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de Souza SDNG, Batista DM, Quaresma AC, Costa AL, Demarchi LO, Albuquerque BW, Klein VP, Feitoza G, Resende AF, Mori GB, Wittmann F, Oliveira LL, Mortati AF, da Cunha AC, Schongart J, Lopes A, Piedade MTF, André T. Soil flooding filters evolutionary lineages of tree communities in Amazonian riparian forests. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11635. [PMID: 39050660 PMCID: PMC11266118 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inundations in Amazonian black-water river floodplain result in the selection of different tree lineages, thus promoting coexistence between species. We investigated whether Amazonian tree communities are phylogenetically structured and distributed along a flooding gradient from irregularly flooded forests along streams embedded within upland (terra-firme) forest to seasonally flooded floodplains of large rivers (igapós). Floristic inventories and hydrological monitoring were performed along the Falsino River, a black-water river in the eastern Amazon within the Amapá National Forest. We constructed a presence-and-absence matrix and generated a phylogeny using the vascular plant database available in GenBank. We calculated the standardized values of the metrics of phylogenetic diversity (ses.PD), average phylogenetic distance (ses.MPD), and average nearest-neighbor distance (ses.MNTD) to test whether the history of relationships between species in the community is influenced by inundation. We used the phylogenetic endemism (PE) metric to verify the existence of taxa with restricted distribution. Linear regressions were used to test whether phylogenetic metrics have a significant relationship with the variables: maximum flood height, maximum water table depth, and maximum flood amplitude. The results show that forests subject to prolonged seasonal flooding have reduced taxon richness, low phylogenetic diversity, and random distribution of lineages within communities. On the other hand, terra-firme riparian forests showed higher rates of taxon richness, diversity, and phylogenetic dispersion, in addition to greater phylogenetic endemism. These results indicate that seasonal and predictable soil flooding filters tree lineages along the hydrographic gradient. Different adaptations to root waterlogging are likely requirements for colonization in these environments and may represent an important factor in the diversification of tree lineages in the Amazon biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sthefanie do Nascimento Gomes de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in EcologyNational Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | | | - Adriano Costa Quaresma
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
- Institute of Technology (KIT)KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ana Luiza Costa
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Layon Oreste Demarchi
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Bianca Weiss Albuquerque
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Viviane Pagnussat Klein
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Gildo Feitoza
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Angélica Farias Resende
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
- Forest Sciences Department, ESALQ/USPUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Gisele Biem Mori
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | | | - Leidiane Leão Oliveira
- Institute of Water Sciences and TechnologyFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
| | | | | | - Jochen Schongart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Aline Lopes
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
- Researcher at the Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation (ICETI)MaringáBrazil
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group)National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)ManausBrazil
| | - Thiago André
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological SciencesUniversity of BrasíliaBrasíliaBrazil
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Palma-Silva C, Mortati AF, Chaves CJN, Simões Santos Leal B, Ribeiro RV, Pinheiro F, Ferro M, Riaño-Pachón DM, de Mattos JS, Tavares MM, Aecyo P, da Costa Cacossi T, Schöngart J, Piedade MTF, André T. Ecological transcriptomics reveals stress response pathways of a ground-herb species in a waterlogging gradient of Amazonian riparian forests. Mol Ecol 2024:e17437. [PMID: 38887167 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Environmental stress is a fundamental facet of life and a significant driver of natural selection in the wild. Gene expression diversity may facilitate adaptation to environmental changes, without necessary genetic change, but its role in adaptive divergence remains largely understudied in Neotropical systems. In Amazonian riparian forests, species distribution is predominantly influenced by species' waterlogging tolerance. The flooding gradient delineates distinct wetland forest types, shaping habitats and species characteristics. Here we investigated the molecular basis of environmental stress response in a tropical ground-herb species (Ischnosiphon puberulus) to environmental variation in Amazonian riparian forests. We compared environmental variables and gene expression profiles from individuals collected in two forest types: Igapó and Terra firme in the Amazonian riparian forests. Predictable seasonal flooding poses a significant challenge in Igapó compared to Terra firme environments, with the former presenting higher water column height and longer flooding duration. Our findings suggest that contrasting environmental conditions related to flooding regimes are important drivers of population genetic differentiation and differential gene expression in I. puberulus. Enriched gene ontology terms highlight associations with environmental stresses, such as defence response, water transport, phosphorylation, root development, response to auxin, salicylic acid and oxidative stress. By uncovering key environmental stress response pathways conserved across populations, I. puberulus offers novel genetic insights into the molecular basis of plant reactions to environmental constraints found in flooded areas of this highly biodiverse neotropical ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Palma-Silva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda F Mortati
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cleber Juliano Neves Chaves
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Simões Santos Leal
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Vale Institute of Technology Sustainable Development, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology-Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ferro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego M Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratory of Computational, Evolutionary, and Systems Biology, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Salvi de Mattos
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Manupella Tavares
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Aecyo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tami da Costa Cacossi
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomics of Neotropical Plants, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group), National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Research Group), National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Thiago André
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
- Botany Department, Institute of Biological Sciences; Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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3
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Guo J, Xue J, Yin Y, Pedersen O, Hua J. Response of underwater photosynthesis to light, CO 2, temperature, and submergence time of Taxodium distichum, a flood-tolerant tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355729. [PMID: 38567140 PMCID: PMC10985249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Partial or complete submergence of trees can occur in natural wetlands during times of high waters, but the submergence events have increased in severity and frequency over the past decades. Taxodium distichum is well-known for its waterlogging tolerance, but there are also numerous observations of this species becoming partially or complete submerged for longer periods of time. Consequently, the aims of the present study were to characterize underwater net photosynthesis (PN) and leaf anatomy of T. distichum with time of submergence. Methods We completely submerged 6 months old seedling of T. distichum and diagnosed underwater (PN), hydrophobicity, gas film thickness, Chlorophyll concentration and needles anatomy at discrete time points during a 30-day submergence event. We also constructed response curves of underwater PN to CO2, light and temperature. Results During the 30-day submergence period, no growth or formation new leaves were observed, and therefore T. distichum shows a quiescence response to submergence. The hydrophobicity of the needles declined during the submergence event resulting in complete loss of gas films. However, the Chlorophyll concentration of the needles also declined significantly, and it was there not possible to identify the main cause of the corresponding significant decline in underwater PN. Nevertheless, even after 30 days of complete submergence, the needles still retained some capacity for underwater photosynthesis under optimal light and CO2 conditions. Discussion However, to fully understand the stunning submergence tolerance of T. distichum, we propose that future research concentrate on unravelling the finer details in needle anatomy and biochemistry as these changes occur during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhui Xue
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing, China
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Matas‐Granados L, Draper FC, Cayuela L, de Aledo JG, Arellano G, Saadi CB, Baker TR, Phillips OL, Honorio Coronado EN, Ruokolainen K, García‐Villacorta R, Roucoux KH, Guèze M, Sandoval EV, Fine PVA, Amasifuen Guerra CA, Gomez RZ, Stevenson Diaz PR, Monteagudo‐Mendoza A, Martinez RV, Socolar JB, Disney M, del Aguila Pasquel J, Llampazo GF, Arenas JV, Huaymacari JR, Grandez Rios JM, Macía MJ. Understanding different dominance patterns in western Amazonian forests. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14351. [PMID: 38111128 PMCID: PMC10952671 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥2.5 cm diameter, 2609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Although the abundance-occupancy relationship is positive for the full dataset, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade-off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unravelling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matas‐Granados
- Departamento de Biología, Área de BotánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC‐UAM)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Frederick C. Draper
- School of Geography and PlanningUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Luis Cayuela
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química InorgánicaUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos, MóstolesMadridSpain
| | - Julia G. de Aledo
- Departamento de Biología, Área de BotánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC‐UAM)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química InorgánicaUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos, MóstolesMadridSpain
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Oikobit LLC, www.oikobit.comAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Celina Ben Saadi
- Departamento de Biología, Área de BotánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | | | | | | | | | - Roosevelt García‐Villacorta
- Programa Restauración de Ecosistemas (PRE)Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica (CINCIA)Puerto MaldonadoTambopata, Madre de DiosPeru
- Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC)IquitosLoretoPeru
| | - Katherine H. Roucoux
- School of Geography & Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | | | | | - Paul V. A. Fine
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra
- Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM)ChachapoyasPeru
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathias Disney
- Department of GeographyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jhon del Aguila Pasquel
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía PeruanaIquitosPeru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia PeruanaIquitosPeru
| | | | - Jim Vega Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional de la Amazonía PeruanaIquitosPeru
| | | | | | - Manuel J. Macía
- Departamento de Biología, Área de BotánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC‐UAM)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
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Fleischmann AS, Laipelt L, Papa F, Paiva RCDD, de Andrade BC, Collischonn W, Biudes MS, Kayser R, Prigent C, Cosio E, Machado NG, Ruhoff A. Patterns and drivers of evapotranspiration in South American wetlands. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6656. [PMID: 37863899 PMCID: PMC10589351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key process linking surface and atmospheric energy budgets, yet its drivers and patterns across wetlandscapes are poorly understood worldwide. Here we assess the ET dynamics in 12 wetland complexes across South America, revealing major differences under temperate, tropical, and equatorial climates. While net radiation is a dominant driver of ET seasonality in most environments, flooding also contributes strongly to ET in tropical and equatorial wetlands, especially in meeting the evaporative demand. Moreover, significant water losses through wetlands and ET differences between wetlands and uplands occur in temperate, more water-limited environments and in highly flooded areas such as the Pantanal, where slow river flood propagation drives the ET dynamics. Finally, floodplain forests produce the greatest ET in all environments except the Amazon River floodplains, where upland forests sustain high rates year round. Our findings highlight the unique hydrological functioning and ecosystem services provided by wetlands on a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Santos Fleischmann
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil.
