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Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR, Jagannathan P. The impact of Plasmodium-driven immunoregulatory networks on immunity to malaria. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01041-5. [PMID: 38862638 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites, drives multiple regulatory responses across the immune landscape. These regulatory responses help to protect against inflammatory disease but may in some situations hamper the acquisition of adaptive immune responses that clear parasites. In addition, the regulatory responses that occur during Plasmodium infection may negatively affect malaria vaccine efficacy in the most at-risk populations. Here, we discuss the specific cellular mechanisms of immunoregulatory networks that develop during malaria, with a focus on knowledge gained from human studies and studies that involve the main malaria parasite to affect humans, Plasmodium falciparum. Leveraging this knowledge may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to increase protective immunity to malaria during infection or after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Boyle
- Life Sciences Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Chen D, Mo F, Liu M, Liu L, Xing J, Xiao W, Gong Y, Tang S, Tan Z, Liang G, Xie H, Huang J, Shen J, Pan X. Characteristics of splenic PD-1 + γδT cells in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infection. Immunol Res 2024; 72:383-394. [PMID: 38265549 PMCID: PMC11217126 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Although the functions of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on αβ T cells have been extensively reported, a role for PD-1 in regulating γδT cell function is only beginning to emerge. Here, we investigated the phenotypic and functional characteristics of PD-1-expressing γδT cells, and the molecular mechanism was also explored in the Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (P. yoelii NSM)-infected mice. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed. An inverse agonist of RORα, SR3335, was used to investigate the role of RORα in regulating PD-1+ γδT cells. The results indicated that γδT cells continuously upregulated PD-1 expression during the infection period. Higher levels of CD94, IL-10, CX3CR1, and CD107a; and lower levels of CD25, CD69, and CD127 were found in PD-1+ γδT cells from infected mice than in PD-1- γδT cells. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis revealed that the marker genes in PD-1+ γδT cells were involved in autophagy and processes utilizing autophagic mechanisms. ScRNA-seq results showed that RORα was increased significantly in PD-1+ γδT cells. GSEA identified that RORα was mainly involved in the regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-κB signaling and the positive regulation of cytokine production. Consistent with this, PD-1-expressing γδT cells upregulated RORα following Plasmodium yoelii infection. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed that higher levels of p-p65 were found in PD-1+ γδT cells after treatment with a RORα selective synthetic inhibitor. Collectively, these data suggest that RORα-mediated attenuation of NF-κB signaling may be fundamental for PD-1-expressing γδT cells to modulate host immune responses in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis-infected C57BL/6 mice, and it requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Lin Liu
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junmin Xing
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yumei Gong
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shanni Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Tan
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Guikuan Liang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Department of basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Juan Shen
- Kingmed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingfei Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases; Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Nana CMM, Tchakounté BDK, Bitye BMZ, Fogang B, Zangue BKT, Seumko’o RMN, Nana BC, Leke RGF, Djontu JC, Argüello RJ, Ayong L, Megnekou R. Phenotypic changes of γδ T cells in Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria and pregnancy outcomes in women at delivery in Cameroon. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385380. [PMID: 38827744 PMCID: PMC11140112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depending on the microenvironment, γδ T cells may assume characteristics similar to those of Th1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells or antigen presenting cells. Despite the wide documentation of the effect of Th1/Th2 balance on pregnancy associated malaria and outcomes, there are no reports on the relationship between γδ T cell phenotype change and Placental Malaria (PM) with pregnancy outcomes. This study sought to investigate the involvement of γδ T cells and its subsets in placental Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods In a case-control study conducted in Yaoundé, Cameroon from March 2022 to May 2023, peripheral, placental and cord blood samples were collected from 50 women at delivery (29 PM negative: PM- and 21 PM positive: PM+; as diagnosed by light microscopy). Hemoglobin levels were measured using hemoglobinometer. PBMCs, IVBMCs and CBMCs were isolated using histopaque-1077 and used to characterize total γδ T cell populations and subsets (Vδ1+, Vδ2+, Vδ1-Vδ2-) by flow cytometry. Results Placental Plasmodium falciparum infection was associated with significant increase in the frequency of total γδ T cells in IVBMC and of the Vδ1+ subset in PBMC and IVBMC, but decreased frequency of the Vδ2+ subset in PBMC and IVBMC. The expression of the activation marker: HLA-DR, and the exhaustion markers (PD1 and TIM3) within total γδ T cells and subsets were significantly up-regulated in PM+ compared to PM- group. The frequency of total γδ T cells in IVBMC, TIM-3 expression within total γδ T cells and subsets in IVBMC, as well as HLA-DR expression within total γδ T cells and Vδ2+ subset in IVBMC were negatively associated with maternal hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, the frequency of total γδ T cells in PBMC and PD1 expression within the Vδ2+ subset in CBMC were negatively associated with birth weight contrary to the frequency of Vδ1-Vδ2- subset in PBMC and HLA-DR expression within the Vδ2+ subset in IVBMC which positively associated with maternal hemoglobin level and birth weight, respectively. Conclusion The data indicate up-regulation of activated and exhausted γδ T cells in Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria, with effects on pregnancy outcomes including maternal hemoglobin level and birth weight.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Female
- Pregnancy
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Cameroon
- Adult
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Young Adult
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/parasitology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Marco Mbianda Nana
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bodin Darcisse Kwanou Tchakounté
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bernard Marie Zambo Bitye
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Balotin Fogang
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Berenice Kenfack Tekougang Zangue
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Reine Medouen Ndeumou Seumko’o
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benderli Christine Nana
