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Amarsi R, Furse S, Cleaton MAM, Maurel S, Mitchell AL, Ferguson-Smith AC, Cenac N, Williamson C, Koulman A, Charalambous M. A co-ordinated transcriptional programme in the maternal liver supplies long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the conceptus using phospholipids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6767. [PMID: 39117683 PMCID: PMC11310303 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The long and very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are preferentially transported by the mother to the fetus. Failure to supply LC-PUFAs is strongly linked with stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, and impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, dietary supplementation during pregnancy is unable to simply reverse these outcomes, suggesting imperfectly understood interactions between dietary fatty acid intake and the molecular mechanisms of maternal supply. Here we employ a comprehensive approach combining untargeted and targeted lipidomics with transcriptional profiling of maternal and fetal tissues in mouse pregnancy. Comparison of wild-type mice with genetic models of impaired lipid metabolism allows us to describe maternal hepatic adaptations required to provide LC-PUFAs to the developing fetus. A late pregnancy-specific, selective activation of the Liver X Receptor signalling pathway dramatically increases maternal supply of LC-PUFAs within circulating phospholipids. Crucially, genetic ablation of this pathway in the mother reduces LC-PUFA accumulation by the fetus, specifically of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a critical nutrient for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha Amarsi
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE19RT, UK
- Pregnancy Physiology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Samuel Furse
- Biological chemistry group, Jodrell laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mary A M Cleaton
- Department of Genetics, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sarah Maurel
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice L Mitchell
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Anne C Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Keith Day Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marika Charalambous
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE19RT, UK.
- Pregnancy Physiology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK.
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Ni X, Zhang Z, Deng Z, Li J. Optimizing ARA and DHA in infant formula: A systematic review of global trends, regional disparities, and considerations for precision nutrition. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114049. [PMID: 38519198 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In the context of precision nutrition, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula needs to consider more factors. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review, including 112 relevant Chinese and English articles, to summarize and analyze the global levels of ARA, DHA, and the ARA/DHA ratio in breast milk. The data were correlated with local aquatic products intake and children's IQ. The results indicated that the average level of DHA in breast milk across regions is lower than that of ARA. Variations in DHA content were identified as a primary factor influencing ARA/DHA ratio fluctuations. Breast milk ARA and DHA levels decrease with prolonged lactation periods but increase over the past 22 years. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between aquatic products intake and breast milk DHA levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). Breast milk DHA levels also showed a significant positive correlation with children's IQ (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Stable breast milk ARA content did not exhibit significant correlations with aquatic products intake or children's IQ (r = 0, p > 0.05). Among 22 infant formula products available in China, only 5 had ARA levels within the range of breast milk. Most formula products had higher ARA levels than DHA, resulting in ARA/DHA ratios generally exceeding 1. The temporal and spatial variability in breast milk ARA and DHA levels may lead to diverse health outcomes in infants. Therefore, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula should consider this variability, including the molecular forms and positional isomerism of the added ARA and DHA. Additionally, considering the impact of different cognitive development tests and infant's gene expression on formula assessment results, there is a need to establish a more comprehensive infant health assessment system to guide the addition of ARA and DHA in formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Bisgaard H, Mikkelsen M, Rasmussen MA, Sevelsted A, Schoos AMM, Brustad N, Eliasen AU, Thorsen J, Chawes B, Gürdeniz G, Morin A, Stark K, Stokholm J, Ober C, Pedersen CET, Bønnelykke K. Atopic and non-atopic effects of fish oil supplementation during pregnancy. Thorax 2023; 78:1168-1174. [PMID: 37696621 PMCID: PMC10777305 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-219725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently conducted a double-blinded randomised controlled trial showing that fish-oil supplementation during pregnancy reduced the risk of persistent wheeze or asthma in the child by 30%. Here, we explore the mechanisms of the intervention. METHODS 736 pregnant women were given either placebo or n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the third trimester in a randomised controlled trial. Deep clinical follow-up of the 695 children in the trial was done at 12 visits until age 6 years, including assessment of genotype at the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) locus, plasma fatty acids, airway DNA methylation, gene expression, microbiome and metabolomics. RESULTS Supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA reduced the overall risk of non-atopic asthma by 73% at age 6 (relative risk (RR) 0.27 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.85), p=0.042). In contrast, there was no overall effect on asthma with atopic traits (RR 1.42 (95% CI 0.63 to 3.38), p=0.40), but this was significantly modified by maternal FADS genotype and LCPUFA blood levels (interaction p<0.05), and supplementation did reduce the risk of atopic asthma in the subgroup of mothers with FADS risk variants and/or low blood levels of n-3 LCPUFA before the intervention (RR 0.31 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.75), p=0.016). Furthermore, n-3 LCPUFA significantly reduced the number of infections (croup, gastroenteritis, tonsillitis, otitis media and pneumonia) by 16% (incidence rate ratio 0.84 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.96), p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy showed protective effects on non-atopic asthma and infections. Protective effects on atopic asthma depended on maternal FADS genotype and n-3 LCPUFA levels. This indicates that the fatty acid pathway is involved in multiple mechanisms affecting the risk of asthma subtypes and infections. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00798226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Marianne Mikkelsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sevelsted
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Ann-Marie Malby Schoos
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Sygehus, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Brustad
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Anders U Eliasen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gözde Gürdeniz
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Andreanne Morin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ken Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Human Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Sygehus, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Casper Emil Tingskov Pedersen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Association of Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 rs174547 Polymorphism with the Composition of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Serum Glycerophospholipids during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030722. [PMID: 36771429 PMCID: PMC9919170 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in fetal requirements of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy alters maternal fatty acid metabolism, and therefore, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene polymorphisms may change blood fatty acid composition or concentration differently during pregnancy. We investigated the relationship between a FADS1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and maternal serum LCPUFA levels in Japanese pregnant women during the first and third trimesters and at delivery. Two hundred and fifty-three pregnant women were included, and fatty acid compositions of glycerophospholipids in serum (weight %) and the FADS1 SNP rs174547 (T/C) were analyzed. LCPUFAs, including arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), significantly decreased from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, DHA significantly decreased from the third trimester of pregnancy to delivery. At all gestational stages, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid were significantly higher with the number of minor FADS1 SNP alleles, whereas γ-linolenic acid and ARA and the ARA/LA ratio were significantly lower. DHA was significantly lower with the number of minor FADS1 SNP alleles only in the third trimester and at delivery, suggesting that genotype effects become more obvious as pregnancy progresses.
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Fayezi S, Mehdizadeh A, Germeyer A, Strowitzki T, Fayyazpour P, Nowrouzi Z, Zarezadeh R. Maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition as a predictive marker for pregnancy health. Biofactors 2022; 48:763-778. [PMID: 35357720 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is essential for long-chain polyunsaturated FAs. FAs are primarily obtained from dietary sources and are distributed in the body. In comparison with the use of self-reporting approaches, measuring the FA levels within different blood compartments can present a more accurate image of nutritional, and thus tissue, FA composition. Hence, the FA profile of plasma or serum is commonly used for physiological analyses. Nevertheless, plasma and serum FAs are not yet incorporated into cell membranes, and consequently may not be a suitable reflection of the FA status of body tissues. The evaluation of erythrocyte FA levels offers a superior possibility for the following reasons: the biological fluctuation of erythrocyte FA composition is low, phospholipids account for almost all the lipid content of erythrocytes, and the FA profiles of erythrocytes represent those of tissues. Here, we elaborate on whether the status of maternal erythrocyte FAs can serve as a prognostic biomarker for reproductive health and fetomaternal complications, including embryonic and fetoplacental development, gestational length, and preeclampsia. In addition, factors with the potential of altering the maternal erythrocyte FAs such as maternal diet, lifestyle habits, genetics, and body composition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Fayezi
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parisa Fayyazpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Nowrouzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Potential Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pediatric Food Allergy. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010152. [PMID: 35011028 PMCID: PMC8746967 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved both in immune system regulation and inflammation. In particular, within the PUFAs category, omega-3 (ω-3) may reduce inflammation, whereas omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs are generally considered to have a proinflammatory effect. Recent evidence highlights an imbalance in the ω-3:ω-6 ratio with an increased intake of ω-6, as a consequence of the shift towards a westernized diet. In critical age groups such as infants, toddlers and young children, as well as pregnant and lactating women or fish allergic patients, ω-3 intake may be inadequate. This review aims to discuss the potential beneficial effects of PUFAs on pediatric food allergy prevention and treatment, both at prenatal and postnatal ages. Data from preclinical studies with PUFAs supplementation show encouraging effects in suppressing allergic response. Clinical studies results are still conflicting about the best timing and dosages of supplementation and which individuals are most likely to benefit; therefore, it is still not possible to draw firm conclusions. With regard to food-allergic children, it is still debated whether PUFAs could slow disease progression or not, since consistent data are lacking. In conclusion, more data on the effects of ω-3 PUFAs supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients are warranted, both in the general and food allergic population.
