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Tien DS, Hockey M, So D, Stanford J, Clarke ED, Collins CE, Staudacher HM. Recommendations for Designing, Conducting, and Reporting Feeding Trials in Nutrition Research. Adv Nutr 2024:100283. [PMID: 39134209 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for clinical trials in nutrition science. For trials of whole diets, dietary counseling is advantageous as they offer clinical translatability although can vary in the fidelity of the intended intervention from participant to participant and across studies. Feeding trials, in which most or all food is provided, offer high precision and can provide proof-of-concept evidence that a dietary intervention is efficacious and can also better evaluate the effect of known quantities of foods and nutrients on physiology. However, they come with additional methodological complexities. Feeding trials also call for a variety of unique methodological considerations, not least of which relate to the design and delivery of diets to participants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recommendations for design and conduct of feeding trials, encompassing domiciled and nondomiciled feeding trials. Several pertinent aspects of trial design and methodology are discussed, including defining the study population to maximize retention, safety, and generalizability of findings, recommendations for design of control interventions and optimizing blinding, and specific considerations for clinical populations. A detailed stepwise process for menu design, development, validation, and delivery are also presented. These recommendations aim to facilitate methodologic consistency and execution of high-quality feeding trials, ultimately facilitating improved understanding of the role of diet in treating disease and the underpinning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyse Sy Tien
- Food & Mood Centre, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meghan Hockey
- Food & Mood Centre, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel So
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jordan Stanford
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erin D Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heidi M Staudacher
- Food & Mood Centre, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Liedike B, Khatib M, Tabarsi B, Harris M, Wilson SL, Ortega-Santos CP, Mohr AE, Vega-López S, Whisner CM. Evaluating the Effects of Corn Flour Product Consumption on Cardiometabolic Outcomes and the Gut Microbiota in Adults with Elevated Cholesterol: A Randomized Crossover. J Nutr 2024; 154:2437-2447. [PMID: 38880174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of whole grains is associated with a reduction in chronic diseases and offers benefits for cardiovascular health and metabolic regulation. The relationship between whole-grain corn and corn bran with the gut microbiota (GM) remains an area of growing interest, particularly regarding their influence on cardiometabolic health. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of different corn flours on cardiometabolic outcomes and GM changes in adults with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) concentrations. METHODS In this crossover study, 36 adults with LDL cholesterol above 110 mg/dL consumed 48 g/d of 3 corn flour types for 4 wk: whole-grain corn meal, refined corn meal (RCM), and a blend of RCM and corn bran (RCM + B). We assessed the impact on cardiometabolic markers [LDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), total cholesterol, and triglycerides)] and GM composition and estimated function. Statistical analyses included mixed-effects modeling and responder (>5% decrease in LDL cholesterol) analysis to evaluate changes in GM related to lipid profile improvements. RESULTS Of the 3 corn flour types, only RCM + B significantly decreased LDL cholesterol over time (-10.4 ± 3.6 mg/dL, P = 0.005) and marginally decreased total cholesterol (-9.2 ± 3.9 mg/dL, P = 0.072) over time. There were no significant effects on HDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. No significant changes were observed in GM alpha diversity, whereas beta diversity metrics indicated individual variability. Two genera, unclassified Lachnospiraceae and Agathobaculum (Padj ≤ 0.096), differed significantly by treatment, but only Agathobaculum remained significantly elevated in the whole-grain corn meal, compared to RCM and RCM + B, after adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS The type of corn flour, particularly RCM + B, notably influenced LDL cholesterol concentrations in adults with elevated LDL cholesterol. This study suggests that incorporating milled fractions (e.g., bran) of whole-grain corn with refined corn flour may be a viable alternative to supplementing manufactured grain products with isolated or synthetic fibers for improved metabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03967990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Liedike
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Maissa Khatib
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Baharak Tabarsi
- Community Health Center, Valleywise Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle Harris
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Shannon L Wilson
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Carmen P Ortega-Santos
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Center for Health Through Microbiomes, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sonia Vega-López
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Corrie M Whisner
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Center for Health Through Microbiomes, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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Tufail T, Saeed F, Tufail T, Bader Ul Ain H, Hussain M, Noreen S, Shah MA. Exploring the cholesterol-lowering effects of cereal bran cell wall-enriched diets. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4944-4951. [PMID: 39055199 PMCID: PMC11266912 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fiber) in cereal grains contribute to health benefits. The novelty of the current study was an effort to explore the in vivo therapeutic potential of different cereal bran cell walls against hypercholesterolemia. For this purpose, the cell walls were isolated from different cereal brans (wheat, maize, oats, and barley), and the intake of these cereal bran cell walls was evaluated for their anti-lipidemic activity in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. The serum taken from the rats was tested for cholesterol, lipid, and triglyceride profiles before and after treatment. The outcomes of the current study have shown that the cereal cell wall has a significant hypercholesterolemia effect. The biochemical parameters of the control animals were within the normal clinical ranges, indicating that the experimental diets were safe. Among cereal bran cell walls, barley bran significantly decreased cholesterol (56.35 ± 1.35 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (56.35 ± 1.05 mg/dL), triglycerides (105.29 ± 1.95 mg/dL), and increased high-density lipoprotein level (48.35 ± 1.35 mg/dL). These findings provide conclusive evidence that the cereal cell wall is beneficial in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and may potentially provide protection against other acute, recurring, or chronic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabussam Tufail
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Persiaran Perdana BBN, 71800 Putra Nilai, NilaiINTI International UniversityNegeri SembilanMalaysia
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Huma Bader Ul Ain
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food SciencesGovernment College University FaisalabadFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Sana Noreen
- University Institute of Diet & Nutritional SciencesThe University of LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Department of EconomicsKabridahar UniversityKabridaharSomaliEthiopia
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and TechnologyChitkara UniversityRajpuraPunjabIndia
- Division of Research and DevelopmentLovely Professional UniversityPhagwaraPunjabIndia
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McCarthy C, Papada E, Kalea AZ. The effects of cereal β-glucans on cardiovascular risk factors and the role of the gut microbiome. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38826110 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2345159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has emerged as a key influencer of human health and disease, particularly through interactions with dietary fiber. However, national dietary guidelines worldwide are only beginning to capitalize on the potential of microbiome research, which has established the vital role of host-microbe interactions in mediating the physiological effects of diet on overall health and disease. β-glucans have been demonstrated to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to improved outcomes in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Raised serum cholesterol and blood pressure are important modifiable risk factors in the development of CVD and emerging evidence highlights the role of the gut microbiota in ameliorating such biomarkers and clinical characteristics of the disease. The proposed mechanism of action of β-glucans on the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease have yet to be elucidated. Validating gaps in the literature may substantiate β-glucans as a potential novel dietary therapy against modifiable risk factors for CVD and would further support the public health significance of including a habitual fiber-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anastasia Z Kalea
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
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Reiners S, Hebestreit S, Wedekind L, Kiehntopf M, Klink A, Rummler S, Glei M, Lorkowski S, Schlörmann W, Dawczynski C. Effect of a regular consumption of traditional and roasted oat and barley flakes on blood lipids and glucose metabolism-A randomized crossover trial. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1095245. [PMID: 36819683 PMCID: PMC9932717 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1095245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular consumption of the soluble dietary fiber β-glucan is associated with decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and blood glucose. Barley and oat flakes as natural sources of β-glucan were roasted to improve sensory quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether roasting of barley and oat flakes changes the physiological impact of the β-glucan-rich flakes on glucose and lipid metabolism. Method A five-armed randomized crossover trial design was used. The intervention study was conducted from May 2018 to May 2019 and included 32 healthy subjects with moderately increased LDL cholesterol (≥2.5 mmol/L). During the 3-week intervention periods, 80 g of roasted or traditional barley or oat flakes, or four slices of white toast bread per day were consumed for breakfast. At the start and the end of each intervention, fasting and postprandial blood was taken. The intervention periods were separated by 3-week wash-out periods. Results During the interventions with the cereal flakes, TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced compared to baseline values by mean differences of 0.27-0.33 mmol/L and 0.21-0.30 mmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was only reduced after the intervention with barley flakes (p < 0.05). After the intervention period with toast, TC and HDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.05). The fasting levels of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and insulin did not change in any group. The effects of traditional and roasted varieties on blood lipids did not differ between the groups. Conclusion The regular consumption of traditional or roasted barley and oat flakes contributes to the management of cardiovascular diseases by improving TC and LDL cholesterol. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03648112, identifier NCT03648112.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Reiners
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Hebestreit
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Wedekind
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Klink
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schlörmann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
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Mio K, Ogawa R, Tadenuma N, Aoe S. Arabinoxylan as well as β-glucan in barley promotes GLP-1 secretion by increasing short-chain fatty acids production. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101343. [PMID: 36123993 PMCID: PMC9482107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley is rich in soluble dietary fiber including β-glucan and arabinoxylan. Barley β-glucan is fermented by gut bacteria and, thereby contributes to an effect on intestinal bacterial composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). It also increases GLP-1 secretion via SCFAs receptor. However, few studies have focused on barley arabinoxylan. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of arabinoxylan from barley on intestinal fermentability and GLP-1 secretion. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet containing arabinoxylan-dominant barley flour without β-glucan (bgl) and high β-glucan-containing barley flour (BF) for 12 weeks. We conducted oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to measure insulin and GLP-1 concentrations. The concentration of SCFAs in the cecum contents was also determined. Furthermore, we measured mRNA expression assay GLP-1 secretion using real-time PCR. The OGTT result showed that GLP-1 concentrations at 60 min were increased in mice fed bgl and BF. Acetic acid and total SCFAs concentrations in the cecum contents were increased in both the barley groups, and butyric acid was increased in the bgl group. Furthermore, the bgl and BF groups had increased Gpr43, a receptor for SCFAs, and NeuroD which is involved in L cell differentiation. These results show arabinoxylan as well as β-glucan is involved in the SCFAs-mediated increase in GLP-1 secretion upon barley consumption.