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Laipelt
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrice Papa
- Université de Toulouse, LEGOS (IRD, CNRS, CNES, UPS), Toulouse, France
- Universidade de Brasília (UnB), IRD, Instituto de Geociências, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Comini de Andrade
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Collischonn
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Kayser
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Eric Cosio
- Instituto para la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Anderson Ruhoff
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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6
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Wen JH, Li BY, Xiao HY, Gong CY, Gao AG, Wang YH, Li DL, Zeng HY, Li YZ, Yuan GX, Fu H, Wu AP. Floating Mat Formation Makes Zizania latifolia More Competitive under the Conditions of Continuous Significant Water Level Rise. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1193. [PMID: 36904053 PMCID: PMC10007199 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water level rise is considered an environmental filter for the growth and reproduction of aquatic plants in lakes. Some emergent macrophytes can form floating mats, enabling them to escape from the negative effects of deep water. However, an understanding of which species can be uprooted and form floating mats easily and what factors affect these tendencies remains greatly elusive. We conducted an experiment to determine whether the monodominance of Zizania latifolia in the emergent vegetation community in Lake Erhai was related to its floating mat formation ability and to try to find the reasons for its floating mat formation ability during the continuous increase in water level over the past few decades. Our results showed that both the frequency and biomass proportion of Z. latifolia were greater among the plants on the floating mats. Furthermore, Z. latifolia was more likely to be uprooted than the other three previously dominant emergent species due to its smaller angle between the plant and the horizontal plane, rather than the root:shoot or volume:mass ratios. The dominance of Z. latifolia in the emergent community in Lake Erhai is due to its easier ability to become uprooted, allowing it to outperform other emergent species and become the single dominant emergent species under the environmental filter of deep water. The ability to uproot and form floating mats may be a competitive survival strategy for emergent species under the conditions of continuous significant water level rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hui Wen
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bing-Yao Li
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hong-Yu Xiao
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Cai-Ying Gong
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - An-Guo Gao
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - De-Liang Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | | | - You-Zhi Li
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Yuan
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wu
- Ecology Department, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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7
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Ribeiro IM, Vinson CC, Coca GC, Ferreira CDS, Franco AC, Williams TCR. Differences in the metabolic and functional mechanisms used to tolerate flooding in Guazuma ulmifolia (Lam.) from flood-prone Amazonian and dry Cerrado savanna populations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2116-2132. [PMID: 35640151 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flood tolerance is crucial to the survival of tree species subject to long periods of flooding, such as those present in the Amazonian várzea. Tolerance can be mediated by adjustments of metabolism, physiology and morphology, reinforcing the need to investigate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms used by tropical tree species to survive this stress. Moreover, such mechanisms may vary between populations that are subjected to differences in the frequency of flooding events. Here, we aimed to identify the mechanisms used by two populations of the tropical tree Guazuma ulmifolia (Lam.) to tolerate flooding: an Amazonian population frequently exposed to flooding and a Cerrado population, adapted to a dry environment. Young plants were subjected to a flooding of the roots and lower stem for 32 days, followed by 17 days of recovery. Amazonian plants exhibited greater increases in shoot length and higher maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) compared with non-flooded plants from 7 days of flooding onwards, whereas increased Amax occurred later in flooded Cerrado plants and was not accompanied by increased shoot length. Lactate accumulated in roots of Cerrado plants after 24 h flooding, together with transcripts coding for lactate dehydrogenase in roots of both Cerrado and Amazonian plants. After 7 days of flooding, lactate decreased and alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased transiently, together with concentrations of alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid and succinate, indicating activation of metabolic processes associated with low oxygen availability. Other amino acids also increased in flooded Cerrado plants, revealing more extensive metabolic changes than in Amazonian plants. Wetland and dryland populations of G. ulmifolia revealed the great capacity to tolerate flooding stress through a suite of alterations in photosynthetic gas exchange and metabolism. However, the integrated physiological, biochemical and molecular analyses realized here indicated that wetland plants acclimatized more efficiently with increased shoot elongation and more rapid restoration of normal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora M Ribeiro
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Christina C Vinson
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Coca
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane da S Ferreira
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Augusto C Franco
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil
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8
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Gauci V, Figueiredo V, Gedney N, Pangala SR, Stauffer T, Weedon GP, Enrich-Prast A. Non-flooded riparian Amazon trees are a regionally significant methane source. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200446. [PMID: 34865530 PMCID: PMC8646147 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inundation-adapted trees were recently established as the dominant egress pathway for soil-produced methane (CH4) in forested wetlands. This raises the possibility that CH4 produced deep within the soil column can vent to the atmosphere via tree roots even when the water table (WT) is below the surface. If correct, this would challenge modelling efforts where inundation often defines the spatial extent of ecosystem CH4 production and emission. Here, we examine CH4 exchange on tree, soil and aquatic surfaces in forest experiencing a dynamic WT at three floodplain locations spanning the Amazon basin at four hydrologically distinct times from April 2017 to January 2018. Tree stem emissions were orders of magnitude larger than from soil or aquatic surface emissions and exhibited a strong relationship to WT depth below the surface (less than 0). We estimate that Amazon riparian floodplain margins with a WT < 0 contribute 2.2-3.6 Tg CH4 yr-1 to the atmosphere in addition to inundated tree emissions of approximately 12.7-21.1 Tg CH4 yr-1. Applying our approach to all tropical wetland broad-leaf trees yields an estimated non-flooded floodplain tree flux of 6.4 Tg CH4 yr-1 which, at 17% of the flooded tropical tree flux of approximately 37.1 Tg CH4 yr-1, demonstrates the importance of these ecosystems in extending the effective CH4 emitting area beyond flooded lands. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gauci
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Viviane Figueiredo
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicola Gedney
- Met Office Hadley Centre, JCHMR, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Sunitha Rao Pangala
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Tainá Stauffer
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Graham P. Weedon
- Met Office Hadley Centre, JCHMR, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biogas Research Center and Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linkoping SE-581 83, Sweden
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Castro-Sa MJ, Dias-Silva RH, Barnett AA. Where to go when all options are terrible: ranging behavior of brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) in central Amazonian flooded igapó forests. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ranging behaviors performed by animals are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. For herbivorous mammals, seasonality in forage production is considered to be the main driver of movement patterns. Here, we investigated the home range and movement of one of the most abundant herbivores in the Americas and their relationship with plant phenology in an Amazon igapó — a seasonally flooded riverine forest with strongly pulsed leaf production phenology. Using a combination of telemetry and phenological analysis, the study recorded movement patterns of five brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) over a 6-month period and related these to seasonal and within-forest differences in food availability through monitoring young leaf production of 570 trees. All monitored animals were shown to be permanently resident within the igapó flooded forest, maintaining their home range even during flood periods when most trees lacked leaves. We found that seasonal variation in leaf production had no effect on the extent of displacement of the sloths. Accordingly, for herbivores with low metabolism, variation in young leaf availability may not be the main driver of their ranging behavior. In addition, an arboreal habit and well-developed swimming capacity allow igapó sloths to occupy a niche ecologically inaccessible to other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus J. Castro-Sa
- Ecology Post-graduate Program, National Amazon Research Institute, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Renann H.P. Dias-Silva
- Zoology Post-graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Gal. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Sector South Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adrian A. Barnett
- Amazon Mammals Research Group, National Amazon Research Institute, Avenida André Araújo, 2.936 - Petrópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Zoology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Structure and Composition of Terra Firme and Seasonally Flooded Várzea Forests in the Western Brazilian Amazon. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Rare, or sparsely distributed, species drive the floristic diversity of upland, terra firme and seasonally flooded forests in the central Juruá—a remote and hitherto floristically poorly known area in the Brazilian Amazon. Background and Objectives: Floristic inventories are critical for modelling and understanding the role of Amazonian forests in climate regulation, for sustainable management of forest resources and efficient conservation planning. Yet, detailed information about the often complex spatial distributions of many Amazonian woody plants is limited. Here, we provide information about forest structure and species composition from a remote terra firme forest and an adjacent floodplain forest in the western Brazilian Amazon. More specifically, we ask (1) how floristically different are the terra firme and floodplain forests? and (2) how variable is species composition within the same forest type? Materials and Methods: Between September 2016 and October 2017, we inventoried 97 plots (each 0.1 ha; 100 × 10 m) placed at least 800 m apart, with 46 plots in terra firme forest and 51 in seasonally flooded forest. We included all trees, hemi-epiphytes and palms with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 10 cm and woody lianas > 5 cm dbh. We examine forest structure, family- and species-level floristic composition and species diversity within and between forest types using family and species importance values, rarefaction curves and dissimilarity matrices. Results: Terra firme forest and seasonally flooded forest woody plant communities differ both in structure and species composition, which was highly variable within forest types. Many species were shared between terra firme and seasonally flooded forests, but most species were forest type-specific. Whereas species richness was greatest in the terra firme forest, floodplain species richness was among the highest regionally. Conclusions: Floodplain forests are a crucial complement to terra firme forests in terms of Amazonian woody plant diversity.