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Buckland G, de Silva Johnson S, Johnson L, Taylor CM, Jones LR, Emmett PM. The relationship between dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of PUFA in school-age children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1-11. [PMID: 34134803 PMCID: PMC10484628 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An adequate intake of PUFA plays a vital role in human health. Therefore, it is important to assess PUFA intakes in different populations and validate them with biomarkers, but only a few small studies are in paediatric populations. We calculated the dietary intake of PUFA and their main food sources in children and assessed associations between PUFA intakes and plasma proportions. Dietary intakes of 7-year-old children (n 8242) enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were calculated from the parental-completed FFQ. Plasma PUFA were measured in 5571 children 8 months later, and 4380 children had complete dietary and plasma data. The association between dietary and plasma PUFA proportions was estimated using Spearman's correlation coefficients, quintile cross-classification and Cohen's κ coefficients. Mean total PUFA intake was 13·2 g/d (sd 4·2), contributing 6·5 % of total energy intake; n-6 PUFA contributed 5·2 % and n-3 PUFA 0·7 %. The n-6:n-3 ratio was 7·9:1. Mean intakes of EPA and DHA were 35·7 mg/d and 49·7 mg/d, respectively. Most n-3 and n-6 PUFA intakes were weakly correlated with their respective plasma lipids (0·07 ≤ r ≤ 0·16, P < 0·001). The correlation between dietary and plasma DHA was stronger though (r = 0·34, P < 0·001), supported by a modest level of agreement between quintiles (k = 0·32). The results indicate that the FFQ was able to reasonably rank the long-chain (LC) PUFA, DHA, in this paediatric population. Public health initiatives need to address the suboptimal ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA and very low n-3 LC-PUFA intakes in school-age children in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Buckland
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
| | - Sandra de Silva Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline M. Taylor
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
| | - Louise R. Jones
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BristolBS8 1NU, UK
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Association between the Polymorphisms of fads2a and fads2b and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061780. [PMID: 34203588 PMCID: PMC8232129 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fishes are the major dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for humans. The limited availability of PUFAs derived from fish represents a critical bottleneck in food production systems, one that numerous research institutions and aqua-feed companies in this field are trying to overcome. This problem could be minimized by select-bred fish to be capable of more effectively producing endogenous PUFAs. Fatty acid desaturase 2 (fads2) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the synthesis of PUFAs. The common carp, one of the most important food and ornamental allo-tetraploid fish, encodes two fads2 genes (fads2a and fads2b). The PUFA contents among common carp individuals were numerous, suggesting that there might exist polymorphisms in fads2a and fads2b. However, selective breeding of common carp with high PUFA contents was hindered due to a lack of effective molecular markers. This study investigated the contents of PUFAs in common carp and identified polymorphisms in the CDS regions of fads2a and fads2b. The association study identified three cSNPs associated with the PUFA contents and suggested that fads2b might be the major gene responding for common carp PUFA contents. These cSNPs would be potential markers for future selection to improve the PUFA contents in common carp. Abstract Fatty acid desaturase 2 (fads2) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in PUFAs biosynthesis. Compared with the diploid fish encoding one fads2, the allo-tetraploid common carp, one most important food fish, encodes two fads2 genes (fads2a and fads2b). The associations between the contents of different PUFAs and the polymorphisms of fads2a and fads2b have not been studied. The contents of 12 PUFAs in common carp individuals were measured, and the polymorphisms in the coding sequences of fads2a and fads2b were screened. We identified five coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) in fads2a and eleven cSNPs in fads2b. Using the mixed linear model and analysis of variance, a synonymous fads2a cSNP was significantly associated with the content of C20:3n-6. One non-synonymous fads2b cSNP (fads2b.751) and one synonymous fads2b cSNP (fads2b.1197) were associated with the contents of seven PUFAs and the contents of six PUFAs, respectively. The heterozygous genotypes in both loci were associated with higher contents than the homozygous genotypes. The fads2b.751 genotype explained more phenotype variation than the fads2b.1197 genotype. These two SNPs were distributed in one haplotype block and associated with the contents of five common PUFAs. These results suggested that fads2b might be the major gene responding to common carp PUFA contents and that fads.751 might be the main effect SNP. These cSNPs would be potential markers for future selection to improve the PUFA contents in common carp.
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Maternal and child fatty acid desaturase genotype as determinants of cord blood long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) concentrations in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:1687-1697. [PMID: 33526157 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Optimal maternal long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) status is essential for the developing fetus. The fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes are involved in the endogenous synthesis of LCPUFA. The minor allele of various FADS SNP have been associated with increased maternal concentrations of the precursors linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and lower concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA. There is limited research on the influence of FADS genotype on cord PUFA status. The current study investigated the influence of maternal and child genetic variation in FADS genotype on cord blood PUFA status in a high fish-eating cohort. Cord blood samples (n 1088) collected from the Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) Nutrition Cohort 2 (NC2) were analysed for total serum PUFA. Of those with cord PUFA data available, maternal (n 1062) and child (n 916), FADS1 (rs174537 and rs174561), FADS2 (rs174575), and FADS1-FADS2 (rs3834458) were determined. Regression analysis determined that maternal minor allele homozygosity was associated with lower cord blood concentrations of DHA and the sum of EPA + DHA. Lower cord blood AA concentrations were observed in children who were minor allele homozygous for rs3834458 (β = 0·075; P = 0·037). Children who were minor allele carriers for rs174537, rs174561, rs174575 and rs3834458 had a lower cord blood AA:LA ratio (P < 0·05 for all). Both maternal and child FADS genotype were associated with cord LCPUFA concentrations, and therefore, the influence of FADS genotype was observed despite the high intake of preformed dietary LCPUFA from fish in this population.
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Conway MC, McSorley EM, Mulhern MS, Strain JJ, van Wijngaarden E, Yeates AJ. Influence of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on maternal and child polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) status and child health outcomes: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:627-646. [PMID: 31943072 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important during pregnancy for fetal development and child health outcomes. The fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes also influence PUFA status, with the FADS genes controlling how much product (eg, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) is metabolized from the precursor molecules linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. OBJECTIVE The current review discusses the influence of FADS genotype on PUFA status of pregnant women, breast milk, and children, and also how FADS may influence child health outcomes. DATA SOURCES The Ovid Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched from their inception to September 2018. DATA EXTRACTION Eligible studies reported FADS genotype and blood concentrations of PUFA during pregnancy, in childhood, breast milk concentrations of PUFA or child health outcomes. DATA ANALYSIS In pregnant and lactating women, minor allele carriers have higher concentrations of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and lower concentrations of arachidonic acid, in blood and breast milk, respectively. In children, FADS genotype influences PUFA status in the same manner and may impact child outcomes such as cognition and allergies; however, the direction of effects for the evidence to date is not consistent. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to further investigate associations between FADS and outcomes, as well as the diet-gene interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Conway
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Maria S Mulhern
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alison J Yeates
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland. E. van Wijngaarden is with the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Shrestha N, Holland OJ, Kent NL, Perkins AV, McAinch AJ, Cuffe JSM, Hryciw DH. Maternal High Linoleic Acid Alters Placental Fatty Acid Composition. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082183. [PMID: 32717842 PMCID: PMC7468786 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal development is modulated by maternal nutrition during pregnancy. The dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA), an essential dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), has increased. We previously published that increased LA consumption during pregnancy does not alter offspring or placental weight but fetal plasma fatty acid composition; the developing fetus obtains their required PUFA from the maternal circulation. However, it is unknown if increased maternal linoleic acid alters placental fatty acid storage, metabolism, transport, and general placental function. Female Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed either a low LA diet (LLA; 1.44% of energy from LA) or high LA diet (HLA; 6.21% of energy from LA) for 10 weeks before pregnancy and during gestation. Rats were sacrificed at embryonic day 20 (E20, term = 22 days) and placentae collected. The labyrinth of placentae from one male and one female fetus from each litter were analyzed. High maternal LA consumption increased placental total n-6 and LA concentrations, and decreased total n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1), angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), and diacylglycerol lipase beta (Daglb) mRNA were downregulated in placentae from offspring from HLA dams. Maternal high LA downregulated the fatty acid transport protein 4 (Fatp4) and glucose transporter 1 (Slc2a1) mRNA in placentae. IL-7 and IL-10 protein were decreased in placentae from offspring from HLA dams. In conclusion, a high maternal LA diet alters the placental fatty acid composition, inflammatory proteins, and expressions of nutrient transporters, which may program deleterious outcomes in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Olivia J. Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Nykola L. Kent
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
- Correspondence: (J.S.M.C.); (D.H.H.); Tel.: +61-737-353-601 (D.H.H.)
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.S.M.C.); (D.H.H.); Tel.: +61-737-353-601 (D.H.H.)