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Jiang Y, Li J, Liu B, Cao D, Zong Y, Chang Y, Li Y. Novel Hina alleles created by genome editing increase grain hardness and reduce grain width in barley. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:637-645. [PMID: 35982368 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The hordoindolina genes (Hina and Hinb) are believed to play critical roles in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain texture. In this study, we created novel alleles of the Hina gene using CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly inter spaced short palindromic repeat-associated protein, CRISPR-Cas) genome editing. Mutagenesis of single bases in these novel alleles led to loss of Hina protein function in edited lines. The grain hardness index of hina mutants was 95.5 on average, while that of the wild type was only 53.7, indicating successful conversion of soft barley into hard barley. Observation of cross-sectional grain structure using scanning electron microscopy revealed different adhesion levels between starch granules and protein matrix. Starch granules were loose and separated from the protein matrix in the wild type, but deeply trapped and tightly integrated with the protein matrix in hina02 mutants. In addition, the grain width and thousand-grain weight of the hina02 mutant were significantly lower than those of the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Baolong Liu
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Dong Cao
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yuan Zong
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yanzi Chang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Yun Li
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
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8
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Goto Y, Nishimoto Y, Murakami S, Nomaguchi T, Mori Y, Ito M, Nakaguro R, Kudo T, Matsuoka T, Yamada T, Kobayashi T, Fukuda S. Metabologenomic Approach Reveals Intestinal Environmental Features Associated with Barley-Induced Glucose Tolerance Improvements in Japanese: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173468. [PMID: 36079725 PMCID: PMC9460218 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Consumption of barley has been known to exert beneficial effects on glucose tolerance; however, it has also been reported that there are inter-individual differences in these responses. Recent evidence has suggested that these individual differences are mediated by the gut microbiota. (2) Methods: In the present study, we aimed to understand the relationship between the intestinal environment, including intestinal microbiome and their metabolome, and glucose tolerance. A randomized controlled trial with a 4-week consumption of barley or control food was conducted. We conducted an integrated analysis of the intestinal microbiome and metabolome and analyzed the relationship with improvement of glucose tolerance. (3) Results: We found that metabolites such as azelate were significantly increased after barley consumption. Furthermore, the subjects whose glucose tolerance was slightly impaired showed improvement in their glucose tolerance index following the barley consumption. Additionally, the analysis showed that the increase in the abundance of the Anaerostipes was correlated with the improvement in the glucose tolerance index. (4) Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the effects of barley consumption for glucose tolerance are partly defined by the intestinal environment of consumers, providing a quantitative measurement of the dietary effect based on the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Goto
- Hakubaku Co., Ltd., Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan
| | | | - Shinnosuke Murakami
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Mori
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | | | - Toru Kudo
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | | | - Takuji Yamada
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Hakubaku Co., Ltd., Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (S.F.); Tel.: +81-55-274-8989 (T.K.); +81-235-64-0330 (S.F.)
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (S.F.); Tel.: +81-55-274-8989 (T.K.); +81-235-64-0330 (S.F.)
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Jovanovski E, Nguyen M, Kurahashi Y, Komishon A, Li D, Hoang Vi Thanh H, Khayyat R, Jenkins AL, Khan TA, Zurbau A, Sievenpiper J, Vuksan V. Are all fibres created equal with respect to lipid lowering? Comparing the effect of viscous dietary fibre to non-viscous fibre from cereal sources: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-13. [PMID: 35929339 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although compelling evidence from observational studies supports a positive association between consumption of cereal fibre and CVD risk reduction, randomised controlled trials (RCT) often target viscous fibre type as the prospective contributor to lipid lowering to reduce CVD risk. The objective of our study is to compare the lipids-lowering effects of viscous dietary fibre to non-viscous, cereal-type fibre in clinical studies. RCT that evaluated the effect of viscous dietary fibre compared with non-viscous, cereal fibre on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid markers, with a duration of ≥ 3 weeks, in adults with or without hypercholesterolaemia were included. Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register were searched through October 19, 2021. Data were extracted and assessed by two independent reviewers. The generic inverse variance method with random effects model was utilised to pool the data which were expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95 % CI. Eighty-nine trials met eligibility criteria (n 4755). MD for the effect of viscous dietary fibre compared with non-viscous cereal fibre were LDL cholesterol (MD = -0·26 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0·30, -0·22 mmol/l; P < 0·01), non-HDL cholesterol (MD = -0·33 mmol/l; 95 % CI: -0·39, -0·28 mmol/l; P < 0·01) and Apo-B (MD = -0·04 g/l; 95 % CI: -0·06, -0·03 g/l; P < 0·01). Viscous dietary fibre reduces LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid markers relative to the fibre from cereal sources, hence may be a preferred type of fibre-based dietary intervention targeting CVD risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jovanovski
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Nguyen
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yui Kurahashi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Komishon
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dandan Li
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ho Hoang Vi Thanh
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rana Khayyat
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Louisa Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tauseef Ahmad Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andreea Zurbau
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - John Sievenpiper
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Vladimir Vuksan
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Overview of the Composition of Whole Grains’ Phenolic Acids and Dietary Fibre and Their Effect on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19053042. [PMID: 35270737 PMCID: PMC8910396 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases are the major cause of death globally. Whole grains are recommended in dietary guidelines worldwide due to increasing evidence that their consumption can improve health beyond just providing energy and nutrients. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the incorporation of whole grains, as part of a healthy diet, plays a key role in reducing one’s risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer. Phenolic acids and dietary fibre are important components found in whole grains that are largely responsible for these health advantages. Both phenolic acids and dietary fibre, which are predominantly present in the bran layer, are abundant in whole-grain cereals and pseudo-cereals. Several studies indicate that whole grain dietary fibre and phenolic acids are linked to health regulation. The main focus of this study is two-fold. First, we provide an overview of phenolic acids and dietary fibres found in whole grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice and buckwheat). Second, we review existing literature on the linkages between the consumption of whole grains and the development of the following chronic non-communicable diseases: CVDs, obesity, T2D and cancer. Altogether, scientific evidence that the intake of whole grains reduces the risk of certain chronic non-communicable disease is encouraging but not convincing. Based on previous studies, the current review encourages further research to cover the gap between the emerging science of whole grains and human health.