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rose Gana Fomban Leke
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Djontu
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rafael José Argüello
- CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rosette Megnekou
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Immunology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Mahittikorn A, Kwankaew P, Rattaprasert P, Kotepui KU, Masangkay FR, Kotepui M. Elevation of serum interleukin-1β levels as a potential indicator for malarial infection and severe malaria: a meta-analysis. Malar J 2022; 21:308. [PMID: 36309676 PMCID: PMC9617441 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine that has a role in disease-related inflammation, including malaria. However, reports on the effect of IL-1β on malaria severity are inconsistent. Therefore, meta-analyses to compare differences in IL-1β levels between patients with severe malaria, patients with uncomplicated malaria and healthy controls were performed. Methods The PRISMA standards were used to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis. A search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE and reference lists was conducted for articles providing data on IL-1β levels between patients with severe malaria, patients with uncomplicated malaria and healthy controls between January 1988 and March 2022, using a combination of search terms. The quality of all studies included in this review was determined using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. The evidence was synthesized quantitatively and qualitatively. The differences in IL-1 levels across participant groups were recounted narratively for qualitative synthesis. For quantitative synthesis, the mean difference in IL-1β levels across groups of participants was calculated using a random effects meta-analysis. The publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Egger’s test and a contour-enhanced funnel plot. Results A total of 1281 articles were discovered, and the 17 that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included for syntheses. The meta-analysis results using data from 555 cases of severe malaria and 1059 cases of uncomplicated malaria showed that severe malaria had a higher mean of IL-1β levels than uncomplicated malaria (P < 0.01, pooled mean difference: 1.92 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval: 0.60–3.25 pg/mL, I2: 90.41%, 6 studies). The meta-analysis results using data from 542 cases of uncomplicated malaria and 455 healthy controls showed no difference in mean IL-1β levels between the two groups (P = 0.07, pooled mean difference: 1.42 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval: − 0.1–2.94 pg/mL, I2: 98.93%, 6 studies). Conclusion The results from the meta-analysis revealed that IL-1β levels were higher in patients with severe malaria than in patients with uncomplicated malaria; however, IL-1β levels were similar in patients with uncomplicated malaria and healthy controls. Based on the limitations of the number of studies included in the meta-analysis and high levels of heterogeneity, further studies are needed to conclude that differences in IL-1β levels can be useful for monitoring the malaria severity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04325-0.
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Royo J, Camara A, Bertrand B, Batigne P, Coste A, Pipy B, Aubouy A. Kinetics of monocyte subpopulations during experimental cerebral malaria and its resolution in a model of late chloroquine treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:952993. [PMID: 36310859 PMCID: PMC9614070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.952993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe forms of malaria and is a neuropathology that can lead to death. Monocytes have been shown to accumulate in the brain microvasculature at the onset of neurological symptoms during CM. Monocytes have a remarkable ability to adapt their function to their microenvironment from pro-inflammatory to resolving activities. This study aimed to describe the behavior of monocyte subpopulations during infection and its resolution. C57BL/6 mice were infected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and treated or not with chloroquine (CQ) on the first day of the onset of neurological symptoms (day 6) for 4 days and followed until day 12 to mimic neuroinflammation and its resolution during experimental CM. Ly6C monocyte subpopulations were identified by flow cytometry of cells from the spleen, peripheral blood, and brain and then quantified and characterized at different time points. In the brain, the Ly6Cint and Ly6Clow monocytes were associated with neuroinflammation, while Ly6Chi and Ly6Cint were mobilized from the peripheral blood to the brain for resolution. During neuroinflammation, CD36 and CD163 were both involved via splenic monocytes, whereas our results suggest that the low CD36 expression in the brain during the neuroinflammation phase was due to degradation. The resolution phase was characterized by increased expressions of CD36 and CD163 in blood Ly6Clow monocytes, a higher expression of CD36 in the microglia, and restored high expression levels of CD163 in Ly6Chi monocytes localized in the brain. Thus, our results suggest that increasing the expressions of CD36 and CD163 specifically in the brain during the neuroinflammatory phase contributes to its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Royo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Aissata Camara
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
- Pharmacy Department, Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea
| | - Benedicte Bertrand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Batigne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnes Coste
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnes Aubouy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Agnes Aubouy,
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Lautenbach MJ, Yman V, Silva CS, Kadri N, Broumou I, Chan S, Angenendt S, Sondén K, Plaza DF, Färnert A, Sundling C. Systems analysis shows a role of cytophilic antibodies in shaping innate tolerance to malaria. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110709. [PMID: 35443186 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity to malaria develops over time with repeated malaria episodes, but protection against severe malaria and immune regulation limiting immunopathology, called tolerance, develops more rapidly. Here, we comprehensively profile the blood immune system in patients, with or without prior malaria exposure, over 1 year after acute symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Using a data-driven analysis approach to describe the immune landscape over time, we show that a dampened inflammatory response is associated with reduced γδ T cell expansion, early expansion of CD16+ monocytes, and parasite-specific antibodies of IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. This also coincided with reduced parasitemia and duration of hospitalization. Our data indicate that antibody-mediated phagocytosis during the blood stage infection leads to lower parasitemia and less inflammatory response with reduced γδ T cell expansion. This enhanced control and reduced inflammation points to a potential mechanism on how tolerance is established following repeated malaria exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Julius Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, South Stockholm Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Sousa Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Solna, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Broumou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sherwin Chan