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Resende AF, Piedade MTF, Feitosa YO, Andrade VHF, Trumbore SE, Durgante FM, Macedo MO, Schöngart J. Flood-pulse disturbances as a threat for long-living Amazonian trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1790-1803. [PMID: 32557686 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The long-lived tree species Eschweilera tenuifolia (O. Berg) Miers is characteristic of oligotrophic Amazonian black-water floodplain forests (igapó), seasonally inundated up to 10 months per year, often forming monodominant stands. We investigated E. tenuifolia' growth and mortality patterns in undisturbed (Jaú National Park - JNP) and disturbed igapós (Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve - USDR, downstream of the Balbina hydroelectric dam). We analysed age-diameter relationships, basal area increment (BAI) through 5-cm diameter classes, growth changes and growth ratios preceding death, BAI clustering, BAI ratio, and dated the individual year of death (14 C). Growth and mortality patterns were then related to climatic or anthropogenic disturbances. Results were similar for both populations for estimated maximum ages (JNP, 466 yr; USDR, 498 yr, except for one USDR tree with an estimated age of 820 yr) and slightly different for mean diameter increment (JNP: 2.04 mm; USDR: 2.28 mm). Living trees from JNP showed altered growth post-1975 and sparse tree mortality occurred at various times, possibly induced by extreme hydroclimatic events. In contrast with the JNP, abrupt growth changes and massive mortality occurred in the USDR after the dam construction began (1983). Even more than 30 yr after dam construction, flood-pulse alteration continues to affect both growth and mortality of E. tenuifolia. Besides its vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances, this species is also susceptible to long-lasting dry and wet periods induced by climatic events, the combination of both processes may cause its local and regional extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica F Resende
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Maria T F Piedade
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Yuri O Feitosa
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo F Andrade
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Flávia M Durgante
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, 76437, Germany
| | - Maíra O Macedo
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics (CODAM) & Botany Graduate Program, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Av. André Araújo 2936, Petropolis, Manaus, 69067-375, Brazil
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van Zonneveld M, Turmel MS, Hellin J. Decision-Making to Diversify Farm Systems for Climate Change Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Kohagura TDC, Souza EBD, Bao F, Ferreira FA, Pott A. Flood and fire affect the soil seed bank of riparian forest in the Pantanal wetland. RODRIGUÉSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Flood and fire can harm plants but they can have survival strategies, such as the seed bank. We aimed to determine the influence of fire and flood on the richness, abundance and diversity of the seed bank. Sampling was carried out in October/2013, year of prolonged drought, and October/2014, year of a heavy flood, in ten areas along the Paraguay River. The areas were selected in satellite images, five with old burn (2010, three years before sampling) and five with recent burn (2013, three months before sampling). In each area, we marked a 20 m long transect with ten 20 × 20 cm quadrats where we collected 5 cm deep topsoil samples, five with and five without litter. Seed bank richness and abundance were determined by seedling emergence. Old burn areas presented greater abundance than recent burn. The drier year presented greater abundance, richness and diversity than flood year. Removal of litter reduced the richness only in the wetter year. There was no difference in richness in the drier year. The removal of the litter did not affect the abundance and diversity. Interaction between fire and flood did not affect richness, abundance and diversity of the seed bank.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arnildo Pott
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Brazil
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14
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Rocha Duarte Neves J, Fernandez Piedade MT, Faria de Resende A, Oliveira Feitosa Y, Schöngart J. Impact of climatic and hydrological disturbances on blackwater floodplain forests in Central Amazonia. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rocha Duarte Neves
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchGraduate Program in Climate and Environment Manaus Brazil
- Centro de Formação em Tecno‐Ciências e InovaçãoUFSB—Federal University of Southern Bahia Ilhéus Brazil
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchEcology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Group)Manaus Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchEcology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Group)Manaus Brazil
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchGraduate Program in Botany Manaus Brazil
| | - Angélica Faria de Resende
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchEcology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Group)Manaus Brazil
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchGraduate Program in Botany Manaus Brazil
| | - Yuri Oliveira Feitosa
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchEcology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Group)Manaus Brazil
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchGraduate Program in Botany Manaus Brazil
| | - Jochen Schöngart
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchGraduate Program in Climate and Environment Manaus Brazil
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchEcology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA Group)Manaus Brazil
- INPA—National Institute for Amazon ResearchGraduate Program in Botany Manaus Brazil
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15
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Different degrees of water-related stress affect evolutionary diversity in a seasonally dry biome. Oecologia 2019; 189:795-802. [PMID: 30798355 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental gradients play a key role in shaping diversity in tropical forests. However, we have a little understanding of how evolutionary diversity is affected by gradients and the role of niche persistence in flooded forests in dry biomes. Here, we assessed the evolutionary diversity across a flooding gradient in the Caatinga Domain of South America. We established 120 plots across four tributaries of the São Francisco River, eastern Brazil, consisting of 72 plots in flooded, 24 in occasionally flooded, and 24 in unflooded forests. We computed richness, phylogenetic diversity (PD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), and mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (MPD) and their standardized effect sizes (ses.PD, ses.MNTD, and ses.MPD). We found low richness, low PD, and high MNTD values in flooded forests relative to unflooded and occasionally flooded forests. MPD did not differ across the flooding gradient. The standardized effect size metrics were higher in flooded forests. Despite the unflooded and occasionally flooded forests being rich in terms of species and correlated phylogenetic structure, flooded forests showed more lineage diversity than expected by chance. We assessed whether this pattern could be driven by resprouting ability testing its phylogenetic signal. Resprouting is randomly distributed across phylogeny, but plant communities are likely assembled from random draws of the resprouters' lineage pool. Quantifying evolutionary diversity across flooding gradients in dry environments brought new insights to how the same environmental filters may lead to disparate patterns of evolutionary diversity and the role of response traits in allowing certain clades to persist in flooded habitats.