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Kohyama N, Ichinose Y, Kaneko S, Matsuki J. Changes in starch, β-glucan, physicochemical properties, and flavor compounds in barley flour by roasting. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-22-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Frank J, Kisters K, Stirban OA, Obeid R, Lorkowski S, Wallert M, Egert S, Podszun MC, Eckert GP, Pettersen JA, Venturelli S, Classen HG, Golombek J. The role of biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. Biofactors 2021; 47:522-550. [PMID: 33772908 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present demographic changes toward an aging society caused a rise in the number of senior citizens and the incidence and burden of age-related diseases (such as cardiovascular diseases [CVD], cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD], diabetes mellitus, and dementia), of which nearly half is attributable to the population ≥60 years of age. Deficiencies in individual nutrients have been associated with increased risks for age-related diseases and high intakes and/or blood concentrations with risk reduction. Nutrition in general and the dietary intake of essential and nonessential biofactors is a major determinant of human health, the risk to develop age-related diseases, and ultimately of mortality in the older population. These biofactors can be a cost-effective strategy to prevent or, in some cases, even treat age-related diseases. Examples reviewed herein include omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fiber for the prevention of CVD, α-tocopherol (vitamin E) for the treatment of biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, vitamin D for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, thiamine and α-lipoic acid for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, and the role of folate in cancer epigenetics. This list of potentially helpful biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases, however, is not exhaustive and many more examples exist. Furthermore, since there is currently no generally accepted definition of the term biofactors, we here propose a definition that, when adopted by scientists, will enable a harmonization and consistent use of the term in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frank
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kisters
- Medical Clinic I, St. Anna-Hospital & ESH Excellence Centre, Herne, Germany
| | | | - Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maren C Podszun
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline A Pettersen
- Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Classen
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany
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Habiyaremye C, Schroeder KL, Reganold JP, White D, Packer D, Murphy KM. Effect of Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on β-Glucan, Protein, and Grain Yield of Naked Food Barley in No-Till Cropping Systems in the Palouse Region of the Pacific Northwest. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.663445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a storied history as a food crop, and it has long been a dietary staple of peoples in temperate climates. Contemporary research studies have focused mostly on hulled barley for malt and animal feed. As such, nitrogen (N) and seeding rate agronomic data for naked food barley are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N on ß-glucan and protein content, and N and seeding rate on phenotypic characteristics of naked food barley, including grain yield, emergence, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, test weight, percent plump kernels, and percent thin kernels. Experiments were conducted at two no-till farms, located in Almota, WA, and Genesee, ID, in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest from 2016 to 2018. The experiment comprised two varieties (“Havener” and “Julie”), employed N rates of 0, 62, 95, 129, and 162 kg N ha−1, and seeding rates of 250, 310, and 375 seeds/m−2. Increased N fertilization rate was shown to significantly increase all response variables, except β-glucan content of the variety Julie, days to heading, test weight, and percent plump and thin kernels. Increased N fertilization resulted in higher mean grain yield of Havener and Julie in both Almota and Genesee up to 95 kg N ha−1. Havener had higher yields (3,908 kg N ha−1) than Julie (3,099 kg N ha−1) across locations and years. Julie had higher β-glucan (8.2%) and protein (12.6%) content compared to Havener (β-glucan = 6.6%; protein = 9.1%). Our results indicate that β-glucan content is associated with genotype, environmental, and agronomic factors in dryland cropping systems of the Palouse.
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KHAN MA, AMIR RM, AMEER K, RAKHA A, FAIZ F, HAYAT I, NADEEM M, AHMED Z, RIAZ A, ASHRAF I. Characterization of oat bran β-glucan with special reference to efficacy study to elucidate its health claims for diabetic patients. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.39019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Allah RAKHA
- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh FAIZ
- Karakoram International University Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Aayesha RIAZ
- PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz ASHRAF
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Xu D, Liu H, Yang C, Xia H, Pan D, Yang X, Yang L, Wang S, Sun G. Effects of different delivering matrices of β-glucan on lipids in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:294-307. [PMID: 32378501 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucan has been reported for its health benefits on blood lipids in hypercholesterolaemic individuals for years. However, people have paid little attention to the effects of β-glucan in populations with mild hypercholesterolaemia as well as the various delivering matrices. Our objective was to perform a meta-analysis to analyse the effects of β-glucan with different delivering matrices in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals. After conducting a comprehensive search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library, a total of twenty-one randomised controlled trials involving 1120 participants were identified to measure the pooled effect. The overall results indicated that consuming a dose of ≥3 g/d of β-glucan for at least 3 weeks could significantly reduce total cholesterol (TC) (-0·27 mmol/l, 95 % CI -0·33, -0·21, P < 0·001) and LDL-cholesterol (-0·26 mmol/l, 95% CI -0·32, -0·20, P < 0·001) compared with the control group in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals, while no significant difference was observed in TAG (-0·03 mmol/l, 95% CI -0·11, 0·06, P = 0·521) and HDL-cholesterol (0·01 mmol/l, 95% CI -0·03, 0·04, P = 0·777). There was evidence for modest unexplained heterogeneity in the meta-analysis. In conclusion, β-glucan can significantly reduce risk factors like TC and LDL-cholesterol for CVD in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals; furthermore, it appears that the effects of food matrices with both 'solid products' and 'liquid products' where β-glucan was incorporated into were ranked as the best way to exert its beneficial properties, while 'liquid' and 'solid' products were ranked as the second and third positions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hechun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ligang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People's Republic of China
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Suzuki S, Aoe S. High β-Glucan Barley Supplementation Improves Glucose Tolerance by Increasing GLP-1 Secretion in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020527. [PMID: 33561965 PMCID: PMC7915888 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism for the improvement of glucose tolerance following intake of high β-glucan barley (HGB) in terms of intestinal metabolism. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a fatty diet supplemented with HGB corresponding to 5% of dietary fiber for 83 days. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed at the end of the experimental period. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum was analyzed by GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The mRNA expression levels related to L cell function in the ileum were measured by real-time PCR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in the portal vein and cecal content were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GLP-1-producing L cells of the ileum were quantified by immunohistochemistry. HGB intake improved glucose tolerance and increased the cecal levels of SCFAs, acetate, and propionate. The number of GLP-1-positive L cells in the HGB group was significantly higher than in the control group. GLP-1 levels in the portal vein and cecal GLP-1 pool size in the HGB group were significantly higher than the control group. In conclusion, we report improved glucose tolerance after HGB intake induced by an increase in L cell number and subsequent rise in GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachina Suzuki
- The Institute of Human Culture Studies, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan;
| | - Seiichiro Aoe
- The Institute of Human Culture Studies, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan;
- Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5275-6048
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Karanam M, Theertha D, Kumar A, Inamdar AA, Sakhare SD. Effect of hydrothermal treatment on physical and semolina milling properties of barley. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Kopeć A, Zawistowski J, Kitts DD. Benefits of Anthocyanin-Rich Black Rice Fraction and Wood Sterols to Control Plasma and Tissue Lipid Concentrations in Wistar Kyoto Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet. Molecules 2020; 25:E5363. [PMID: 33212852 PMCID: PMC7698440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study reports on the relative effects of administrating a cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-rich black rice fraction (BRF), a standardized wood sterol mixture (WS), and a combination of both to lower plasma and target tissue lipid concentrations in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats fed atherogenic diets. Methods: Male WKY (n = 40) rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a nonatherogenic control diet and atherogenic diets that included a positive control and atherogenic diets supplemented with BRF or WS, respectively, and a combination of both BRF + WS. Plasma and target tissue liver, heart and aorta cholesterol, and triacylglycerides (TAG) content were also measured. Results: Rats fed atherogenic diets exhibited elevated hyperlipidemia compared to counterparts fed nonatherogenic diets (p < 0.001); this effect was mitigated by supplementing the atherogenic diets with BRF and WS, respectively (p < 0.05). Combining BRF with WS to enrich the supplement lowered cholesterol similar to the WS effect (p < 0.05) and lowered TAG characteristic to the BRF effect (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Rats fed diets containing BRF or WS effectively mitigate the hypercholesterolemia and elevated TAG induced by feeding an atherogenic diet. The benefit of adding BRF + WS together is relevant to the lipid parameter measured and is target tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kopeć