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sina Angenendt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Fernando Plaza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Guha R, Mathioudaki A, Doumbo S, Doumtabe D, Skinner J, Arora G, Siddiqui S, Li S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Zaugg J, Traore B, Crompton PD. Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009430. [PMID: 33822828 PMCID: PMC8023468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In malaria-naïve children and adults, Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) trigger fever and other symptoms of systemic inflammation. However, in endemic areas where individuals experience repeated Pf infections over many years, the risk of Pf-iRBC-triggered inflammatory symptoms decreases with cumulative Pf exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Age-stratified analyses of uninfected, asymptomatic Malian individuals before the malaria season revealed that monocytes of adults produced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF) in response to Pf-iRBC stimulation compared to monocytes of Malian children and malaria-naïve U.S. adults. Moreover, monocytes of Malian children produced lower levels of IL-1β and IL-6 following Pf-iRBC stimulation compared to 4-6-month-old infants. Accordingly, monocytes of Malian adults produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of the regulatory molecules CD163, CD206, Arginase-1 and TGM2. These observations were recapitulated in an in vitro system of monocyte to macrophage differentiation wherein macrophages re-exposed to Pf-iRBCs exhibited attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and a corresponding decrease in the epigenetic marker of active gene transcription, H3K4me3, at inflammatory cytokine gene loci. Together these data indicate that Pf induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses during subsequent Pf exposure. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01322581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Guha
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RG); (PDC)
| | - Anna Mathioudaki
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Doumtabe
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shafiuddin Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shanping Li
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Judith Zaugg
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RG); (PDC)
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Zarski LM, Giessler KS, Jacob SI, Weber PSD, McCauley AG, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030356. [PMID: 33668216 PMCID: PMC7995974 DOI: 10.3390/v13030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 is the cause of respiratory disease, abortion, and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in horses worldwide. EHM affects as many as 14% of infected horses and a cell-associated viremia is thought to be central for EHM pathogenesis. While EHM is infrequent in younger horses, up to 70% of aged horses develop EHM. The aging immune system likely contributes to EHM pathogenesis; however, little is known about the host factors associated with clinical EHM. Here, we used the “old mare model” to induce EHM following EHV-1 infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of horses prior to infection and during viremia were collected and RNA sequencing with differential gene expression was used to compare the transcriptome of horses that did (EHM group) and did not (non-EHM group) develop clinical EHM. Interestingly, horses exhibiting EHM did not show respiratory disease, while non-EHM horses showed significant respiratory disease starting on day 2 post infection. Multiple immune pathways differed in EHM horses in response to EHV-1. These included an upregulation of IL-6 gene expression, a dysregulation of T-cell activation through AP-1 and responses skewed towards a T-helper 2 phenotype. Further, a dysregulation of coagulation and an upregulation of elements in the progesterone response were observed in EHM horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila M. Zarski
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.M.Z.); (K.S.G.); (S.I.J.); (A.G.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.M.Z.); (K.S.G.); (S.I.J.); (A.G.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sarah I. Jacob
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.M.Z.); (K.S.G.); (S.I.J.); (A.G.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Patty Sue D. Weber
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Allison G. McCauley
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.M.Z.); (K.S.G.); (S.I.J.); (A.G.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.M.Z.); (K.S.G.); (S.I.J.); (A.G.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.M.Z.); (K.S.G.); (S.I.J.); (A.G.M.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Bucşan AN, Williamson KC. Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites. Virulence 2020; 11:88-103. [PMID: 31900030 PMCID: PMC6961725 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Guha R, Mathioudaki A, Doumbo S, Doumtabe D, Skinner J, Arora G, Siddiqui S, Li S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Zaugg J, Traore B, Crompton PD. Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33106806 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.21.346197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In malaria-naïve children and adults, Plasmodium falciparum -infected red blood cells ( Pf -iRBCs) trigger fever and other symptoms of systemic inflammation. However, in endemic areas where individuals experience repeated Pf infections over many years, the risk of Pf -iRBC-triggered inflammatory symptoms decreases with cumulative Pf exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Age-stratified analyses of monocytes collected from uninfected, asymptomatic Malian individuals before the malaria season revealed an inverse relationship between age and Pf -iRBC-inducible inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF) production, whereas Malian infants and malaria-naïve U.S. adults produced similarly high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, monocytes of Malian adults produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of the regulatory molecules CD163, CD206, Arginase-1 and TGM2. These observations were recapitulated in an in vitro system of monocyte to macrophage differentiation wherein macrophages re-exposed to Pf -iRBCs exhibited attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and a corresponding decrease in the epigenetic marker of active gene transcription, H3K4me3, at inflammatory cytokine gene loci. Together these data indicate that Pf induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses during subsequent Pf exposure. These findings also suggest that past malaria exposure could mitigate monocyte-associated immunopathology induced by other pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. Author Summary The malaria parasite is mosquito-transmitted and causes fever and other inflammatory symptoms while circulating in the bloodstream. However, in regions of high malaria transmission the parasite is less likely to cause fever as children age and enter adulthood, even though adults commonly have malaria parasites in their blood. Monocytes are cells of the innate immune system that secrete molecules that cause fever and inflammation when encountering microorganisms like malaria. Although inflammation is critical to initiating normal immune responses, too much inflammation can harm infected individuals. In Mali, we conducted a study of a malaria-exposed population from infants to adults and found that participants' monocytes produced less inflammation as age increases, whereas monocytes of Malian infants and U.S. adults, who had never been exposed to malaria, both produced high levels of inflammatory molecules. Accordingly, monocytes exposed to malaria in the laboratory became less inflammatory when re-exposed to malaria again later, and these monocytes 'turned down' their inflammatory genes. This study helps us understand how people become immune to inflammatory symptoms of malaria and may also help explain why people in malaria-endemic areas appear to be less susceptible to the harmful effects of inflammation caused by other pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
