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Diévart F, Bruckert E, Aboyans V, Bekka S, Boccara F, Bourdon Baron Munoz B, Emmerich J, Farnier M, Gallo A, Lemesle G, Paillard F, Schiele F, Kownator S. Management of lipid variables in primary cardiovascular prevention: A position paper from the Heart, Vessels and Metabolism Group of the French Society of Cardiology. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 117:358-378. [PMID: 38762344 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been established as a powerful cardiovascular risk factor; its reduction provides a clinical benefit in primary cardiovascular prevention, irrespective of the characteristics of the patients treated. It is useful to tailor low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets according to the magnitude of cardiovascular risk (low, high or very high) in order to reduce the cardiovascular risk as fully as possible. In order to provide a uniform approach, it is necessary to propose recommendations for good practice, defining strategies for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is also necessary to know their merits, to analyse their practical limits and to propose adaptations, taking into account limitations and national specifics. This position paper aims to analyse the contribution and limits, as well as the adaptation to French practice, of 2019 and 2021 European Society of Cardiology recommendations for the management of lipid variables and cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Diévart
- Elsan clinique Villette, 18, rue Parmentier, 59240 Dunkerque, France.
| | | | | | - Saïd Bekka
- Institut de diabétologie et nutrition du centre, 28300 Mainvilliers, France
| | | | | | | | - Michel Farnier
- Institut de recherche cardiovasculaire, CHU François-Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Gilles Lemesle
- Institut cœur-poumon, CHRU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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2
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Mørland JG, Magnus P, Vollset SE, Leon DA, Selmer R, Tverdal A. Associations between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cause-specific mortality in a general population of 345 000 men and women aged 20-79 years. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1257-1267. [PMID: 36779319 PMCID: PMC10396424 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benefits of elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are challenged by reports demonstrating U-shaped relations between HDL-C levels and all-cause mortality; the association with cause-specific mortality is less studied. METHODS A total of 344 556 individuals (20-79 years, 52 % women) recruited from population-based health screening during 1985-2003 were followed until the end of 2018 for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by serum HDL-C level at inclusion of <30, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89, 90-99 and >99 mg/dl (< 0.78, 0.78-1.01, 1.04-1.27, 1.30-1.53, 1.55-1.79, 1.81-2.04, 2.07-2.31, 2.33-2.56, >2.56 mmol/L). Hazard ratios (HRs) were adjusted for sex, age, calendar period, smoking, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, physical activity, educational length, body mass index and ill health. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 22 years, 69 505 individuals died. There were U-shaped associations between HDL-C levels and all-cause, cancer and non-cardiovascular disease/non-cancer mortality (non-CVD/non-cancer), whereas for CVD there was increased risk of death only at lower levels. With HDL-C stratum 50-59 mg/dl (1.30-1.53 mmol/L) as reference, HRs [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for levels >99 mg/dl (>2.56 mmol/L) were 1.32 (1.21-1.43), 1.05 (0.89-1.24), 1.26 (1.09-1.46) and 1.68 (1.48-1.90) for all-cause, CVD, cancer and non-CVD/non-cancer mortality, respectively. For HDL-C levels <30 mg/dl (0.78 mmol/L), the corresponding HRs (95% CIs) were 1.30 (1.24-1.36), 1.55 (1.44-1.67), 1.14 (1.05-1.23) and 1.19 (1.10-1.29). The mortality from alcoholic liver disease, cancers of mouth-oesophagus-liver, chronic liver diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accidents and diabetes increased distinctly with increasing HDL-C above the reference level. HDL-C levels lower than the reference level were mainly associated with increased mortality of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), other CVDs, stomach cancer and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Higher HDL-C levels were associated with increased mortality risk of several diseases which also have been associated with heavy drinking, and lower HDL-C levels were associated with increased mortality from IHD, other CVDs, gastric cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørg G Mørland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Leon
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Randi Selmer
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aage Tverdal
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Liu Y. Integrative network pharmacology and in silico analyses identify the anti-omicron SARS-CoV-2 potential of eugenol. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13853. [PMID: 36845041 PMCID: PMC9937729 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol as a natural product is the source of isoniazid, and purified eugenol is extensively used in the cosmetics industry and the productive processes of edible spices. Accumulating evidence suggested that eugenol exerted potent anti-microorganism and anti-inflammation effects. Application of eugenol effectively reduced the risk of atherosclerosis, arterial embolism, and Type 2 diabetes. A previous study confirmed that treatment with eugenol attenuated lung inflammation and improved heart functions in SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-intoxicated mice. In addition to the study, based on a series of public datasets, computational analyses were conducted to characterize the acting targets of eugenol and the functional roles of these targets in COVID-19. The binding capacities of eugenol to conservative sites of SARS-CoV-2 like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and mutable site as spike (S) protein, were calculated by using molecular docking following the molecular dynamics simulation with RMSD, RMSF, and MM-GBSA methods. The results of network pharmacology indicated that six targets, including PLAT, HMOX1, NUP88, CTSL, ITGB1 andTMPRSS2 were eugenol-SARS-CoV-2 interacting proteins. The omics results of in-silico study further implicated that eugenol increased the expression of SCARB1, HMOX1 and GDF15, especially HMOX1, which were confirmed the potential interacting targets between eugenol and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Enrichment analyses indicated that eugenol exerted extensive biological effects such as regulating immune infiltration of macrophage, lipid localization, monooxyenase activity, iron ion binding and PPAR signaling. The results of the integrated analysis of eugenol targets and immunotranscription profile of COVID-19 cases shows that eugenol also plays an important role in strengthen of immunologic functions and regulating cytokine signaling. As a complement to the integrated analysis, the results of molecular docking indicated the potential binding interactions between eugenol and four proteins relating to cytokine production/release and the function of T type lymphocytes, including human TLR-4, TCR, NF-κB, JNK and AP-1. Furthermore, results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (100ns) simulations implicated that stimulated modification of eugenol to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike-ACE2 complex, especially for human ACE2, and the molecular interaction of eugenol to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, were no less favorable than two positive controls, molnupiravir and nilotinib. Dynamics (200ns) simulations indicated that the binding capacities and stabilities of eugenol to finger subdomain of RdRp is no less than molnupiravir. However, the simulated binding capacity of eugenol to SARS-CoV-2 wild type RBD and Omicron mutant RBD were less than nilotinib. Eugenol was predicted to have more favor LD50 value and lower cytotoxicity than two positive controls, and eugenol can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a brief, eugenol is helpful for attenuating systemic inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to the direct interaction of eugenol to SARS-CoV-2 proteins and extensive bio-manipulation of pro-inflammatory factors. This study carefully suggests eugenol is a candidate compound of developing drugs and supplement agents against SARS-CoV-2 and its Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Graduated Student of Harbin Medical University, Cardiology. Baojian Road105, Nangang Distinct, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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4
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Dunigan-Russell K, Yaeger MJ, Hodge MX, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Reece SW, Birukova A, Guttenberg MA, Novak C, Chung S, Ehrmann BM, Wallace ED, Tokarz D, Majumder N, Xia L, Christman JW, Shannahan J, Ballinger MN, Hussain S, Shaikh SR, Tighe RM, Gowdy KM. Scavenger receptor BI attenuates oxidized phospholipid-induced pulmonary inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 462:116381. [PMID: 36681128 PMCID: PMC9983330 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules released from dead/dying cells following toxicant and/or environmental exposures that activate the immune response through binding of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Excessive production of DAMPs or failed clearance leads to chronic inflammation and delayed inflammation resolution. One category of DAMPs are oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) produced upon exposure to high levels of oxidative stress, such as following ozone (O3) induced inflammation. OxPLs are bound by multiple classes of PRRs that include scavenger receptors (SRs) such as SR class B-1 (SR-BI) and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Interactions between oxPLs and PRRs appear to regulate inflammation; however, the role of SR-BI in oxPL-induced lung inflammation has not been defined. Therefore, we hypothesize that SR-BI is critical in protecting the lung from oxPL-induced pulmonary inflammation/injury. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6J (WT) female mice were dosed with oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (oxPAPC) by oropharyngeal aspiration which increased pulmonary SR-BI expression. Following oxPAPC exposure, SR-BI deficient (SR-BI-/-) mice exhibited increased lung pathology and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. Lipidomic analysis revealed that SR-BI-/- mice had an altered pulmonary lipidome prior to and following oxPAPC exposure, which correlated with increased oxidized phosphatidylcholines (PCs). Finally, we characterized TLR4-mediated activation of NF-κB following oxPAPC exposure and discovered that SR-BI-/- mice had increased TLR4 mRNA expression in lung tissue and macrophages, increased nuclear p65, and decreased cytoplasmic IκBα. Overall, we conclude that SR-BI is required for limiting oxPAPC-induced lung pathology by maintaining lipid homeostasis, reducing oxidized PCs, and attenuating TLR4-NF-κB activation, thereby preventing excessive and persistent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Dunigan-Russell
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael J Yaeger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Myles X Hodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Brita Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Sky W Reece