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Zawistowski
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 209-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - David D. Kitts
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 209-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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Szuba-Trznadel A, Hikawczuk T, Korzeniowska M, Fuchs B. Effect of Different Amounts of Hybrid Barley in Diets on the Growth Performance and Selected Biochemical Parameters of Blood Serum Characterizing Health Status in Fattening Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111987. [PMID: 33137945 PMCID: PMC7692960 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary hybrid barley and/or wheat on production parameters, selected biochemical parameters of blood serum characterizing health status in fattening pigs. The use of hybrid barley as the basic ingredient of diets for fattening pigs provided similar production parameters as those obtained with wheat. No significant differences were noted in case of performance results and meatiness of fatteners. However, usage of hybrid barley with high level in diet decreased level of total cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoprotein fraction) fraction in blood. It means that barley had a beneficial effect on blood lipid indices. Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary hybrid barley and/or wheat on production parameters, selected biochemical parameters of blood serum characterizing health status in fattening pigs. In group I, hybrid barley constituted 80% of feed; in II—wheat and hybrid barley were used, each in amount of 40% feed; in III—contained 80% of wheat. No significant differences were noted in case of performance results (body weight gains, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) and meatiness of fatteners. All estimated biochemical indices determined in serum were within normal range. Usage of 80% hybrid barley decreased concentration of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL), and triglycerides in blood (p < 0.05). However, high-density lipoprotein fraction (HDL) content increased (p < 0.01) up to 1.04 mmol·dm−3, comparing to the group with 80% of wheat (0.84 mmol·dm−3). Summarized, the diet with high level of barley had a beneficial effect on blood lipid indices, what indicate a good health status of all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szuba-Trznadel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Hikawczuk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Fuchs
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, J. Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (T.H.); (B.F.)
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Iaccarino N, Khakimov B, Mikkelsen MS, Nielsen TS, Jensen MG, Randazzo A, Engelsen SB. Structurally different mixed linkage β-glucan supplements differentially increase secondary bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rat faeces. Food Funct 2020; 11:514-523. [PMID: 31833481 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (BG) is a soluble fibre available from oat and barley grains that has been gaining interest due to its health-promoting role in cardiovascular diseases and its ability to modulate the glycaemic index which is beneficial for people with diabetes. This study investigates the effect of three purified barley BGs, with different molecular weight and block structure, on faecal bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Wistar rats (48 male) were divided in four groups: Control group fed with the cellulose-rich diet (CON); Glucagel group fed with the commercial BG (GLU, 100 kDa), and rats fed with low molecular weight BG (LBG, 150 kDa) and medium molecular weight BG (MBG, 530 kDa). The bile acid profiles of rat faecal samples were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A metabolite profiling approach led to the identification of 7 bile acids and 45 other compounds such as sterols, fatty acids and fatty alcohols. Subsequent application of ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis and Principal Component Analysis revealed that all three BG diets increased bile acid faecal excretion compared to the control group. The bile acid excretion was found to be different in all three BG diets and the MBG group showed a significantly higher level of faecal secondary bile acids, including deoxycholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid. We hypothesise that the hydrophobic surface of the secondary bile acids, which are known to cause colon cancer, has high affinity to the hydrophobic surfaces of cellulosic blocks of the BG. This in vivo study demonstrates that the molecular weight and/or block structures of BG modulate the excretion of secondary bile acids. This finding suggests that developing diets with designed BGs with an optimal molecular structure to trap carcinogenic bile acids can have a significant impact on counteracting cancer and other lifestyle associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Iaccarino
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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P. NPV, Joye IJ. Dietary Fibre from Whole Grains and Their Benefits on Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3045. [PMID: 33027944 PMCID: PMC7599874 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of whole grain products is often related to beneficial effects on consumer health. Dietary fibre is an important component present in whole grains and is believed to be (at least partially) responsible for these health benefits. The dietary fibre composition of whole grains is very distinct over different grains. Whole grains of cereals and pseudo-cereals are rich in both soluble and insoluble functional dietary fibre that can be largely classified as e.g., cellulose, arabinoxylan, β-glucan, xyloglucan and fructan. However, even though the health benefits associated with the consumption of dietary fibre are well known to scientists, producers and consumers, the consumption of dietary fibre and whole grains around the world is substantially lower than the recommended levels. This review will discuss the types of dietary fibre commonly found in cereals and pseudo-cereals, their nutritional significance and health benefits observed in animal and human studies.
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Bader Ul Ain H, Saeed F, Sultan MT, Afzaal M, Imran A, DeFeo V, Cobelschi C. Effect of thermally treated barley dietary fiber against hypercholesterolemia. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5259-5266. [PMID: 33133528 PMCID: PMC7590300 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is a nondigestible constituent of vegetal foods, formed by insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. The intake of dietary fiber, especially soluble dietary fiber, is limited and demands researcher's attention. The modification of cereal's dietary fiber, predominantly insoluble fiber, could be one possible solution. The current study evaluated the comparative effects of several thermal treatments on the modification of insoluble dietary fiber in barley and explored their therapeutic potential in vivo against hypercholesterolemia. The two cultivars of barley, Haider-93 and Jau-87, were thermally treated using different techniques, and dietary fiber was extracted. Successively, the intake of these dietary fibers was evaluated for its antilipidemic activity in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. In the first phase, thermal treatments especially cooking without soaking increased the soluble fiber (68.08%). The roasting all increased the soluble fiber contents, however, at relatively lower rate (53.91%). The results of efficacy study revealed that biochemical parameters in control animals were within the normal clinical ranges, thus appraising the safe status of the experimental diets. The thermally treated barley fiber decreased total cholesterol (12.14%-12.63%), low-density lipoprotein (14.12%-14.85%), and triglycerides (2.25%-4.32%). The study recorded increasing trends for high-density lipoprotein in both normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. In the nutshell, thermal modification of dietary fiber increased the ratio of soluble to insoluble dietary fiber that improved its hypocholesterolemic potential. The thermally treated barley dietary fiber is effective in reducing the lipid profile in Sprague-dawley rats than untreated dietary fiber and, therefore, can be considered as a functional food and ingredient to cope different lifestyle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Bader Ul Ain
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health SciencesRiphah International University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad-PakistanFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Vincenzo DeFeo
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of SalernoFiscianoItaly
| | - Calin Cobelschi
- Faculty of MedicineTransilvania University of BrasovBrasovRomania