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Pires HRA, Franco AC, Piedade MTF, Scudeller VV, Kruijt B, Ferreira CS. Flood tolerance in two tree species that inhabit both the Amazonian floodplain and the dry Cerrado savanna of Brazil. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply065. [PMID: 30455860 PMCID: PMC6236422 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comparing plants of the same species thriving in flooded and non-flooded ecosystems helps to clarify the interplay between natural selection, phenotypic plasticity and stress adaptation. We focussed on responses of seeds and seedlings of Genipa americana and Guazuma ulmifolia to substrate waterlogging or total submergence. Both species are commonly found in floodplain forests of Central Amazonia and in seasonally dry savannas of Central Brazil (Cerrado). Although seeds of Amazonian and Cerrado G. americana were similar in size, the germination percentage of Cerrado seeds was decreased by submergence (3 cm water) and increased in Amazonian seeds. The seeds of Amazonian G. ulmifolia were heavier than Cerrado seeds, but germination of both types was unaffected by submergence. Three-month-old Amazonian and Cerrado seedlings of both species survived 30 days of waterlogging or submersion despite suffering significant inhibition in biomass especially if submerged. Shoot elongation was also arrested. Submersion triggered chlorosis and leaf abscission in Amazonian and Cerrado G. ulmifolia while waterlogging did so only in Cerrado seedlings. During 30 days of re-exposure to non-flooded conditions, G. ulmifolia plants that lost their leaves produced a replacement flush. However, they attained only half the plant dry mass of non-flooded plants. Both submerged and waterlogged G. americana retained their leaves. Consequently, plant dry mass after 30 days recovery was less depressed by these stresses than in G. ulmifolia. Small amounts of cortical aerenchyma were found in roots 2 cm from the tip of well-drained plants. The amount was increased by flooding. Waterlogging but not submergence promoted hypertrophy of lenticels at the stem base of both species and adventitious rooting in G. ulmifolia. Despite some loss of performance in dryland plants, flood tolerance traits were present in wetland and dryland populations of both species. They are part of an overall stress-response potential that permits flexible acclimation to locally flooded conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bart Kruijt
- Wageningen Environmental Research (ALTERRA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Izzo TJ, Fernandez Piedade MT, Dáttilo W. Postponing the production of ant domatia as a strategy promoting an escape from flooding in an Amazonian myrmecophyte. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:985-991. [PMID: 29878049 PMCID: PMC6266100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Even when adapted to flooding environments, the spatial distribution, growing strategies and anti-herbivore defences of plants face stressful conditions. Here we describe the effects of flooding on carbon allocation on growth, domatia and leaf production, and the herbivory on the myrmecophyte domatia-bearing Tococa coronata Benth. (Melastomataceae) growing along river banks in the Amazon region. Methods In an area of 80 000 m2 of riparian forest along the Juruena River we actively searched for individuals of T. coronata. In each plant we evaluated the size of the plant when producing the first domatium and determined its best predictor: (1) plant total height; (2) size of plants above flood level; or (3) length of time each plant spent underwater. We also compared the herbivory, internode elongation, foliar asymmetry and specific leaf weight between T. coronata individuals growing above and below the maximum flooding level. The distance to the river and the height of the first domatium produced were compared between T. coronata and its sympatric congener, T. bulifera. Key Results We found that T. coronata invests in rapid growth in the early ontogenetic stages through an elongation of internodes rather than in constitutive anti-herbivore defences to leaves or domatia to exceed the maximum flooding level. Consequently, its leaf herbivory was higher when compared with those produced above the flooding level. Individuals with leaves above flood levels produce coriaceous leaves and ant-domatias. Thus, flooding seems to trigger changes in growth strategies of the species. Furthermore, T. coronata occurs within the flood level, whereas its congener T. bullifera invariably occurs at sites unreachable by floods. Conclusion Even in conditions of high stress, T. coronata presents both physiological and adaptive strategies that allow for colonization and establishment within flooded regions. These mechanisms involve an extreme trade-off of postponing adult plant characteristics to rapid growth to escape flooding while minimizing carbon allocation to defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago J Izzo
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, CEP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Departamento de Biologia Aquática e Limnologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP, Brazil
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Lei S, Zeng B, Xu S, Zhang X. Response of basal metabolic rate to complete submergence of riparian species Salix variegata in the Three Gorges reservoir region. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13885. [PMID: 29066737 PMCID: PMC5654956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One-year old seedlings of Salix variegata (submergence-tolerant) and Cinnamomum camphora (submergence-intolerant) were selected and subjected to complete submergence (2 m) for 1, 5, 10, and 20 days, to elucidate the submergence- tolerance mechanism of S. variegata in the Three Gorges reservoir region. The basal CO2 emission ratios (BCERs) and O2 consumption rates (OCRs) of leaf, stem, and root were determined. The basal O2 consumption rates (BOCRs) were calculated from the OCRs of different parts and their biomass allocations and used for evaluating the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of species with BCERs. The results showed that: (1) The BCERs of both species responded to flooding similarly, and no significant differences occurred between the submerged S. variegata (SS) and the submerged C. camphora (SC) seedlings, and between the control S. variegata (CS) and the control C. camphora (CC) seedlings. (2) The BOCRs of SS were significantly lower than those of SC on days 1 and 20, while no significant differences occurred between CS and CC for every duration. Therefore, the BMRs, evaluated from BOCRs rather than from BCERs, were related to submergence-tolerance of species, and the response of BMR to submergence would contribute to the survival of S. variegata seedlings under flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Lei
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Shaojun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Bustos-Salazar A, Smith-Ramírez C, Zúñiga-Feest A, Alves F, Ivanovich R. Which seed origin provides better tolerance to flooding and drought when restoring to face climate change? AUSTRAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bustos-Salazar
- Escuela de Graduados; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR ); Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Cecilia Smith-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad; Universidad de Los Lagos; Av. Fuchslocher 1305 Osorno
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad-Chile (IEB); Valdivia Chile
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Alejandra Zúñiga-Feest
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Fernanda Alves
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ivanovich
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
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Growth and Physiological Adaptation of Salix matsudana Koidz. to Periodic Submergence in the Hydro-Fluctuation Zone of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir of China. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8080283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Landsat-based analysis of mega dam flooding impacts in the Amazon compared to associated environmental impact assessments: Upper Madeira River example 2006–2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rsase.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zúñiga-Feest A, Bustos-Salazar A, Alves F, Martinez V, Smith-Ramírez C. Physiological and morphological responses to permanent and intermittent waterlogging in seedlings of four evergreen trees of temperate swamp forests. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:779-789. [PMID: 28338952 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging decreases a plant's metabolism, stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (A); however, some evergreen species show acclimation to waterlogging. By studying both the physiological and morphological responses to waterlogging, the objective of this study was to assess the acclimation capacity of four swamp forest species that reside in different microhabitats. We proposed that species (Luma apiculata [D.C.] Burret. and Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Forster.) abundant in seasonally and intermittently waterlogged areas (SIWA) would have a higher acclimation capacity than species abundant in the inner swamp (Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii [H et A.] Mied. and Myrceugenia exsucca [D.C.] Berg.) where permanent waterlogging occurs (PWA); it was expected that the species from SIWA would maintain leaf expansion and gas exchange rates during intermittent waterlogging treatments. Conversely, we expected that PWA species would have higher constitutive waterlogging tolerance, and this would be reflected in the formation of lenticels and adventitious roots. Over the course of 2 months, we subjected seedlings to different waterlogging treatments: (i) permanent (sudden, SW), (ii) intermittent (gradual) or (iii) control (field capacity, C). Survival after waterlogging was high (≥80%) for all species and treatments, and only the growth rate of D. winteri subjected to SW was affected. Drimys winteri plants had low, but constant A and g during both waterlogging treatments. Conversely, L. apiculata had the highest A and g values, and g increased significantly during the first several days of waterlogging. In general, seedlings of all species subjected to waterlogging produced more adventitious roots and fully expanded leaves and had higher specific leaf area (SLA) and stomatal density (StD) than seedlings in the C treatment. From the results gathered here, we partially accept our hypothesis as all species showed high tolerance to waterlogging, maintained growth, and had increased A or g during different time points of waterlogging. Differences in leaf (SLA) and stomata functioning (gs, StD) plasticity likely allows plants to maintain positive carbon gains when waterlogging occurs. The species-specific differences found here were not entirely related to microhabitat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Zúñiga-Feest
- Laboratorio de Biología vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de investigaciones en Suelo volcánicos, CISVo, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Angela Bustos-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Biología vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y Resiliencia (CR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Alves
- Laboratorio de Biología vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia , Chile
| | - Vanessa Martinez