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11
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Kumarasingha R, Ioannidis LJ, Abeysekera W, Studniberg S, Wijesurendra D, Mazhari R, Poole DP, Mueller I, Schofield L, Hansen DS, Eriksson EM. Transcriptional Memory-Like Imprints and Enhanced Functional Activity in γδ T Cells Following Resolution of Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582358. [PMID: 33154754 PMCID: PMC7591758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play an essential role in the immune response to many pathogens, including Plasmodium. However, long-lasting effects of infection on the γδ T cell population still remain inadequately understood. This study focused on assessing molecular and functional changes that persist in the γδ T cell population following resolution of malaria infection. We investigated transcriptional changes and memory-like functional capacity of malaria pre-exposed γδ T cells using a Plasmodiumchabaudi infection model. We show that multiple genes associated with effector function (chemokines, cytokines and cytotoxicity) and antigen-presentation were upregulated in P. chabaudi-exposed γδ T cells compared to γδ T cells from naïve mice. This transcriptional profile was positively correlated with profiles observed in conventional memory CD8+ T cells and was accompanied by enhanced reactivation upon secondary encounter with Plasmodium-infected red blood cells in vitro. Collectively our data demonstrate that Plasmodium exposure result in "memory-like imprints" in the γδ T cell population and also promotes γδ T cells that can support antigen-presentation during subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Kumarasingha
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Studniberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinidu Wijesurendra
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramin Mazhari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana S. Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Farrington LA, Callaway PC, Vance HM, Baskevitch K, Lutz E, Warrier L, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Jagannathan P, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Opsonized antigen activates Vδ2+ T cells via CD16/FCγRIIIa in individuals with chronic malaria exposure. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008997. [PMID: 33085728 PMCID: PMC7605717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly respond to phosphoantigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum in an innate-like manner, without prior antigen exposure or processing. Vδ2 T cells have been shown to inhibit parasite replication in vitro and are associated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in vivo. Although a marked expansion of Vδ2 T cells is seen after acute malaria infection in naïve individuals, repeated malaria causes Vδ2 T cells to decline both in frequency and in malaria-responsiveness, and to exhibit numerous transcriptional and phenotypic changes, including upregulation of the Fc receptor CD16. Here we investigate the functional role of CD16 on Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to malaria. We show that CD16+ Vδ2 T cells possess more cytolytic potential than their CD16- counterparts, and bear many of the hallmarks of mature NK cells, including KIR expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Vδ2 T cells from heavily malaria-exposed individuals are able to respond to opsonized P.falciparum-infected red blood cells through CD16, representing a second, distinct pathway by which Vδ2 T cells may contribute to anti-parasite effector functions. This response was independent of TCR engagement, as demonstrated by blockade of the phosphoantigen presenting molecule Butyrophilin 3A1. Together these results indicate that Vδ2 T cells in heavily malaria-exposed individuals retain the capacity for antimalarial effector function, and demonstrate their activation by opsonized parasite antigen. This represents a new role both for Vδ2 T cells and for opsonizing antibodies in parasite clearance, emphasizing cooperation between the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Perri C. Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Baskevitch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Lutz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ester Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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13
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Pamplona A, Silva-Santos B. γδ T cells in malaria: a double-edged sword. FEBS J 2020; 288:1118-1129. [PMID: 32710527 PMCID: PMC7983992 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a devastating global health problem, resulting in many annual deaths due to the complications of severe malaria. However, in endemic regions, individuals can acquire ‘clinical immunity’ to malaria, characterized by a decrease in severe malaria episodes and an increase of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections. Recently, it has been reported that tolerance to ‘clinical malaria’ and reduced disease severity correlates with a decrease in the numbers of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, the major subset of γδ T cells in the human peripheral blood. This is particularly interesting as this population typically undergoes dramatic expansions during acute Plasmodium infections and was previously shown to play antiparasitic functions. Thus, regulated γδ T‐cell responses may be critical to balance immune protection with severe pathology, particularly as both seem to rely on the same pro‐inflammatory cytokines, most notably TNF and IFN‐γ. This has been clearly demonstrated in mouse models of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) based on Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Furthermore, our recent studies suggest that the natural course of Plasmodium infection, mimicked in mice through mosquito bite or sporozoite inoculation, includes a major pathogenic component in ECM that depends on γδ T cells and IFN‐γ production in the asymptomatic liver stage, where parasite virulence is seemingly set and determines pathology in the subsequent blood stage. Here, we discuss these and other recent advances in our understanding of the complex—protective versus pathogenic—functions of γδ T cells in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pamplona