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Adebo OA, Gabriela Medina-Meza I. Impact of Fermentation on the Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Whole Cereal Grains: A Mini Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040927. [PMID: 32093014 PMCID: PMC7070691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization, emergence, and prominence of diseases and ailments have led to conscious and deliberate consumption of health beneficial foods. Whole grain (WG) cereals are one type of food with an array of nutritionally important and healthy constituents, including carotenoids, inulin, β-glucan, lignans, vitamin E-related compounds, tocols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, which are beneficial for human consumption. They not only provide nutrition, but also confer health promoting effects in food, such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant properties. Fermentation is a viable processing technique to transform whole grains in edible foods since it is an affordable, less complicated technique, which not only transforms whole grains but also increases nutrient bioavailability and positively alters the levels of health-promoting components (particularly antioxidants) in derived whole grain products. This review addresses the impact of fermentation on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities with most available studies indicating an increase in these health beneficial constituents. Such increases are mostly due to breakdown of the cereal cell wall and subsequent activities of enzymes that lead to the liberation of bound phenolic compounds, which increase antioxidant activities. In addition to the improvement of these valuable constituents, increasing the consumption of fermented whole grain cereals would be vital for the world's ever-growing population. Concerted efforts and adequate strategic synergy between concerned stakeholders (researchers, food industry, and government/policy makers) are still required in this regard to encourage consumption and dispel negative presumptions about whole grain foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-6261
| | - Ilce Gabriela Medina-Meza
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 524 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824-1323, USA;
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Shimizu C, Wakita Y, Kihara M, Kobayashi N, Tsuchiya Y, Nabeshima T. Association of Lifelong Intake of Barley Diet with Healthy Aging: Changes in Physical and Cognitive Functions and Intestinal Microbiome in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse-Prone 8 (SAMP8). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081770. [PMID: 31374892 PMCID: PMC6723110 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley intake reportedly reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, but effects on the systemic phenotypes during healthy aging have not yet been examined. Therefore, we examined the effects of barley on the lifespan; behavioral phenotypes, such as locomotor activity, and cognitive functions, and intestinal microbiome in the senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse. We prepared two mild high-fat diets by adding lard, in which the starch components of AIN-93G were replaced by rice or barley "Motchiriboshi." SAMP8 (four weeks old, male) mice were fed AIN-93G until eight weeks old, and then rice (rice group) or barley diet (rice: barley = 1:4, barley group) until death. Changes in aging-related phenotypes, object and spatial recognition, locomotor and balancing activities, and the intestinal microbiome were recorded. Moreover, plasma cholesterol levels were analyzed at 16 weeks old. Barley intake prolonged the lifespan by approximately four weeks, delayed locomotor atrophy, and reduced balancing ability and spatial recognition. Barley intake significantly increased the medium and small particle sizes of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is associated with a reduced risk of total stroke. The Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in the barley group was significantly higher than that in the rice group during aging. Thus, lifelong barley intake may have positive effects on healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shimizu
- Frontier Laboratories for Value Creation, SAPPORO HOLDINGS LTD, 10 Okatome, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Wakita
- Frontier Laboratories for Value Creation, SAPPORO HOLDINGS LTD, 10 Okatome, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan
| | - Makoto Kihara
- Bioresources Research and Development Department, SAPPORO BREWERIES LTD, 37-1, Nittakizaki, Ota, Gunma 370-0393, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kobayashi
- Frontier Laboratories for Value Creation, SAPPORO HOLDINGS LTD, 10 Okatome, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan
| | - Youichi Tsuchiya
- Frontier Laboratories for Value Creation, SAPPORO HOLDINGS LTD, 10 Okatome, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, 3-1509 Omoteyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-0069, Japan
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El-Mansi AA, ElSayyad HI, Elshershaby EM, Al-Ashry NE. Dietary supplementation of barley and/or dates attenuate hypercholesterolemic-induced endometrial dysfunction in Wistar albino rats via alleviation of apoptotic pathways and enhancing oxidative capacity. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13001. [PMID: 31373029 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our study was conducted to characterize the efficacy of barley and/or date palm fruits (10%) in alleviation of hypercholesterolemic endometrial insults in obese rat model. Sixty-four Wistar albino rats were randomized into eight groups (n = 8); control, hypercholesterolemic- and hypercholesterolemic-treated groups. Animals were subjected to treatment for 4 months. After sacrifice, serum and uterine tissues were collected and processed for biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic investigations. In hypercholesterolemic rats, the endometrium displayed hyperplasia with necrotic patches in the surface epithelium and its glandular lining cells. Also, there was a remarkable increase in the endometrial thickness and significant decrease in corresponding glandular numbers. Prompted by these findings, immunohistochemical localization revealed that expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was downregulated, while cleaved caspase-3 was upregulated in the endometrial cells in hypercholesterolemic group. Accordingly, there was remarkable depletion of antioxidant enzymatic activities associated with increased lipid peroxidation and apoptotic markers. Contradictory, supplementation of barley and/or dates to hypercholesterolemic groups showed intriguing amelioration for the histological architecture of the endometrium and balancing its oxidative redox. In conclusion, the administration of barley and/or dates confers enhanced synergistic effects in attenuation of hypercholesterolemic induced-endometrial dysfunction. This is clear evidence that endometrial amelioration was directly linked to the implication of highly potential antioxidant capacity of barley and/or dates phytochemicals, β-glucan, polyphenols, and other trace elements, which can be utilized to establish a phyto-therapeutic strategy for activating endometrial cell regeneration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Barley and dates confer both hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potentials. Therefore, their ingredients would be implicated in the amelioration of uterine functions in obese women. These favorable potentials were directly linked to the restraining of endometrial inflammation and retrieving the oxidative capacity. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that barley and dates substantially diminished the expression of TNF-α, mitigated DNA damage and prevented leukocytic infiltration in the endometrial tissue; based on their high content of dietary phytochemicals, β-glucan, polyphenols, and other trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Mansi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hassan I ElSayyad
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Effat M Elshershaby
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nermeen E Al-Ashry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Raza GS, Maukonen J, Makinen M, Niemi P, Niiranen L, Hibberd AA, Poutanen K, Buchert J, Herzig KH. Hypocholesterolemic Effect of the Lignin-Rich Insoluble Residue of Brewer's Spent Grain in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1104-1114. [PMID: 30592221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble residue (INS) is a lignin-rich fraction of brewer's spent grain (BSG) that also contains β-glucan and arabinoxylan, the major constituents of dietary fiber. We investigated the effects of INS in diet-induced obese mice in terms of lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases. Male mice (C57bl6) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a HFD + 20% INS, a HFD + 20% cellulose (CEL), a HFD with a combination of 20% INS-CEL (1:1), or a control diet for 14 weeks. Insulin and glucose tolerance tests were performed after 12 weeks. Fasting plasma lipids, bile acid, and fecal bile acid were measured after 14 weeks of feeding, and tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. Body weight gain was significantly reduced with all fibers, but only INS and INS-CEL decreased fasting plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol compared to HFD. CEL and INS-CEL significantly improved insulin resistance. Fecal bile acids were significantly increased by all fibers, but there was no change in plasma bile acid. Clostridium leptum was increased with all fibers, but universal bacterial diversity was only with INS and INS-CEL. In addition, INS significantly increased the abundance of Bacteriodes, while CEL decreased Atopobium and Lactobacillus. INS feeding significantly upregulated various genes of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, such as Srebp2, Hmgcr, Ldlr, Cyp7a1, Pparα, Fxr, and Pxr, in the liver. INS, INS-CEL, and CEL significantly attenuated liver steatosis. Our results suggest that INS from BSG induced beneficial systemic changes in mice via gut microbiota, bile acids, and gene expression in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Limited , Post Office Box 1000, Tietotie 2 , 02044 Espoo , Finland
- DuPont Nutrition & Health , 02460 Kantvik , Finland
| | - Markus Makinen
- Medical Research Center (MRC) , University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , 90014 Oulu , Finland
| | - Piritta Niemi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Limited , Post Office Box 1000, Tietotie 2 , 02044 Espoo , Finland
| | | | - Ashley A Hibberd
- Genomics & Microbiome Science , DuPont Nutrition & Health , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Limited , Post Office Box 1000, Tietotie 2 , 02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Johanna Buchert
