172-193. [PMID: 30144956 PMCID: PMC6657019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A frequent complication in liver cirrhosis is malnutrition, which is associated with the progression of liver failure, and with a higher rate of complications including infections, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. In recent years, the rising prevalence of obesity has led to an increase in the number of cirrhosis cases related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Malnutrition, obesity and sarcopenic obesity may worsen the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis and lower their survival. Nutritional monitoring and intervention is therefore crucial in chronic liver disease. These Clinical Practice Guidelines review the present knowledge in the field of nutrition in chronic liver disease and promote further research on this topic. Screening, assessment and principles of nutritional management are examined, with recommendations provided in specific settings such as hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhotic patients with bone disease, patients undergoing liver surgery or transplantation and critically ill cirrhotic patients.
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Shergill R, Syed W, Rizvi SA, Singh I. Nutritional support in chronic liver disease and cirrhotics. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:685-694. [PMID: 30386461 PMCID: PMC6206154 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i10.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major organ and an essential component in maintaining an appropriate nutritional status in healthy individuals through metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. In individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD), along with a number of other essential functions that the liver serves, its role in nutrition maintenance is severely impaired. Common causes of CLD include hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver disease. Amongst this population, the most common manifestation of impaired nutritional maintenance is protein-calorie malnutrition. Aside from inherent abnormalities in metabolism, such as malabsorption and maldigestion, CLD can be associated with anorexia as well as increased metabolic requirements, all of which contribute to a state of malnutrition. Given the systemic implications and impact on prognosis of malnutrition, proper nutritional assessment is essential and can be achieved through a thorough history and physical, as well as biochemical investigations and anthropometry as needed. Following an appropriate assessment of a patient’s nutritional status, an approach to management can be decided upon and is based on the extent of malnutrition which directly reflects the severity of disease. Management options can be grossly separated into enteral and parenteral nutrition. The former is usually sufficient in the form of oral supplements in less severe cases of malnutrition, but as the CLD worsens, parenteral nutrition becomes necessary. With appropriate assessment and early intervention, many of the complications of CLD can be avoided, and ultimately better outcomes can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shergill
- Radiology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Wajahat Syed
- Undergraduate Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Syed Ali Rizvi
- Undergraduate Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Ikjot Singh
- Undergraduate Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
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Rivera DS, Lindsay CB, Codocedo JF, Carreño LE, Cabrera D, Arrese MA, Vio CP, Bozinovic F, Inestrosa NC. Long-Term, Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome-Like Condition Is Associated with Higher Metabolism, Reduced Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairment in Octodon degus. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9169-9187. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kornerup LS, Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Dam G. Update on the Therapeutic Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20:21. [PMID: 29644492 PMCID: PMC5895665 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-018-0627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common and devastating complication to chronic liver disease. In this paper, we summarize the latest research and evidence of both conventional and up-coming treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Meta-analyses report beneficial effects of lactulose, branched-chain amino acids, rifaximin, and to some degree L-ornithine L-aspartate on the manifestations of HE in patients with cirrhosis, and generally the numbers needed to treat are low. Recent studies on newer HE treatments including ornithine phenylacetate, spherical carbon, and fecal microbiota transplant also report potentially beneficial effects on HE manifestations. The conventional treatments benefit patients with HE. Newer treatments are under study and more research is needed for their validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Skibsted Kornerup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 44 Norrebrogade, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Gastrounit, Medical Division, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegaard Allé 30, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 44 Norrebrogade, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gitte Dam
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 44 Norrebrogade, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Shuja A, Malespin M, Scolapio J. Nutritional Considerations in Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2018; 47:243-252. [PMID: 29413017 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition occurs in most patients with advanced liver diseases and is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. In this article, the authors discuss the pathophysiology of malnutrition and methods to optimize nutrition status in liver disease and include a brief section on perioperative and postoperative nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Shuja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4555 Emerson Street, Suite 300, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA.