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12
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Cheatham CL. Nutritional Factors in Fetal and Infant Brain Development. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020; 75 Suppl 1:20-32. [PMID: 32564018 DOI: 10.1159/000508052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and infant brain development determine the trajectory of the organism across the lifespan. Optimal maternal and infant nutrition during the period of rapid brain development is vital to the integrity of the neural substrate for subsequent lifelong functions. The goal of this review is to educate the reader on the effects of fetal and infant nutrition on the developing human brain. A review of the literature reveals 6 nutrients that have been studied with respect to maternal nutrition and subsequent offspring brain development: folate, iodine, iron, vitamin D, choline, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). The research is discussed with a focus on the timing of nutrient needs (preconception, prenatally, and postnatally) as well as potential confounding and unobserved variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Cheatham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA,
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13
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Li Y, Freedman R. Prospects for improving future mental health of children through prenatal maternal micronutrient supplementation in China. Pediatr Investig 2020; 4:118-126. [PMID: 32851355 PMCID: PMC7331361 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal micronutrients in pregnant women's diets, including supplements, have an essential role in fetal brain development and may reduce the risk of mental disorders in offspring. Folic acid, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and choline have been investigated for this purpose. Folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy has well-established positive effects. Vitamin D, administered to the mother before birth or to the newborn, has also been shown to reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy have a more uncertain role, with recent trials questioning a beneficial effect on cognition and attention deficit disorder, despite positive effects on prematurity and neonatal wheezing prevention. Choline supplementation is associated with positive effects on cognition and behavior, including early behaviors associated with the development of autism and schizophrenia. There is no experience yet with COVID-19, but adverse effects on fetal brain development of most common coronaviruses are mitigated by higher choline levels. Maternal dietary supplementation of nutrients is a benign and inexpensive intervention in pregnancy to prevent life-long disability from mental illness. Use of dietary supplements in poorer, rural areas of China is below recommendations. Physicians, midwives, and public health officials in China can promote prenatal nutrient supplementation to reduce the future burden of mental illnesses that might be prevented before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of PsychiatryBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCOUSA
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14
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Wu WC, Lin HC, Liao WL, Tsai YY, Chen AC, Chen HC, Lin HY, Liao LN, Chao PM. FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020543. [PMID: 32093185 PMCID: PMC7071481 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions in human milk are modulated by maternal FADS gene variants and dietary intake in Taiwanese women. Inclusion criteria included being healthy, 20–40 y old, having had a full-term baby that they intended to breast feed for at least 1 month, and willingness to participate in this study. Intake of DHA was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and fatty acids were analyzed in human milk samples collected 3–4 weeks postpartum. Based on multiple linear regression of data from 164 mothers that completed this study, there was 0.28% (FA%) reduction in milk DHA in high versus low genetic risk (stratified by whether minor allele numbers were ≥ 3 in rs1535 and rs174448) and 0.45% reduction in low versus high intake (stratified by whether DHA intake reached 200 mg/d). There was a significant gene–diet interaction; mothers with low genetic risk only had high milk DHA proportions with high DHA intake, whereas for mothers with high genetic risk, dietary effects were quite limited. Therefore, for FADS single nucleotide polymorphism in Taiwanese women, increasing DHA intake did not correct low milk DHA proportions in those with a high-risk genotype. Diet only conferred benefits to those with a low-risk genotype. Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered (Feb 12, 2019) in ClinicalTrials.gov (No. NCT03842891, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03842891).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Wu
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chih Lin
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Center for Personalized Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | | | - An-Chyi Chen
- Division of Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Li-Na Liao
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-N.L.); (P.-M.C.); Tel.: (+886)-4-22053366 (ext. 7509) (P.-M.C.); Fax: (+886)-4-22062891 (P.-M.C.)
| | - Pei-Min Chao
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-N.L.); (P.-M.C.); Tel.: (+886)-4-22053366 (ext. 7509) (P.-M.C.); Fax: (+886)-4-22062891 (P.-M.C.)
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15
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Hartwig FP, Davies NM, Horta BL, Ahluwalia TS, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Sajjad A, Tiemeier HW, Dalmau-Bueno A, Guxens M, Bustamante M, Santa-Marina L, Parker N, Paus T, Pausova Z, Lauritzen L, Schnurr TM, Michaelsen KF, Hansen T, Oddy W, Pennell CE, Warrington NM, Davey Smith G, Victora CG. Effect modification of FADS2 polymorphisms on the association between breastfeeding and intelligence: results from a collaborative meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:45-57. [PMID: 30541029 PMCID: PMC6380307 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that breastfeeding benefits children’s intelligence, possibly due to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) present in breast milk. Under a nutritional adequacy hypothesis, an interaction between breastfeeding and genetic variants associated with endogenous LC-PUFAs synthesis might be expected. However, the literature on this topic is controversial. Methods We investigated this gene × environment interaction through a collaborative effort. The primary analysis involved >12 000 individuals and used ever breastfeeding, FADS2 polymorphisms rs174575 and rs1535 coded assuming a recessive effect of the G allele, and intelligence quotient (IQ) in Z scores. Results There was no strong evidence of interaction, with pooled covariate-adjusted interaction coefficients (i.e. difference between genetic groups of the difference in IQ Z scores comparing ever with never breastfed individuals) of 0.12[(95% confidence interval (CI): −0.19; 0.43] and 0.06 (95% CI: −0.16; 0.27) for the rs174575 and rs1535 variants, respectively. Secondary analyses corroborated these results. In studies with ≥5.85 and <5.85 months of breastfeeding duration, pooled estimates for the rs174575 variant were 0.50 (95% CI: −0.06; 1.06) and 0.14 (95% CI: −0.10; 0.38), respectively, and 0.27 (95% CI: −0.28; 0.82) and −0.01 (95% CI: −0.19; 0.16) for the rs1535 variant. Conclusions Our findings did not support an interaction between ever breastfeeding and FADS2 polymorphisms. However, subgroup analysis suggested that breastfeeding may supply LC-PUFAs requirements for cognitive development if breastfeeding lasts for some (currently unknown) time. Future studies in large individual-level datasets would allow properly powered subgroup analyses and further improve our understanding on the breastfeeding × FADS2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pires Hartwig
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil Martin Davies
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bernardo Lessa Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Henning W Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Basque Country Health Department, BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BIODONOSTIA Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nadine Parker
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wendy Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia and
| | - Nicole M Warrington
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia and.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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16
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Edwards AC, Heron J, Hibbeln J, Schuckit MA, Webb BT, Hickman M, Davies AG, Bettinger JC. Long-Chain ω-3 Levels Are Associated With Increased Alcohol Sensitivity in a Population-Based Sample of Adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2620-2626. [PMID: 31589770 PMCID: PMC6904498 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of the ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been associated with alcohol sensitivity in vertebrate and invertebrate model systems, but prior studies have not examined this association in human samples despite evidence of associations between ω-3 LC-PUFA levels and alcohol-related phenotypes. Both alcohol sensitivity and ω-3 LC-PUFA levels are impacted by genetic factors, and these influences may contribute to observed associations between phenotypes. Given the potential for using EPA and DHA supplementation in adjuvant care for alcohol misuse and other outcomes, it is important to clarify how ω-3 LC-PUFA levels relate to alcohol sensitivity. METHODS Analyses were conducted using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Plasma ω-3 LC-PUFA levels were measured at ages 15.5 and 17.5. Participants reported on their initial alcohol sensitivity using the early drinking Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE-5) scale, for which more drinks needed for effects indicates lower levels of response per drink, at ages 15.5, 16.5, and 17.5. Polygenic liability for alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, EPA levels, and DHA levels was derived using summary statistics from large, publicly available datasets. Linear regressions were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between ω-3 LC-PUFA levels and SRE scores. RESULTS Age 15.5 ω-3 LC-PUFA levels were negatively associated with contemporaneous SRE scores and with age 17.5 SRE scores. One modest association (p = 0.02) between polygenic liability and SRE scores was observed, between alcohol problems-based polygenic risk scores (PRS) and age 16.5 SRE scores. Tests of moderation by genetic liability were not warranted. CONCLUSIONS Plasma ω-3 LC-PUFA levels may be related to initial sensitivity to alcohol during adolescence. These data indicate that diet-related factors have the potential to impact humans' earliest responses to alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joseph Hibbeln
- Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, US
| | - Marc A. Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew G. Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Jill C. Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
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17
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Rago D, Rasmussen MA, Lee-Sarwar KA, Weiss ST, Lasky-Su J, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Chawes BL, Bisgaard H. Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy, child metabolomics and asthma risk. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:399-410. [PMID: 31399385 PMCID: PMC6712349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently demonstrated that maternal dietary supplementation with fish oil-derived n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) during pregnancy reduces the risk of asthma in the offspring but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Methods Here we investigated potential metabolic mechanisms using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on 577 plasma samples collected at age 6 months in the offspring of mothers participating in the n-3 LCPUFA randomized controlled trial. First, associations between the n-3 LCPUFA supplementation groups and child metabolite levels were investigated using univariate regression models and data-driven partial least square discriminant analyses (PLS-DA). Second, we analyzed the association between the n-3 LCPUFA metabolomic profile and asthma development using Cox-regression. Third, we conducted mediation analyses to investigate whether the protective effect of n-3 LCPUFA on asthma was mediated via the metabolome. Findings The univariate analyses and the PLS-DA showed that maternal fish oil supplementation affected the child's metabolome, especially with lower levels of the n-6 LCPUFA pathway-related metabolites and saturated and monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids-containing compounds, lower levels of metabolites of the tryptophan pathway, and higher levels of metabolites in the tyrosine and glutamic acid pathway. This fish oil-related metabolic profile at age 6 months was significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma by age 5 and the metabolic profile explained 24% of the observed asthma-protective effect in the mediation analysis. Interpretation Several of the observed pathways may be involved in the asthma-protective effect of maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation and act as mediators between the intervention and disease development. Funding COPSAC is funded by private and public research funds all listed on www.copsac.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rago
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A Rasmussen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathleen A Lee-Sarwar