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Anastasiya Birukova
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marissa A Guttenberg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Caymen Novak
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brandie Michelle Ehrmann
- Deparment of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - E Diane Wallace
- Deparment of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Debra Tokarz
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nairrita Majumder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Li Xia
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - John W Christman
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- College of Human and Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
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von Eckardstein A, Nordestgaard BG, Remaley AT, Catapano AL. High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance. Eur Heart J 2022; 44:1394-1407. [PMID: 36337032 PMCID: PMC10119031 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Previous interest in high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) focused on their possible protective role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Evidence from genetic studies and randomized trials, however, questioned that the inverse association of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is causal. This review aims to provide an update on the role of HDL in health and disease, also beyond ASCVD. Through evolution from invertebrates, HDLs are the principal lipoproteins, while apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins first developed in vertebrates. HDLs transport cholesterol and other lipids between different cells like a reusable ferry, but serve many other functions including communication with cells and the inactivation of biohazards like bacterial lipopolysaccharides. These functions are exerted by entire HDL particles or distinct proteins or lipids carried by HDL rather than by its cholesterol cargo measured as HDL-C. Neither does HDL-C measurement reflect the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies indicate that functional measures of HDL, notably cholesterol efflux capacity, numbers of HDL particles, or distinct HDL proteins are better predictors of ASCVD events than HDL-C. Low HDL-C levels are related observationally, but also genetically, to increased risks of infectious diseases, death during sepsis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Additional, but only observational, data indicate associations of low HDL-C with various autoimmune diseases, and cancers, as well as all-cause mortality. Conversely, extremely high HDL-C levels are associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (also genetically), infectious disease, and all-cause mortality. HDL encompasses dynamic multimolecular and multifunctional lipoproteins that likely emerged during evolution to serve several physiological roles and prevent or heal pathologies beyond ASCVD. For any clinical exploitation of HDL, the indirect marker HDL-C must be replaced by direct biomarkers reflecting the causal role of HDL in the respective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital , Herlev , Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital , Herlev , Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni , Milan , Italy
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6
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Iatan I, Choi HY, Genest J. High-Density Lipoprotein and Cardiovascular Disease-Where do We Stand? Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:557-572. [PMID: 35963628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in humans are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This association is strong and coherent across populations and remains after the elimination of covariates. Animal studies show that increasing HDL particles prevent atherosclerosis, and basic work on the biology of HDL supports a strong biological plausibility for a therapeutic target. This enthusiasm is dampened by Mendelian randomization data showing that HDL-C may not be causal in ASCVD. Furthermore, drugs that increase HDL-C have largely failed to prevent or treat ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Iatan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Bloc E, EM12212, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Hong Y Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Bloc E, EM12212, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacques Genest
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Bloc E, EM12212, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) promotes atheroprotection through its role in HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport in the liver. However, evidence indicates that SR-B1 may impact atherosclerosis through nonhepatic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have brought to light various mechanisms by which SR-B1 affects lesional macrophage function and protects against atherosclerosis. Efferocytosis is efficient in early atherosclerotic lesions. At this stage, and beyond its role in cholesterol efflux, SR-B1 promotes free cholesterol-induced apoptosis of macrophages through its control of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM). At more advanced stages, macrophage SR-B1 binds and mediates the removal of apoptotic cells. SR-B1 also participates in the induction of autophagy which limits necrotic core formation and increases plaque stability. SUMMARY These studies shed new light on the atheroprotective role of SR-B1 by emphasizing its essential contribution in macrophages during atherogenesis as a function of lesion stages. These new findings suggest that macrophage SR-B1 is a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Huby
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S1166, Paris, France
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8
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Chen C, Chang X, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Lei C. CircRNA CTNNB1 (circCTNNB1) ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by sponging miR-96-5p to up-regulate scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1) expression. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10258-10273. [PMID: 35435123 PMCID: PMC9162012 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies show that circRNA catenin beta 1 (circCTNNB1) plays a critical role in cancer. However, the expression and function of circCTNNB1 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) have not been reported. The present study discovered that circCTNNB1 and scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1) expression levels were significantly down-regulated in mouse astrocytes (mAS) treated with oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R), and similar results were observed in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Overexpression of circCTNNB1 alleviated cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response induced by OGD/R in vitro. Up-regulation of circCTNNB1 increased SRB1 expression levels to protect mAS cells from OGD/R-induced damage. CircCTNNB1 and SRB1 interacted with miR-96-5p, and the overexpression of miR-96-5p efficiently reversed the function of circCTNNB1 in OGD/R-treated mAS cells. CircCTNNB1 protected against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by up-regulating SRB1 in vivo. In conclusion, our findings suggest that circCTNNB1 acts as a competitive endogenous RNA for miR-96-5p to alleviate cerebral IRI, which provides novel evidence that circCTNNB1 and SRB1 may be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cerebral IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaolong Chang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shifei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyan Lei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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9
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Hueso M, Griñán R, Mallen A, Navarro E, Purqueras E, Gomá M, Sbraga F, Blasco-Lucas A, Revilla G, Santos D, Canyelles M, Julve J, Escolà-Gil JC, Rotllan N. MiR-125b downregulates macrophage scavenger receptor type B1 and reverse cholesterol transport. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112596. [PMID: 35062066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether miR-125b regulates cholesterol efflux in vivo and in vitro through the regulation of scavenger receptor type B1 (SR-B1). APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrated that miR-125b is up-regulated in the human aortas of patients with CAD and is located in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We identified SCARB1 as a direct target of miR-125b by repressing the activity of the SCARB1 3'-untranslated region reporter construct. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-125b in both human and mouse macrophages as well as VSMCs was found to downregulated the expression of the SCARB1 and the SR-B1 protein levels, thereby impairing α-HDL-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux in vitro. The in vivo reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) rate from non-cholesterol-loaded macrophages transfected with miR-125b to feces was also found to be decreased when compared with that of control mimic-transfected macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results provide evidence that miR-125b downregulates SCARB1 and SR-B1 in both human and mouse macrophages as well as VSMCs, thereby impairing macrophage cholesterol efflux in vitro and the whole macrophage-specific RCT pathway in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hueso
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Griñán
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelonna, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Mallen
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislao Navarro
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Purqueras
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Gomá
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Sbraga
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Blasco-Lucas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanna Revilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santos
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Canyelles
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Hu S, Hu D, Wei H, Li SY, Wang D, Li CZ, Jiang J, Wang D, Cui G, Wang D. Functional Deletion/Insertion Promoter Variants in SCARB1 Associated With Increased Susceptibility to Lipid Profile Abnormalities and Coronary Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:800873. [PMID: 35097019 PMCID: PMC8793335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.800873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genetic variants in Scavenger receptor Class B Type 1 (SCARB1) influencing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk were identified by recent genome-wide association studies. Further study of potential functional variants in SCARB1 may provide new ideas of the complicated relationship between HDL-C and CHD. Methods: 2000 bp in SCARB1 promoter region was re-sequenced in 168 participants with extremely high plasma HDL-C and 400 control subjects. Putative risk alleles were identified using bioinformatics analysis and reporter-gene assays. Two indel variants, rs144334493 and rs557348251, respectively, were genotyped in 5,002 CHD patients and 5,175 control subjects. The underlying mechanisms were investigated. Results: Through resequencing, 27 genetic variants were identified. Results of genotyping in 5,002 CHD patients and 5,175 control subjects revealed that rs144334493 and rs557348251 were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD [odds ratio (OR): 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09 to 1.52, p = 0.003; OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.66–4.24, p = 4.4 × 10−5). Subsequent mechanism experiments demonstrated that rs144334493 deletion allele attenuated forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) binding to the promoter region of SCARB1, while FOXA1 overexpression reversely increased SR-BI expression. Conclusion: Genetic variants in SCARB1 promoter region significantly associated with the plasma lipid levels by affecting SR-BI expression and contribute to the susceptibility of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Hu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-yang Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen-ze Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangang Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanglin Cui
