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Renjini A, Swapna MNS, Sankararaman SI. Graph features based classification of bronchial and pleural rub sound signals: the potential of complex network unwrapped. Phys Eng Sci Med 2024:10.1007/s13246-024-01455-4. [PMID: 38954378 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-024-01455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The study presents a novel technique for lung auscultation based on graph theory, emphasizing the potential of graph parameters in distinguishing lung sounds and supporting earlier detection of various respiratory pathologies. The frequency spread and the component magnitudes are revealed from the analysis of eighty-five bronchial (BS) and pleural rub (PS) lung sounds employing the power spectral density (PSD) plot and wavelet scalogram. The low-frequency spread, and persistence of the high-intensity frequency components are visible in BS sounds emanating from the uniform cross-sectional area of the trachea. The frictional rub between the pleurae causes a higher frequency spread of low-intensity intermittent frequency components in PS signals. From the complex networks of BS and PS, the extracted graph features are - graph density ([Formula: see text], transitivity ([Formula: see text], degree centrality ([Formula: see text]), betweenness centrality ([Formula: see text], eigenvector centrality ([Formula: see text]), and graph entropy (En). The high values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] show a strong correlation between distinct segments of the BS signal originating from a consistent cross-sectional tracheal diameter and, hence, the generation of high-intense low-spread frequency components. An intermittent low-intense and a relatively greater frequency spread in PS signal appear as high [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] values. With these complex network parameters as input attributes, the supervised machine learning techniques- discriminant analyses, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and neural network pattern recognition (PRNN)- classify the signals with more than 90% accuracy, with PRNN having 25 neurons in the hidden layer achieving the highest (98.82%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammini Renjini
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695581, India
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Chiu KHY, Sridhar S, Yuen KY. Preparation for the next pandemic: challenges in strengthening surveillance. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2240441. [PMID: 37474466 PMCID: PMC10478602 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2240441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The devastating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicates that early detection of candidates with pandemic potential is vital. However, comprehensive metagenomic sequencing of the total microbiome is not practical due to the astronomical and rapidly evolving numbers and species of micro-organisms. Analysis of previous pandemics suggests that an increase in human-animal interactions, changes in animal and arthropod distribution due to climate change and deforestation, continuous mutations and interspecies jumping of RNA viruses, and frequent travels are important factors driving pandemic emergence. Besides measures mitigating these factors, surveillance at human-animal interfaces targeting animals with unusual tolerance to viral infections, sick heathcare workers, and workers at high biosafety level laboratories is crucial. Surveillance of sick travellers is important when alerted by an early warning system of a suspected outbreak due to unknown agents. These samples should be screened by multiplex nucleic acid amplification and subsequent unbiased next-generation sequencing. Novel viruses should be isolated in routine cell cultures, complemented by organoid cultures, and then tested in animal models for interspecies transmission potential. Potential agents are candidates for designing rapid diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. For early detection of outbreaks, there are advantages in using event-based surveillance and artificial intelligence (AI), but high background noise and censorship are possible drawbacks. These systems are likely useful if they channel reliable information from frontline healthcare or veterinary workers and large international gatherings. Furthermore, sufficient regulation of high biosafety level laboratories, and stockpiling of broad spectrum antiviral drugs, vaccines, and personal protective equipment are indicated for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Hei-Yeung Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Dutta A, Hung CY, Chen TC, Hsiao SH, Chang CS, Lin YC, Lin CY, Huang CT. An IL-17-EGFR-TRAF4 axis contributes to the alleviation of lung inflammation in severe influenza. Commun Biol 2023; 6:600. [PMID: 37270623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation is a postulated cause of severe disease and death in respiratory virus infections. In response to severe influenza virus infection, adoptively transferred naïve hemagglutinin-specific CD4+ T cells from CD4+ TCR-transgenic 6.5 mice drive an IFN-γ-producing Th1 response in wild-type mice. It helps in virus clearance but also causes collateral damage and disease aggravation. The donor 6.5 mice have all the CD4+ T cells with TCR specificity toward influenza hemagglutinin. Still, the infected 6.5 mice do not suffer from robust inflammation and grave outcome. The initial Th1 response wanes with time, and a prominent Th17 response of recent thymic emigrants alleviates inflammation and bestows protection in 6.5 mice. Our results suggest that viral neuraminidase-activated TGF-β of the Th1 cells guides the Th17 evolution, and IL-17 signaling through the non-canonical IL-17 receptor EGFR activates the scaffold protein TRAF4 more than TRAF6 during alleviation of lung inflammation in severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dutta
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yiu Hung
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Han Hsiao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shiang Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan-33333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan-33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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McMillan K, Akoo C, Catigbe-Cates A. New Graduate Nurses Navigating Entry to Practice in the Covid-19 Pandemic. Can J Nurs Res 2023; 55:78-90. [PMID: 36635915 PMCID: PMC9843155 DOI: 10.1177/08445621221150946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted organizational life for nurses, with known physical and psychological impacts. New graduate nurses are a subset of nurses with unique needs and challenges as they transition into their registered nurse roles. However, this subset of nurses has yet to be explored in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. PURPOSE To explore the experiences of new graduate nurses entering the profession in Ontario, Canada, during the Covid-19 pandemic approximately one year after entering the profession. METHODS Thorne's interpretive description method was utilized. FINDINGS All participants identified as completing second entry nursing programs, offering a unique perspective on new graduate nurse transition. Four themes emerged in the data: 'Virtual Didn't Cut It,' 'Go Where You Know,' 'Picking Up the Pieces,' and 'Learning When to Say No and Let Go.' Participants felt ill prepared to enter the profession and were cognizant of the various challenges facing the nursing profession, and how these pre-existing challenges were exacerbated by the pandemic. They acknowledged the need to protect themselves against burnout and poor mental health, and as such, made calculated early career decisions - demonstrating strong socio-political knowing. Half of the participants had already left their first nursing job; citing unmet orientation, mental health, and wellbeing needs. However, all participants were steadfast in remaining in the nursing profession. CONCLUSIONS Second entry new graduate nurses remain a unique subset of nurses that require more scholarly attention as their transition experiences may differ from the traditional trajectory of new graduate nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim McMillan