- Laboratorio de Biología vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia , Chile
| | - Cecilia Smith-Ramírez
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Bosques y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Wittmann F, Marques MCM, Damasceno Júnior G, Budke JC, Piedade MTF, de Oliveira Wittmann A, Montero JC, de Assis RL, Targhetta N, Parolin P, Junk WJ, Householder JE. The Brazilian freshwater wetscape: Changes in tree community diversity and composition on climatic and geographic gradients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175003. [PMID: 28394937 PMCID: PMC5386251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wetlands harbor an important compliment of regional plant diversity, but in many regions data on wetland diversity and composition is still lacking, thus hindering our understanding of the processes that control it. While patterns of broad-scale terrestrial diversity and composition typically correlate with contemporary climate it is not clear to what extent patterns in wetlands are complimentary, or conflicting. To elucidate this, we consolidate data from wetland forest inventories in Brazil and examine patterns of diversity and composition along temperature and rainfall gradients spanning five biomes. We collated 196 floristic inventories covering an area >220 ha and including >260,000 woody individuals. We detected a total of 2,453 tree species, with the Amazon alone accounting for nearly half. Compositional patterns indicated differences in freshwater wetland floras among Brazilian biomes, although biomes with drier, more seasonal climates tended to have a larger proportion of more widely distributed species. Maximal alpha diversity increased with annual temperature, rainfall, and decreasing seasonality, patterns broadly consistent with upland vegetation communities. However, alpha diversity-climate relationships were only revealed at higher diversity values associated with the uppermost quantiles, and in most sites diversity varied irrespective of climate. Likewise, mean biome-level differences in alpha-diversity were unexpectedly modest, even in comparisons of savanna-area wetlands to those of nearby forested regions. We describe attenuated wetland climate-diversity relationships as a shifting balance of local and regional effects on species recruitment. Locally, excessive waterlogging strongly filters species able to colonize from regional pools. On the other hand, increased water availability can accommodate a rich community of drought-sensitive immigrant species that are able to track buffered wetland microclimates. We argue that environmental conditions in many wetlands are not homogeneous with respect to regional climate, and that responses of wetland tree communities to future climate change may lag behind that of non-wetland, terrestrial habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wittmann
- Department of Floodplain Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- MAUA Working Group, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jean Carlos Budke
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria T. F. Piedade
- MAUA Working Group, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Carlos Montero
- Confederación de Pueblos Indígenas de Bolivia, Gobernanza de Recursos Naturales, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Rafael L. de Assis
- MAUA Working Group, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Natália Targhetta
- MAUA Working Group, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Pia Parolin
- University of Hamburg, Biocentre Klein Flottbek, Department of Plant Diversity, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - J. Ethan Householder
- Department of Floodplain Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
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Aldana AM, Carlucci MB, Fine PVA, Stevenson PR. Environmental filtering of eudicot lineages underlies phylogenetic clustering in tropical South American flooded forests. Oecologia 2016; 183:327-335. [PMID: 27665543 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic community assembly approach has been used to elucidate the role of ecological and historical processes in shaping tropical tree communities. Recent studies have shown that stressful environments, such as seasonally dry, white-sand and flooded forests tend to be phylogenetically clustered, arguing for niche conservatism as the main driver for this pattern. Very few studies have attempted to identify the lineages that contribute to such assembly patterns. We aimed to improve our understanding of the assembly of flooded forest tree communities in Northern South America by asking the following questions: are seasonally flooded forests phylogenetically clustered? If so, which angiosperm lineages are over-represented in seasonally flooded forests? To assess our hypotheses, we investigated seasonally flooded and terra firme forests from the Magdalena, Orinoco and Amazon Basins, in Colombia. Our results show that, regardless of the river basin in which they are located, seasonally flooded forests of Northern South America tend to be phylogenetically clustered, which means that the more abundant taxa in these forests are more closely related to each other than expected by chance. Based on our alpha and beta phylodiversity analyses we interpret that eudicots are more likely to adapt to extreme environments such as seasonally flooded forests, which indicates the importance of environmental filtering in the assembly of the Neotropical flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Aldana
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Marcos B Carlucci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Pablo R Stevenson
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Arruda WDS, Oldeland J, Paranhos Filho AC, Pott A, Cunha NL, Ishii IH, Damasceno-Junior GA. Inundation and Fire Shape the Structure of Riparian Forests in the Pantanal, Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156825. [PMID: 27280879 PMCID: PMC4900580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inundation and fire can affect the structure of riparian vegetation in wetlands. Our aim was to verify if there are differences in richness, abundance, basal area, composition and topographic preference of woody species in riparian forests related to the fire history, flooding duration, or the interaction between both. The study was conducted in the riparian forests of the Paraguay River some of which were burned three times between 2001 and 2011. We sampled trees with a girth of at least 5 cm at breast height in 150 5 × 10 m plots (79 burned and 71 unburned). We also measured height of the flood mark and estimated the flooding duration of each plot. We performed Generalized Linear Mixed Models to verify differences in richness, basal area, and abundance of individuals associated to interaction of fire and inundation. We used an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and indicator species analysis to identify differences in composition of species and the association with burned and unburned area according to different levels of inundation. Finally, we used a hierarchical set of Generalized Linear Models (GLM), the so-called HOF models, to analyse each species’ specific response to inundation based on topography and to determine their preferred optimal topographic position for both burned as well as unburned areas. Richness was positively associated with elevation only in burned areas while abundance was negatively influenced by inundation only in burned areas. Basal area was negatively associated with time of inundation independent of fire history. There were 15 species which were significant indicators for at least one combination of the studied factors. We found nine species in burned areas and 15 in unburned areas, with response curves in HOF models along the inundation gradient. From these, five species shifted their optimal position along the inundation gradient in burned areas. The interaction of fire and inundation did not appear to affect the basal area, but it did affect the richness, number of individuals, success of some species, and seemed to shape the boundary of these forests as shown by the difference in the positioning of these species along the inundation gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellinton de Sá Arruda
- Laboratório de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Jens Oldeland
- Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants (BEE) Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Conceição Paranhos Filho
- Laboratório de Geoprocessamento para Aplicações Ambientais, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Arnildo Pott
- Laboratório de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Nicolay L. Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Iria Hiromi Ishii
- Laboratório de Botânica, Campus do Pantanal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá, MS, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Alves Damasceno-Junior
- Laboratório de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants (BEE) Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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26
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Hawes JE, Peres CA. Patterns of plant phenology in Amazonian seasonally flooded and unflooded forests. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Hawes
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ U.K
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ U.K
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de Melo RB, Franco AC, Silva CO, Piedade MTF, Ferreira CS. Seed germination and seedling development in response to submergence in tree species of the Central Amazonian floodplains. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv041. [PMID: 25922297 PMCID: PMC4480040 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful germination and seedling establishment are crucial steps for maintenance and expansion of plant populations and recovery from perturbations. Every year the Amazon River and its tributaries overflow and flood the adjacent forest, exerting a strong selective pressure on traits related to seedling recruitment. We examined seed characteristics, stored reserves, germination, seedling development and survival under water of eight representative tree species from the lower portions of the flood-level gradient to identify adaptive strategies that contribute to their regeneration in this extreme ecosystem. Submerged seedlings were assessed for longevity and survival until they showed symptoms of injury. At this point, the remaining healthy seedlings were planted in unsaturated soil to monitor recovery after re-exposure to air over 30 days. All small (seed mass ≤0.17 g) seeds had epigeal phanerocotylar-type germination, a trait that would allow plants to acquire light and CO2 in the shortest time. Cell wall storage polysaccharide was a major component of all seeds, suggesting plant investment in structural reserves. Seven of the eight species germinated and formed healthy seedlings under water that endured submersion without any apparent injury for periods of 20-115 days, depending on the species. Seedlings of some species changed the direction of root growth and grew towards the surface of the water, which might have increased the uptake of oxygen to the tissues. Only one of the seven species did not survive re-exposure to air. Species able to germinate and produce seedlings under submersion, which subsequently are able to establish in aerated soils, would have more time available for terrestrial growth. This is critical for colonization of lower portions of the flood-level gradient where establishment is constrained by the short terrestrial phase that precedes the next flood.