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guanglin Cui
| | - Daowu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Center for Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Daowu Wang
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Target Deconvolution of Fenofibrate in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Using Bioinformatics Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2021:3654660. [PMID: 34988225 PMCID: PMC8720586 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3654660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent form of liver damage, affecting ~25% of the global population. NAFLD comprises a spectrum of liver pathologies, from hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and may progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The presence of NAFLD correlates with metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, obesity, blood hypertension, cardiovascular, and insulin resistance. Fenofibrate is an agonist drug for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), used principally for treatment of hyperlipidemia. However, fenofibrate has recently been investigated in clinical trials for treatment of other metabolic disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and NAFLD. The evidence to date indicates that fenofibrate could improve NAFLD. While PPARα is considered to be the main target of fenofibrate, fenofibrate may exert its effect through impact on other genes and pathways thereby alleviating, and possibly reversing, NAFLD. In this study, using bioinformatics tools and gene-drug, gene-diseases databases, we sought to explore possible targets, interactions, and pathways involved in fenofibrate and NAFLD. Methods We first determined significant protein interactions with fenofibrate in the STITCH database with high confidence (0.7). Next, we investigated the identified proteins on curated targets in two databases, including the DisGeNET and DISEASES databases, to determine their association with NAFLD. We finally constructed a Venn diagram for these two collections (curated genes-NAFLD and fenofibrate-STITCH) to uncover possible primary targets of fenofibrate. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG were analyzed to detect the significantly involved targets in molecular function, biological process, cellular component, and biological pathways. A P value < 0.01 was considered the cut-off criterion. We also estimated the specificity of targets with NAFLD by investigating them in disease-gene associations (STRING) and EnrichR (DisGeNET). Finally, we verified our findings in the scientific literature. Results We constructed two collections, one with 80 protein-drug interactions and the other with 95 genes associated with NAFLD. Using the Venn diagram, we identified 11 significant targets including LEP, SIRT1, ADIPOQ, PPARA, SREBF1, LDLR, GSTP1, VLDLR, SCARB1, MMP1, and APOC3 and then evaluated their biological pathways. Based on Gene Ontology, most of the targets are involved in lipid metabolism, and KEGG enrichment pathways showed the PPAR signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, and NAFLD as the most significant pathways. The interrogation of those targets on authentic disease databases showed they were more specific to both steatosis and steatohepatitis liver injury than to any other diseases in these databases. Finally, we identified three significant genes, APOC3, PPARA, and SREBF1, that showed robust drug interaction with fenofibrate. Conclusion Fenofibrate may exert its effect directly or indirectly, via modulation of several key targets and pathways, in the treatment of NAFLD.
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12
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Powers HR, Sahoo D. SR-B1's Next Top Model: Structural Perspectives on the Functions of the HDL Receptor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:277-288. [PMID: 35107765 PMCID: PMC8809234 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The binding of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to its primary receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), is critical for lowering plasma cholesterol levels and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. This review provides novel insights into how the structural elements of SR-B1 drive efficient function with an emphasis on bidirectional cholesterol transport. RECENT FINDINGS We have generated a new homology model of full-length human SR-B1 based on the recent resolution of the partial structures of other class B scavenger receptors. Interrogating this model against previously published observations allows us to generate structurally informed hypotheses about SR-B1's ability to mediate HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) transport. Furthermore, we provide a structural perspective as to why human variants of SR-B1 may result in impaired HDL-C clearance. A comprehensive understanding of SR-B1's structure-function relationships is critical to the development of therapeutic agents targeting SR-B1 and modulating cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R. Powers
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Cardiovascular Center, H4930 Health Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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13
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Yi SW, Park HB, Jung MH, Yi JJ, Ohrr H. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective cohort study among 15.8 million adults. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 29:844-854. [PMID: 34971388 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate whether the associations between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and the optimal range differ by age and CVD subtypes. METHODS AND RESULTS Korean adults (n = 15,859,501) with no CVD/cancer who received routine health examinations during 2009-2010 were followed until 2018 for CVD mortality. During a mean 8.8 years of follow-up, 108,123 individuals died from CVD. U-curve associations were found between HDL-C and CVD mortality, regardless of sex, age, and CVD subtype. The optimal range was 50-79 mg/dL (1.29-2.06 mmol/L), while it was 40-69 (1.03-1.80), 50-79 (1.29-2.06), and 60-89 (1.55-2.32) mg/dL (mmol/L) in adults aged <45 years, 45-64 years, and 65-99 years, respectively. Assuming linear associations <60 mg/dL, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) per 39 mg/dL (1 mmol/L) higher level were 0.58 (95% CI = 0.56-0.60), and they were 0.61 (0.52-0.72), 0.58 (0.54-0.62), and 0.59 (0.56-0.61) in individuals aged 18-44, 45-64, and 65-99 years, respectively (P interaction[age]=0.845). Assuming linear associations in the 60-150 mg/dL range, HDL-C was positively associated with CVD mortality (HR = 1.09, 1.04-1.14). The strongest association was for sudden cardiac death (HR = 1.37), followed by heart failure (HR = 1.20) and intracerebral hemorrhage (HR = 1.13). The HRs were 1.47 (1.23-1.76), 1.17 (1.08-1.28), and 1.03 (0.97-1.08) in individuals aged 18-44, 45-64, and 65-99 years, respectively (P interaction[age]<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both low and high levels of HDL-C were associated with increased mortality from CVD in the general population, especially sudden cardiac death, heart failure, and intracerebral hemorrhage. High HDL-C levels are not necessarily a sign of good cardiovascular health, especially in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Yi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Bok Park
- Department of Cardiology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Jung
- Cardiovascular Center, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong-si, 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Jeon Yi
- Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechoul Ohrr
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Rozhkova AV, Dmitrieva VG, Nosova EV, Dergunov AD, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV. Genomic Variants and Multilevel Regulation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SCARB1 Expression in Atherogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8120170. [PMID: 34940525 PMCID: PMC8707585 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atheroprotective properties of human plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are determined by their involvement in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from the macrophage to the liver. ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI cholesterol transporters are involved in cholesterol efflux from macrophages to lipid-free ApoA-I and HDL as a first RCT step. Molecular determinants of RCT efficiency that may possess diagnostic and therapeutic meaning remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the progress in studying the genomic variants of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SCARB1, and the regulation of their function at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in atherosclerosis. Defects in the structure and function of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI are caused by changes in the gene sequence, such as single nucleotide polymorphism or various mutations. In the transcription initiation of transporter genes, in addition to transcription factors, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), transcription activators, and repressors are also involved. Furthermore, transcription is substantially influenced by the methylation of gene promoter regions. Post-transcriptional regulation involves microRNAs and lncRNAs, including circular RNAs. The potential biomarkers and targets for atheroprotection, based on molecular mechanisms of expression regulation for three transporter genes, are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V. Rozhkova
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.R.); (V.G.D.); (E.V.N.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Veronika G. Dmitrieva
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.R.); (V.G.D.); (E.V.N.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Elena V. Nosova
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.R.); (V.G.D.); (E.V.N.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Alexander D. Dergunov
- Laboratory of Structural Fundamentals of Lipoprotein Metabolism, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, 101990 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Svetlana A. Limborska
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.R.); (V.G.D.); (E.V.N.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
| | - Liudmila V. Dergunova
- Department of Molecular Bases of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.R.); (V.G.D.); (E.V.N.); (S.A.L.); (L.V.D.)