- School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Kim McMillan, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Chaman Akoo
- School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ejchman-Pac E, Wójtowicz J, Zawadzka M. Analysis of Non-Compulsory Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination among Polish Soldiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3304. [PMID: 36833996 PMCID: PMC9960228 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic posed many challenges in epidemiology, health care, and vaccinology. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies had to develop effective vaccines as soon as possible in order to halt the spread of infection outbreaks and enable the start of the National Vaccination Program. Firstly, medical services and security services (the army, fire brigade, and police), i.e., those most involved in the fight against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, were included in the aforementioned program. The presented publication analyzes the amount and type of vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza among Polish soldiers. Influenza, like COVID-19, is a viral disease that can vary in its course (from mild to acute and life-threatening). Both coronaviruses and influenza viruses are characterized by high genetic variability, resulting in the need for repeated vaccination during each autumn and winter season. Acquired data comes from the Central Register of Vaccination of Professional Soldiers. The collected material was statistically processed. The average level of the phenomenon was presented as a time series using a chronological average. In the analyzed period (December 2020-December 2021), the lowest vaccinations against COVID-19 were performed in December 2020, which is due to the schedule of the National Vaccination Program in Poland. In contrast, the highest number of vaccinations were administered between April and June 2021, or approximately 70.5% of all vaccines administered. In the case of influenza, there is a clear increase in the number of vaccinations during the autumn and winter seasons, which coincides with peaks in disease during these periods. Between August 2020 and January 2021, there is a noticeable increase in the number of flu injections given, nearly 50% compared to the previous period, which may be related to the simultaneous persistence of the COVID-19 pandemic and greater attention to one's own health. Non-mandatory vaccination is an important point in the vaccination schedule for soldiers. Numerous public campaigns combating misinformation and raising awareness of the need for immunization will help convince even more people, not only among soldiers but also the civilian population, to vaccinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Ejchman-Pac
- Independent Department of Epidemiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julian Wójtowicz
- Department of Medical Law Lodz, Medical University of Lodz Faculty of Health Sciences, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zawadzka
- Independent Department of Epidemiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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D'Adamo A, Schnake-Mahl A, Mullachery PH, Lazo M, Diez Roux AV, Bilal U. Health disparities in past influenza pandemics: A scoping review of the literature. SSM Popul Health 2022; 21:101314. [PMID: 36514788 PMCID: PMC9733119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing health disparities. To provide a historical perspective on health disparities for pandemic acute respiratory viruses, we conducted a scoping review of the public health literature of health disparities in influenza outcomes during the 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 influenza pandemics. Methods We searched for articles examining socioeconomic or racial/ethnic disparities in any population, examining any influenza-related outcome (e.g., incidence, hospitalizations, mortality), during the 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 influenza pandemics. We conducted a structured search of English-written articles in PubMed supplemented by a snowball of articles meeting inclusion criteria. Results A total of 29 articles met inclusion criteria, all but one focusing exclusively on the 1918 or 2009 pandemics. Individuals of low socioeconomic status, or living in low socioeconomic status areas, experienced higher incidence, hospitalizations, and mortality in the 1918 and 2009 pandemics. There were conflicting results regarding racial/ethnic disparities during the 1918 pandemic, with differences in magnitude and direction by outcome, potentially due to issues in data quality by race/ethnicity. Racial/ethnic minorities had generally higher incidence, mortality, and hospitalization rates in the 1957 and 2009 pandemics. Conclusion Individuals of low socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic minorities have historically experienced worse influenza outcomes during pandemics. These historical patterns can inform current research to understand disparities in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D'Adamo
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alina Schnake-Mahl
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Health Management and Policy, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pricila H. Mullachery
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariana Lazo
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana V. Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author. Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, 3600 Market St. Suite 730, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Guo X, Zhang Z, Lin C, Ren H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Li H, Ma S, Xia H, Sun R, Zu H, Lin Y, Wang X. A/(H1N1) pdm09 NS1 promotes viral replication by enhancing autophagy through hijacking the IAV negative regulatory factor LRPPRC. Autophagy 2022:1-18. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
- Panjin Center of Inspection and Testing, Panjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Saiwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Rongkuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuezhi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
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Osorio-Zambrano WF, Ospina-Jimenez AF, Alvarez-Munoz S, Gomez AP, Ramirez-Nieto GC. Zooming in on the molecular characteristics of swine influenza virus circulating in Colombia before and after the H1N1pdm09 virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:983304. [PMID: 36213398 PMCID: PMC9533064 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.983304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most critical viral agents involved in the respiratory disease complex affecting swine production systems worldwide. Despite the absence of vaccination against swine influenza virus in Colombia, the serologic reactivity to classic H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes reported since 1971 indicates the virus has been circulating in the country's swine population for several decades. However, successful isolation and sequencing of field virus from pigs was nonexistent until 2008, when H1N1 classical influenza virus was identified. One year later, due to the emergence of the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, responsible for the first global flu pandemic of the 21st century, it was introduced in the country. Therefore, to understand the impact of the introduction of the H1N1pdm09 virus in Colombia on the complexity and dynamics of influenza viruses previously present in the swine population, we carried out a study aiming to characterize circulating viruses genetically and establish possible reassortment events that might have happened between endemic influenza viruses before and after the introduction of the pandemic virus. A phylogenetic analysis of ten swine influenza virus isolates from porcine samples obtained between 2008 and 2015 was conducted. As a result, a displacement of the classical swine influenza virus with the pdmH1N1 virus in the swine population was confirmed. Once established, the pandemic subtype exhibited phylogenetic segregation based on a geographic pattern in all the evaluated segments. The evidence presents reassortment events with classic viruses in one of the first H1N1pdm09 isolates. Thus, this study demonstrates complex competition dynamics and variations in Colombian swine viruses through Drift and Shift.