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Limited , Post Office Box 1000, Tietotie 2 , 02044 Espoo , Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Medical Research Center (MRC) , University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , 60-512 Poznan , Poland
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Moreira-Rosário A, Pinheiro H, Marques C, Teixeira JA, Calhau C, Azevedo LF. Does intake of bread supplemented with wheat germ have a preventive role on cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy volunteers? A randomised, controlled, crossover trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023662. [PMID: 30659039 PMCID: PMC6340436 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intake of whole grains is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This evidence is also strong for bran alone, but findings about germ are conflicting. Our aim was to elucidate the role of germ in primary prevention of cardiovascular events, and therefore, a staple food was selected for 6 g of germ supplementation. This corresponds to sixfold increase in the global mean consumption of germ, while preserving the sensory proprieties of refined bread which is crucial for consumer's acceptance. DESIGN Randomised, double-blinded, crossover, controlled clinical trial with 15-week follow-up comprising a 2-week run-in, two intervention periods of 4 weeks each and a 5-week washout period. SETTING A single centre in the north of Portugal. PARTICIPANTS 55 eligible healthy adults (mean age of 34 years and body mass index between 19 and 38 kg/m2) were randomly assigned. INTERVENTIONS The study consisted of two intervention periods including daily intake of refined wheat bread enriched with 6 g of wheat germ and control (non-enriched bread). OUTCOMES Changes in fasting cholesterol and triglycerides, fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin sensitivity and C reactive protein. RESULTS We observed no significant effect of daily intake of wheat germ on cholesterol and triglycerides levels, on postprandial glucose response and on insulin sensitivity. Incremental area under curve glucose and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance did not change, suggesting that 6 g of wheat germ have no effect on glucose metabolism. No effect was also observed in the subgroup of participants who complied with the protocol (n=47). CONCLUSIONS The absence of alterations on lipid and glucose profiles suggests that germ up to 6 g/day may have no preventive effect on CVD risk. However, it is important to investigate other food vehicles that can accommodate higher doses of wheat germ in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02405507.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Moreira-Rosário
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Pinheiro
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA University of Lisbon, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Marques
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA University of Lisbon, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Conceição Calhau
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA University of Lisbon, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Azevedo
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Liao MY, Shen YC, Chiu HF, Ten SM, Lu YY, Han YC, Venkatakrishnan K, Yang SF, Wang CK. Down-regulation of partial substitution for staple food by oat noodles on blood lipid levels: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:93-100. [PMID: 30648598 PMCID: PMC9298646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Nishiumi S, Izumi Y, Kobayashi T, Yoshida M. A Pilot Study: Effects of Kombu Intake on Lifestyle-related Diseases -Possibility that Kombu Intake is Effective in Individuals with Abnormally High Serum Triglyceride Levels-. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.25.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nishiumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
- Division of Metabolomics Research, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
- AMED-CREST, AMED
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Yadav RK, Gautam S, Palikhey E, Joshi BK, Ghimire KH, Gurung R, Adhikari AR, Pudasaini N, Dhakal R. Agro-morphological diversity of Nepalese naked barley landraces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40066-018-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Mosele JI, Motilva MJ, Ludwig IA. Beta-Glucan and Phenolic Compounds: Their Concentration and Behavior during in Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Colonic Fermentation of Different Barley-Based Food Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8966-8975. [PMID: 30080960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among cereals, barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is notable for its high content of bioactives such as β-glucan and phenolic compounds, but it is not used as widely in human nutrition as wheat. To compare the impact of food formulation and processing on barley bioactives, crackers, cookies, and fresh pasta were prepared combining wheat and barley flour. After quantification of β-glucan and PCs in the barley flour and barley-based products, their behavior during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation was studied. The β-glucan and PCs were not drastically affected by processing. The amount of bioaccessible compounds after gastrointestinal digestion was lower than the amount retained in the undigested fraction. After in vitro colonic fermentation, β-glucan was mainly metabolized to acetic and propionic acids and PCs to phenylpropionic and phenylacetic acids. Based on the results of the study, the daily ingestion of barley-based foods may contribute to the intake of beneficial bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana I Mosele
- Universidad de Buenos Aires , Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica , C1113AAD Buenos Aires , Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires , Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL) , C1113AAD Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María-José Motilva
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center , University of Lleida , Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 , Lleida , Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio Research Center , University of Lleida , Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 , Lleida , Spain
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Aubert MK, Coventry S, Shirley NJ, Betts NS, Würschum T, Burton RA, Tucker MR. Differences in hydrolytic enzyme activity accompany natural variation in mature aleurone morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Sci Rep 2018; 8:11025. [PMID: 30038399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29068-29064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aleurone is a critical component of the cereal seed and is located at the periphery of the starchy endosperm. During germination, the aleurone is responsible for releasing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade cell wall polysaccharides and starch granules, which is a key requirement for barley malt production. Inter- and intra-species differences in aleurone layer number have been identified in the cereals but the significance of this variation during seed development and germination remains unclear. In this study, natural variation in mature aleurone features was examined in a panel of 33 Hordeum vulgare (barley) genotypes. Differences were identified in the number of aleurone cell layers, the transverse thickness of the aleurone and the proportion of aleurone relative to starchy endosperm. In addition, variation was identified in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that are associated with germination. Notably, activity of the free fraction of β-amylase (BMY), but not the bound fraction, was increased at grain maturity in barley varieties possessing more aleurone. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and transcriptional profiling confirmed that HvBMY1 is the most abundant BMY gene in developing grain and accumulates in the aleurone during early stages of grain fill. The results reveal a link between molecular pathways influencing early aleurone development and increased levels of free β-amylase enzyme, potentially highlighting the aleurone as a repository of free β-amylase at grain maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stewart Coventry
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie S Betts
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Tobias Würschum
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
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Differences in hydrolytic enzyme activity accompany natural variation in mature aleurone morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Sci Rep 2018; 8:11025. [PMID: 30038399 PMCID: PMC6056469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aleurone is a critical component of the cereal seed and is located at the periphery of the starchy endosperm. During germination, the aleurone is responsible for releasing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade cell wall polysaccharides and starch granules, which is a key requirement for barley malt production. Inter- and intra-species differences in aleurone layer number have been identified in the cereals but the significance of this variation during seed development and germination remains unclear. In this study, natural variation in mature aleurone features was examined in a panel of 33 Hordeum vulgare (barley) genotypes. Differences were identified in the number of aleurone cell layers, the transverse thickness of the aleurone and the proportion of aleurone relative to starchy endosperm. In addition, variation was identified in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that are associated with germination. Notably, activity of the free fraction of β-amylase (BMY), but not the bound fraction, was increased at grain maturity in barley varieties possessing more aleurone. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) and transcriptional profiling confirmed that HvBMY1 is the most abundant BMY gene in developing grain and accumulates in the aleurone during early stages of grain fill. The results reveal a link between molecular pathways influencing early aleurone development and increased levels of free β-amylase enzyme, potentially highlighting the aleurone as a repository of free β-amylase at grain maturity.