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15
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Liao J, Bai J, An X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu G, Huang W, Xia Y. Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy-Like Lesions in Atherosclerotic Mice Defected With HDL Receptor SR-B1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:734824. [PMID: 34692787 PMCID: PMC8531488 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) homeostasis is important in maintaining both cardiovascular and renal health. Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), the major HDL receptor in mammals, plays a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport and HDL metabolism. Evidence from mouse study has well demonstrated that HDL disorders caused by Srb1 inactivation accelerate atherosclerosis and even induce lethal cardiovascular diseases. However, the renal consequences of Srb1 dysfunction are still unknown. Here we explored this issue in both Srb1 knockout (Srb1-/-) mice and atherosclerotic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice with Srb1 deletion. Our data showed that no apparent renal damage was observed in 5-month-old Srb1-/- mice fed on standard rodent chow diet as well as Srb1-/- mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. However, 5-month-old Srb1/Ldlr-/- mice fed on rodent chow had increased urinary albumin excretion and developed spontaneous intraglomerular Oil-red O (ORO)-positive lipoprotein deposition that is similar to lesions observed in human lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG). HFD feeding accelerated LPG-like lesions in Srb1/Ldlr-/- mice, inducing severe proteinuria and significantly promoting intraglomerular ORO-positive lipoprotein deposition. Interestingly, probucol reversed HFD-induced HDL disorders and almost fully abrogated LPG-like lesions in Srb1/Ldlr-/- mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that SR-B1 dysfunction leads to LPG-like lesions in atherosclerotic mice, which could be rescued by probucol. SR-B1 loss-of-function mutant carriers therefore might be susceptible to developing metabolic nephropathy in addition to cardiovascular diseases, and probucol might be a potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiangbo An
- Department of Interventional Therapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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16
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Darabi M, Kontush A. High-density lipoproteins (HDL): Novel function and therapeutic applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159058. [PMID: 34624514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The failure of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-raising agents to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) together with recent findings of increased cardiovascular mortality in subjects with extremely high HDL-cholesterol levels provide new opportunities to revisit our view of HDL. The concept of HDL function developed to explain these contradictory findings has recently been expanded by a role played by HDL in the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) by lipoprotein lipase. According to the reverse remnant-cholesterol transport (RRT) hypothesis, HDL critically contributes to TGRL lipolysis via acquirement of surface lipids, including free cholesterol, released from TGRL. Ensuing cholesterol transport to the liver with excretion into the bile may reduce cholesterol influx in the arterial wall by accelerating removal from circulation of atherogenic, cholesterol-rich TGRL remnants. Such novel function of HDL opens wide therapeutic applications to reduce CVD in statin-treated patients, which primarily involve activation of cholesterol flux upon lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darabi
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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17
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Kardassis D, Thymiakou E, Chroni A. Genetics and regulation of HDL metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159060. [PMID: 34624513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inverse association between plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by numerous epidemiological studies. However, efforts to reduce CVD risk by pharmaceutically manipulating HDL-C levels failed and refused the HDL hypothesis. HDL-C levels in the general population are highly heterogeneous and are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insights into the causes of HDL-C heterogeneity came from the study of monogenic HDL deficiency syndromes but also from genome wide association and Μendelian randomization studies which revealed the contribution of a large number of loci to low or high HDL-C cases in the general or in restricted ethnic populations. Furthermore, HDL-C levels in the plasma are under the control of transcription factor families acting primarily in the liver including members of the hormone nuclear receptors (PPARs, LXRs, HNF-4) and forkhead box proteins (FOXO1-4) and activating transcription factors (ATFs). The effects of certain lipid lowering drugs used today are based on the modulation of the activity of specific members of these transcription factors. During the past decade, the roles of small or long non-coding RNAs acting post-transcriptionally on the expression of HDL genes have emerged and provided novel insights into HDL regulation and new opportunities for therapeutic interventions. In the present review we summarize recent progress made in the genetics and the regulation (transcriptional and post-transcriptional) of HDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Liu J, Gillard BK, Yelamanchili D, Gotto AM, Rosales C, Pownall HJ. High Free Cholesterol Bioavailability Drives the Tissue Pathologies in Scarb1 -/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e453-e467. [PMID: 34380332 PMCID: PMC8458258 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Overall and atherosclerosis-associated mortality is elevated in humans with very high HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol concentrations. Mice with a deficiency of the HDL receptor, Scarb1 (scavenger receptor class B type 1), are a robust model of this phenotype and exhibit several additional pathologies. We hypothesized that the previously reported high plasma concentration of free cholesterol (FC)-rich HDL in Scarb1-/- mice produces a state of high HDL-FC bioavailability that increases whole-body FC and dysfunction in multiple tissue sites. Approach and Results: The higher mol% FC in Scarb1-/- versus WT (wild type) HDL (41.1 versus 16.0 mol%) affords greater FC bioavailability for transfer to multiple sites. Plasma clearance of autologous HDL-FC mass was faster in WT versus Scarb1-/- mice. FC influx from Scarb1-/- HDL to LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and J774 macrophages was greater ([almost equal to]4x) than that from WT HDL, whereas FC efflux capacity was similar. The higher mol% FC of ovaries, erythrocytes, heart, and macrophages of Scarb1-/- versus WT mice is associated with previously reported female infertility, impaired cell maturation, cardiac dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The FC contents of other tissues were similar in the two genotypes, and these tissues were not associated with any overt pathology. In addition to the differences between WT versus Scarb1-/- mice, there were many sex-dependent differences in tissue-lipid composition and plasma FC clearance rates. Conclusions: Higher HDL-FC bioavailability among Scarb1-/- versus WT mice drives increased FC content of multiple cell sites and is a potential biomarker that is mechanistically linked to multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Baiba K. Gillard
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dedipya Yelamanchili
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonio M. Gotto
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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von Eckardstein A. High Density Lipoproteins: Is There a Comeback as a Therapeutic Target? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 270:157-200. [PMID: 34463854 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma levels of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with increased risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In cell culture and animal models, HDL particles exert multiple potentially anti-atherogenic effects. However, drugs increasing HDL-C have failed to prevent cardiovascular endpoints. Mendelian Randomization studies neither found any genetic causality for the associations of HDL-C levels with differences in cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the causal role and, hence, utility as a therapeutic target of HDL has been questioned. However, the biomarker "HDL-C" as well as the interpretation of previous data has several important limitations: First, the inverse relationship of HDL-C with risk of ASCVD is neither linear nor continuous. Hence, neither the-higher-the-better strategies of previous drug developments nor previous linear cause-effect relationships assuming Mendelian randomization approaches appear appropriate. Second, most of the drugs previously tested do not target HDL metabolism specifically so that the futile trials question the clinical utility of the investigated drugs rather than the causal role of HDL in ASCVD. Third, the cholesterol of HDL measured as HDL-C neither exerts nor reports any HDL function. Comprehensive knowledge of structure-function-disease relationships of HDL particles and associated molecules will be a pre-requisite, to test them for their physiological and pathogenic relevance and exploit them for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of individuals at HDL-associated risk of ASCVD but also other diseases, for example diabetes, chronic kidney disease, infections, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Groenen AG, Halmos B, Tall AR, Westerterp M. Cholesterol efflux pathways, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:426-439. [PMID: 34182846 PMCID: PMC9007272 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1925217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) inversely correlate with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The causal relationship between plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and CVD has been called into question by Mendelian randomization studies and the majority of clinical trials not showing any benefit of plasma HDL-cholesterol raising drugs on CVD. Nonetheless, recent Mendelian randomization studies including an increased number of CVD cases compared to earlier studies have confirmed that HDL-cholesterol levels and CVD are causally linked. Moreover, several studies in large population cohorts have shown that the cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL inversely correlates with CVD. Cholesterol efflux pathways exert anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects by suppressing proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and inflammation and inflammasome activation in macrophages. Cholesterol efflux pathways also suppress the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages, i.e. macrophage foam cell formation. Recent single-cell RNASeq studies on atherosclerotic plaques have suggested that macrophage foam cells have lower expression of inflammatory genes than non-foam cells, probably reflecting liver X receptor activation, upregulation of ATP Binding Cassette A1 and G1 cholesterol transporters and suppression of inflammation. However, when these pathways are defective lesional foam cells may become pro-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk G. Groenen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedek Halmos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan R. Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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HDL in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: In Search of a Role. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081869. [PMID: 34440638 PMCID: PMC8394469 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been regarded as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) protective factor. Recently, several epidemiological studies, while confirming low plasma levels of HDL-C as an established predictive biomarker for atherosclerotic CVD, indicated that not only people at the lowest levels but also those with high HDL-C levels are at increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. This “U-shaped” association has further fueled the discussion on the pathophysiological role of HDL in CVD. In fact, genetic studies, Mendelian randomization approaches, and clinical trials have challenged the notion of HDL-C levels being causally linked to CVD protection, independent of the cholesterol content in low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C). These findings have prompted a reconsideration of the biological functions of HDL that can be summarized with the word “HDL functionality”, a term that embraces the many reported biological activities beyond the so-called reverse cholesterol transport, to explain this lack of correlation between HDL levels and CVD. All these aspects are summarized and critically discussed in this review, in an attempt to provide a background scenario for the “HDL story”, a lipoprotein still in search of a role.