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Meineke R, Stelz S, Busch M, Werlein C, Kühnel M, Jonigk D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. FDA-Approved Inhibitors of RTK/Raf Signaling Potently Impair Multiple Steps of In Vitro and Ex Vivo Influenza A Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092058. [PMID: 36146864 PMCID: PMC9504178 DOI: 10.3390/v14092058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections pose a burden on global public health with significant morbidity and mortality. The limited range of currently licensed IV antiviral drugs is susceptible to the rapid rise of resistant viruses. In contrast, FDA-approved kinase inhibitors can be repurposed as fast-tracked host-targeted antivirals with a higher barrier of resistance. Extending our recent studies, we screened 21 FDA-approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) and identified seven candidates as potent inhibitors of pandemic and seasonal IV infections. These SMKIs were further validated in a biologically and clinically relevant ex vivo model of human precision-cut lung slices. We identified steps of the virus infection cycle affected by these inhibitors (entry, replication, egress) and found that most SMKIs affected both entry and egress. Based on defined and overlapping targets of these inhibitors, the candidate SMKIs target receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated activation of Raf/MEK/ERK pathways to limit influenza A virus infection. Our data and the established safety profiles of these SMKIs support further clinical investigations and repurposing of these SMKIs as host-targeted influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meineke
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonja Stelz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian Busch
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover (TiHo), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Joseph JG, Mudgal R, Lin SS, Ono A, Liu AP. Biomechanical Role of Epsin in Influenza A Virus Entry. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:859. [PMID: 36135878 PMCID: PMC9505878 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) utilizes clathrin-mediated endocytosis for cellular entry. Membrane-bending protein epsin is a cargo-specific adaptor for IAV entry. Epsin interacts with ubiquitinated surface receptors bound to IAVs via its ubiquitin interacting motifs (UIMs). Recently, epsin was shown to have membrane tension sensitivity via its amphiphilic H0 helix. We hypothesize this feature is important as IAV membrane binding would bend the membrane and clinical isolates of IAVs contain filamentous IAVs that may involve more membrane bending. However, it is not known if IAV internalization might also depend on epsin's H0 helix. We found that CALM, a structurally similar protein to epsin lacking UIMs shows weaker recruitment to IAV-containing clathrin-coated structures (CCSs) compared to epsin. Removal of the ENTH domain of epsin containing the N-terminus H0 helix, which detects changes in membrane curvature and membrane tension, or mutations in the ENTH domain preventing the formation of H0 helix reduce the ability of epsin to be recruited to IAV-containing CCSs, thereby reducing the internalization of spherical IAVs. However, internalization of IAVs competent in filamentous particle formation is not affected by the inhibition of H0 helix formation in the ENTH domain of epsin. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that epsin plays a biomechanical role in IAV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jophin G. Joseph
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rajat Mudgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shan-Shan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Zhang C, Meng X, Zhao H. Comparison of Cell Fusions Induced by Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137365. [PMID: 35806369 PMCID: PMC9266613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus–cell fusion is the key step for viral infection in host cells. Studies on virus binding and fusion with host cells are important for understanding the virus–host interaction and viral pathogenesis for the discovery of antiviral drugs. In this review, we focus on the virus–cell fusions induced by the two major pandemic viruses, including the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. We further compare the cell fusions induced by the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, especially the pH-dependent fusion of the influenza virus and the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 in the type-II transmembrane serine protease 2 negative (TMPRSS2-) cells with syncytia formation. Finally, we present the development of drugs used against SARA-CoV-2 and the influenza virus through the discovery of anti-fusion drugs and the prevention of pandemic respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.Z.); (X.M.)
| | - Xinjie Meng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.Z.); (X.M.)
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.Z.); (X.M.)