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Hsu MC, Tung CY, Chen HE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in prevention and treatment of maternal depression: Putative mechanism and recommendation. J Affect Disord 2018; 238:47-61. [PMID: 29860183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are vulnerable to depression during their childbearing years, and giving birth to a child precipitates postpartum depression (PPD) in some women. This review focuses on comparing the effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on depression during pregnancy or PPD after childbirth. METHODS MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials etc. through July 2017 were searched. Studies of dietary intake and plasma and/or milk levels of omega-3 fatty acids and trials of benefits and effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplements on pregnant or postpartum women with depression were specifically selected. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency, due to inadequate intake, fast depletion during pregnancy and lactation, is one of the risk factors of PPD. Associations between neuroinflammation (elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines) and aberrant neurotransmission (low serotonergic transmission activity) and risk of PPD have also been reported by numerous studies. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich oil can effectively reduce depression during pregnancy and PPD after childbirth. Long term treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich oil can be effective in reducing the risk of PPD in healthy women, but not in lactating women. Supplementation of DHA-rich oil to women begun at pregnancy and continued after childbirth exerts no beneficial effect on depression. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids rich in EPA during pregnancy or postpartum reduces some symptoms associated with depression. DHA supplementation to healthy pregnant women can also reduce the risk of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No. 8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chia-Yi Tung
- Nursing Department, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-E Chen
- Nursing Department, E-Da Hospital, No.1, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Proitsi P, Kuh D, Wong A, Maddock J, Bendayan R, Wulaningsih W, Hardy R, Richards M. Lifetime cognition and late midlife blood metabolites: findings from a British birth cohort. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:203. [PMID: 30258059 PMCID: PMC6158182 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of healthy cognitive ageing is vital for independence and wellbeing in the older general population. We investigated the association between blood metabolites and cognitive function and decline. Participants from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, the British 1946 birth cohort) were studied; 233 nuclear magnetic resonance circulating metabolite measures were quantified in 909 men and women at ages 60-64. Short-term and delayed verbal memory and processing speed were concurrently assessed and these tests were repeated at age 69. Linear regression analyses tested associations between metabolites and cognitive function at ages 60-64, and changes in these measures by age 69, adjusting for childhood cognition, education, socio-economic status and lifestyle factors. In cross-sectional analyses, metabolite levels, particularly fatty acid composition and different lipid sub-classes, were associated with short-term verbal memory (4 measures in females and 11 measures in the whole sample), delayed verbal memory (2 measures in females) and processing speed (8 measures in males and 2 measures in the whole sample) (p < 0.002). One metabolite was associated with change in cognition in females. Most of the observed associations were attenuated after adjustment for childhood cognition and education. A life course perspective can improve the understanding of how peripheral metabolic processes underlie cognitive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Kuh
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Jane Maddock
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Bendayan
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Wahyu Wulaningsih
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- 0000 0004 0427 2580grid.268922.5MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
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Vinding RK, Stokholm J, Sevelsted A, Sejersen T, Chawes BL, Bønnelykke K, Thorsen J, Howe LD, Krakauer M, Bisgaard H. Effect of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on bone, lean, and fat mass at six years: randomised clinical trial. BMJ 2018; 362:k3312. [PMID: 30181143 PMCID: PMC6122120 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of supplementation with n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) in pregnancy on anthropometry and body composition in offspring. DESIGN Double blinded, randomised controlled trial. SETTING Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010 cohort. PARTICIPANTS 736 pregnant women and their offspring. INTERVENTION n-3 LCPUFA (fish oil) or control (olive oil) daily from pregnancy week 24 until one week after birth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Height/length, weight, head, and waist measurements and body composition from dual energy x ray absorptiometry (all pre-specified secondary endpoints of the n-3 LCPUFA trial; the primary outcome for the trial was persistent wheeze/asthma). RESULTS The mean body mass index (BMI) z score was increased between age 0 and 6 years in the fish oil supplementation group compared with the control group (0.14 (95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.23); P=0.006). At 6 years, supplementation was associated with a higher BMI z score (0.19 (0.06 to 0.32); P=0.004), a higher weight/height (3.48 (0.38 to 6.57) g/cm; P=0.03), and a larger waist circumference (0.6 (0.0 to 1.2) cm; P=0.04) but not a higher proportion of obese children, using International Obesity Task Force grades. The dual energy x ray absorptiometry scan at age 6 years showed a higher total mass (395.4 (86.6 to 704.3) g; P=0.01) in the supplementation versus the control group, explained by a higher lean mass (280.7 (98.9 to 462.4) g; P=0.002), a higher bone mineral content (10.3 (2.3 to 18.1) g; P=0.01), and a non-significantly higher fat mass (116.3 (-92.9 to 325.5) g; P=0.28), but no differences were seen in total body fat or lean mass percentage. CONCLUSION Fish oil supplementation from the 24th week of pregnancy led to a higher BMI in the offspring from 0 to 6 years of age but not an increased risk of obesity at age 6. The body composition at age 6 years in children given fish oil supplementation was characterised by a proportional increase in lean, bone, and fat mass suggesting a general growth stimulating effect of n-3 LCPUFA. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00798226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kofod Vinding
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sevelsted
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Sejersen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin Krakauer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lin YH, Hibbeln JR, Domenichiello AF, Ramsden CE, Salem NM, Chen CT, Jin H, Courville AB, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP, Miller BV. Quantitation of Human Whole-Body Synthesis-Secretion Rates of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoate Acid from Circulating Unesterified α-Linolenic Acid at Steady State. Lipids 2018; 53:547-558. [PMID: 30074625 PMCID: PMC6105524 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) is desaturated and elongated to its longer-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in humans is not agreed upon. In this study, we applied a methodology developed using rodents to investigate the whole-body, presumably hepatic, synthesis-secretion rates of esterified n-3 PUFA from circulating unesterified ALA in 2 healthy overweight women after 10 weeks of low-linoleate diet exposure. During continuous iv infusion of d5-ALA, 17 arterial blood samples were collected from each subject at -10, 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 180, and 210 min, and at 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h after beginning infusion. Plasma esterified d5-n-3 PUFA concentrations were plotted against the infusion time and fit to a sigmoidal curve using nonlinear regression. These curves were used to estimate kinetic parameters using a kinetic analysis developed using rodents. Calculated synthesis-secretion rates of esterified eicosapentaenoate, n-3 docosapentaenoate, docosahexaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenate, and tetracosahexaenoate from circulating unesterified ALA were 2.1 and 2.7; 1.7 and 5.3; 0.47 and 0.27; 0.30 and 0.30; and 0.32 and 0.27 mg/day for subjects S01 and S02, respectively. This study provides new estimates of whole-body synthesis-secretion rates of esterified longer-chain n-3 PUFA from circulating unesterified ALA in human subjects. This method now can be extended to study factors that regulate human whole-body PUFA synthesis-secretion in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Lin
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, LMBB, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Christopher E. Ramsden
- Lipid Mediator, Inflammation and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA, NIH
- DICBR, NIAAA, NIH
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Chuck T Chen
- Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, LMBB, DICBR, NIAAA, NIH, U.S.A
| | - Haksong Jin
- Pharmacy Department, NIH Clinical Center, NIH
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Mychaleckyj JC, Nayak U, Colgate ER, Zhang D, Carstensen T, Ahmed S, Ahmed T, Mentzer AJ, Alam M, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, Faruque ASG, Petri WA. Multiplex genomewide association analysis of breast milk fatty acid composition extends the phenotypic association and potential selection of FADS1 variants to arachidonic acid, a critical infant micronutrient. J Med Genet 2018. [PMID: 29514873 PMCID: PMC6047159 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is the sole nutrition source during exclusive breastfeeding, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) are critical micronutrients in infant physical and cognitive development. There has been no prior genomewide association study of breast milk, hence our objective was to test for genetic association with breast milk FA composition. METHODS We measured the fractional composition of 26 individual FAs in breast milk samples from three cohorts totalling 1142 Bangladeshi mothers whose infants were genotyped on the Illumina MEGA chip and replicated on a custom Affymetrix 30K SNP array (n=616). Maternal genotypes were imputed using IMPUTE. RESULTS After running 33 separate FA fraction phenotypes, we found that SNPs known to be associated with serum FAs in the FADS1/2/3 region were also associated with breast milk FA composition (experiment-wise significance threshold 4.2×10-9). Hypothesis-neutral comparison of the 33 fractions showed that the most significant genetic association at the FADS1/2/3 locus was with fraction of arachidonic acid (AA) at SNP rs174556, with a very large per major allele effect size of 17% higher breast milk AA level. There was no evidence of independent association at FADS1/2/3 with any other FA or SNP after conditioning on AA and rs174556. We also found novel significant experiment-wise SNP associations with: polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 6/PUFA3 ratio (sorting nexin 29), eicosenoic (intergenic) and capric (component of oligomeric Golgi complex 3) acids; and six additional loci at genomewide significance (<5×10-8). CONCLUSIONS AA is the primary FA in breast milk influenced by genetic variation at the FADS1/2/3 locus, extending the potential phenotypes under genetic selection to include breast milk composition, thereby possibly affecting infant growth or cognition. Breast milk FA composition is influenced by maternal genetics in addition to diet and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dadong Zhang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Shahnawaz Ahmed
- Center for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Center for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Lien EL, Richard C, Hoffman DR. DHA and ARA addition to infant formula: Current status and future research directions. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 128:26-40. [PMID: 29413359 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are present in breast milk and play important roles in early infant development. A supply of these fatty acids in infant formula (typically following breast milk as a model with ARA > DHA) is thought to be important since endogenous synthesis is insufficient to maintain tissue levels equivalent to breast-fed infants. Intervention studies assessing the impact of DHA- and ARA-supplemented formulas have resulted in numerous positive developmental outcomes (closer to breast-fed infants) including measures of specific cognition functions, visual acuity, and immune responses. A critical analysis of outcome assessment tools reveals the essentiality of selecting appropriate, focused techniques in order to provide accurate evaluation of DHA- and ARA-supplemented formulas. Future research directions should encompass in-depth assessment of specific cognitive outcomes, immune function, and disease incidence, as well as sources of experimental variability such as the status of fatty acid desaturase polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Lien
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, 905S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - C Richard
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-002G Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - D R Hoffman