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22
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Schoch L, Badimon L, Vilahur G. Unraveling the Complexity of HDL Remodeling: On the Hunt to Restore HDL Quality. Biomedicines 2021; 9:805. [PMID: 34356869 PMCID: PMC8301317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has cast doubt over the HDL-cholesterol hypothesis. The complexity of the HDL particle and its proven susceptibility to remodel has paved the way for intense molecular investigation. This state-of-the-art review discusses the molecular changes in HDL particles that help to explain the failure of large clinical trials intending to interfere with HDL metabolism, and details the chemical modifications and compositional changes in HDL-forming components, as well as miRNA cargo, that render HDL particles ineffective. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to shed a light of hope on HDL-targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schoch
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.); (L.B.)
- CiberCV, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Koenig SN, Sucharski HC, Jose EM, Dudley EK, Madiai F, Cavus O, Argall AD, Williams JL, Murphy NP, Keith CBR, Refaey ME, Gumina RJ, Boudoulas KD, Milks MW, Sofowora G, Smith SA, Hund TJ, Wright NT, Bradley EA, Zareba KM, Wold LE, Mazzaferri EL, Mohler PJ. Inherited Variants in SCARB1 Cause Severe Early-Onset Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2021; 129:296-307. [PMID: 33975440 PMCID: PMC8273129 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Koenig
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Holly C. Sucharski
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Elizabeth M. Jose
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Emma K. Dudley
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Francesca Madiai
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Omer Cavus
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Aaron D. Argall
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jordan L. Williams
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nathaniel P. Murphy
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Caullin B. R. Keith
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mona El Refaey
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Konstantinos D. Boudoulas
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - M. Wesley Milks
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Gbemiga Sofowora
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sakima A. Smith
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Thomas J. Hund
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nathan T. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
| | - Elisa A. Bradley
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Karolina M. Zareba
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Loren E. Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ernest L. Mazzaferri
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Peter J. Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Ross Heart Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
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24
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Giammanco A, Noto D, Barbagallo CM, Nardi E, Caldarella R, Ciaccio M, Averna MR, Cefalù AB. Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and Beyond: The Role of HDL in Cardiovascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060581. [PMID: 34207236 PMCID: PMC8235218 DOI: 10.3390/life11060581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels above the 90th percentile of the distribution of HDL-C values in the general population. Secondary non-genetic factors such as drugs, pregnancy, alcohol intake, and liver diseases might induce HDL increases. Primary forms of HALP are caused by mutations in the genes coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (HL), apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and endothelial lipase (EL). However, in the last decades, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also suggested a polygenic inheritance of hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Epidemiological studies have suggested that HDL-C is inversely correlated with cardiovascular (CV) risk, but recent Mendelian randomization data have shown a lack of atheroprotective causal effects of HDL-C. This review will focus on primary forms of HALP, the role of polygenic inheritance on HDL-C, associated risk for cardiovascular diseases and possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Davide Noto
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Carlo Maria Barbagallo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Emilio Nardi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Laboratory Medicine CoreLab, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Laboratory Medicine CoreLab, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rocco Averna
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Angelo Baldassare Cefalù
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties–University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.G.); (D.N.); (C.M.B.); (E.N.); (M.R.A.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Gracia-Rubio I, Martín C, Civeira F, Cenarro A. SR-B1, a Key Receptor Involved in the Progression of Cardiovascular Disease: A Perspective from Mice and Human Genetic Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060612. [PMID: 34072125 PMCID: PMC8229968 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main driver of the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport and its ability to receive cholesterol that effluxes from macrophages in the artery wall. The scavenger receptor B class type 1 (SR-B1) was identified as the high-affinity HDL receptor, which facilitates the selective uptake of cholesterol ester (CE) into the liver via HDL and is also implicated in the plasma clearance of LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). Thus, SR-B1 is a multifunctional receptor that plays a main role in the metabolism of different lipoproteins. The aim of this review is to highlight the association between SR-B1 and CVD risk through mice and human genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gracia-Rubio
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (F.C.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-976-765-500 (ext. 142895)
| | - César Martín
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) y Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco UPB/EHU, 48940 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (F.C.); (A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (F.C.); (A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Zhou E, Li Z, Nakashima H, Liu C, Ying Z, Foks AC, Berbée JFP, van Dijk KW, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Hepatic Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 Knockdown Reduces Atherosclerosis and Enhances the Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Brown Fat Activation in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1474-1486. [PMID: 33567866 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein E3/genetics
- Apolipoprotein E3/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/genetics
- Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins/metabolism
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Lipolysis/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Enchen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Nakashima
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cong Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, The Netherlands (A.C.F.)
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics (K.W.v.D.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (P.C.N.R., Y.W.)
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (E.Z., Z.L., H.N., C.L., Z.Y., J.F.P.B., KW.v.D., P.C.N.R., Y.W.), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (P.C.N.R., Y.W.)
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27
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Gowdy KM, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Hodge MX, Reece SW, Yermalitsk V, Davies SS, Manke J, Armstrong ML, Reisdorph N, Tighe RM, Shaikh SR. Novel Mechanisms of Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Resolution, and the Potential Protective Role of Scavenger Receptor BI. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2021; 2021:1-49. [PMID: 33998222 PMCID: PMC8126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increases in ambient levels of ozone (O3), a criteria air pollutant, have been associated with increased susceptibility and exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases through lung injury and inflammation. O3 induces pulmonary inflammation, in part by generating damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and scavenger receptors (SRs). This inflammatory response is mediated in part by alveolar macrophages (AMs), which highly express PRRs, including scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI). Once pulmonary inflammation has been induced, an active process of resolution occurs in order to prevent secondary necrosis and to restore tissue homeostasis. The processes known to promote the resolution of inflammation include the clearance by macrophages of apoptotic cells, known as efferocytosis, and the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Impaired efferocytosis and production of SPMs have been associated with the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases; however, these impairments have yet to be linked with exposure to air pollutants. SPECIFIC AIMS The primary goals of this study were: Aim 1 - to define the role of SR-BI in O3-derived pulmonary inflammation and resolution of injury; and Aim 2 - to determine if O3 exposure alters pulmonary production of SPMs and processes known to promote the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and injury. METHODS To address Aim 1, female wild-type (WT) and SR-BI-deficient, or knock-out (SR-BI KO), mice were exposed to either O3 or filtered air. In one set of experiments mice were instilled with an oxidized phospholipid (oxPL). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected for the analyses of inflammatory and injury markers and oxPL. To estimate efferocytosis, mice were administered apoptotic cells (derived from the Jurkat T cell line) after O3 or filtered air exposure. To address Aim 2, male WT mice were exposed to either O3 or filtered air, and levels of SPMs were assessed in the lung, as well as markers of inflammation and injury in BALF. In some experiments SPMs were administered before exposure to O3or filtered air, to determine whether SPMs could mitigate inflammatory or resolution responses. Efferocytosis was measured as in Aim 1. RESULTS For Aim 1, SR-BI protein levels increased in the lung tissue of mice exposed to O3, compared with mice exposed to filtered air. Compared with WT controls, SR-BI KO mice had a significant increase in the number of neutrophils in their airspace 24 hours post O3 exposure. The oxPL levels increased in the airspace of both WT and SR-BI KO mice after O3 exposure, compared with filtered air controls. Four hours after instillation of an oxPL, SR-BI KO mice had an increase in BALF neutrophils and total protein, and a nonsignificant increase in macrophages compared with WT controls. O3 exposure decreased efferocytosis in both WT and SR-BI KO female mice. For Aim 2, mice given SPM supplementation before O3 exposure showed significantly increased AM efferocytosis when compared with the O3exposure control mice and also showed some mitigation of the effects of O3 on inflammation and injury. Several SPMs and their precursors were measured in lung tissue using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). At 24 hours after O3 exposure 14R-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (HDHA) and 10,17-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (diHDoHE) were significantly decreased in lung tissue, but at 6 hours after exposure, levels of these SPMs increased. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify novel mechanisms by which O3 may induce pulmonary inflammation and also increase susceptibility to and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - B Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - M X Hodge
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - S W Reece
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - V Yermalitsk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Manke
- Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - M L Armstrong
- Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - N Reisdorph
- Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - R M Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S R Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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Gong J, Asher SB, Cucchiara B, Cuchel M, Soffer D. Case report: 68 yo Chinese-American woman with high HDL-C and ischemic stroke attributed to intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:248-254. [PMID: 33573892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events are the most common cause of death in the United States and for most individuals who experience these events, may be predicted by risk identification tools. ASCVD risk calculators enable a clinician-patient discussion and the presence of risk-enhancing factors may further inform decision-making with respect to preventive pharmacotherapy, especially statin prescription. In cases where the decision of whether to treat with medicine is unclear, coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography offers enhanced risk stratification and may allow both clinicians and patients to feel more at ease with the decision to withhold statin therapy. Despite this thoughtful approach, individual risk may still be underestimated. We present a case of a woman whose family history suggested increased short- and long-term ASCVD risk due to intracranial atherosclerosis, but whose tests suggested a more equivocal indication for treatment. Neither she nor her clinician appreciated the presence of significant enough risk to persevere through minor statin side effects for primary prevention, but she was lucky to have survived without appreciable harm from an acute cerebrovascular event and is now able to pursue an appropriate secondary preventive strategy. We discuss how exceptional characteristics may mislead clinicians, including misperception about lower risk due to gender, East Asian predisposition to intracranial more than coronary atherosclerosis, high levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and CACS = 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gong
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Brett Cucchiara
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Soffer
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.