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +852-2255-4892
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12
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Kountz TS, Biyasheva A, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Extracellular Nucleotides and Histamine Suppress TLR3- and RIG-I-Mediated Release of Antiviral IFNs from Human Airway Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2390-2402. [PMID: 35459743 PMCID: PMC9444327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses stimulate the release of antiviral IFNs from the airway epithelium. Previous studies have shown that asthmatic patients show diminished release of type I and type III IFNs from bronchial epithelia. However, the mechanism of this suppression is not understood. In this study, we report that extracellular nucleotides and histamine, which are elevated in asthmatic airways, strongly inhibit release of type I and type III IFNs from human bronchial airway epithelial cells (AECs). Specifically, ATP, UTP, and histamine all inhibited the release of type I and type III IFNs from AECs induced by activation of TLR3, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), or cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING. This inhibition was at least partly mediated by Gq signaling through purinergic P2Y2 and H1 receptors, but it did not involve store-operated calcium entry. Pharmacological blockade of protein kinase C partially reversed inhibition of IFN production. Conversely, direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters strongly inhibited TLR3- and RIG-I-mediated IFN production. Inhibition of type I and type III IFNs by ATP, UTP, histamine, and the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) receptor agonist SLIGKV also occurred in differentiated AECs grown at an air-liquid interface, indicating that the suppression is conserved following mucociliary differentiation. Importantly, histamine and, more strikingly, ATP inhibited type I IFN release from human airway cells infected with live influenza A virus or rhinovirus 1B. These results reveal an important role for extracellular nucleotides and histamine in attenuating the induction of type I and III IFNs from AECs and help explain the molecular basis of the suppression of IFN responses in asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Kountz
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Assel Biyasheva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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13
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Deviatkin AA, Simonov RA, Trutneva KA, Maznina AA, Khavina EM, Volchkov PY. Universal Flu mRNA Vaccine: Promises, Prospects, and Problems. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050709. [PMID: 35632465 PMCID: PMC9145388 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The seasonal flu vaccine is, essentially, the only known way to prevent influenza epidemics. However, this approach has limited efficacy due to the high diversity of influenza viruses. Several techniques could potentially overcome this obstacle. A recent first-in-human study of a chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine demonstrated promising results. The coronavirus pandemic triggered the development of fundamentally new vaccine platforms that have demonstrated their effectiveness in humans. Currently, there are around a dozen messenger RNA and self-amplifying RNA flu vaccines in clinical or preclinical trials. However, the applicability of novel approaches for a universal influenza vaccine creation remains unclear. The current review aims to cover the current state of this problem and to suggest future directions for RNA-based flu vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Deviatkin
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (K.A.T.)
- Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia; (R.A.S.); (A.A.M.); (E.M.K.)
| | - Ruslan A. Simonov
- Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia; (R.A.S.); (A.A.M.); (E.M.K.)
| | - Kseniya A. Trutneva
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (K.A.T.)
- Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia; (R.A.S.); (A.A.M.); (E.M.K.)
| | - Anna A. Maznina
- Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia; (R.A.S.); (A.A.M.); (E.M.K.)
| | - Elena M. Khavina
- Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia; (R.A.S.); (A.A.M.); (E.M.K.)
| | - Pavel Y. Volchkov
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.D.); (K.A.T.)
- Genome Engineering Lab, Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia; (R.A.S.); (A.A.M.); (E.M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Qiu Z, Cao Z, Zou M, Tang K, Zhang C, Tang J, Zeng J, Wang Y, Sun Q, Wang D, Du X. The effectiveness of governmental nonpharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 at controlling seasonal influenza transmission: an ecological study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:331. [PMID: 35379168 PMCID: PMC8977560 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of strict nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented in many countries to combat the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These NPIs may also be effective at controlling seasonal influenza virus infections, as influenza viruses have the same transmission path as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different NPIs on the control of seasonal influenza. METHODS Data for 14 NPIs implemented in 33 countries and the corresponding influenza virological surveillance data were collected. The influenza suppression index was calculated as the difference between the influenza positivity rate during its period of decline from 2019 to 2020 and during the influenza epidemic seasons in the previous 9 years. A machine learning model was developed using an extreme gradient boosting tree regressor to fit the NPI and influenza suppression index data. The SHapley Additive exPlanations tool was used to characterize the NPIs that suppressed the transmission of influenza. RESULTS Of all NPIs tested, gathering limitations had the greatest contribution (37.60%) to suppressing influenza transmission during the 2019-2020 influenza season. The three most effective NPIs were gathering limitations, international travel restrictions, and school closures. For these three NPIs, their intensity threshold required to generate an effect were restrictions on the size of gatherings less than 1000 people, ban of travel to all regions or total border closures, and closing only some categories of schools, respectively. There was a strong positive interaction effect between mask-wearing requirements and gathering limitations, whereas merely implementing a mask-wearing requirement, and not other NPIs, diluted the effectiveness of mask-wearing requirements at suppressing influenza transmission. CONCLUSIONS Gathering limitations, ban of travel to all regions or total border closures, and closing some levels of schools were found to be the most effective NPIs at suppressing influenza transmission. It is recommended that the mask-wearing requirement be combined with gathering limitations and other NPIs. Our findings could facilitate the precise control of future influenza epidemics and other potential pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zicheng Cao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianru Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoze Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China. .,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510030, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Kotoulas AS. COVID-19 pandemic: Is it the right time to develop interconnected national biomedical registries? Genomics Inform 2022; 19:e50. [PMID: 35012292 PMCID: PMC8752976 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios S Kotoulas
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece
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16
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Greiner B, Hartwell M. Influenza Vaccination Uptake Trends by Age, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Between 2017 and 2020. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319221104917. [PMID: 35678259 PMCID: PMC9189513 DOI: 10.1177/21501319221104917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
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17
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Zhao H, Yuen KY. Broad-spectrum Respiratory Virus Entry Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:137-153. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Kok A, Fouchier RAM, Richard M. Cross-Reactivity Conferred by Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost A/H5 Influenza Vaccination Strategies in Humans: A Literature Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121465. [PMID: 34960210 PMCID: PMC8708856 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses from the A/H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) lineage pose a continuing threat to animal and human health. Since their emergence in 1997, these viruses have spread across multiple continents and have become enzootic in poultry. Additionally, over 800 cases of human infection with A/H5 GsGd viruses have been reported to date, which raises concerns about the potential for a new influenza virus pandemic. The continuous circulation of A/H5 GsGd viruses for over 20 years has resulted in the genetic and antigenic diversification of their hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein, which poses a serious challenge to pandemic preparedness and vaccine design. In the present article, clinical studies on A/H5 influenza vaccination strategies were reviewed to evaluate the breadth of antibody responses induced upon homologous and heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategies. Clinical data on immunological endpoints were extracted from studies and compiled into a dataset, which was used for the visualization and analysis of the height and breadth of humoral immune responses. Several aspects leading to high immunogenicity and/or cross-reactivity were identified, although the analysis was limited by the heterogeneity in study design and vaccine type used in the included studies. Consequently, crucial questions remain to be addressed in future studies on A/H5 GsGd vaccination strategies.