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Jabbarzare M, Njie M, Jaworowski A, Umbers AJ, Ome-Kaius M, Hasang W, Randall LM, Kalionis B, Rogerson SJ. Innate immune responses to malaria-infected erythrocytes in pregnant women: Effects of gravidity, malaria infection, and geographic location. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236375. [PMID: 32726331 PMCID: PMC7390391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria in pregnancy causes maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, and maternal innate immune responses are implicated in pathogenesis of these complications. The effects of malaria exposure and obstetric and demographic factors on the early maternal immune response are poorly understood. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and phytohemagglutinin were compared between pregnant women from Papua New Guinea (malaria-exposed) with and without current malaria infection and from Australia (unexposed). Elicited levels of inflammatory cytokines at 48 h and 24 h (interferon γ, IFN-γ only) and the cellular sources of IFN-γ were analysed. RESULTS Among Papua New Guinean women, microscopic malaria at enrolment did not alter peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses. Compared to samples from Australia, cells from Papua New Guinean women secreted more inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and IFN-γ; p<0.001 for all assays, and more natural killer cells produced IFN-γ in response to infected erythrocytes and phytohemagglutinin. In both populations, cytokine responses were not affected by gravidity, except that in the Papua New Guinean cohort multigravid women had higher IFN-γ secretion at 24 h (p = 0.029) and an increased proportion of IFN-γ+ Vδ2 γδ T cells (p = 0.003). Cytokine levels elicited by a pregnancy malaria-specific CSA binding parasite line, CS2, were broadly similar to those elicited by CD36-binding line P6A1. CONCLUSIONS Geographic location and, to some extent, gravidity influence maternal innate immunity to malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Australia/epidemiology
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Erythrocytes/pathology
- Female
- Gravidity/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/parasitology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/parasitology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Middle Aged
- Papua New Guinea/epidemiology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/pathogenicity
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/parasitology
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jabbarzare
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Madi Njie
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Umbers
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Maria Ome-Kaius
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Wina Hasang
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise M. Randall
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T cells with attributes of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. These cells have long been an enigmatic and poorly understood component of the immune system and many have viewed them as having limited importance in host defense. This perspective persisted for some time both because of critical gaps in knowledge regarding how the development of γδ T cells is regulated and because of the lack of effective and sophisticated approaches through which the function of γδ T cells can be manipulated. Here, we discuss the recent advances in both of these areas, which have brought the importance of γδ T cells in both productive and pathologic immune function more sharply into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V. Contreras
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, R364, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - David L. Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, R364, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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16
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Human unconventional T cells in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:265-277. [PMID: 32076813 PMCID: PMC7223888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an old scourge of humankind and has a large negative impact on the economic development of affected communities. Recent success in malaria control and reduction of mortality seems to have stalled emphasizing that our current intervention tools need to be complemented by malaria vaccines. Different populations of unconventional T cells such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells are gaining attention in the field of malaria immunology. Significant advances in our basic understanding of unconventional T cell biology in rodent malaria models have been made, however, their roles in humans during malaria are less clear. Unconventional T cells are abundant in skin, gut and liver tissues, and long-lasting expansions and functional alterations were observed upon malaria infection in malaria naïve and malaria pre-exposed volunteers. Here, we review the current understanding of involvement of unconventional T cells in anti-Plasmodium falciparum immunity and highlight potential future research avenues.
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17
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Dobbs KR, Crabtree JN, Dent AE. Innate immunity to malaria-The role of monocytes. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:8-24. [PMID: 31840836 PMCID: PMC6986449 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells essential for host protection against malaria. Upon activation, monocytes function to help reduce parasite burden through phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antigen presentation. However, monocytes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe disease through production of damaging inflammatory cytokines, resulting in systemic inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Understanding the molecular pathways influencing the balance between protection and pathology is critical. In this review, we discuss recent data regarding the role of monocytes in human malaria, including studies of innate sensing of the parasite, immunometabolism, and innate immune training. Knowledge gained from these studies may guide rational development of novel antimalarial therapies and inform vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Dobbs
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Juliet N. Crabtree
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arlene E. Dent
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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18
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CD14 + monocytes are the main leucocytic sources of CXCL10 in response to Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 2019; 147:465-470. [PMID: 31831089 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR3 chemokine CXCL10 or IFN-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10) has been identified as an important biomarker of cerebral malaria (CM) mortality in children. Studies in mouse malaria infection models have shown that CXCL10 blockade alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects infected mice from CM. Despite the key role that CXCL10 plays in the development of CM, the leucocytic sources of CXCL10 in response to human malaria are not known. Here we investigated CXCL10 responses to Plasmodium falciparum in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that PBMCs from malaria-unexposed donors produce CXCL10 in response to P. falciparum and that this response is IFN-γ-dependent. Moreover, CD14+ monocytes were identified as the main leucocytic sources of CXCL10 in peripheral blood, suggesting an important role for innate immune responses in the activation of this pathway involved in the development of symptomatic malaria.