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29
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May SC, Dron JS, Hegele RA, Sahoo D. Human variant of scavenger receptor BI (R174C) exhibits impaired cholesterol transport functions. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100045. [PMID: 33577783 PMCID: PMC7985710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL and its primary receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), work together to promote the clearance of excess plasma cholesterol, thereby protecting against atherosclerosis. Human variants of SR-BI have been identified in patients with high HDL-cholesterol levels, and at least one variant has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Therefore, while often regarded as beneficial, very high levels of HDL-cholesterol may result from impaired cholesterol clearance through SR-BI and contribute to cardiovascular risk. In this study, we characterized the function of a rare human variant of SR-BI, resulting in the substitution of arginine-174 with cysteine (R174C), which was previously identified in a heterozygous individual with high levels of HDL-cholesterol. We hypothesized that the R174C-SR-BI variant has impaired cholesterol transport functions, which were assessed in COS-7 cells after transient transfection with full-length WT or R174C-SR-BI. Although R174C-SR-BI was expressed at levels comparable to the WT receptor, HDL binding, cholesteryl hexadecyl ether uptake, free cholesterol efflux, and modulation of membrane cholesterol were disrupted in the presence of R174C-SR-BI. We further examined the role of salt bridges as a potential mechanism for R174C-SR-BI dysfunction. If translatable, this human variant could lead to increased plasma HDL-cholesterol levels, impaired cholesterol clearance, and increased cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C May
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Dron
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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30
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Björnsson E, Thorleifsson G, Helgadóttir A, Guðnason T, Guðbjartsson T, Andersen K, Grétarsdóttir S, Ólafsson Í, Tragante V, Ólafsson ÓH, Jónsdóttir B, Eyjólfsson GI, Sigurðardóttir Ó, Thorgeirsson G, Guðbjartsson DF, Thorsteinsdóttir U, Hólm H, Stefánsson K. Association of Genetically Predicted Lipid Levels With the Extent of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Icelandic Adults. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 5:13-20. [PMID: 31746962 PMCID: PMC6902100 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Genetic studies have evaluated the influence of blood lipid levels on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), but less is known about how they are associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Objective To estimate the contributions of genetically predicted blood lipid levels on the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Design, Setting, and Participants This genetic study included Icelandic adults who had undergone coronary angiography or assessment of coronary artery calcium using cardiac computed tomography. The study incorporates data collected from January 1987 to December 2017 in Iceland in the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry and 2 registries of individuals who had undergone percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass grafting. For each participant, genetic scores were calculated for levels of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides, based on reported effect sizes of 345 independent, lipid-associated variants. The genetic scores' predictive ability for lipid levels was assessed in more than 87 000 Icelandic adults. A mendelian randomization approach was used to estimate the contribution of each lipid trait. Exposures Genetic scores for levels of non-HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides. Main Outcomes and Measures The extent of angiographic CAD and coronary artery calcium quantity. Results A total of 12 460 adults (mean [SD] age, 65.1 [10.7] years; 8383 men [67.3%]) underwent coronary angiography, and 4837 had coronary artery calcium assessed by computed tomography. A genetically predicted increase in non-HDL-C levels by 1 SD (38 mg/dL [to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259]) was associated with greater odds of obstructive CAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.83 [95% CI, 1.63-2.07]; P = 2.8 × 10-23). Among patients with obstructive CAD, there were significant associations with multivessel disease (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.11-1.44]; P = 4.1 × 10-4) and 3-vessel disease (OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.26-1.72]; P = 9.2 × 10-7). There were also significant associations with the presence of coronary artery calcium (OR, 2.04 [95% CI, 1.70-2.44]; P = 5.3 × 10-15) and loge-transformed coronary artery calcium (effect, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.53-0.87]; P = 1.0 × 10-15). Genetically predicted levels of non-HDL-C remained associated with obstructive CAD and coronary artery calcium extent even after accounting for the association with LDL-C. Genetically predicted levels of HDL-C and triglycerides were associated individually with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, but not after accounting for the association with non-HDL cholesterol. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, genetically predicted levels of non-HDL-C were associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis as estimated by 2 different methods. The association was stronger than for genetically predicted levels of LDL-C. These findings further support the notion that non-HDL-C may be a better marker of the overall burden of atherogenic lipoproteins than LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eythór Björnsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | - Thórarinn Guðnason
- Division of Cardiology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Tómas Guðbjartsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karl Andersen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Ísleifur Ólafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ólafur Hreiðar Ólafsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Guðmundur Thorgeirsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Division of Cardiology, Landspítali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Daníel F Guðbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdóttir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Hilma Hólm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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31
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Madsen CM, Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG. Novel Insights From Human Studies on the Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Mortality and Noncardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:128-140. [PMID: 33232200 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of research about HDL (high-density lipoprotein) has for decades revolved around the possible role of HDL in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic potential within cardiovascular disease prevention; however, failures with therapies aimed at increasing HDL cholesterol has left questions as to what the role and function of HDL in human health and disease is. Recent observational studies have further shown that extreme high HDL cholesterol is associated with high mortality leading to speculations that HDL could in some instances be harmful. In addition, evidence from observational, and to a lesser extent genetic studies has emerged indicating that HDL might be associated with the development of other major noncardiovascular diseases, such as infectious disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease. In this review, we discuss (1) the association between extreme high HDL cholesterol and mortality and (2) the emerging human evidence linking HDL to several major diseases outside the realm of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Madsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.)
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.)
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.M.M., A.V., B.G.N.).,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (B.G.N.)