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19
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Li M, Guo P, Chen C, Feng H, Zhang W, Gu C, Wen G, Rao VB, Tao P. Bacteriophage T4 Vaccine Platform for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745625. [PMID: 34712234 PMCID: PMC8546227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing influenza vaccines that protect against a broad range of viruses is a global health priority. Several conserved viral proteins or domains have been identified as promising targets for such vaccine development. However, none of the targets is sufficiently immunogenic to elicit complete protection, and vaccine platforms that can enhance immunogenicity and deliver multiple antigens are desperately needed. Here, we report proof-of-concept studies for the development of next-generation influenza vaccines using the bacteriophage T4 virus-like particle (VLP) platform. Using the extracellular domain of influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e) as a readout, we demonstrate that up to ~1,281 M2e molecules can be assembled on a 120 x 86 nanometer phage capsid to generate M2e-T4 VLPs. These M2e-decorated nanoparticles, without any adjuvant, are highly immunogenic, stimulate robust humoral as well as cellular immune responses, and conferred complete protection against lethal influenza virus challenge. Potentially, additional conserved antigens could be incorporated into the M2e-T4 VLPs and mass-produced in E. coli in a short amount of time to deal with an emerging influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Cen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
| | - Helong Feng
- Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Pan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Division of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, China
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20
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Indirect effects of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic on the prevalence of breastfeeding: Modeling its impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:118-129. [PMID: 34669283 PMCID: PMC8612630 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breastfeeding has a protective effect against acute respiratory and diarrheal infections. There are psychological and social effects due to physical isolation in the population in the mother-child group. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact on infant mortality due to a decrease in the prevalence of breastfeeding during 2020 due to the physical isolation against the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the population attributable risk approach taking into account the prevalence of breastfeeding and its potential decrease associated with the measures of physical isolation and the relative risk (RR) of the association between exclusive breastfeeding and the occurrence of acute infection consequences in the growth (weight for height) of children under the age of five through a mathematical modeling program. RESULTS We found an increase of 11.39% in the number of cases of growth arrest in the age group of 6 to 11 months with a 50% decrease in breastfeeding prevalence, as well as an increase in the number of diarrhea cases in children between 1 and 5 months of age from 5% (5.67%) on, and an increased number of deaths in children under 5 years (9.04%) with a 50% decrease in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS A lower prevalence of breastfeeding has an impact on infant morbidity and mortality in the short and medium-term. As a public health policy, current maternal and childcare strategies must be kept in order to reduce risks in the pediatric population.
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21
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Monschein T, Hartung HP, Zrzavy T, Barnett M, Boxberger N, Berger T, Chataway J, Bar-Or A, Rommer PS, Zettl UK. Vaccination and multiple sclerosis in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:1033-1043. [PMID: 34353858 PMCID: PMC8458056 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Monschein
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria .,Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nina Boxberger
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeremy Chataway
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL; National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paulus Stefan Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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22
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Favaro M, Mattina W, Pistoia ES, Gaziano R, Di Francesco P, Middleton S, D'Angelo S, Altarozzi T, Fontana C. A new qualitative RT-PCR assay detecting SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18955. [PMID: 34556690 PMCID: PMC8460689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is facing an exceptional pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. To allow the diagnosis of COVID-19 infections, several assays based on the real-time PCR technique have been proposed. The requests for diagnosis are such that it was immediately clear that the choice of the most suitable method for each microbiology laboratory had to be based, on the one hand, on the availability of materials, and on the other hand, on the personnel and training priorities for this activity. Unfortunately, due to high demand, the shortage of commercial diagnostic kits has also become a major problem. To overcome these critical issues, we have developed a new qualitative RT-PCR probe. Our system detects three genes-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), envelope (E) and nucleocapsid (N)-and uses the β-actin gene as an endogenous internal control. The results from our assay are in complete agreement with the results obtained using a commercially available kit, except for two samples that did not pass the endogenous internal control. The coincidence rate was 0.96. The LoD of our assay was 140 cp/reaction for N and 14 cp/reaction for RdRp and E. Our kit was designed to be open, either for the nucleic acid extraction step or for the RT-PCR assay, and to be carried out on several instruments. Therefore, it is free from the industrial production logics of closed systems, and conversely, it is hypothetically available for distribution in large quantities to any microbiological laboratory. The kit is currently distributed worldwide (called MOLgen-COVID-19; Adaltis). A new version of the kit for detecting the S gene is also available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Favaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Mattina
- LifeGene Srl Messina, Italy Via Garibaldi 377, 98121, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvatore Pistoia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Francesco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Simon Middleton
- Adaltis R&D S.R.L., Via Luigi Einaudi 7, 00012, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Angelo
- Adaltis R&D S.R.L., Via Luigi Einaudi 7, 00012, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Tullio Altarozzi
- Adaltis R&D S.R.L., Via Luigi Einaudi 7, 00012, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy
| | - Carla Fontana