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, 9600 North. Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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Chilton FH, Dutta R, Reynolds LM, Sergeant S, Mathias RA, Seeds MC. Precision Nutrition and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Case for Personalized Supplementation Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1165. [PMID: 29068398 PMCID: PMC5707637 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary essential omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), can be converted (utilizing desaturase and elongase enzymes encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes) to biologically-active long chain (LC; >20)-PUFAs by numerous cells and tissues. These n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFAs and their metabolites (ex, eicosanoids and endocannabinoids) play critical signaling and structural roles in almost all physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. METHODS This review summarizes: (1) the biosynthesis, metabolism and roles of LC-PUFAs; (2) the potential impact of rapidly altering the intake of dietary LA and ALA; (3) the genetics and evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthesis; (4) Gene-diet interactions that may lead to excess levels of n-6 LC-PUFAs and deficiencies of n-3 LC-PUFAs; and (5) opportunities for precision nutrition approaches to personalize n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation for individuals and populations. CONCLUSIONS The rapid nature of transitions in 18C-PUFA exposure together with the genetic variation in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway found in different populations make mal-adaptations a likely outcome of our current nutritional environment. Understanding this genetic variation in the context of 18C-PUFA dietary exposure should enable the development of individualized n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation regimens to prevent and manage human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- GeneSTAR Research Program, General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michael C Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Rahbar E, Ainsworth HC, Howard TD, Hawkins GA, Ruczinski I, Mathias R, Seeds MC, Sergeant S, Hixson JE, Herrington DM, Langefeld CD, Chilton FH. Uncovering the DNA methylation landscape in key regulatory regions within the FADS cluster. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180903. [PMID: 28957329 PMCID: PMC5619705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants near and within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster are associated with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis, levels of several disease biomarkers and risk of human disease. However, determining the functional mechanisms by which these genetic variants impact PUFA levels remains a challenge. Utilizing an Illumina 450K array, we previously reported strong allele-specific methylation (ASM) associations (p = 2.69×10−29) between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174537 and DNA methylation of CpG sites located in the putative enhancer region between FADS1 and FADS2, in human liver tissue. However, this array only featured 20 CpG sites within this 12kb region. To better understand the methylation landscape within this region, we conducted bisulfite sequencing of the region between FADS1 and FADS2. Liver tissues from 50 male subjects (27 European Americans, 23 African Americans) were obtained from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study, and used to ascertain the genotype at rs174537 and methylation status across the region of interest. Associations between rs174537 genotype and methylation status of 136 CpG sites were determined. Age-adjusted linear regressions were used to assess ASM associations with rs174537 genotype. The majority of CpG sites (117 out of 136, 86%) exhibited high levels of methylation with the greatest variability observed at three key regulatory regions–the promoter regions for FADS1 and FADS2 and a putative enhancer site between the two genes. Eight CpG sites within the putative enhancer region displayed significant (FDR p <0.05) ASM associations with rs174537. These data support the concept that both genetic and epigenetic factors regulate PUFA biosynthesis, and raise fundamental questions as to how genetic variants such as rs174537 impact DNA methylation in distant regulatory regions, and ultimately the capacity of tissues to synthesize PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ER); (FHC)
| | - Hannah C. Ainsworth
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Hawkins
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Rasika Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - James E. Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - David M. Herrington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ER); (FHC)
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Meldrum SJ, Li Y, Zhang G, Heaton AEM, D’Vaz N, Manz J, Reischl E, Koletzko BV, Prescott SL, Simmer K. Can polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster alter the effects of fish oil supplementation on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid profiles? An exploratory study. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2583-2594. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lauritzen L, Sørensen LB, Harsløf LB, Ritz C, Stark KD, Astrup A, Dyssegaard CB, Egelund N, Michaelsen KF, Damsgaard CT. Mendelian randomization shows sex-specific associations between long-chain PUFA-related genotypes and cognitive performance in Danish schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:88-95. [PMID: 28515069 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary and endogenously formed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are hypothesized to improve cognitive development, but results are inconclusive, with suggestions of sex specificity. One study suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1535 and rs174448 in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster have opposite effects on erythrocyte LCPUFAs at 9 mo.Objective: To explore whether SNPs in FADS and elongase (ELOVL) genes were associated with school performance in a sex-specific manner, we performed a Mendelian randomization study using data from the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) School Meal Study with 765 Danish schoolchildren 8-11 y old.Design: Associations between selected FADS1/2 SNPs (rs1535, rs174448, and rs174468) and ELOVL5 rs2397142, whole-blood fatty acid composition, and performance in the d2 Test of Attention and a reading test were analyzed in multiple regression models including all SNPs, SNP-sex interactions, and covariates related to testing conditions.Results:FADS, rs1535 minor allele carriage associated with lower whole-blood arachidonic acid (P ≤ 0.002), and minor alleles of rs174448 tended to associate with lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (P = 0.052). We identified sex interactions in 50% of the SNP performance sets. Sex-dependent associations were observed for rs174448 and rs1535 on the d2 Test of Attention outcomes (P < 0.03) and for the associations between reading scores and rs174448 and rs2397142 (P < 0.01). All of the sex-specific analyses showed associations in opposite directions in girls and boys. The minor allele carriage of rs174448 was associated with lower d2 Test of Attention performance (P < 0.02) and reading scores (P < 0.001) in boys but with better reading scores in girls (P ≤ 0.002). The associations were consistently the opposite for rs1535 minor allele carriage (P < 0.05). Associations with rs2397142 also appeared to be opposite of those of rs174448, but only for reading and not significant after adjustment for parental educational level and whole-blood DHA.Conclusions: This study showed associations between rs1535 minor allele homozygosity and rs174448 major allele carriage and improved performance in 8- to 11-y-old boys but not in girls, thereby counteracting existing sex differences. This may be a consequence of increased endogenous DHA synthesis in infancy but not at school-age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01457794.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Louise B Sørensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laurine B Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla B Dyssegaard
- Department of Education, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Egelund
- Department of Education, Faculty of Arts, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla T Damsgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Association of maternal weight with FADS and ELOVL genetic variants and fatty acid levels- The PREOBE follow-up. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179135. [PMID: 28598979 PMCID: PMC5466308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) and elongase (ELOVL) enzymes affect long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) production. We aimed to determine if these SNPs are associated with body mass index (BMI) or affect fatty acids (FAs) in pregnant women. Participants (n = 180) from the PREOBE cohort were grouped according to pre-pregnancy BMI: normal-weight (BMI = 18.5–24.9, n = 88) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25, n = 92). Plasma samples were analyzed at 24 weeks of gestation to measure FA levels in the phospholipid fraction. Selected SNPs were genotyped (7 in FADS1, 5 in FADS2, 3 in ELOVL2 and 2 in ELOVL5). Minor allele carriers of rs174545, rs174546, rs174548 and rs174553 (FADS1), and rs1535 and rs174583 (FADS2) were nominally associated with an increased risk of having a BMI≥25. Only for the normal-weight group, minor allele carriers of rs174537, rs174545, rs174546, and rs174553 (FADS1) were negatively associated with AA:DGLA index. Normal-weight women who were minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs had lower levels of AA, AA:DGLA and AA:LA indexes, and higher levels of DGLA, compared to major homozygotes. Among minor allele carriers of FADS2 and ELOVL2 SNPs, overweight/obese women showed higher DHA:EPA index than the normal-weight group; however, they did not present higher DHA concentrations than the normal-weight women. In conclusion, minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs have an increased risk of obesity. Maternal weight changes the effect of genotype on FA levels. Only in the normal-weight group, minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs displayed reduced enzymatic activity and FA levels. This suggests that women with a BMI≥25 are less affected by FADS genetic variants in this regard. In the presence of FADS2 and ELOVL2 SNPs, overweight/obese women showed higher n-3 LC-PUFA production indexes than women with normal weight, but this was not enough to obtain a higher n-3 LC-PUFA concentration.
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Fish Oil Supplementation During Pregnancy May Reduce Risk of Persistent Wheeze or Asthma in Children in First Five Years of Life. Explore (NY) 2017; 13:279-280. [PMID: 28694101 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bisgaard H, Stokholm J, Chawes BL, Vissing NH, Bjarnadóttir E, Schoos AMM, Wolsk HM, Pedersen TM, Vinding RK, Thorsteinsdóttir S, Følsgaard NV, Fink NR, Thorsen J, Pedersen AG, Waage J, Rasmussen MA, Stark KD, Olsen SF, Bønnelykke K. Fish Oil-Derived Fatty Acids in Pregnancy and Wheeze and Asthma in Offspring. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2530-9. [PMID: 28029926 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1503734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may be a contributing factor to the increasing prevalence of wheezing disorders. We assessed the effect of supplementation with n-3 LCPUFAs in pregnant women on the risk of persistent wheeze and asthma in their offspring. METHODS We randomly assigned 736 pregnant women at 24 weeks of gestation to receive 2.4 g of n-3 LCPUFA (fish oil) or placebo (olive oil) per day. Their children formed the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010 (COPSAC2010) cohort and were followed prospectively with extensive clinical phenotyping. Neither the investigators nor the participants were aware of group assignments during follow-up for the first 3 years of the children's lives, after which there was a 2-year follow-up period during which only the investigators were unaware of group assignments. The primary end point was persistent wheeze or asthma, and the secondary end points included lower respiratory tract infections, asthma exacerbations, eczema, and allergic sensitization. RESULTS A total of 695 children were included in the trial, and 95.5% completed the 3-year, double-blind follow-up period. The risk of persistent wheeze or asthma in the treatment group was 16.9%, versus 23.7% in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49 to 0.97; P=0.035), corresponding to a relative reduction of 30.7%. Prespecified subgroup analyses suggested that the effect was strongest in the children of women whose blood levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were in the lowest third of the trial population at randomization: 17.5% versus 34.1% (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.83; P=0.011). Analyses of secondary end points showed that supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA was associated with a reduced risk of infections of the lower respiratory tract (31.7% vs. 39.1%; hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.98; P=0.033), but there was no statistically significant association between supplementation and asthma exacerbations, eczema, or allergic sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA in the third trimester of pregnancy reduced the absolute risk of persistent wheeze or asthma and infections of the lower respiratory tract in offspring by approximately 7 percentage points, or one third. (Funded by the Lundbeck Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00798226 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Bisgaard
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Bo L Chawes
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Nadja H Vissing
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Elin Bjarnadóttir
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Ann-Marie M Schoos
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Helene M Wolsk
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Tine M Pedersen
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Rebecca K Vinding
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Sunna Thorsteinsdóttir
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Nilofar V Følsgaard
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Nadia R Fink
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Anders G Pedersen
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Johannes Waage
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Morten A Rasmussen
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Ken D Stark
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- From COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen (H.B., J.S., B.L.C., N.H.V., E.B., A.-M.M.S., H.M.W., T.M.P., R.K.V., S.T., N.V.F., N.R.F., J.T., J.W., M.A.R., K.B.), and the Center for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institut (S.F.O.), Copenhagen, the Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved (J.S., E.B., T.M.P., R.K.V.), DTU Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (A.G.P.), and Faculty of Science, Chemometrics and Analytical Technology, University of Copenhagen (M.A.R.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada (K.D.S.); and the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston (S.F.O.)