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32
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Su X, Li G, Deng Y, Chang D. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors in precision medicine. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:733-740. [PMID: 32941836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease development, posing serious risks to human health. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is responsible for exchange of neutral lipids, such as cholesteryl ester and TG, between plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100) containing lipoprotein particles. Genetic studies suggest that single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with loss of activity CETP is associated with increased HDL-C, reduced LDL-C, and cardiovascular risk. In animal studies, mostly in rabbits, which have similar CETP activity to humans, inhibition of CETP through antisense oligonucleotides reduced aortic arch atherosclerosis. Concerning this notion, inhibiting the CETP is considered as a promise approach to reduce cardiovascular events, and several CETP inhibitors have been recently studied as a cholesterol modifying agent to reduce cardiovascular mortality in high risk cardiovascular disease patients. However, in Phase III cardiovascular outcome trials, three CETP inhibitors, named Torcetrapib, Dalcetrapib, and Evacetrapib, did not provide expected cardiovascular benefits and failed to improve outcomes of patient with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Although REVEAL trail has recently shown that Anacetrapib could reduce major coronary events, it was also shown to induce excessive lipid accumulation in adipose tissue; thereby, the further regulatory approval will not be sought. On the other hand, growing evidence indicated that the function of CETP inhibitors on modulating the cardiovascular events are determined by correlated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ADCY9 gene. However, the underlying mechanisms whereby CETP inhibitors interact with the genotype are not yet elucidated, which could potentially be related to the genotype-dependent cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL particles. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of CETP and the outcomes of the phase III randomized controlled trials of CETP inhibitors. In addition, we also put forward the implications from results of the trials which potentially suggest that the CETP inhibitors could be a promising precise therapeutic medicine for CVD based on genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Guiyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingjian Deng
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dong Chang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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33
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Reiner Ž, Laufs U, Cosentino F, Landmesser U. The year in cardiology 2018: prevention. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:336-344. [PMID: 30601998 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Kispaticeva 12, Croatia
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig; Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
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34
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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35
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van der Sluis RJ, Hoekstra M. Glucocorticoids are active players and therapeutic targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110728. [PMID: 31968221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal-derived glucocorticoids mediate the physiological response to stress. Chronic disturbances in glucocorticoid homeostasis, i.e. in Addison's and Cushing's disease patients, predispose to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Here we review preclinical and clinical findings regarding the relation between changes in plasma glucocorticoid levels and the atherosclerosis extent. It appears that, although the altered glucocorticoid function can in most cases be restored in the different patient groups, current therapies do not necessarily reverse the associated risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In our opinion much attention should therefore be given to the development of a Cushing's disease mouse model that can (1) effectively replicate the effect of hypercortisolemia on atherosclerosis outcome observed in humans and (2) be used to investigate, in a preclinical setting, the relative impact on atherosclerosis susceptibility of already available (e.g. metyrapone) and potentially novel (i.e. SR-BI activity modulators) therapeutic agents that target the adrenal glucocorticoid output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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36
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam cells are the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. Multiple lines of evidence support that enhancing foam cell cholesterol efflux by HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), is a promising antiatherogenic strategy. Yet, excitement towards the therapeutic potential of manipulating RCT for the treatment of cardiovascular disease has faded because of the lack of the association between cardiovascular disease risk and what was typically measured in intervention trials, namely HDL cholesterol, which has an inconsistent relationship to HDL function and RCT. In this review, we will summarize some of the potential reasons for this inconsistency, update the mechanisms of RCT, and highlight conditions in which impaired HDL function or RCT contributes to vascular disease. On balance, the evidence still argues for further research to better understand how HDL functionality contributes to RCT to develop prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada (M.O.)
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
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37
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Wang D, Huang J, Gui T, Yang Y, Feng T, Tzvetkov NT, Xu T, Gai Z, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Atanasov AG. SR-BI as a target of natural products and its significance in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:18-38. [PMID: 31935456 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) protein is an integral membrane glycoprotein. SR-BI is emerging as a multifunctional protein, which regulates autophagy, efferocytosis, cell survival and inflammation. It is well known that SR-BI plays a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism by mediating cholesteryl esters selective uptake and the bi-directional flux of free cholesterol. Recently, SR-BI has also been identified as a potential marker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or even a treatment target. Natural products are a promising source for the discovery of new drug leads. Multiple natural products were identified to regulate SR-BI protein expression. There are still a number of challenges in modulating SR-BI expression in cancer and in using natural products for modulation of such protein expression. In this review, our purpose is to discuss the relationship between SR-BI protein and cancer, and the molecular mechanisms regulating SR-BI expression, as well as to provide an overview of natural products that regulate SR-BI expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 318 Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Ting Gui
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yaxin Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi university town, 550025, Guiyang, China
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tao Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huaxi university town, 550025, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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38
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Landmesser U, Hazen S. HDL-cholesterol, genetics, and coronary artery disease: the myth of the 'good cholesterol'? Eur Heart J 2019; 39:2179-2182. [PMID: 29905819 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Institute of Health, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)-Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Stan Hazen
- Lerner Research Institute and Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The inverse association between plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been unequivocally proven by many epidemiological studies. There are several genetic disorders affecting HDL-C plasma levels, either providing atheroprotection or predisposing to premature atherosclerosis. However, up to date, there has not been any pharmacological intervention modulating HDL-C levels, which has been clearly shown to prevent the progression of CVD. Thus, clarifying the exact underlying mechanisms of inheritance of these genetic disorders that affect HDL is a current goal of the research, as key roles of molecular components of HDL metabolism and function can be revealed and become targets for the discovery of novel medications for the prevention and treatment of CVD. RECENT FINDINGS Primary genetic disorders of HDL can be either associated with longevity or, in contrast, may lead to premature CVD, causing high morbidity and mortality to their carriers. A large body of recent research has closely examined the genetic disorders of HDL and new promising therapeutic strategies have been developed, which may be proven beneficial in patients predisposed to CVD in the near future. SUMMARY We have reviewed recent findings on the inheritance of genetic disorders associated with high and low HDL-C plasma levels and we have discussed their clinical features, as well as information about new promising HDL-C-targeted therapies that are under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantine E Kosmas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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40
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CETP, LIPC, and SCARB1 variants in individuals with extremely high high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10915. [PMID: 31358896 PMCID: PMC6662756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in humans is partially determined by genetic factors; however, the role of these factors is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and characteristics of CETP, LIPC, and SCARB1 variants in Korean individuals with extremely high HDL-C levels. We also analysed associations between these variants and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression. Of 13,545 participants in the cardiovascular genome cohort, 42 subjects with HDL-C levels >100 mg/dL were analysed. The three target genes were sequenced by targeted next-generation sequencing, the functional effects of detected variants were predicted, and CEC was assessed using a radioisotope and apolipoprotein B-depleted sera. We observed two rare variants of CETP in 13 individuals (rare variant c.A1196G [p.D399G] of CETP was discovered in 12 subjects) and one rare variant of SCARB1 in one individual. Furthermore, all subjects had at least one of four common variants (one CETP and three LIPC variants). Two additional novel CETP variants of unknown frequency were found in two subjects. However, the identified variants did not show significant associations with CEC, ROS generation, or VCAM-1 expression. Our study provides additional insights into the role of genetics in individuals with extremely high HDL-C.
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Rare P376L variant in the SR-BI gene associates with HDL dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease. Clin Biochem 2019; 73:44-49. [PMID: 31251897 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) encoded by SCARB1 gene serves as a multifunctional HDL receptor, facilitating the uptake of cholesteryl esters from HDL to the liver. Recent studies have identified the association between the P376L missense mutation of the SCARB1 gene with increased serum HDL-Cholesterol level. However, the contribution of this variant to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We have investigated the association between the P376L polymorphism with the properties of HDL and CVD outcomes in a population sample recruited as part of the Mashhad-Stroke and Heart-Atherosclerotic-Disorders (MASHAD) cohort. METHODS Six hundred and fifteen individuals who had a median follow-up period of 7 years were recruited as part of the MASHAD cohort. Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and HDL lipid peroxidation (HDLox) were assessed. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan-real-time-PCR based method. The association of P376L-rs74830766 with cardiovascular-risk-factors and CVD events were evaluated. RESULTS Carriers of the P376L variant were significantly more likely than non-carriers to develop CVD using multivariate analyses adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors defined as: age, sex, BMI, presence of diabetes, or hypertension, positive smoking habit, and total cholesterol (OR: 3.75, 95%CI: 1.76-7.98, p = 0.001). In an adjusted model, there was a two fold increase in cardiovascular endpoints among individuals who were heterozygous for the P376L variant (hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.12-to 3.84, p = 0.02). Although there was no association between the presence of the P376L variant and HDL-C level, serum HDLox, measured as dysfunctional HDL, was 13% higher among carriers of the P376L variant than non-carriers. CONCLUSION We have found that carriers of the P376L variant possessed higher HDLox and were at increased risk of CVD in a representative population-based cohort, as compared to non-carriers.