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Microbiology and Virology Lab, Tor Vergata University Hospital, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Fontana C, Favaro M, Minelli S, Bossa MC, Altieri A. Co-infections observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients using a rapid diagnostic test. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16355. [PMID: 34381118 PMCID: PMC8357960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests are tools of paramount impact both for improving patient care and in antimicrobial management programs. Particularly in the case of respiratory infections, it is of great importance to quickly confirm/exclude the involvement of pathogens, be they bacteria or viruses, while obtaining information about the presence/absence of a genetic target of resistance to modulate antibiotic therapy. In this paper, we present our experiences with the use of the Biofire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel Plus (FAPP; bioMérieux; Marcy l'Etoile, France) to assess coinfection in COVID-19 patients. A total of 152 respiratory samples from consecutive patients were examined, and 93 (61%) were found to be FAPP positive, with the detection of bacteria and/or viruses. The patients were 93 males and 59 females with an average age of 65 years who were admitted to our hospital due to moderate/severe acute respiratory symptoms. Among the positive samples were 52 from sputum (SPU) and 41 from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The most representative species was S. aureus (most isolates were mecA positive; 30/44, 62%), followed by gram-negative pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii. Evidence of a virus was rare. Cultures performed from BAL and SPU samples gave poor results. Most of the discrepant negative cultures were those in which FAPP detected pathogens with a microbial count ≤ 105 CFU/mL. H. influenzae was one of the most common pathogens lost by the conventional method. Despite the potential limitations of FAPP, which detects a defined number of pathogens, its advantages of rapid detection combined with predictive information regarding the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens through the detection of some relevant markers of resistance could be very useful for establishing empirical targeted therapy for the treatment of patients with respiratory failure. In the COVID era, we understand the importance of using antibiotics wisely to curb the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fontana
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Microbiology and Virology Lab, Tor Vergata University Hospital, V.le Oxford, 81 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Favaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Minelli
- Microbiology and Virology Lab, Tor Vergata University Hospital, V.le Oxford, 81 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Bossa
- Microbiology and Virology Lab, Tor Vergata University Hospital, V.le Oxford, 81 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Altieri
- Microbiology and Virology Lab, Tor Vergata University Hospital, V.le Oxford, 81 00133, Rome, Italy
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Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081565. [PMID: 34452430 PMCID: PMC8412109 DOI: 10.3390/v13081565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to circulate worldwide, causing numerous outbreaks among bird species and severe public health concerns. H5N1 and H5N8 are the two most fundamental HPAI subtypes detected in birds in the last two decades. The two viruses may compete with each other while sharing the same host population and, thus, suppress the spread of one of the viruses. In this study, we performed a statistical analysis to investigate the temporal correlation of the HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 subtypes using globally reported data in 2015-2020. This was joined with an in-depth analysis using data generated via our national surveillance program in Egypt. A total of 6412 outbreaks were reported worldwide during this period, with 39% (2529) as H5N1 and 61% (3883) as H5N8. In Egypt, 65% of positive cases were found in backyards, while only 12% were found in farms and 23% in live bird markets. Overall, our findings depict a trade-off between the number of positive H5N1 and H5N8 samples around early 2017, which is suggestive of the potential replacement between the two subtypes. Further research is still required to elucidate the underpinning mechanisms of this competitive dynamic. This, in turn, will implicate the design of effective strategies for disease control.
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25
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Petrie JG, Bazzi LA, McDermott AB, Follmann D, Esposito D, Hatcher C, Mateja A, Narpala SR, O'Connell SE, Martin ET, Monto AS. Coronavirus Occurrence in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Cohort of Michigan Households: Reinfection Frequency and Serologic Responses to Seasonal and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:49-59. [PMID: 33755731 PMCID: PMC8083771 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated frequency of reinfection with seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and serum antibody response following infection over 8 years in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort. METHODS Households were followed annually for identification of acute respiratory illness with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed HCoV infection. Serum collected before and at 2 time points postinfection were tested using a multiplex binding assay to quantify antibody to seasonal, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike proteins and SARS-CoV-2 spike subdomains and N protein. RESULTS Of 3418 participants, 40% were followed for ≥3 years. A total of 1004 HCoV infections were documented; 303 (30%) were reinfections of any HCoV type. The number of HCoV infections ranged from 1 to 13 per individual. The mean time to reinfection with the same type was estimated at 983 days for 229E, 578 days for HKU1, 615 days for OC43, and 711 days for NL63. Binding antibody levels to seasonal HCoVs were high, with little increase postinfection, and were maintained over time. Homologous, preinfection antibody levels did not significantly correlate with odds of infection, and there was little cross-response to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Reinfection with seasonal HCoVs is frequent. Binding anti-spike protein antibodies do not correlate with protection from seasonal HCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Petrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Latifa A Bazzi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian Hatcher
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allyson Mateja
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E O'Connell
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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26
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Pruner KB, Pepper M. Local memory CD4 T cell niches in respiratory viral infection. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212432. [PMID: 34160551 PMCID: PMC8225681 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections present a major threat to global health and prosperity. Over the past century, several have developed into crippling pandemics, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although the generation of neutralizing serum antibodies in response to natural immunity and vaccination are considered to be hallmarks of viral immune protection, antibodies from long-lived plasma cells are subject to immune escape from heterologous clades of zoonotic, recombined, or mutated viruses. Local immunity in the lung can be generated through resident memory immune subsets that rapidly respond to secondary infection and protect from heterologous infection. Although many immune cells are required to achieve the phenomenon of resident memory, herein we highlight the pleiotropic functions of CD4 tissue resident memory T cells in the lung and discuss the implications of resident memory for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt B Pruner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Chen Y, Hu J, Liu S, Chen B, Xiao M, Li Y, Liao Y, Rai KR, Zhao Z, Ouyang J, Pan Q, Zhang L, Huang S, Chen JL. RDUR, a lncRNA, Promotes Innate Antiviral Responses and Provides Feedback Control of NF-κB Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672165. [PMID: 34054851 PMCID: PMC8160526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, remains a major threat to global public health. Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be implicated in various cellular processes. Here, we identified a new lncRNA termed RIG-I-dependent IAV-upregulated noncoding RNA (RDUR), which was induced by infections with IAV and several other viruses. Both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that robust expression of host RDUR induced by IAV was dependent on the RIG-I/NF-κB pathway. Overexpression of RDUR suppressed IAV replication and downregulation of RDUR promoted the virus replication. Deficiency of mouse RDUR increased virus production in lungs, body weight loss, acute organ damage and consequently reduced survival rates of mice, in response to IAV infection. RDUR impaired the viral replication by upregulating the expression of several vital antiviral molecules including interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Further study showed that RDUR interacted with ILF2 and ILF3 that were required for the efficient expression of some ISGs such as IFITM3 and MX1. On the other hand, we found that while NF-κB positively regulated the expression of RDUR, increased expression of RDUR, in turn, inactivated NF-κB through a negative feedback mechanism to suppress excessive inflammatory response to viral infection. Together, the results demonstrate that RDUR is an important lncRNA acting as a critical regulator of innate immunity against the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiayue Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Biao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kul Raj Rai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Qidong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Current Knowledge and Perspectives of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Pharmacological Applications: A Mini-Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071970. [PMID: 33807368 PMCID: PMC8037423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a widespread group of secondary metabolites in plants. PAs are notorious for their acute hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity and neurological damage to humans and animals. In recent decades, the application of PAs for beneficial biological activities to cure disease has drawn greater attention. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the pharmacological properties of PAs and discuss PAs as promising prototypes for the development of new drugs.
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Raj V, Renjini A, Swapna MS, Sreejyothi S, Sankararaman S. Nonlinear time series and principal component analyses: Potential diagnostic tools for COVID-19 auscultation. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2020; 140:110246. [PMID: 32863618 PMCID: PMC7444955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel digital auscultation techniques has become highly significant in the context of the outburst of the pandemic COVID 19. The present work reports the spectral, nonlinear time series, fractal, and complexity analysis of vesicular (VB) and bronchial (BB) breath signals. The analysis is carried out with 37 breath sound signals. The spectral analysis brings out the signatures of VB and BB through the power spectral density plot and wavelet scalogram. The dynamics of airflow through the respiratory tract during VB and BB are investigated using the nonlinear time series and complexity analyses in terms of the phase portrait, fractal dimension, Hurst exponent, and sample entropy. The higher degree of chaoticity in BB relative to VB is unwrapped through the maximal Lyapunov exponent. The principal component analysis helps in classifying VB and BB sound signals through the feature extraction from the power spectral density data. The method proposed in the present work is simple, cost-effective, and sensitive, with a far-reaching potential of addressing and diagnosing the current issue of COVID 19 through lung auscultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Raj
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India- 695581
| | - A Renjini
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India- 695581
| | - M S Swapna
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India- 695581
| | - S Sreejyothi
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India- 695581
| | - S Sankararaman
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India- 695581
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30
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Monto AS, DeJonge PM, Callear AP, Bazzi LA, Capriola SB, Malosh RE, Martin ET, Petrie JG. Coronavirus Occurrence and Transmission Over 8 Years in the HIVE Cohort of Households in Michigan. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:9-16. [PMID: 32246136 PMCID: PMC7184402 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As part of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) study, acute respiratory infections (ARI) have been identified in children and adults from 2010 to 2018. Methods Annually, 890 to 1441 individuals were followed and contacted weekly to report ARIs. Specimens collected during illness were tested for human coronaviruses (HCoV) types OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63. Results In total, 993 HCoV infections were identified during the 8 years, with OC43 most commonly seen and 229E the least. HCoVs were detected in a limited time period, between December and April/May and peaked in January/February. Highest infection frequency was in children <5 years (18 per 100 person-years), with little variation in older age groups (range, 7 to 11 per 100 person-years). Overall, 9% of adult cases and 20% of cases in children were associated with medical consultation. Of the 993 infections, 260 were acquired from an infected household contact. The serial interval between index and household-acquired cases ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 days and the secondary infection risk ranged from 7.2% to 12.6% by type. Conclusions Coronaviruses are sharply seasonal. They appear, based on serial interval and secondary infection risk, to have similar transmission potential to influenza A(H3N2) in the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter M DeJonge
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy P Callear
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Latifa A Bazzi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Skylar B Capriola
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan E Malosh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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López-López W, Salas G, Vega-Arce M, Cornejo-Araya CA, Barboza-Palomino M, Ho YS. Publications on COVID-19 in High Impact Factor Journals: A Bibliometric Analysis. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.pchi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has sickened more than six million people worldwide. This context has led to an abundance of publications quickly since the beginning of the outbreak. In a few months, thousands of scientific papers have appeared. This article aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of the publications on COVID-19 in five high-impact journals indexed to the Web of Science Core Collection's Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) including The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Science, Nature, and JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association. We found 169 documents associated with the search criteria. The findings indicate that China, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the most represented countries in these publications, The Lancet is the journal with the highest number of contributions with 66% of documents, and the University of Hong Kong leads the ranking of institutions. Future bibliometric and scientometric studies on COVID-19 should provide updated information to analyse other relevant indicators in this field.