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Su H, Zhou D, Pan YX, Wang X, Nakamura MT. Compensatory induction of Fads1 gene expression in heterozygous Fads2-null mice and by diet with a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1995-2004. [PMID: 27613800 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, because they share a single synthetic pathway, n-6/n-3 ratios of dietary PUFAs impact tissue arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA content. Likewise, SNPs in the human fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster impact tissue ARA and DHA. Here we tested the feasibility of using heterozygous Fads2-null-mice (HET) as an animal model of human FADS polymorphisms. WT and HET mice were fed diets with linoleate/α-linolenate ratios of 1:1, 7:1, and 44:1 at 7% of diet. In WT liver, ARA and DHA in phospholipids varied >2× among dietary groups, reflecting precursor ratios. Unexpectedly, ARA content was only <10% lower in HET than in WT livers, when fed the 44:1 diet, likely due to increased Fads1 mRNA in response to reduced Fads2 mRNA in HET. Consistent with the RNA data, C20:3n-6, which is elevated in minor FADS haplotypes in humans, was lower in HET than WT. Diet and genotype had little effect on brain PUFAs even though brain Fads2 mRNA was low in HET. No differences in cytokine mRNA were found among groups under unstimulated conditions. In conclusion, differential PUFA profiles between HET mice and human FADS SNPs suggest low expression of both FADS1 and 2 genes in human minor haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.,Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Dan Zhou
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Tso P, Blom TJ, Welge JA, Strawn JR, Adler CM, Strakowski SM, DelBello MP. Adolescents with or at ultra-high risk for bipolar disorder exhibit erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid deficits: a candidate prodromal risk biomarker. Early Interv Psychiatry 2016; 10:203-11. [PMID: 26486098 PMCID: PMC4818707 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mood disorders are associated with low levels of the long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study investigated LCn-3 fatty acid biostatus in youth with or at varying risk for developing mania to assess its utility as a prodromal risk biomarker. METHOD Erythrocyte fatty acid composition was determined in healthy adolescents (n = 28, HC), asymptomatic adolescents with a biological parent with bipolar I disorder (n = 30; 'high risk', HR), adolescents with a biological parent with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder, or depressive disorder not otherwise specified (n = 36; 'ultra-high risk', UHR), and first-episode adolescent bipolar manic patients (n = 35, BP). RESULTS Group differences were observed for DHA (P ≤ 0.0001) and EPA (P = 0.03). Compared with HC, erythrocyte EPA + DHA ('omega-3 index') was significantly lower in BP (-24%, P ≤ 0.0001) and UHR (-19%, P = 0.0006) groups, and there was a trend in the HR group (-11%, P = 0.06). Compared with HC (61%), a greater percentage of HR (77%, P = 0.02), UHR (80%, P = 0.005) and BP (97%, P = 0.001) subjects exhibited EPA + DHA levels of ≤4.0%. Among all subjects (n = 130), EPA + DHA was inversely correlated with manic (r = -0.29, P = 0.0008) and depressive (r = -0.28, P = 0.003) symptom severity. The AA/EPA + DHA ratio was significantly greater in BP (+22%, P = 0.0002) and UHR (+16%, P = 0.001) groups. CONCLUSIONS Low EPA + DHA levels coincide with the initial onset of mania, and increasing risk for developing bipolar disorder is associated with graded erythrocyte EPA + DHA deficits. Low erythrocyte EPA + DHA biostatus may represent a promising prodromal risk biomarker warranting additional evaluation in future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald Jandacek
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J Blom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Welge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Caleb M Adler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen M Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Kothapalli KSD, Ye K, Gadgil MS, Carlson SE, O'Brien KO, Zhang JY, Park HG, Ojukwu K, Zou J, Hyon SS, Joshi KS, Gu Z, Keinan A, Brenna JT. Positive Selection on a Regulatory Insertion-Deletion Polymorphism in FADS2 Influences Apparent Endogenous Synthesis of Arachidonic Acid. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1726-39. [PMID: 27188529 PMCID: PMC4915354 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are bioactive components of membrane phospholipids and serve as substrates for signaling molecules. LCPUFA can be obtained directly from animal foods or synthesized endogenously from 18 carbon precursors via the FADS2 coded enzyme. Vegans rely almost exclusively on endogenous synthesis to generate LCPUFA and we hypothesized that an adaptive genetic polymorphism would confer advantage. The rs66698963 polymorphism, a 22-bp insertion–deletion within FADS2, is associated with basal FADS1 expression, and coordinated induction of FADS1 and FADS2 in vitro. Here, we determined rs66698963 genotype frequencies from 234 individuals of a primarily vegetarian Indian population and 311 individuals from the US. A much higher I/I genotype frequency was found in Indians (68%) than in the US (18%). Analysis using 1000 Genomes Project data confirmed our observation, revealing a global I/I genotype of 70% in South Asians, 53% in Africans, 29% in East Asians, and 17% in Europeans. Tests based on population divergence, site frequency spectrum, and long-range haplotype consistently point to positive selection encompassing rs66698963 in South Asian, African, and some East Asian populations. Basal plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid (ARA) status was 8% greater in I/I compared with D/D individuals. The biochemical pathway product–precursor difference, ARA minus linoleic acid, was 31% and 13% greater for I/I and I/D compared with D/D, respectively. This study is consistent with previous in vitro data suggesting that the insertion allele enhances n-6 LCPUFA synthesis and may confer an adaptive advantage in South Asians because of the traditional plant-based diet practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaixiong Ye
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University
| | - Maithili S Gadgil
- Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas
| | | | - Ji Yao Zhang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | | | - James Zou
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | | | - Kalpana S Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Alon Keinan
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University
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Lauritzen L, Brambilla P, Mazzocchi A, Harsløf LBS, Ciappolino V, Agostoni C. DHA Effects in Brain Development and Function. Nutrients 2016; 8:E6. [PMID: 26742060 PMCID: PMC4728620 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural constituent of membranes specifically in the central nervous system. Its accumulation in the fetal brain takes place mainly during the last trimester of pregnancy and continues at very high rates up to the end of the second year of life. Since the endogenous formation of DHA seems to be relatively low, DHA intake may contribute to optimal conditions for brain development. We performed a narrative review on research on the associations between DHA levels and brain development and function throughout the lifespan. Data from cell and animal studies justify the indication of DHA in relation to brain function for neuronal cell growth and differentiation as well as in relation to neuronal signaling. Most data from human studies concern the contribution of DHA to optimal visual acuity development. Accumulating data indicate that DHA may have effects on the brain in infancy, and recent studies indicate that the effect of DHA may depend on gender and genotype of genes involved in the endogenous synthesis of DHA. While DHA levels may affect early development, potential effects are also increasingly recognized during childhood and adult life, suggesting a role of DHA in cognitive decline and in relation to major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, 2800 South Macgregor Way, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laurine B S Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
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Barman M, Nilsson S, Torinsson Naluai Å, Sandin A, Wold AE, Sandberg AS. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the FADS Gene Cluster but not the ELOVL2 Gene are Associated with Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Development of Allergy (in a Swedish Birth Cohort). Nutrients 2015; 7:10100-15. [PMID: 26633493 PMCID: PMC4690073 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influences immune function and may affect the risk of allergy development. Long chain PUFAs are produced from dietary precursors catalyzed by desaturases and elongases encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes. In 211 subjects, we investigated whether polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL2 gene were associated with allergy or PUFA composition in serum phospholipids in a Swedish birth-cohort sampled at birth and at 13 years of age; allergy was diagnosed at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs102275 and rs174448 (FADS gene cluster) had decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord and adolescent serum and increased proportions of 20:3 n-6 in cord serum as well as a nominally reduced risk of developing atopic eczema, but not respiratory allergy, at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs17606561 in the ELOVL2 gene had nominally decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord serum but ELOVL polymorphisms (rs2236212 and rs17606561) were not associated with allergy development. Thus, reduced capacity to desaturase n-6 PUFAs due to FADS polymorphisms was nominally associated with reduced risk for eczema development, which could indicate a pathogenic role for long-chain PUFAs in allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Barman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sandin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Emmett PM, Jones LR, Golding J. Pregnancy diet and associated outcomes in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Nutr Rev 2015; 73 Suppl 3:154-74. [PMID: 26395341 PMCID: PMC4586451 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All publications covering diet during pregnancy that stemmed from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were reviewed. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Socioeconomic background, maternal mental health, and the health and development of the offspring were assessed using a variety of methods, such as direct measurement, self-completion questionnaires, and assays of biological samples. Differences in diet, including specific food and nutrient intakes and dietary patterns, were associated with maternal educational attainment, smoking habits, and financial difficulty. There were marginal intakes, compared with recommendations, of the key nutrients iron, magnesium, potassium, and folate. Maternal diet during pregnancy was predictive of offspring diet during childhood. There were independent associations between prenatal fish consumption and lower frequency of maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as lower frequency of intrauterine growth retardation. Consistent evidence that fish consumption during pregnancy benefited the neurocognitive development of the child was also found. Two constituents of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and iodine, were associated with these benefits in children. The findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children strengthen the recommendation to eat fish regularly during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Emmett