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28
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Voesenek LACJ, Bailey-Serres J. Flood adaptive traits and processes: an overview. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:57-73. [PMID: 25580769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unanticipated flooding challenges plant growth and fitness in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we describe mechanisms of developmental plasticity and metabolic modulation that underpin adaptive traits and acclimation responses to waterlogging of root systems and submergence of aerial tissues. This includes insights into processes that enhance ventilation of submerged organs. At the intersection between metabolism and growth, submergence survival strategies have evolved involving an ethylene-driven and gibberellin-enhanced module that regulates growth of submerged organs. Opposing regulation of this pathway is facilitated by a subgroup of ethylene-response transcription factors (ERFs), which include members that require low O₂ or low nitric oxide (NO) conditions for their stabilization. These transcription factors control genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism as well as proteins that fine-tune their function in transcription and turnover. Other mechanisms that control metabolism and growth at seed, seedling and mature stages under flooding conditions are reviewed, as well as findings demonstrating that true endurance of submergence includes an ability to restore growth following the deluge. Finally, we highlight molecular insights obtained from natural variation of domesticated and wild species that occupy different hydrological niches, emphasizing the value of understanding natural flooding survival strategies in efforts to stabilize crop yields in flood-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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29
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Barnett AA, Almeida T, Andrade R, Boyle S, de Lima MG, MacLarnon A, Ross C, Silva WS, Spironello WR, Ronchi-Teles B. Ants in their plants:Pseudomyrmexants reduce primate, parrot and squirrel predation onMacrolobium acaciifolium(Fabaceae) seeds in Amazonian Brazil. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Barnett
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology; University of Roehampton; London SW15 4JD UK
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM 69067-375 Brazil
| | - Thais Almeida
- Lab. de Herpetologia; Univ. Federal do Mato Grosso; Boa Esperança MT 68060-900 Brazil
| | - Richelly Andrade
- Dept. de Química; Univ. Federal do Amazonas; Manaus AM 69077-000 Brazil
| | - Sarah Boyle
- Dept. of Biology; Rhodes College; Memphis TN 38112-1690 USA
| | - Marcelo Gonçalves de Lima
- Protected Areas Programme; United Nations Environment Program; World Conservation Monitoring Centre; 219c Huntingdon Rd. Cambridge CB3 0DL UK
| | - Ann MacLarnon
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology; University of Roehampton; London SW15 4JD UK
| | - Caroline Ross
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Environmental Anthropology; University of Roehampton; London SW15 4JD UK
| | - Welma Sousa Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia; Univ. Federal do Amazonas; Itacoatiara AM 69100-000 Brazil
| | - Wilson R. Spironello
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM 69067-375 Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ronchi-Teles
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Manaus AM 69067-375 Brazil
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Akman M, Bhikharie A, Mustroph A, Sasidharan R. Extreme flooding tolerance in Rorippa. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e27847. [PMID: 24525961 PMCID: PMC4091424 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen stress imposed by floods creates a strong selection force shaping plant ecosystems in flood-prone areas. Plants inhabiting these environments adopt various adaptations and survival strategies to cope with increasing water depths. Two Rorippa species, R. sylvestris and R. amphibia that grow in naturally flooded areas, have high submergence tolerance achieved by the so-called quiescence and escape strategies, respectively. In order to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in these strategies, we investigated submergence-induced changes in gene expression in flooded roots of Rorippa species. There was a higher induction of glycolysis and fermentation genes and faster carbohydrate reduction in R. amphibia, indicating a higher demand for energy potentially leading to faster mortality by starvation. Moreover, R. sylvestris showed induction of genes improving submergence tolerance, potentially enhancing survival in prolonged floods. Additionally, we compared transcript profiles of these 2 tolerant species to relatively intolerant Arabidopsis and found that only Rorippa species induced various inorganic pyrophosphate dependent genes, alternatives to ATP demanding pathways, thereby conserving energy, and potentially explaining the difference in flooding survival between Rorippa and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Akman
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of California; Davis, CA USA
| | - Amit Bhikharie
- Experimental Plant Systematics; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology; Institute for Environmental Biology; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Yin TF, Liu CX, Luo FL. The invasive wetland plant Alternanthera philoxeroides shows a higher tolerance to waterlogging than its native Congener Alternanthera sessilis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81456. [PMID: 24303048 PMCID: PMC3841148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant invasion is one of the major threats to natural ecosystems. Phenotypic plasticity is considered to be important for promoting plant invasiveness. High tolerance of stress can also increase survival of invasive plants in adverse habitats. Limited growth and conservation of carbohydrate are considered to increase tolerance of flooding in plants. However, few studies have examined whether invasive species shows a higher phenotypic plasticity in response to waterlogging or a higher tolerance of waterlogging (lower plasticity) than native species. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare the growth and morphological and physiological responses to waterlogging of the invasive, clonal, wetland species Alternanthera philoxeroides with those of its co-occurring, native, congeneric, clonal species Alternanthera sessilis. Plants of A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis were subjected to three treatments (control, 0 and 60 cm waterlogging). Both A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis survived all treatments. Overall growth was lower in A. philoxeroides than in A. sessilis, but waterlogging negatively affected the growth of A. philoxeroides less strongly than that of A. sessilis. Alternanthera philoxeroides thus showed less sensitivity of growth traits (lower plasticity) and higher waterlogging tolerance. Moreover, the photosynthetic capacity of A. philoxeroides was higher than that of A. sessilis during waterlogging. Alternanthera philoxeroides also had higher total non-structural and non-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than A. sessilis at the end of treatments. Our results suggest that higher tolerance to waterlogging and higher photosynthetic capacity may partly explain the invasion success of A. philoxeroides in wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tan-Feng Yin
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Liu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Li Luo
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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32
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Will RE, Wilson SM, Zou CB, Hennessey TC. Increased vapor pressure deficit due to higher temperature leads to greater transpiration and faster mortality during drought for tree seedlings common to the forest-grassland ecotone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:366-374. [PMID: 23718199 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tree species growing along the forest-grassland ecotone are near the moisture limit of their range. Small increases in temperature can increase vapor pressure deficit (VPD) which may increase tree water use and potentially hasten mortality during severe drought. We tested a 40% increase in VPD due to an increase in growing temperature from 30 to 33°C (constant dewpoint 21°C) on seedlings of 10 tree species common to the forest-grassland ecotone in the southern Great Plains, USA. Measurement at 33 vs 30°C during reciprocal leaf gas exchange measurements, that is, measurement of all seedlings at both growing temperatures, increased transpiration for seedlings grown at 30°C by 40% and 20% for seedlings grown at 33°C. Higher initial transpiration of seedlings in the 33°C growing temperature treatment resulted in more negative xylem water potentials and fewer days until transpiration decreased after watering was withheld. The seedlings grown at 33°C died 13% (average 2 d) sooner than seedlings grown at 30°C during terminal drought. If temperature and severity of droughts increase in the future, the forest-grassland ecotone could shift because low seedling survival rate may not sufficiently support forest regeneration and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney E Will
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Stuart M Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Chris B Zou
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Thomas C Hennessey
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Pedersen O, Colmer TD, Sand-Jensen K. Underwater photosynthesis of submerged plants - recent advances and methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:140. [PMID: 23734154 PMCID: PMC3659369 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the general background and the recent advances in research on underwater photosynthesis of leaf segments, whole communities, and plant dominated aquatic ecosystems and present contemporary methods tailor made to quantify photosynthesis and carbon fixation under water. The majority of studies of aquatic photosynthesis have been carried out with detached leaves or thalli and this selectiveness influences the perception of the regulation of aquatic photosynthesis. We thus recommend assessing the influence of inorganic carbon and temperature on natural aquatic communities of variable density in addition to studying detached leaves in the scenarios of rising CO2 and temperature. Moreover, a growing number of researchers are interested in tolerance of terrestrial plants during flooding as torrential rains sometimes result in overland floods that inundate terrestrial plants. We propose to undertake studies to elucidate the importance of leaf acclimation of terrestrial plants to facilitate gas exchange and light utilization under water as these acclimations influence underwater photosynthesis as well as internal aeration of plant tissues during submergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHillerød, Denmark
- Institute of Advanced Studies, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kaj Sand-Jensen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of CopenhagenHillerød, Denmark
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Auchincloss L, Richards J, Young C, Tansey M. Inundation Depth, Duration, and Temperature Influence Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) Seedling Growth and Survival. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2012. [DOI: 10.3398/064.072.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bracho-Nunez A, Knothe NM, Costa WR, Maria Astrid LR, Kleiss B, Rottenberger S, Piedade MTF, Kesselmeier J. Root anoxia effects on physiology and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) under short- and long-term inundation of trees from Amazonian floodplains. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:9. [PMID: 23961340 PMCID: PMC3725850 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors such as light intensity, temperature, CO2 and drought. Another stress factor, usually overlooked but very important for the Amazon region, is flooding. We studied the exchange of VOCs in relation to CO2 exchange and transpiration of 8 common tree species from the Amazonian floodplain forest grown up from seeds using a dynamic enclosure system. Analysis of volatile organics was performed by PTR-MS fast online measurements. Our study confirmed emissions of ethanol and acetaldehyde at the beginning of root anoxia after inundation, especially in less anoxia adapted species such as Vatairea guianensis, but not for Hevea spruceana probably due to a better adapted metabolism. In contrast to short-term inundation, long-term flooding of the root system did not result in any emission of ethanol or/and acetaldehyde. Emission of other VOCs, such as isoprenoids, acetone, and methanol exhibited distinct behavior related to the origin (igapó or várzea type of floodplain) of the tree species. Also physiological activities exhibited different response patterns for trees from igapó or várzea. In general, isoprenoid emissions increased within the course of some days of short-term flooding. After a long period of waterlogging, VOC emissions decreased considerably, along with photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance. However, even under long-term testing conditions, two tree species did not show any significant decrease or increase in photosynthesis. In order to understand ecophysiological advantages of the different responses we need field investigations with adult tree species.