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34
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El-Sayyad HIH, El-Shershaby EMF, El-Mansi AA, El-Ashry NE. Anti-hypercholesterolemic impacts of barley and date palm fruits on the ovary of Wistar albino rats and their offspring. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:236-251. [PMID: 30005909 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A high cholesterol diet is related to ovarian dysfunction and infertility which has been increased among young ages consuming processed food products. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of a high cholesterol diet on the ovaries of young female rats via assessments of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, oxidative stress and apoptic markers. Also, mating of hypercholesterolemic female rats was carried out to measure the fertility and numbers of their offspring. At the same time, phytotherapy was carried out through supplementing the diet with barley and/ or date palm fruits (10%) during the experiment to assess the phyto-therapeutic impacts in attenuation of drastic hypercholesterolemic effects. Hypercholesterolemic diet-fed rats exhibited damage of the ovarian follicles and increased follicular atresia. Furthermore, expression of cleaved caspase-3 was upregulated, while PCNA was downregulated in granulosa, theca and stroma cells. Hypercholesterolemic female rats showed marked depletion of antioxidative enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation and apoptotic markers. Alterations to the female serum hormones were detected. Offspring maternally fed on hypercholesterolemic diet showed a significant decrease of body weight and altered sex ratio. However, concomitant supplementation of barley and or date fruits to hypercholesterolemic groups revealed marked improvement of ovarian structure and function. On the basis of these evidences, it is believed that the enhanced synergistic effects of barley and/or date palm fruits in the amelioration of ovarian structure and functions were elicited by the potential antioxidant activity of their phytomicronutrients, polyphenols, β-glucan and trace elements. These materials scavenge free radicals from inflamed cells that can be used to establish an effective and novel therapeutic strategy for activating ovarian cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed A El-Mansi
- Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Biology Dept., Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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35
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Miyamoto J, Watanabe K, Taira S, Kasubuchi M, Li X, Irie J, Itoh H, Kimura I. Barley β-glucan improves metabolic condition via short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbial fermentation in high fat diet fed mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196579. [PMID: 29698465 PMCID: PMC5919537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of barley β-glucan (BG) is known to affect energy metabolism. However, its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood because studies have presented inconsistent results, with both positive and negative effects reported in terms of satiety, energy intake, weight loss, and glycemic control. The objective of this study was to clarify the physiological role underlying the metabolic benefits of barley BG using a mouse model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Male 4-wk-old C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD with 20% barley flour containing either high BG (HBG; 2% BG) or low BG (LBG; 0.6% BG) levels under conventional and germ-free (GF) conditions for 12 wks. In addition, mice were fed either an HFD with 5% cellulose (HFC; high fiber cellulose) or 5% barley BG (HFB; high fiber β-glucan) for 12 wks. Then, metabolic parameters, gut microbial compositions, and the production of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed. The weight gain and fat mass of HBG-fed mice were lower than those of control mice at 16-wk-old. Moreover, the secretion of the gut hormones PYY and GLP-1 increased in HBG-fed mice, thereby reducing food intake and improving insulin sensitivity by changing the gut microbiota and increasing SCFAs (especially, butyrate) under conventional condition. These effects in HBG-fed mice were abolished under GF conditions. Moreover, the HFB diets also increased PYY and GLP-1 secretion, and decreased food intake compared with that in HFC-fed mice. These results suggest that the beneficial metabolic effects of barley BG are primary due to the suppression of appetite and improvement of insulin sensitivity, which are induced by gut hormone secretion promoted via gut microbiota-produced SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satsuki Taira
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Kasubuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Irie
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sima P, Vannucci L, Vetvicka V. β-glucans and cholesterol (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1799-1808. [PMID: 29393350 PMCID: PMC5810204 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of primary risk factors of cardiovascular disease, together with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes. Although progress has been made, the search for novel methods of preventing and treating dyslipidemia is ongoing and current therapies for cardiovascular disease induce various side effects. β-glucans are linear unbranched polysaccharides found in various natural sources, such as mushrooms. Due to their structure they are able to interact with innate immunity receptors, however they also act as dietary fibers in the digestive tract. As there are two forms of β-glucans, insoluble and soluble forms, they are able to interact with lipids and biliary salts in the bowel and consequently reduce cholesterol levels. Therefore, they may be developed as a suitable therapeutic option to treat patients with dyslipidemia, as they are natural molecules that do not induce any significant side effects. The current review discusses the evidence supporting the effects of β-glucans on cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sima
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of The Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Aoe S, Ichinose Y, Kohyama N, Komae K, Takahashi A, Yoshioka T, Yanagisawa T. Effects of β-Glucan Content and Pearling of Barley in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-17-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Aoe
- Department of Food Science, Otsuma Women’s University, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichinose
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Noriko Kohyama
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Kozo Komae
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Asuka Takahashi
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Toji Yoshioka
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Takashi Yanagisawa
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
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Clinical and Physiological Perspectives of β-Glucans: The Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091906. [PMID: 28872611 PMCID: PMC5618555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are a group of biologically-active fibers or polysaccharides from natural sources with proven medical significance. β-Glucans are known to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-allergic, anti-osteoporotic, and immunomodulating activities. β-Glucans are natural bioactive compounds and can be taken orally, as a food supplement, or as part of a daily diet, and are considered safe to use. The medical significance and efficiency of β-glucans are confirmed in vitro, as well as using animal- and human-based clinical studies. However, systematic study on the clinical and physiological significance of β-glucans is scarce. In this review, we not only discuss the clinical and physiological importance of β-glucans, we also compare their biological activities through the existing in vitro and animal-based in vivo studies. This review provides extensive data on the clinical study of β-glucans.
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Kelly SA, Hartley L, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Jones HM, Al-Khudairy L, Clar C, Germanò R, Lunn HR, Frost G, Rees K. Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8:CD005051. [PMID: 28836672 PMCID: PMC6484378 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005051.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence from observational studies that whole grains can have a beneficial effect on risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Earlier versions of this review found mainly short-term intervention studies. There are now longer-term randomised controlled trials (RCTs) available. This is an update and expansion of the original review conducted in 2007. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of whole grain foods or diets on total mortality, cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular risk factors (blood lipids, blood pressure) in healthy people or people who have established cardiovascular disease or related risk factors, using all eligible RCTs. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (Issue 8, 2016) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (1946 to 31 August 2016), Embase (1980 to week 35 2016), and CINAHL Plus (1937 to 31 August 2016) on 31 August 2016. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov on 5 July 2017 and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) on 6 July 2017. We checked reference lists of relevant articles and applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected RCTs assessing the effects of whole grain foods or diets containing whole grains compared to foods or diets with a similar composition, over a minimum of 12 weeks, on cardiovascular disease and related risk factors. Eligible for inclusion were healthy adults, those at increased risk of CVD, or those previously diagnosed with CVD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies. Data were extracted and quality-checked by one review author and checked by a second review author. A second review author checked the analyses. We assessed treatment effect using mean difference in a fixed-effect model and heterogeneity using the I2 statistic and the Chi2 test of heterogeneity. We assessed the overall quality of evidence using GRADE with GRADEpro software. MAIN RESULTS We included nine RCTs randomising a total of 1414 participants (age range 24 to 70; mean age 45 to 59, where reported) to whole grain versus lower whole grain or refined grain control groups. We found no studies that reported the effect of whole grain diets on total cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular events (total myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, total stroke). All included studies reported the effect of whole grain diets on risk factors for cardiovascular disease including blood lipids and blood pressure. All studies were in primary prevention populations and had an unclear or high risk of bias, and no studies had an intervention duration greater than 16 weeks.Overall, we found no difference between whole grain and control groups for total cholesterol (mean difference 0.07, 95% confidence interval -0.07 to 0.21; 6 studies (7 comparisons); 722 participants; low-quality evidence).Using GRADE, we assessed the overall quality of the available evidence on cholesterol as low. Four studies were funded by independent national and government funding bodies, while the remaining studies reported funding or partial funding by organisations with commercial interests in cereals. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence from RCTs of an effect of whole grain diets on cardiovascular outcomes or on major CVD risk factors such as blood lipids and blood pressure. Trials were at unclear or high risk of bias with small sample sizes and relatively short-term interventions, and the overall quality of the evidence was low. There is a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs with longer durations assessing cardiovascular events as well as cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Am Kelly
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 113 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0SR