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Abstract
The reduction of plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing lipoproteins has long been pursued as the main modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This has led to an intense search for strategies aiming at reducing plasma apoB-lipoproteins, culminating in reduction of overall CV risk. Despite 3 decades of progress, CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and, as such, new therapeutic targets are still warranted. Clinical and preclinical research has moved forward from the original concept, under which some lipids must be accumulated and other removed to achieve the ideal condition in disease prevention, into the concept that mechanisms that orchestrate lipid movement between lipoproteins, cells and organelles is equally involved in CVD. As such, this review scrutinizes potentially atherogenic changes in lipid trafficking and assesses the molecular mechanisms behind it. New developments in risk assessment and new targets for the mitigation of residual CVD risk are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Joaquim Barreto
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilaria Zanotti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Li J, Lu L, Zhang YH, Xu Y, Liu M, Feng K, Chen L, Kong X, Huang T, Cai YD. Identification of leukemia stem cell expression signatures through Monte Carlo feature selection strategy and support vector machine. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:56-69. [PMID: 31138902 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer characterized by the rapid growth of immature white blood cells from the bone marrow. Therapy resistance resulting from the persistence of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are found in numerous patients. Comparative transcriptome studies have been previously conducted to analyze differentially expressed genes between LSC+ and LSC- cells. However, these studies mainly focused on a limited number of genes with the most obvious expression differences between the two cell types. We developed a computational approach incorporating several machine learning algorithms, including Monte Carlo feature selection (MCFS), incremental feature selection (IFS), support vector machine (SVM), Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction (RIPPER), to identify gene expression features specific to LSCs. One thousand 0ne hudred fifty-nine features (genes) were first identified, which can be used to build the optimal SVM classifier for distinguishing LSC+ and LSC- cells. Among these 1159 genes, the top 17 genes were identified as LSC-specific biomarkers. In addition, six classification rules were produced by RIPPER algorithm. The subsequent literature review on these features/genes and the classification rules and functional enrichment analyses of the 1159 features/genes confirmed the relevance of extracted genes and rules to the characteristics of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaRui Li
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - YaoChen Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China
| | - KaiYan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510507, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of PMMP, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - XiangYin Kong
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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Paraoxonase-1 activities in individuals with different HDL circulating levels: Implication in reverse cholesterol transport and early vascular damage. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:64-70. [PMID: 31029939 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological data showing that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease have led to the idea that cholesterol contained in this lipoprotein may be protective. Against, recent evidence suggests that the athero-protection from HDLs may result from other functions, unrelated to the carried cholesterol. HDL accessory proteins, such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1), have been suggested to endows HDL with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to contribute to the athero-protective function of the lipoprotein. We aimed to evaluate whether extreme fluctuation in HDL-C levels correlates with PON1 activity. METHODS Levels of PON1-related arylesterase and lactonase were assessed in subjects with primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HAL, HDL-C>90th percentile), hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA, HDL-C<10th percentile) and controls. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) through several pathways and other metabolic parameters and markers of vascular disease were also determined. RESULTS Despite the marked change in HDL-C and Apoliprotein A1 (APO A1) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), arylesterase and lactonase were only slightly increased in HAL compared with HA subjects (p < 0.05), but not vs. controls. This change in PON1 activities was no longer significant after adjustment for either HDL-C or APO A1. Both enzymatic activities were positively associated only with aqueous diffusion CEC (r = 0.318, p < 0.05 and r = 0.355, p < 0.05, respectively) and negatively with the presence of plaques (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We showed that extreme high/low HDL-C levels are not associated with equal increase/decrease in PON1 activities. This enzyme appears to contribute to the HDL role in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-atherosclerosis processes. Further investigation is required to corroborate our findings.
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Oh IH, Hur JK, Ryoo JH, Jung JY, Park SK, Yang HJ, Choi JM, Jung KW, Won YJ, Oh CM. Very high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with increased all-cause mortality in South Koreans. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Allard-Ratick MP, Sandesara PB, Quyyumi AA, Sperling LS. Everything in Moderation: Investigating the U-Shaped Link Between HDL Cholesterol and Adverse Outcomes. US CARDIOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.15420/usc.2019.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite historical evidence suggesting an inverse association between HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and adverse cardiovascular events, pharmacological efforts to increase HDL-C and improve outcomes have not been successful. Recently, a U-shaped association between HDL-C and adverse events has been demonstrated in several population cohorts, further complicating our understanding of the clinical significance of HDL. Potential explanations for this finding include genetic mutations linked to very high HDL-C, impaired HDL function at high HDL-C levels, and residual confounding. However, our understanding of this association remains premature and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Allard-Ratick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pratik B Sandesara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laurence S Sperling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: An enigmatic pharmacology – Antagonists and agonists. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:286-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Muñoz-Vega M, Massó F, Páez A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Coral-Vázquez R, Mas-Oliva J, Carreón-Torres E, Pérez-Méndez Ó. HDL-Mediated Lipid Influx to Endothelial Cells Contributes to Regulating Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 Expression and eNOS Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113394. [PMID: 30380707 PMCID: PMC6274843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is considered as the most important antiatherogenic role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but interventions based on RCT have failed to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. In contrast to RCT, important evidence suggests that HDL deliver lipids to peripheral cells. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated whether HDL could improve endothelial function by delivering lipids to the cells. Internalization kinetics using cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) AI fluorescent double-labeled reconstituted HDL (rHDL), and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells-1 (HMEC-1) showed a fast cholesterol influx (10 min) and a slower HDL protein internalization as determined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Sphingomyelin kinetics overlapped that of apo AI, indicating that only cholesterol became dissociated from rHDL during internalization. rHDL apo AI internalization was scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-dependent, whereas HDL cholesterol influx was independent of SR-BI and was not completely inhibited by the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). HDL sphingomyelin was fundamental for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) downregulation in HMEC-1. However, vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) was not inhibited by rHDL, suggesting that components such as apolipoproteins other than apo AI participate in HDL's regulation of this adhesion molecule. rHDL also induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS S1177 phosphorylation in HMEC-1 but only when the particle contained sphingomyelin. In conclusion, the internalization of HDL implies the dissociation of lipoprotein components and a SR-BI-independent fast delivery of cholesterol to endothelial cells. HDL internalization had functional implications that were mainly dependent on sphingomyelin. These results suggest a new role of HDL as lipid vectors to the cells, which could be congruent with the antiatherogenic properties of these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Felipe Massó
- Physiology Departments, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Araceli Páez
- Physiology Departments, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ramón Coral-Vázquez
- Graduate School and Research Division, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México City, Mexico.
- Sub-Directorate of Research and Education, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, 03100 México City, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Mas-Oliva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
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SCARB1 rs5888 gene polymorphisms in coronary heart disease: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Gene 2018; 678:280-287. [PMID: 30103009 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) stimulates scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) to promote hepatic uptake of cholesterol. SR-B1 is encoded by scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1) gene in human. A rare mutation in SCARB1 gene has been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). A polymorphism rs5888 of SCARB1 gene has been linked to CHD risk in humans. OBJECTIVES The objective was to investigate the relationship between the SCARB1 gene polymorphism rs5888 and risk of CHD. METHODS We searched databases of case-control studies and cohort studies on rs5888 polymorphism of SCARB1 gene and risk of CHD. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and estimated potential bias of included studies. The quality of the studies was evaluated by recommendation of Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was performed with Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS Seven studies including 6360 subjects (cases: 2456, controls: 3904) were included in the final data combination. Meta-analysis showed T allele had a lower risk of CHD as compared to C allele in allele model (T vs. C: OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.09, P = 0.229). Moreover, we found that T allele or TT/TC had a lower risk of CHD as compared to C/CC in male in allele model (T vs. C: OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.01). However, no significant association was observed in women in all allele models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that polymorphism rs5888 had negative association with CHD, especially in male. However, the conclusion needs further verification with high quality studies with larger sample size and rigorous designs.
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50
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Lüscher TF. Revisiting angina pectoris with and without obstructive coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:2119-2122. [PMID: 29905817 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Consultant and Director of Research, Education & Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital Trust and Imperial College, London, UK.,Chairman, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Editor-in-Chief, EHJ Editorial Office, Zurich Heart House, Hottingerstreet 14, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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