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19
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Harawa V, Njie M, Keller T, Kim K, Jaworowski A, Seydel K, Rogerson SJ, Mandala W. Malawian children with uncomplicated and cerebral malaria have decreased activated Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells which increase in convalescence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223410. [PMID: 31600250 PMCID: PMC6786631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is responsible for almost half a million deaths annually. The role of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells in malaria is still unclear. Studies have reported an association between this cell subset and malaria symptoms and severity. Profiles of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells in bigger cohorts with different levels of clinical severity have not been described. Proportion, numbers, and activation status of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells were measured by flow cytometry in 59 healthy controls (HCs), 58 children with uncomplicated malaria (UM) and 67 with cerebral malaria (CM,) during acute malaria and in convalescence 28 days later. Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell were lower in children presenting with UM and CM than in HCs. Cell counts did not vary with malaria severity (CM median counts 40 x 103 cells/μL, IQR [23–103]; UM median counts 30 x 103 cells/μL [10–90], P = 0.224). Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell counts increased during convalescence for UM (70 [40–60] x 103 cells/μL and CM (90 [60–140] x 103 cells/μL), to levels similar to those in HCs (70 [50–140] x 103 cells/μL), p = 0.70 and p = 0.40 respectively. Expression of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR on Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells was higher in malaria cases than in controls (HCs vs UM or CM, p < 0.0001) but was similar between UM and CM. HLA-DR expression remained elevated at 28 days, suggesting sustained activation of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells during recovery. Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell proportions and cells counts were suppressed in acute disease and normalized in convalescence, a phenomenon previously hypothesized to be due to transient migration of the cells to secondary lymphoid tissue. The presence of highly activated Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells suggests that this T cell subset plays a specific role in response to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visopo Harawa
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail: (WM); (VH)
| | - Madi Njie
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas Keller
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kami Kim
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karl Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wilson Mandala
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
- * E-mail: (WM); (VH)
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20
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Circulating Monocytes, Tissue Macrophages, and Malaria. J Trop Med 2019; 2019:3720838. [PMID: 31662766 PMCID: PMC6791199 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3720838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. The Plasmodium parasite has a complex life cycle with mosquito, liver, and blood stages. The blood stages can preferentially affect organs such as the brain and placenta. In each of these stages and organs, the parasite will encounter monocytes and tissue-specific macrophages—key cell types in the innate immune response. Interactions between the Plasmodium parasite and monocytes/macrophages lead to several changes at both cellular and molecular levels, such as cytokine release and receptor expression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the relationship between malaria and blood intervillous monocytes and tissue-specific macrophages of the liver (Kupffer cells), central nervous system (microglia), and placenta (maternal intervillous monocytes and fetal Hofbauer cells). We describe their potential roles in modulating outcomes from infection and areas for future investigation.
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21
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Tran TM, Guha R, Portugal S, Skinner J, Ongoiba A, Bhardwaj J, Jones M, Moebius J, Venepally P, Doumbo S, DeRiso EA, Li S, Vijayan K, Anzick SL, Hart GT, O'Connell EM, Doumbo OK, Kaushansky A, Alter G, Felgner PL, Lorenzi H, Kayentao K, Traore B, Kirkness EF, Crompton PD. A Molecular Signature in Blood Reveals a Role for p53 in Regulating Malaria-Induced Inflammation. Immunity 2019; 51:750-765.e10. [PMID: 31492649 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunity that controls parasitemia and inflammation during Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria can be acquired with repeated infections. A limited understanding of this complex immune response impedes the development of vaccines and adjunctive therapies. We conducted a prospective systems biology study of children who differed in their ability to control parasitemia and fever following Pf infection. By integrating whole-blood transcriptomics, flow-cytometric analysis, and plasma cytokine and antibody profiles, we demonstrate that a pre-infection signature of B cell enrichment, upregulation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cell-associated pathways, including interferon responses, and p53 activation associated with control of malarial fever and coordinated with Pf-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Fc receptor activation to control parasitemia. Our hypothesis-generating approach identified host molecules that may contribute to differential clinical outcomes during Pf infection. As a proof of concept, we have shown that enhanced p53 expression in monocytes attenuated Plasmodium-induced inflammation and predicted protection from fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan M Tran
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Rajan Guha
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Center for Infectious Diseases-Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jyoti Bhardwaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marcus Jones
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jacqueline Moebius
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Pratap Venepally
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Elizabeth A DeRiso
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shanping Li
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Hart
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elise M O'Connell
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Phillip L Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hernan Lorenzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Mali International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ewen F Kirkness
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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22