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Aoe S, Ichinose Y, Kohyama N, Komae K, Takahashi A, Abe D, Yoshioka T, Yanagisawa T. Effects of high β-glucan barley on visceral fat obesity in Japanese individuals: A randomized, double-blind study. Nutrition 2017; 42:1-6. [PMID: 28870472 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether a diet in which high β-glucan barley was substituted for rice would reduce visceral fat obesity in Japanese individuals. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted with 100 Japanese individuals with waist circumference (WC) ≥85 cm for men or ≥90 cm for women and body mass index (BMI) ≥24 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a mixture of rice and either high β-glucan barley (test group, 4.4 g/d) or β-glucan-free barley (placebo group) for 12 wk. Blood samples and computed tomography scans were obtained before and after the trial. RESULTS Both groups showed decreases in body weight and BMI, and these changes were significantly greater in the test group. WC and visceral fat area (VFA) significantly decreased in both groups (VFA: -10.7 cm2 in the test group; -6.8 cm2 in the placebo group). These changes did not differ significantly between the groups. However, a subgroup analysis of participants with VFA ≥100 cm2 showed a significant decrease in the test group, and this decrease was significantly greater than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The intake of high β-glucan barley led to significant and safe reductions in VFA, body weight, BMI, and WC in individuals with visceral fat obesity with VFA ≥100 cm2. Barley high in β-glucan may contribute to preventing visceral fat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Aoe
- Department of Food Science, Otsuma Women's University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Ichinose
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriko Kohyama
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kozo Komae
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Asuka Takahashi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Daigo Abe
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Toji Yoshioka
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Takashi Yanagisawa
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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41
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Effect of barley flour addition on the physico-chemical properties of dough and structure of bread. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Schaffer-Lequart C, Lehmann U, Ross AB, Roger O, Eldridge AL, Ananta E, Bietry MF, King LR, Moroni AV, Srichuwong S, Wavreille AS, Redgwell R, Labat E, Robin F. Whole grain in manufactured foods: Current use, challenges and the way forward. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1562-1568. [PMID: 25747755 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.781012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some countries now incorporate recommendations for increased consumption of whole grain (WG) into local dietary guidelines. Cereal and pseudo-cereal grains are good sources of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, proteins, phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals. However, research shows that the large majority of consumers are still falling short of WG consumption goals. To address this, we are actively involved in research to help increase the WG content of processed foods without compromising on taste and texture. In order to ensure consumer trust, the advancement of process technologies in incorporating WG to produce tasty food has to go hand in hand with well designed clinical trials that confirm the health benefits resulting from diets rich in WG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edwin Ananta
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | - Luis R King
- a Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Emilie Labat
- b Nestlé Product Technology Centre Orbe , Orbe , Switzerland
| | - Frederic Robin
- b Nestlé Product Technology Centre Orbe , Orbe , Switzerland
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43
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Boyd L, Holley R, Storsley J, Ames N. Effect of Heat Treatments on Microbial Load and Associated Changes to β-Glucan Physicochemical Properties in Whole Grain Barley. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-16-0099-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Boyd
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rick Holley
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Nancy Ames
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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44
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Boyd L, Storsley J, Ames N. Effect of Heat Treatments on Starch Pasting, Particle Size, and Color of Whole-Grain Barley. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-16-0100-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Boyd
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Nancy Ames
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Angelino D, Cossu M, Marti A, Zanoletti M, Chiavaroli L, Brighenti F, Del Rio D, Martini D. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolic compounds in bread: a review. Food Funct 2017; 8:2368-2393. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cereal-based products, like breads, are a vehicle for bioactive compounds, including polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Angelino
- Human Nutrition Unit
- Department of Food and Drug
- University of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
| | - Marta Cossu
- Human Nutrition Unit
- Department of Food and Drug
- University of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Marti
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Milan
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Miriam Zanoletti
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences
- University of Milan
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Laura Chiavaroli
- Human Nutrition Unit
- Department of Food and Drug
- University of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Human Nutrition Unit
- Department of Food and Drug
- University of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit
- Department of Food and Drug
- University of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
| | - Daniela Martini
- Human Nutrition Unit
- Department of Food and Drug
- University of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
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Phytochemical Pharmacokinetics and Bioactivity of Oat and Barley Flour: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120813. [PMID: 27983687 PMCID: PMC5188468 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While dietary fiber plays an important role in the health benefits associated with whole grain consumption, other ingredients concentrated in the outer bran layer, including alkylresorcinols, lignans, phenolic acids, phytosterols, and tocols, may also contribute to these outcomes. To determine the acute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the major phytochemicals found in barley and oats, we conducted a randomized, three-way crossover trial in 13 healthy subjects, aged 40–70 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 27–35.9 kg/m2. After a two-day run-in period following a diet low in phytochemicals, subjects were randomized to receive muffins made with either 48 g whole oat flour, whole barley flour, or refined wheat flour plus cellulose (control), with a one-week washout period between each intervention. At the same time, an oral glucose tolerance test was administered. In addition to plasma phytochemical concentrations, glucose and insulin responses, biomarkers of antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and vascular remodeling were determined over a 24-h period. There was no significant effect on acute bioavailability or pharmacokinetics of major phytochemicals. Administered concurrently with a glucose bolus, the source of whole grains did not attenuate the post-prandial response of markers of glucoregulation and insulin sensitivity, inflammation, nor vascular remodeling compared to the refined grain control. No significant differences were observed in the bioavailability or postprandial effects between whole-oat and whole-barley compared to a refined wheat control when administered with a glucose challenge. These null results may be due, in part, to the inclusion criteria for the subjects, dose of the whole grains, and concurrent acute administration of the whole grains with the glucose bolus.
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åman P. Cholesterol-lowering effects of barley dietary fibre in humans: scientific support for a generic health claim. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD & NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17482970601057990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per åman
- Department of Food ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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48
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Hossain M, Park J, Nyachoti C, Kim I. Effects of extracted rice bran supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea score, blood profiles, and fecal microbial shedding in comparison with apramycin (antibiotic growth promoter) in weanling pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of extracted rice bran (ERB) in weanling piglets. One hundred forty weanling pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average BW of 5.70 ± 1.41 kg (21 d of age) were fed in two phases in a 6-wk experiment. Weanling pigs were allotted to diets containing 0 or 0.1 g kg−1 of ERB, and 0 or 165 mg kg−1 of apramycin according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Both apramycin and ERB supplementation increased growth efficiency (G:F) during phase 1 and overall, respectively (P < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) was increased in response to either ERB or apramycin at wk 2 and 6 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of ERB decreased total cholesterol (TC) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in diets lacking ERB at wk 6 (P < 0.05). Pigs receiving diets supplemented with apramycin reduced Escherichia coli at wk 2 and 6, and Salmonella counts at wk 6 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of ERB increased fecal Lactobacillus and reduced Salmonella counts at wk 6 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, results indicated that dietary supplementation of ERB improved performance in weanling pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Hossain
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - J.W. Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
| | - C.M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - I.H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, South Korea
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Zhang J, Xiao X, Dong Y, Xu T, Wu F. Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1 fermented barley suppresses body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4907-4917. [PMID: 27145037 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereal fermentations have shown significant potential in improvement and design of the nutritional quality and health effects of foods and ingredients. In the present study, the effect of supplementary Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1 fermented barley (LFB) on obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats was investigated. RESULTS LFB treatment showed a lower rate of increase in body weight and percentage of body fat and a reversal of HFD-induced glucose intolerance, with ameliorated hyperinsulinemia, decreased levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol, and inhibited concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, LFB treatment also showed the strongest inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-kB activation and exhibited the greatest effects in blocking the degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kB and inhibiting p38 and JNK1 phosphorylation compared with HFD and raw barley treatment. CONCLUSIONS It was clear that Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1 fermentation significantly improves the anti-obesity properties of barley. The results establish the foundation for ameliorating diet-induced obesity of product with LFB as nutritional supplements. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Tian Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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50
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Effect of nopales ( Opuntia spp.) on lipoprotein profile and oxidative stress among moderately hypercholesterolemic adults: A pilot study. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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