- P.M. Emmett and J. Golding are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. L.R. Jones is with the School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Louise R Jones
- P.M. Emmett and J. Golding are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. L.R. Jones is with the School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jean Golding
- P.M. Emmett and J. Golding are with the Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. L.R. Jones is with the School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Cheatham CL, Lupu DS, Niculescu MD. Genetic and epigenetic transgenerational implications related to omega-3 fatty acids. Part II: maternal FADS2 rs174575 genotype and DNA methylation predict toddler cognitive performance. Nutr Res 2015; 35:948-55. [PMID: 26455892 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal transfer of fatty acids is important to fetal brain development. The prenatal environment may differentially affect the substrates supporting declarative memory abilities, as the level of fatty acids transferred across the placenta may be affected by the maternal fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) rs174575 single nucleotide polymorphism. In this study, we hypothesized that toddler and maternal rs174575 genotype and FADS2 promoter methylation would be related to the toddlers' declarative memory performance. Seventy-one 16-month-old toddlers participated in an imitation paradigm designed to test immediate and long-term declarative memory abilities. FADS2 rs174575 genotype was determined and FADS2 promoter methylation was quantified from blood by bisulfite pyrosequencing for the toddlers and their natural mothers. Toddlers of GG mothers at the FADS2 rs174575 single nucleotide polymorphism did not perform as well on memory assessments as toddlers of CC or CG mothers when controlling for plasma α-linolenic acid and child genotype. Toddler methylation status was related to immediate memory performance, whereas maternal methylation status was related to delayed memory performance. Thus, prenatal experience and maternal FADS2 status have a pervasive, long-lasting influence on the brain development of the offspring, but as the postnatal environment becomes more primary, the offsprings' own biology begins to have an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Cheatham
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Daniel S Lupu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mihai D Niculescu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Genetic and epigenetic transgenerational implications related to omega-3 fatty acids. Part I: maternal FADS2 genotype and DNA methylation correlate with polyunsaturated fatty acid status in toddlers: an exploratory analysis. Nutr Res 2015; 35:939-47. [PMID: 26439440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in toddlers is regulated by a complex network of interacting factors. The contribution of maternal genetic and epigenetic makeup to this milieu is not well understood. In a cohort of mothers and toddlers 16 months of age (n = 65 mother-child pairs), we investigated the association between maternal genetic and epigenetic fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) profiles and toddlers' n-6 and n-3 fatty acid metabolism. FADS2 rs174575 variation and DNA methylation status were interrogated in mothers and toddlers, as well as food intake and plasma fatty acid concentrations in toddlers. A multivariate fit model indicated that maternal rs174575 genotype, combined with DNA methylation, can predict α-linolenic acid plasma concentration in all toddlers and arachidonic acid concentrations in boys. Arachidonic acid intake was predictive for its plasma concentration in girls, whereas intake of 3 major n-3 species (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids) were predictive for their plasma concentrations in boys. FADS2 genotype and DNA methylation in toddlers were not related to plasma concentrations or food intakes, except for CpG8 methylation. Maternal FADS2 methylation was a predictor for the boys' α-linolenic acid intakes. This exploratory study suggests that maternal FADS2 genetic and epigenetic status could be related to toddlers' polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism.
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Fatty acid supply with complementary foods and LC-PUFA status in healthy infants: results of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1633-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Scholtz SA, Kerling EH, Shaddy DJ, Li S, Thodosoff JM, Colombo J, Carlson SE. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in pregnancy differentially modulates arachidonic acid and DHA status across FADS genotypes in pregnancy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 94:29-33. [PMID: 25500337 PMCID: PMC4339528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Some FADS alleles are associated with lower DHA and ARA status assessed by the relative amount of arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) phospholipids (PL). We determined two FADS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a cohort of pregnant women and examined the relationship of FADS1rs174533 and FADS2rs174575 to DHA and ARA status before and after supplementation with 600mg per day of DHA. The 205 pregnant women studied were randomly assigned to placebo (mixed soy and corn oil) (n=96) or 600mg algal DHA (n=109) in 3 capsules per day for the last two trimesters of pregnancy. Women homozygous for the minor allele of FADS1rs174533 (but not FADS2rs174575) had lower DHA and ARA status at baseline. At delivery, minor allele homozygotes of FADS1rs174533 in the placebo group had lower RBC-DHA compared to major-allele carriers (P=0.031), while in the DHA-supplemented group, all genotypes had higher DHA status compared to baseline (P=0.001) and status did not differ by genotype (P=0.941). Surprisingly, DHA but not the placebo decreased ARA status of minor allele homozygotes of both FADS SNPs but not major allele homozygotes at delivery. Any physiological effects of changing the DHA to ARA ratio by increasing DHA intake appears to be greater in minor allele homozygotes of some FADS SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Scholtz
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - E H Kerling
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - D J Shaddy
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S Li
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - J M Thodosoff
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - J Colombo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Abdelmagid SA, Clarke SE, Nielsen DE, Badawi A, El-Sohemy A, Mutch DM, Ma DWL. Comprehensive profiling of plasma fatty acid concentrations in young healthy Canadian adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116195. [PMID: 25675440 PMCID: PMC4326172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating fatty acids (FA) are associated with a multitude of chronic diseases. However, a major gap in establishing such relationships is the lack of accepted fatty acid reference ranges representing healthy individuals. Data on validated FA reference ranges would provide a better understanding of study baseline measures and aid in the evaluation and interpretation of pharmaceutical or dietary interventions. Reference ranges for plasma FA levels have been reported in a few small studies and on a limited number of FA. Therefore, we determined the average and percentiles of a broad set of 61 FA (C14 - C24:1) from plasma total lipids from an ethnically diverse population of healthy young Canadian males and females (Total n = 826). Plasma concentrations of some of the major FA ranged from 0.3 to 4.1 mmol/L for palmitic acid, 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/L for stearic acid, 0.03 to 3.2 mmol/L for oleic acid, 0.2 to 5.0 mmol/L for linoleic acid (LA), 12.0 to 186.9 μmol/L for α-linolenic acid, and 7.2 to 237.5 μmol/L for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Males had significantly higher plasma concentrations of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and lower concentrations of palmitoleic acid, LA and DHA than females. Comparison of FA concentrations between Caucasians, East Asians and South Asians revealed that South Asians had significantly lower levels of palmitoleic acid (p < 0.01) and oleic acid (p = 0.01) while East Asians had lower levels of GLA (p = 0.02) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (p = 0.03). Overall, these data provide a comprehensive set of quantitative values that profiles a small cohort of Canadians which highlights the utility of establishing validated FA reference ranges that may be used to understand how deficient, suboptimal, or excess amounts of a given FA may be associated with chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A. Abdelmagid
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Clarke
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daiva E. Nielsen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Office for Biotechnology, Genomics and Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W. L. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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42
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Dietary arachidonic acid in perinatal nutrition: a commentary. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:263-9. [PMID: 25314584 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is supplied together with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in infant formulas, but we have limited knowledge about the effects of supplementation with either of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on growth and developmental outcomes. AA is present in similar levels in breast milk throughout the world, whereas the level of DHA is highly diet dependent. Autopsy studies show similar diet-dependent variation in brain DHA, whereas AA is little affected by intake. Early intake of DHA has been shown to affect visual development, but the effect of LCPUFA on neurodevelopment remains to be established. Few studies have found any functional difference between infants supplemented with DHA alone compared to DHA+AA, but some studies show neurodevelopmental advantages in breast-fed infants of mothers supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA alone. It also remains to be established whether the AA/DHA balance could affect allergic and inflammatory outcomes later in life. Disentangling effects of genetic variability and dietary intake on AA and DHA-status and on functional outcomes may be an important step in the process of determining whether AA-intake is of any physiological or clinical importance. However, based on the current evidence we hypothesize that dietary AA plays a minor role on growth and development relative to the impact of dietary DHA.