| | - Miguel Malespin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4555 Emerson Street, Suite 300, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA
| | - James Scolapio
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4555 Emerson Street, Suite 300, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA
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Lee TH. Nutritional Assessment and Management for Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 71:185-191. [DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2018.71.4.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Abstract
As the cirrhosis progresses, development of complication like ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, kidney dysfunction, and hepatocellular carcinoma signify increasing risk of short term mortality. Malnutrition and muscle wasting (sarcopenia) is yet other complications that negatively impact survival, quality of life, and response to stressors, such as infection and surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Conventionally, these are not routinely looked for, because nutritional assessment can be a difficult especially if there is associated fluid retention and/or obesity. Patients with cirrhosis may have a combination of loss of skeletal muscle and gain of adipose tissue, culminating in the condition of "sarcopenic obesity." Sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients has been associated with increased mortality, sepsis complications, hyperammonemia, overt hepatic encephalopathy, and increased length of stay after liver transplantation. Assessment of muscles with cross-sectional imaging studies has become an attractive index of nutritional status evaluation in cirrhosis, as sarcopenia, the major component of malnutrition, is primarily responsible for the adverse clinical consequences seen in patients with liver disease. Cirrhosis is a state of accelerated starvation, with increased gluconeogenesis that requires amino acid diversion from other metabolic functions. Protein homeostasis is disturbed in cirrhosis due to several factors such as hyperammonemia, hormonal, and cytokine abnormalities, physical inactivity and direct effects of ethanol and its metabolites. New approaches to manage sarcopenia are being evolved. Branched chain amino acid supplementation, Myostatin inhibitors, and mitochondrial protective agents are currently in various stages of evaluation in preclinical studies to prevent and reverse sarcopenia, in cirrhosis.
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Key Words
- (PG) SGA, patient-generated SGA
- AMPK, 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
- ASPEN, American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Akt/PKB, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase B
- BIA, bio-electric impedance analysis
- BMC, bone mineral content
- BMI, body mass index
- CT, computed tomography
- DDLT, deceased donor liver transplantation
- DRM, disease-related malnutrition
- DXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry
- ESPEN, European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
- FFI, Fried Frailty Index
- FFM, fat free mass
- FFMI, fat free mass index
- FM, fat mass
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- LDLT, living donor liver transplant
- LST, lean soft tissue
- MAC, mid arm circumference
- MAMC, mid arm muscle circumference
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PCM, protein-calorie nalnutrition
- REE, resting energy expenditure
- RQ, respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient)
- SGA, Subjective Global Assessment
- SMI, Skeletal Muscle Index
- SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery
- TIPS, trans jugular intrahepatic portocaval shunts
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TSF, triceps skin fild thickness
- WHO, World Health Organisation
- YPA, total psoas area
- aKG, alfa keto glutarate
- cirrhosis
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- nutrition
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Haafiz AB. A mechanism based approach to management of children with end-stage liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:1085-1094. [PMID: 28803487 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1367662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to parallel advances in surgical and acute care disciplines, liver transplantation (LT) has revolutionized the outlook for children with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Contrary to advances in technical aspects of LT and the peri-operative care, pre-transplant management of ESLD remains quite a formidable challenge. Areas covered: This review provides mechanisms based management strategies to address common complications of ESLD including malnutrition, amended metabolic pathways, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and development of ascites. Clinically relevant discussion of each paradigm is followed by an account of high impact therapeutic interventions which can be used as guides for formulating management plans. A tabulated summary of the suggested interventions is also provided. Indeed, execution of a dynamic plan tailored to the evolution of pathophysiologic derangements can further enhance outcomes of pediatric LT. Expert commentary: LT has evolved as a dependable therapeutic option for a variety of fatal pediatric liver diseases. However, relative organ shortage remains a formidable challenge. Similarly, consumer expectations continue to grow for sustained improvement of graft and patient survival after LT. In this environment, the level of sophistication applied to the management ESLD before LT stands out as a major opportunity with lasting impact on the future of pediatric LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah B Haafiz
- a Pediatric Transplant Hepatology, Organ Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery , King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital , Riyadh , KSA
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Walcott-Sapp S, Billingsley KG. Preoperative optimization for major hepatic resection. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2017; 403:23-35. [PMID: 29150719 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-017-1638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Major hepatic resections are performed for primary hepatobiliary malignancies, metastatic disease, and benign lesions. Patients with chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and steatosis, are at an elevated risk of malnutrition and impaired strength and exercise capacity, deficits which cause increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality. The aims of this report are to discuss the pathophysiology of changes in nutrition, exercise capacity, and muscle strength in patient populations likely to require major hepatectomy, and review recommendations for preoperative evaluation and optimization. METHODS Nutritional and functional impairment in preoperative hepatectomy patients, especially those with underlying liver disease, have a complex and multifactorial physiologic basis that is not completely understood. RESULTS Recognition of malnutrition and compromised strength and exercise tolerance preoperatively can be difficult, but is critical in providing the opportunity to intervene prior to major hepatic resection and potentially improve postoperative outcomes. There is promising data on a variety of nutritional strategies to ensure adequate intake of calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals in patients with cirrhosis and reduce liver size and degree of fatty infiltration in patients with hepatic steatosis. Emerging evidence supports structured exercise programs to improve exercise tolerance and counteract muscle wasting. CONCLUSIONS The importance of nutrition and functional status in patients indicated for major liver resection is apparent, and emerging evidence supports structured preoperative preparation programs involving nutritional intervention and exercise training. Further research is needed in this field to develop optimal protocols to evaluate and treat this heterogeneous cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walcott-Sapp
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code: L223, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Kevin G Billingsley
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code: L223, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis is very frequently associated with macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. Cirrhosis itself is the cause of malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies but these conditions have to be identified and addressed properly as they can worsen the prognosis of cirrhosis. The goals of this review are to 1) identify and describe the challenges associated with nutritional assessment in cirrhosis and 2) describe recent advancements when using clinical, laboratory, and instrumental tools in the evaluation of malnourished patients with liver diseases. Recent Findings The most promising tools for nutritional assessment in cirrhosis include the evaluation of body composition with phase angle obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis, computed tomography transverse images at the level of third lumbar vertebra. The Royal-Free Hospital global assessment algorithm appears to be helpful but needs further validation. Summary Nutritional assessment in cirrhosis is challenging as several factors, including edema, can interfere with it and because of lack of a validated gold standard. Regardless, nutritional assessment methods have been developed in recent years and should gain relevance in the clinical practice.
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Dasarathy J, McCullough AJ, Dasarathy S. Sarcopenia in Alcoholic Liver Disease: Clinical and Molecular Advances. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1419-1431. [PMID: 28557005 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment of alcohol use disorders that focus on increasing abstinence and reducing recidivism, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is projected to be the major cause of cirrhosis and its complications. Malnutrition is recognized as the most frequent complication in ALD, and despite the high clinical significance, there are no effective therapies to reverse malnutrition in ALD. Malnutrition is a relatively imprecise term, and sarcopenia or skeletal muscle loss, the major component of malnutrition, is primarily responsible for the adverse clinical consequences in patients with liver disease. It is, therefore, critical to define the specific abnormality (sarcopenia) rather than malnutrition in ALD, so that therapies targeting sarcopenia can be developed. Skeletal muscle mass is maintained by a balance between protein synthesis and proteolysis. Both direct effects of ethanol (EtOH) and its metabolites on the skeletal muscle and the consequences of liver disease result in disturbed proteostasis (protein homeostasis) and consequent sarcopenia. Once cirrhosis develops in patients with ALD, abstinence is unlikely to be effective in completely reversing sarcopenia, as other contributors including hyperammonemia, hormonal, and cytokine abnormalities aggravate sarcopenia and maintain a state of anabolic resistance initiated by EtOH. Cirrhosis is also a state of accelerated starvation, with increased gluconeogenesis that requires amino acid diversion from signaling and substrate functions. Novel therapeutic options are being recognized that are likely to supplant the current "deficiency replacement" approach and instead focus on specific molecular perturbations, given the increasing availability of small molecules that can target specific signaling components. Myostatin antagonists, leucine supplementation, and mitochondrial protective agents are currently in various stages of evaluation in preclinical studies to prevent and reverse sarcopenia, in cirrhosis in general, and ALD, specifically. Translation of these data to human studies and clinical application requires priority for allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur J McCullough
- Department of Gastreoenterology, Hepatology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Srinivasan Dasarathy
- Department of Gastreoenterology, Hepatology and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Resting and Exercise Energy Metabolism After Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e188. [PMID: 28795140 PMCID: PMC5540626 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading indication for liver transplantation (LT). We hypothesized that weight gain after LT may be exacerbated by reduced metabolic rates due to the LT procedure, particularly during exercise. We aimed to compare resting and exercise energy expenditure between patients transplanted for NASH and nontransplant nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) subjects. Methods NASH LT recipients (>1-year post, n = 14) and NAFLD controls (n = 13) underwent analysis of body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and exercise energy expenditure (VO2max), the latter using a ramped-Bruce protocol assessed by expired gas analysis and peak heart rate. Results Participants were mean 61.5 ± 7.9 years, 48.1% men, and 66.7% white. Baseline comorbidities were similar between groups. Among men, mean REE adjusted for total (17.7 vs 18.8, P = 0.87) and lean body mass (23.5 vs 26.9, P = 0.26), as well as VO2 (20.1 vs 23.9, P = 0.29), was lower in NASH LT recipients compared with NAFLD controls, respectively, although not statistically significant. However, female NASH LT recipients had significantly lower mean REE than NAFLD controls when adjusted for total (14.2 vs 18.9, P = 0.01) and lean body mass (19.3 vs 26.5, P = 0.002), as well as significantly lower VO2max (14.4 vs 20.6, P = 0.017). Conclusions NASH LT recipients, particularly women, have lower REE and exercise energy expenditure compared with nontransplant NAFLD patients. More aggressive diet and exercise programs for post-LT NASH recipients to account for reduced resting and exercise metabolic rates may attenuate weight gain in this vulnerable population.