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Schmitz N, Egerton JJG, Lovelock CE, Ball MC. Light-dependent maintenance of hydraulic function in mangrove branches: do xylary chloroplasts play a role in embolism repair? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:40-6. [PMID: 22594675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
• To clarify the role of branch photosynthesis in tree functioning, the presence and function of chloroplasts in branch xylem tissue were studied in a diverse range of mangrove species growing in Australia. • The presence of xylary chloroplasts was observed via chlorophyll fluorescence of transverse sections. Paired, attached branches were selected to study the effects of covering branches with aluminium foil on the gas exchange characteristics of leaves and the hydraulic conductivity of branches. • Xylary chloroplasts occurred in all species, but were differently distributed among living cell types in the xylem. Covering stems altered the gas exchange characteristics of leaves, such that water-use efficiency was greater in exposed leaves of covered than of uncovered branches. • Leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity of stems was lower in covered than in uncovered branches, implicating stem photosynthesis in the maintenance of hydraulic function. Given their proximity to xylem vessels, we suggest that xylary chloroplasts may play a role in light-dependent repair of embolized xylem vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schmitz
- Laboratory for Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Xiaoling LI, Chunyan LUAN, Jin YANG, Faju CHEN. Survival and Recovery Growth of Riparian Plant Distylium chinense Seedlings to Complete Submergence in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Colmer TD, Winkel A, Pedersen O. A perspective on underwater photosynthesis in submerged terrestrial wetland plants. AOB PLANTS 2011; 2011:plr030. [PMID: 22476500 PMCID: PMC3249690 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plr030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wetland plants inhabit flood-prone areas and therefore can experience episodes of complete submergence. Submergence impedes exchange of O(2) and CO(2) between leaves and the environment, and light availability is also reduced. The present review examines limitations to underwater net photosynthesis (P(N)) by terrestrial (i.e. usually emergent) wetland plants, as compared with submerged aquatic plants, with focus on leaf traits for enhanced CO(2) acquisition. SCOPE Floodwaters are variable in dissolved O(2), CO(2), light and temperature, and these parameters influence underwater P(N) and the growth and survival of submerged plants. Aquatic species possess morphological and anatomical leaf traits that reduce diffusion limitations to CO(2) uptake and thus aid P(N) under water. Many aquatic plants also have carbon-concentrating mechanisms to increase CO(2) at Rubisco. Terrestrial wetland plants generally lack the numerous beneficial leaf traits possessed by aquatic plants, so submergence markedly reduces P(N). Some terrestrial species, however, produce new leaves with a thinner cuticle and higher specific leaf area, whereas others have leaves with hydrophobic surfaces so that gas films are retained when submerged; both improve CO(2) entry. CONCLUSIONS Submergence inhibits P(N) by terrestrial wetland plants, but less so in species that produce new leaves under water or in those with leaf gas films. Leaves with a thinner cuticle, or those with gas films, have improved gas diffusion with floodwaters, so that underwater P(N) is enhanced. Underwater P(N) provides sugars and O(2) to submerged plants. Floodwaters often contain dissolved CO(2) above levels in equilibrium with air, enabling at least some P(N) by terrestrial species when submerged, although rates remain well below those in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Anders Winkel
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingørsgade 51, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Pechanova O, Hsu CY, Adams JP, Pechan T, Vandervelde L, Drnevich J, Jawdy S, Adeli A, Suttle JC, Lawrence AM, Tschaplinski TJ, Séguin A, Yuceer C. Apoplast proteome reveals that extracellular matrix contributes to multistress response in poplar. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:674. [PMID: 21114852 PMCID: PMC3091788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riverine ecosystems, highly sensitive to climate change and human activities, are characterized by rapid environmental change to fluctuating water levels and siltation, causing stress on their biological components. We have little understanding of mechanisms by which riverine plant species have developed adaptive strategies to cope with stress in dynamic environments while maintaining growth and development. RESULTS We report that poplar (Populus spp.) has evolved a systems level "stress proteome" in the leaf-stem-root apoplast continuum to counter biotic and abiotic factors. To obtain apoplast proteins from P. deltoides, we developed pressure-chamber and water-displacement methods for leaves and stems, respectively. Analyses of 303 proteins and corresponding transcripts coupled with controlled experiments and bioinformatics demonstrate that poplar depends on constitutive and inducible factors to deal with water, pathogen, and oxidative stress. However, each apoplast possessed a unique set of proteins, indicating that response to stress is partly compartmentalized. Apoplast proteins that are involved in glycolysis, fermentation, and catabolism of sucrose and starch appear to enable poplar to grow normally under water stress. Pathogenesis-related proteins mediating water and pathogen stress in apoplast were particularly abundant and effective in suppressing growth of the most prevalent poplar pathogen Melampsora. Unexpectedly, we found diverse peroxidases that appear to be involved in stress-induced cell wall modification in apoplast, particularly during the growing season. Poplar developed a robust antioxidative system to buffer oxidation in stem apoplast. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that multistress response in the apoplast constitutes an important adaptive trait for poplar to inhabit dynamic environments and is also a potential mechanism in other riverine plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pechanova
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Joshua P Adams
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Life Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Lindsay Vandervelde
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- W.M. Keck Center for Comparative and Functional Genomics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Sara Jawdy
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | | | | | - Amanda M Lawrence
- Electron Microscopy Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | | | - Armand Séguin
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Cetin Yuceer
- Department of Forestry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
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Ferreira CS, Piedade MTF, de Oliveira Wittmann A, Franco AC. Plant reproduction in the Central Amazonian floodplains: challenges and adaptations. AOB PLANTS 2010; 2010:plq009. [PMID: 22476067 PMCID: PMC3000700 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Central Amazonian floodplain forests are subjected to extended periods of flooding and to flooding amplitudes of 10 m or more. The predictability, the length of the flood pulse, the abrupt transition in the environmental conditions along topographic gradients on the banks of major rivers in Central Amazonia, and the powerful water and sediment dynamics impose a strong selective pressure on plant reproduction systems. SCOPE In this review, we examine how the hydrological cycle influences the strategies of sexual and asexual reproduction in herbaceous and woody plants. These are of fundamental importance for the completion of the life cycle. Possible constraints to seed germination, seedling establishment and formation of seed banks are also covered. Likewise, we also discuss the importance of river connectivity for species propagation and persistence in floodplains. CONCLUSIONS The propagation and establishment strategies employed by the highly diversified assortment of different plant life forms result in contrasting successional stages and a zonation of plant assemblages along the flood-level gradient, whose species composition and successional status are continuously changing not only temporally but also spatially along the river channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Silva Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Projeto INPA/Max-Planck, CP 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69011, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70904-970, Brazil
| | | | - Astrid de Oliveira Wittmann
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Projeto INPA/Max-Planck, CP 478, Manaus, Amazonas 69011, Brazil
| | - Augusto César Franco
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70904-970, Brazil
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Parolin P, Wittmann F. Struggle in the flood: tree responses to flooding stress in four tropical floodplain systems. AOB PLANTS 2010; 2010:plq003. [PMID: 22476061 PMCID: PMC2965040 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plq003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the context of the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth in 1809, this study discusses the variation in structure and adaptation associated with survival and reproductive success in the face of environmental stresses in the trees of tropical floodplains. SCOPE We provide a comparative review on the responses to flooding stress in the trees of freshwater wetlands in tropical environments. The four large wetlands we evaluate are: (i) Central Amazonian floodplains in South America, (ii) the Okavango Delta in Africa, (iii) the Mekong floodplains of Asia and (iv) the floodplains of Northern Australia. They each have a predictable 'flood pulse'. Although flooding height varies between the ecosystems, the annual pulse is a major driving force influencing all living organisms and a source of stress for which specialized adaptations for survival are required. MAIN POINTS The need for trees to survive an annual flood pulse has given rise to a large variety of adaptations. However, phenological responses to the flood are similar in the four ecosystems. Deciduous and evergreen species respond with leaf shedding, although sap flow remains active for most of the year. Growth depends on adequate carbohydrate supply. Physiological adaptations (anaerobic metabolism, starch accumulation) are also required. CONCLUSIONS Data concerning the ecophysiology and adaptations of trees in floodplain forests worldwide are extremely scarce. For successful floodplain conservation, more information is needed, ideally through a globally co-ordinated study using reproducible comparative methods. In the light of climatic change, with increasing drought, decreased groundwater availability and flooding periodicities, this knowledge is needed ever more urgently to facilitate fast and appropriate management responses to large-scale environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Parolin
- Biocentre Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Department of Biology, Biodiversity of Plants, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Silva D, Carvalho M, Ruas P, Ruas C, Medri M. Evidence of ecotypic differentiation between populations of the tree species Parapiptadenia rigida due to flooding. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:797-810. [DOI: 10.4238/vol9-2gmr736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Parolin P, Lucas C, Piedade MTF, Wittmann F. Drought responses of flood-tolerant trees in Amazonian floodplains. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:129-39. [PMID: 19880423 PMCID: PMC2794061 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flood-tolerant tree species of the Amazonian floodplain forests are subjected to an annual dry period of variable severity imposed when low river-water levels coincide with minimal precipitation. Although the responses of these species to flooding have been examined extensively, their responses to drought, in terms of phenology, growth and physiology, have been neglected hitherto, although some information is found in publications that focus on flooding. SCOPE The present review examines the dry phase of the annual flooding cycle. It consolidates existing knowledge regarding responses to drought among adult trees and seedlings of many Amazonian floodplain species. MAIN FINDINGS Flood-tolerant species display variable physiological responses to dry periods and drought that indicate desiccation avoidance, such as reduced photosynthetic activity and reduced root respiration. However, tolerance and avoidance strategies for drought vary markedly among species. Drought can substantially decrease growth, biomass and photosynthetic activity among seedlings in field and laboratory studies. When compared with the responses to flooding, drought can impose higher seedling mortality and slower growth rates, especially among evergreen species. Results indicate that tolerance and avoidance strategies for drought vary markedly between species. Both seedling recruitment and photosynthetic activity are affected by drought, CONCLUSIONS For many species, the effects of drought can be as important as flooding for survival and growth, particularly at the seedling phase of establishment, ultimately influencing species composition. In the context of climate change and predicted decreases in precipitation in the Amazon Basin, the effects of drought on plant physiology and species distribution in tropical floodplain forest ecosystems should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Parolin
- Plant Systematics, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany.