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Jensen HAR, Harsløf LBS, Nielsen MS, Christensen LB, Ritz C, Michaelsen KF, Vogel U, Lauritzen L. FADS single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with behavioral outcomes in children, and the effect varies between sexes and is dependent on PPAR genotype. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:826-32. [PMID: 25080457 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), supplied by the diet or endogenous biosynthesis from α-linolenic acid, accretes during the perinatal brain growth spurt. Results regarding a potential programming effect on cognitive function and behavior in humans are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to investigate whether behavioral outcomes in childhood were associated with FADS tag-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously found to have opposing effects on infant erythrocyte DHA. DESIGN At 36 mo, we assessed psychomotor development with the third edition of the Ages & Stages Questionnaire (n = 256) and physical activity by accelerometry (n = 231) in children from the SKOT [Småbørns Kost Og Trivsel (Diet and Thriving in Young Children)] cohort. Blood samples were taken to determine erythrocyte DHA (n = 200), FADS tag-SNPs (n = 255), and PPARG-Pro12Ala (n = 255). All outcomes were analyzed in models, including all 3 SNPs, SNP-sex interactions, erythrocyte DHA at 36 mo, and covariates. RESULTS As previously shown, the minor allele carriers of the FADS SNP rs1535 had increased erythrocyte DHA at 9 mo, whereas DHA decreased in minor allele carriers of rs174448 and rs174575 (effect size around 0.5 percentage points per allele). No overall effects were observed for any of the FADS SNPs on the outcomes reported here, but FADS SNP-sex interactions were found for a number of DHA-increasing FADS alleles on both communication and problem solving (P = 0.005 and 0.013). DHA-increasing FADS alleles resulted in reduced scores in girls and improved abilities in boys, with an effect size of ∼1 score-point/allele. No associations were found between current erythrocyte DHA and any of the behavioral outcomes. The P value for the triple interaction between DHA-increasing FADS alleles, PPARG, and sex for communication was 0.051, and subsequent analyses showed the FADS-sex interaction only in PPARG minor allele carriers (n = 70). Furthermore, FADS-PPARG interactions were seen for problem solving in boys and for fine motor skills in girls. CONCLUSION FADS SNPs seem to have a sex-specific, possibly peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-mediated effect on behavior in children, indicating a programming effect of early DHA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A R Jensen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Laurine B S Harsløf
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Maria S Nielsen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Line B Christensen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Christian Ritz
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Ulla Vogel
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- From the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (HARJ, LBSH, MSN, LBC, CR, KFM, and LL), and the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark (UV)
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Perinatal depression and omega-3 fatty acids: a Mendelian randomisation study. J Affect Disord 2014; 166:124-31. [PMID: 25012420 PMCID: PMC4101243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been numerous studies investigating the association between omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and depression, with mixed findings. We propose an approach which is largely free from issues such as confounding or reverse causality, to investigate this relationship using observational data from a pregnancy cohort. METHODS The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort collected information on FA levels from antenatal blood samples and depressive symptoms at several time points during pregnancy and the postnatal period. Conventional epidemiological analyses were used in addition to a Mendelian randomisation (MR) approach to investigate the association between levels of two omega-3 FAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) and perinatal onset depression, antenatal depression (AND) and postnatal depression (PND). RESULTS Weak evidence of a positive association with both EPA (OR=1.07; 95% CI: 0.99-1.15) and DHA (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 0.98-1.19) with perinatal onset depression was found using a multivariable logistic regression adjusting for social class and maternal age. However, the strength of association was found to attenuate when using an MR analysis to investigate DHA. LIMITATIONS Pleiotropy is a potential limitation in MR analyses; we assume that the genetic variants included in the instrumental variable are associated only with our trait of interest (FAs) and thus cannot influence the outcome via any other pathway. CONCLUSIONS We found weak evidence of a positive association between omega-3 FAs and perinatal onset depression. However, without confirmation from the MR analysis, we are unable to draw conclusions regarding causality.
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Mathias RA, Pani V, Chilton FH. Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake. Curr Nutr Rep 2014; 3:139-148. [PMID: 24977108 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unequivocally, genetic variants within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster are determinants of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels in circulation, cells and tissues. A recent series of papers have addressed these associations in the context of ancestry; evidence clearly supports that the associations are robust to ethnicity. However ∼80% of African Americans carry two copies of the alleles associated with increased levels of arachidonic acid, compared to only ∼45% of European Americans raising important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions induced by a modern western diet are differentially driving the risk of diseases of inflammation in diverse populations, and are these interactions leading to health disparities. We highlight an important aspect thus far missing in the debate regarding dietary recommendations; we content that current evidence from genetics strongly suggest that an individual's, or at the very least the population from which an individual is sampled, genetic architecture must be factored into dietary recommendations currently in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vrindarani Pani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, 27157, USA ; Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA ; Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize recent evidence on the importance of individual long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) to the developing fetus and the maternal dietary requirement for these. RECENT FINDINGS Large-scale randomized controlled trials and innovative genetic and stable isotope studies are providing new insights in this field. SUMMARY Large randomized controlled trials of LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy suggest that higher n-3 LCPUFA intake reduces the risk of preterm birth and increases the length of gestation, with secondary effects on birth weight. There is little evidence of an effect on postnatal visual function and cognition, but interpretation is complicated by maternal metabolic adaptations and adipose tissue status in the newborn. The links between polymorphisms in the FADS genes and tissue fatty acid composition suggest that LCPUFA synthesis influences overall availability. Stable isotope studies have also demonstrated the capacity for LCPUFA synthesis in pregnancy, the fact that n-6 synthesis is greater than n-3, metabolic channeling of individual fatty acids to different fates, and selective placental transfer. Studies linking FADS genotype to cognition imply that n-3 LCPUFA synthesis could have an effect on infant cognition, but more large-scale genetic studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haggarty
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition & Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Harsløf LBS, Larsen LH, Ritz C, Hellgren LI, Michaelsen KF, Vogel U, Lauritzen L. FADS genotype and diet are important determinants of DHA status: a cross-sectional study in Danish infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1403-10. [PMID: 23636240 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status is supported by the DHA content of breast milk and thus can decrease once complementary feeding begins. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent endogenous DHA synthesis contributes to status. OBJECTIVE We investigated several determinants, including FADS genotypes on DHA status at 9 mo and 3 y. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study with Danish infants from 2 prospective studies [Essentielle Fedtsyrer i OvergangskosteN (EFiON) and the Småbørns Kost Og Trivsel (SKOT) cohort] in which we measured red blood cell (RBC) DHA status at 9 mo (n = 409) and 3 y (n = 176) and genotyped 4 FADS tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs3834458, rs1535, rs174575, and rs174448 (n = 401). Information about breastfeeding was obtained by using questionnaires, and fish intake was assessed by using 7-d precoded food diaries. RESULTS FADS genotype, breastfeeding, and fish intake explained 25% of the variation in infant RBC DHA status [mean ± SD: 6.6 ± 1.9% of fatty acids (FA%)]. Breastfeeding explained most of the variation (∼20%), and still being breastfed at 9 mo was associated with a 0.7 FA% higher DHA compared with no longer being breastfed (P < 0.001). The FADS SNPs rs1535 and rs3834458 were highly correlated (r = 0.98). Homozygous carriers of the minor allele of rs1535 had a DHA increase of 1.8 FA% (P = 0.001) relative to those with the wild-type allele, whereas minor allele carriers of rs174448 and rs174575 had a decrease of 1.1 FA% (P = 0.005) and 2.0 FA% (P = 0.001), respectively. Each 10-g increment in fish intake was associated with an increased DHA status of 0.3 FA%. At 3 y, fish intake was the only significant determinant of DHA status (0.2 FA%/10 g). CONCLUSION Breastfeeding, FADS genotype, and fish intake are important determinants of DHA status in late infancy. The EFiON study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT 00631046.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine B S Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Gow RV, Sumich A, Vallee-Tourangeau F, Crawford MA, Ghebremeskel K, Bueno AA, Hibbeln JR, Taylor E, Wilson DA, Rubia K. Omega-3 fatty acids are related to abnormal emotion processing in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:419-29. [PMID: 23660373 PMCID: PMC5559876 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the core symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor emotion regulation. There is some evidence that children and young adults with ADHD have lower omega-3 levels and that supplementation with omega-3 can improve both ADHD and affective symptoms. We therefore investigated differences between ADHD and non-ADHD children in omega-3/6 fatty acid plasma levels and the relationship between those indices and emotion-elicited event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS Children/adolescents with (n=31) and without ADHD (n=32) were compared in their plasma omega-3/6 indices and corresponding ERPs during an emotion processing task. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower mean omega-3/6 and ERP abnormalities in emotion processing, independent of emotional valence relative to control children. ERP abnormalities were significantly associated with lower omega-3 levels in the ADHD group. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal for the first time that lower omega-3 fatty acids are associated with impaired emotion processing in ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Gow
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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Automated high-throughput fatty acid analysis of umbilical cord serum and application to an epidemiological study. Lipids 2012; 47:527-39. [PMID: 22430941 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Large population studies show that polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for human health, but determining relationships between the health benefits and the fatty acid content has been hampered by the unavailability of labor-effective high-throughput technologies. An automated high throughput fatty acid analysis was developed from a previous procedure based on direct transesterification including the automation of chemical procedures, data acquisition and automatic data processing. The method was validated and applied to umbilical cord serum samples in an epidemiological study. The method was linear in the range of 1-600 μg/mL serum with r² ≥ 0.99. The within-run CV was <5.4% for 23 fatty acids and a range of recoveries over three concentrations were 76-119% in a low-lipid matrix with the exception of 14:0. The fatty acid concentration as measured by the robotic method for human plasma was in good agreement with the Lepage & Roy method. The fatty acid profile in umbilical cord serum from American subjects (n = 287) showed an average of 38.0, 24.9, 32.0 and 4.6% of total fatty acids for saturates, monounsaturates, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates, respectively. This is the first report of a complete, validated, cost-effective, automated, high throughput fatty acid measurement method along with application to a population-based study. Automated fatty acid analysis coupled with automated data processing greatly facilitates the high throughput, 72 samples transesterified in 6 h, required for large population-based studies.
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