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Bhanji RA, Carey EJ, Watt KD. Review article: maximising quality of life while aspiring for quantity of life in end-stage liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:16-25. [PMID: 28464346 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With recent advances in the management of chronic liver disease and its complications, the long-term survival in cirrhosis has improved. Therefore, the number of individuals who will spend a significant proportion of their life with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) may continue to rise. Thus, more attention to quality of life (QOL) and its integration with traditional clinical endpoints is needed. AIMS Recently, there have been many studies looking at treatment outcomes and their impact on the QOL in patients with ESLD. The aim of this review was to summarise and compare the insights gained from these intervention studies and to make concise recommendations to further promote and improve QOL in this patient population. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science. Search terms "Quality of life" "Cirrhosis" and "end-stage liver disease" were used as MeSH terms or searched in the title of the article. RESULTS These studies uniformly show significant improvement in health-related QOL (HRQOL) with management of malnutrition, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. Thus, early recognition and management of these complications are keys to better serve our patients. Early involvement of palliative care also leads to improved quality of end-of-life care. CONCLUSIONS Complications of cirrhosis including malnutrition, encephalopathy, ascites and variceal bleeding lead to a decrease in HRQOL. Assessment of HRQOL has an important implication for the patient. The findings of this review illuminate the importance of using consistent tools to accurately assess QOL in patients with ESLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bhanji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E J Carey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - K D Watt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) complications of cirrhosis are frequent in patients who require intensive care support and are often the primary indication for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Perhaps the most worrisome GI complication for the intensivist is variceal hemorrhage. Bleeding from esophageal or gastric varices represents a life-threatening event for cirrhotic patients and provides management challenges for the ICU team. Nonvariceal GI bleeding, impaired GI motility, and malnutrition also provide significant challenges for the intensivist. This article reviews GI issues that present in critically ill cirrhotic patients and their management in the acute setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C Olson
- The University of Kansas, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Kia Saeian
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Bosy-Westphal A, Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Later W, Wiese S, Müller MJ. Phase Angle From Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: Population Reference Values by Age, Sex, and Body Mass Index. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 30:309-16. [PMID: 16804128 DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of bioelectrical impedance phase angle has been recommended as a prognostic tool in the clinical setting, but published reference data bases are discrepant and incomplete (eg, they do not consider body mass index [BMI], and data are lacking for children). METHODS Phase angle reference values stratified by age, sex, and BMI were generated in a large German data base of 15,605 children and adolescents and 214,732 adults, and the determinants of phase angle values were assessed. The reference values were applied to 3 groups of patients and compared with previously published reference values from the United States and Switzerland. RESULTS Gender and age were the main determinants of phase angle in adults, with men and younger subjects having higher phase angles. In children and adolescents, age and BMI were the main determinants of phase angle. In normal and overweight adults, phase angle increased with increasing BMI, but there was an inverse association at a BMI >40 kg/m2. In cirrhosis, the prevalence of a low phase angle increased with the state of disease, whereas it was not different between patients with the metabolic syndrome and controls. There are considerable differences between phase angle reference values from different populations. These differences are not explained by age or BMI and may be due to differences between impedance analyzers. CONCLUSION The determinants of phase angle differ between adults and children. In adults, the influence of BMI on phase angle depended on the BMI range. The prognostic value of phase angle may differ in different clinical settings. The use of population-specific and probably impedance-analyzer-specific reference values for phase angle is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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