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Development of Novel Anti-influenza Thiazolides with Relatively Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Potentials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00222-20. [PMID: 32312780 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00222-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza causes 650,000 deaths annually in the world. The emergence of drug resistance to specific anti-influenza virus drugs such as oseltamivir and baloxavir marboxil highlights the urgency of novel anti-influenza chemical entity discovery. In this study, we report a series of novel thiazolides derived from an FDA-approved drug, nitazoxanide, with antiviral activity against influenza and a broad range of viruses. The preferred candidates 4a and 4d showed significantly enhanced anti-influenza virus potentials, with 10-fold improvement compared to results with nitazoxanide, and were effective against a variety of influenza virus subtypes including oseltamivir-resistant strains. Notably, the combination using compounds 4a/4d and oseltamivir carboxylate or zanamivir displayed synergistic antiviral effects against oseltamivir-resistant strains. Mode-of-action analysis demonstrated that compounds 4a/4d acted at the late phase of the viral infection cycle through inhibiting viral RNA transcription and replication. Further experiments showed that treatment with compounds 4a/4d significantly inhibited influenza virus infection in human lung organoids, suggesting the druggability of the novel thiazolides. In-depth transcriptome analysis revealed a series of upregulated cellular genes that may contribute to the antiviral activities of 4a/4d. Together, the results of our study indicated the direction to optimize nitazoxanide as an anti-influenza drug and discovered two candidates with novel structures, compounds 4a/4d, that have relatively broad-spectrum antiviral potentials.
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Nikolayeva YV, Ulashchik EA, Chekerda EV, Galochkina AV, Slesarchuk NA, Chistov AA, Nikitin TD, Korshun VA, Shmanai VV, Ustinov AV, Shtro AA. 5-(Perylen-3-ylethynyl)uracil Derivatives Inhibit Reproduction of Respiratory Viruses. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020; 46:315-320. [PMID: 32834709 PMCID: PMC7305479 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the synthesis of 5-(perylen-3-ylethynyl)uridine and its ability to effectively inhibit the replication of respiratory disease pathogens in cell culture, namely: influenza A virus (IVA); type 3 parainfluenza virus (PIV-3); and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Related known compounds were also analyzed: 5-(perylen-3-ylethynyl)-2'-deoxy-uridine; 5-(perylen-3-ylethynyl)-arabino-uridine; and 1-carboxymethyl-3-pivaloyloxymethyl-5-(perylen-3-ylethynyl)uracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. V. Nikolayeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E. A. Ulashchik
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry of the NAS Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - E. V. Chekerda
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. V. Galochkina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N. A. Slesarchuk
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Chistov
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - T. D. Nikitin
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. A. Korshun
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 117312 Moscow, Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Shmanai
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry of the NAS Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - A. V. Ustinov
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Shtro
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Civil
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ.
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK; NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
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35
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Sedova ES, Verkhovskaya LV, Artemova EA, Shcherbinin DN, Lysenko AA, Rudneva IA, Lyashko AV, Alekseeva SA, Esmagambetov IB, Timofeeva TA, Shmarov MM. Protecting Mice from H7 Avian Influenza Virus by Immunisation with a Recombinant Adenovirus Encoding Influenza A Virus Conserved Antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.30895/2221-996x-2020-20-1-60-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious disease that causes annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Birds are believed to be the source of newly emerging pandemic strains, including highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the subtype H7. The aim of the study: to evaluate the ability of the recombinant human adenovirus, serotype 5, which expresses genes of influenza A highly conserved antigens (ion channel M2 and nucleoprotein NP), to provide protection to laboratory mice against infection with a lethal dose of avian influenza virus, subtype H7. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to adapt influenza A virus, subtype H7 for reproduction in the lungs of mice, to characterise it, and to use it for evaluation of the protective properties of the recombinant adenovirus. Materials and methods: avian influenza virus A/Chicken/NJ/294508-12/2004 (H7N2) was adapted for reproduction in the lungs of mice by repeated passages. The adapted strain was sequenced and assessed using hemagglutination test, EID50 and LD50 for laboratory mice. BALB/c mice were immunised once with Ad5-tet-M2NP adenovirus intranasally, and 21 days after the immunisation they were infected with a lethal dose (5 LD50) of influenza virus A/Chicken/NJ/294508-12/2004 (H7N2) in order to assess the protective properties of the recombinant adenovirus. The level of viral shedding from the lungs of the infected mice was evaluated by titration of the lung homogenates in MDCK cell culture on days 3 and 6 after infection. The level of specific antibodies to H7 avian influenza virus was determined by indirect enzyme immunoassay. Results: the use of Ad5-tet-M2NP adenovirus for immunisation of the mice ensured 100% survival of the animals that had disease symptoms (weight loss) after their infection with the lethal dose (5 LD50) of H7 avian influenza virus. The study demonstrated a high post-vaccination level of humoral immune response to H7 avian influenza virus. The virus titer decreased significantly by day 6 in the lungs of mice that had been immunised with Ad5-tet-M2NP compared to the control group. Conclusion: the Ad5-tetM2NP recombinant adenovirus can be used to create a candidate pandemic influenza vaccine that would protect against avian influenza viruses, subtype H7, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Sedova
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - L. V. Verkhovskaya
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - E. A. Artemova
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - D. N. Shcherbinin
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - A. A. Lysenko
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - I. A. Rudneva
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - A. V. Lyashko
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - S. A. Alekseeva
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - I. B. Esmagambetov
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - T. A. Timofeeva
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
| | - M. M. Shmarov
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya
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