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Ty MC, Zuniga M, Götz A, Kayal S, Sahu PK, Mohanty A, Mohanty S, Wassmer SC, Rodriguez A. Malaria inflammation by xanthine oxidase-produced reactive oxygen species. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e9903. [PMID: 31265218 PMCID: PMC6685105 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a highly inflammatory disease caused by Plasmodium infection of host erythrocytes. However, the parasite does not induce inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages in vitro and the source of inflammation in patients remains unclear. Here, we identify oxidative stress, which is common in malaria, as an effective trigger of the inflammatory activation of macrophages. We observed that extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme upregulated during malaria, induce a strong inflammatory cytokine response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. In malaria patients, elevated plasma XO activity correlates with high levels of inflammatory cytokines and with the development of cerebral malaria. We found that incubation of macrophages with plasma from these patients can induce a XO-dependent inflammatory cytokine response, identifying a host factor as a trigger for inflammation in malaria. XO-produced ROS also increase the synthesis of pro-IL-1β, while the parasite activates caspase-1, providing the two necessary signals for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that XO-produced ROS are a key factor for the trigger of inflammation during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C Ty
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Marisol Zuniga
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Anton Götz
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sriti Kayal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Praveen K Sahu
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in IndiaIspat General HospitalRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Akshaya Mohanty
- Infectious Diseases Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | - Sanjib Mohanty
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in IndiaIspat General HospitalRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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23
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Maurizio PL, Fuseini H, Tegha G, Hosseinipour M, De Paris K. Signatures of divergent anti-malarial treatment responses in peripheral blood from adults and young children in Malawi. Malar J 2019; 18:205. [PMID: 31234875 PMCID: PMC6591936 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity in the immune response to parasite infection is mediated in part by differences in host genetics, gender, and age group. In infants and young children, ongoing immunological maturation often results in increased susceptibility to infection and variable responses to drug treatment, increasing the risk of complications. Even though significant age-associated effects on host cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum infection have been identified, age-associated effects on uncomplicated malaria infection and anti-malarial treatment remain poorly understood. METHODS In samples of whole blood from a cohort of naturally infected malaria-positive individuals with non-severe falciparum malaria in Malawi (n = 63 total; 34 infants and young children < 2 years old, 29 adults > 18 years old), blood cytokine levels and monocyte and dendritic cell frequencies were assessed at two timepoints: acute infection, and 4 weeks post anti-malarial treatment. The effects of age group, gender, and timepoint were modeled, and the role of these factors on infection and treatment outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS Regardless of treatment timepoint, in this population age was significantly associated with overall blood haemoglobin, which was higher in adults, and plasma nitric oxide metabolites, IL-10, and TNF levels, which were higher in young children. There was a significant effect of age on the haemoglobin treatment response, whereby after treatment, levels increased in young children and decreased in adults. Furthermore, there were significant age-associated effects on treatment response for overall parasite load, IFN-γ, and IL-12(p40), and these effects were gender-dependent. Significant age effects on the overall levels and treatment response of myeloid dendritic cell frequencies were observed. In addition, within each age group, results showed continuous age effects on gametocyte levels (Pfs16), TNF, and nitric oxide metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In a clinical study of young children and adults experiencing natural falciparum malaria infection and receiving anti-malarial treatment, age-associated signatures of infection and treatment responses in peripheral blood were identified. This study describes host markers that may indicate, and potentially contribute to, differential post-treatment outcomes for malaria in young children versus adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Maurizio
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Hubaida Fuseini
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gerald Tegha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Rd, Bioinformatics Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mina Hosseinipour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 130 Mason Farm Rd, Bioinformatics Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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24
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γδ-T cells promote IFN-γ-dependent Plasmodium pathogenesis upon liver-stage infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9979-9988. [PMID: 31028144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814440116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major cause of death due to Plasmodium infection. Both parasite and host factors contribute to the onset of CM, but the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis remain poorly characterized. Unlike conventional αβ-T cells, previous studies on murine γδ-T cells failed to identify a nonredundant role for this T cell subset in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Here we show that mice lacking γδ-T cells are resistant to ECM when infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA sporozoites, the liver-infective form of the parasite and the natural route of infection, in contrast with their susceptible phenotype if challenged with P. berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells that bypass the liver stage of infection. Strikingly, the presence of γδ-T cells enhanced the expression of Plasmodium immunogenic factors and exacerbated subsequent systemic and brain-infiltrating inflammatory αβ-T cell responses. These phenomena were dependent on the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, which was required during liver stage for modulation of the parasite transcriptome, as well as for downstream immune-mediated pathology. Our work reveals an unanticipated critical role of γδ-T cells in the development of ECM upon Plasmodium liver-stage infection.