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Piedade MTF, Ferreira CS, Wittmann ADO, Buckeridge M, Parolin P. Biochemistry of Amazonian Floodplain Trees. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8725-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Manzur ME, Grimoldi AA, Insausti P, Striker GG. Escape from water or remain quiescent? Lotus tenuis changes its strategy depending on depth of submergence. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1163-9. [PMID: 19687031 PMCID: PMC2766197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Two main strategies that allow plants to cope with soil waterlogging or deeper submergence are: (1) escaping by means of upward shoot elongation or (2) remaining quiescent underwater. This study investigates these strategies in Lotus tenuis, a forage legume of increasing importance in areas prone to soil waterlogging, shallow submergence or complete submergence. METHODS Plants of L. tenuis were subjected for 30 d to well-drained (control), waterlogged (water-saturated soil), partially submerged (6 cm water depth) and completely submerged conditions. Plant responses assessed were tissue porosity, shoot number and length, biomass and utilization of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch in the crown. KEY RESULTS Lotus tenuis adjusted its strategy depending on the depth of submergence. Root growth of partially submerged plants ceased and carbon allocation prioritized shoot lengthening (32 cm vs. 24.5 cm under other treatments), without depleting carbohydrate reserves to sustain the faster growth. These plants also developed more shoot and root porosity. In contrast, completely submerged plants became quiescent, with no associated biomass accumulation, new shoot production or shoot elongation. In addition, tissue porosity was not enhanced. The survival of completely submerged plants is attributed to consumption of WSCs and starch reserves from crowns (concentrations 50-75 % less than in other treatments). CONCLUSIONS The forage legume L. tenuis has the flexibility either to escape from partial submergence by elongating its shoot more vigorously to avoid becoming totally submerged or to adopt a non-elongating quiescent strategy when completely immersed that is based on utilizing stored reserves. The possession of these alternative survival strategies helps to explain the success of L. tenuis in environments subjected to unpredictable flooding depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Manzur
- IFEVA-CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, CPA 1417 DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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da Silva Ferreira C, Piedade MTF, Tiné MAS, Rossatto DR, Parolin P, Buckeridge MS. The role of carbohydrates in seed germination and seedling establishment of Himatanthus sucuuba, an Amazonian tree with populations adapted to flooded and non-flooded conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1111-9. [PMID: 19770164 PMCID: PMC2766203 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the Amazonian floodplains plants withstand annual periods of flooding which can last 7 months. Under these conditions seedlings remain submerged in the dark for long periods since light penetration in the water is limited. Himatanthus sucuuba is a tree species found in the 'várzea' (VZ) floodplains and adjacent non-flooded 'terra-firme' (TF) forests. Biochemical traits which enhance flood tolerance and colonization success of H. sucuuba in periodically flooded environments were investigated. METHODS Storage carbohydrates of seeds of VZ and TF populations were extracted and analysed by HPAEC/PAD. Starch was analysed by enzyme (glucoamylase) degradation followed by quantification of glucose oxidase. Carbohydrate composition of roots of VZ and TF seedlings was studied after experimental exposure to a 15-d period of submersion in light versus darkness. KEY RESULTS The endosperm contains a large proportion of the seed reserves, raffinose being the main non-structural carbohydrate. Around 93 % of the cell wall storage polysaccharides (percentage dry weight basis) in the endosperm of VZ seeds was composed of mannose, while soluble sugars accounted for 2.5%. In contrast, 74 % of the endosperm in TF seeds was composed of galactomannans, while 22 % of the endosperm was soluble sugars. This suggested a larger carbohydrate allocation to germination in TF populations whereas VZ populations allocate comparatively more to carbohydrates mobilized during seedling development. The concentration of root non-structural carbohydrates in non-flooded seedlings strongly decreased after a 15-d period of darkness, whereas flooded seedlings were less affected. These effects were more pronounced in TF seedlings, which showed significantly lower root non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. CONCLUSIONS There seem to be metabolic adjustments in VZ but not TF seedlings that lead to adaptation to the combined stresses of darkness and flooding. This seems to be important for the survival of the species in these contrasting environments, leading these populations to different directions during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane da Silva Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Projeto INPA/Max-Planck, 69011-970, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70904-970, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Silva Tiné
- Instituto de Botânica, Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, São Paulo, SP, 04301-012, Brazil
| | | | - Pia Parolin
- Biocentre Klein Flottbek, Dept of Plant Systematics, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, São Paulo, SP, 05422-970, Brazil
- Corresponding author. E-mail
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Colmer TD, Voesenek LACJ. Flooding tolerance: suites of plant traits in variable environments. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:665-681. [PMID: 32688679 DOI: 10.1071/fp09144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Flooding regimes of different depths and durations impose selection pressures for various traits in terrestrial wetland plants. Suites of adaptive traits for different flooding stresses, such as soil waterlogging (short or long duration) and full submergence (short or long duration - shallow or deep), are reviewed. Synergies occur amongst traits for improved internal aeration, and those for anoxia tolerance and recovery, both for roots during soil waterlogging and shoots during submergence. Submergence tolerance of terrestrial species has recently been classified as either the Low Oxygen Quiescence Syndrome (LOQS) or the Low Oxygen Escape Syndrome (LOES), with advantages, respectively, in short duration or long duration (shallow) flood-prone environments. A major feature of species with the LOQS is that shoots do not elongate upon submergence, whereas those with the LOES show rapid shoot extension. In addition, plants faced with long duration deep submergence can demonstrate aspects of both syndromes; shoots do not elongate, but these are not quiescent, as new aquatic-type leaves are formed. Enhanced entries of O2 and CO2 from floodwaters into acclimated leaves, minimises O2 deprivation and improves underwater photosynthesis, respectively. Evolution of 'suites of traits' are evident in wild wetland species and in rice, adapted to particular flooding regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - L A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jackson MB, Ishizawa K, Ito O. Evolution and mechanisms of plant tolerance to flooding stress. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:137-42. [PMID: 19145714 PMCID: PMC2707321 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recognition of the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth, this short article on flooding stress acknowledges not only Darwin's great contribution to the concept of evolution but also to the study of plant physiology. In modern biology, Darwin-inspired reductionist physiology continues to shed light on mechanisms that confer competitive advantage in many varied and challenging environments, including those where flooding is prevalent. SCOPE Mild flooding is experienced by most land plants but as its severity increases, fewer species are able to grow and survive. At the extreme, a highly exclusive aquatic lifestyle appears to have evolved numerous times over the past 120 million years. Although only 1-2% of angiosperms are aquatics, some of their adaptive characteristics are also seen in those adopting an amphibious lifestyle where flooding is less frequent. Lowland rice, the staple cereal for much of tropical Asia falls into this category. But, even amongst dry-land dwellers, or certain of their sub-populations, modest tolerance to occasional flooding is to be found, for example in wheat. The collection of papers summarized in this article describes advances to the understanding of mechanisms that explain flooding tolerance in aquatic, amphibious and dry-land plants. Work to develop more tolerant crops or manage flood-prone environments more effectively is also included. The experimental approaches range from molecular analyses, through biochemistry and metabolomics to whole-plant physiology, plant breeding and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK.
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Zari TA, Al-Attar AM. Effects of Ginger and Clove Oils on Some Physiological Parameters in Streptozotocin-Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.267.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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