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25
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Sierro F, Grau GER. The Ins and Outs of Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis: Immunopathology, Extracellular Vesicles, Immunometabolism, and Trained Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31057552 PMCID: PMC6478768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complications from malaria parasite infections still cost the lives of close to half a million people every year. The most severe is cerebral malaria (CM). Employing murine models of CM, autopsy results, in vitro experiments, neuroimaging and microscopic techniques, decades of research activity have investigated the development of CM immunopathology in the hope of identifying steps that could be therapeutically targeted. Yet important questions remain. This review summarizes recent findings, primarily mechanistic insights on the essential cellular and molecular players involved gained within the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. It also highlights recent developments in (a) cell-cell communication events mediated through extracellular vesicles (EVs), (b) mounting evidence for innate immune memory, leading to “trained“ increased or tolerised responses, and (c) modulation of immune cell function through metabolism, that could shed light on why some patients develop this life-threatening condition whilst many do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Sierro
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Human Health, Nuclear Science, Technology, and Landmark Infrastructure, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Loughland JR, Woodberry T, Boyle MJ, Tipping PE, Piera KA, Amante FH, Kenangalem E, Price RN, Engwerda CR, Anstey NM, McCarthy JS, Minigo G. Plasmodium falciparum Activates CD16+ Dendritic Cells to Produce Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-10 in Subpatent Malaria. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:660-671. [PMID: 30239833 PMCID: PMC6339523 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria causing parasite Plasmodium subverts host immune responses by several strategies including the modulation of dendritic cells (DCs). Methods In this study, we show that Plasmodium falciparum skewed CD16+ DC cytokine responses towards interleukin (IL)-10 production in vitro, distinct to the cytokine profile induced by Toll-like receptor ligation. To determine CD16+ DC responsiveness in vivo, we assessed their function after induced P falciparum infection in malaria-naive volunteers. Results CD16+ DCs underwent distinctive activation, with increased expression of maturation markers human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and CD86, enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, and coproduction of TNF/IL-10. In vitro restimulation with P falciparum further increased IL-10 production. In contrast, during naturally acquired malaria episode, CD16+ DCs showed diminished maturation, suggesting increased parasite burden and previous exposure influence DC subset function. Conclusions These findings identify CD16+ DCs as the only DC subset activated during primary blood-stage human Plasmodium infection. As dual cytokine producers, CD16+ DCs contribute to inflammatory as well as regulatory innate immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Loughland
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Tonia Woodberry
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peta E Tipping
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Kim A Piera
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Enny Kenangalem
- Timika Malaria Research Program, Papuan Health and Community Development Foundation, Indonesia,District Health Authority, Timika, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Ric N Price
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | | | - Gabriela Minigo
- Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia,Correspondence: G. Minigo, PhD, Menzies School of Health Research, P.O. Box 41096, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia ()
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27
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Ssemaganda A, Giddam AK, Zaman M, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Stanisic DI, Good MF. Induction of Plasmodium-Specific Immune Responses Using Liposome-Based Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:135. [PMID: 30774635 PMCID: PMC6367261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of vaccines, the ability to initiate both innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses need to be considered. Live attenuated vaccines achieve this naturally, while inactivated and sub-unit vaccines generally require additional help provided through delivery systems and/or adjuvants. Liposomes present an attractive adjuvant/delivery system for antigens. Here, we review the key aspects of immunity against Plasmodium parasites, liposome design considerations and their current application in the development of a malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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28
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Ng SS, Engwerda CR. Innate Lymphocytes and Malaria - Players or Spectators? Trends Parasitol 2018; 35:154-162. [PMID: 30579700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains an important global disease. Despite significant advances over the past decade in reducing disease morbidity and mortality, new measures are needed if malaria is to be eliminated. Significant advances in our understanding about host immune responses during malaria have been made, opening up opportunities to generate long-lasting antiparasitic immunity through vaccination or immune therapy. However, there is still much debate over which immune cell populations contribute to immunity to malaria, including innate lymphocytes that comprise recently identified innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and better known innate-like T cell subsets. Here, we review research on these immune cell subsets and discuss whether they have any important roles in immunity to malaria or if they are redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna S Ng
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia.
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29
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Niewold P, Cohen A, van Vreden C, Getts DR, Grau GE, King NJC. Experimental severe malaria is resolved by targeting newly-identified monocyte subsets using immune-modifying particles combined with artesunate. Commun Biol 2018; 1:227. [PMID: 30564748 PMCID: PMC6292940 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment of severe malaria and associated cerebral malaria (CM) and respiratory distress syndromes are directed primarily at the parasite. Targeting the parasite has only partial efficacy in advanced infection, as neurological damage and respiratory distress are due to accumulation of host blood cells in the brain microvasculature and lung interstitium. Here, computational analysis identifies Ly6Clo monocytes as a major component of the immune infiltrate in both organs in a preclinical mouse model. Specifically targeting Ly6Clo monocyte precursors, identified by adoptive transfer, with immune-modifying particles (IMP) prevents experimental CM (ECM) in 50% of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice in early treatment protocols. Furthermore, treatment at onset of clinical ECM with 2 doses of a novel combination of IMP and anti-malarial drug artesunate results in 88% survival. This combination confers protection against ECM and mortality in late stage severe experimental malaria and provides a viable advance on current treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Niewold
- 1Viral Immunopathology, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Amy Cohen
- 2Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- 3Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Daniel R Getts
- 4Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,TcR2, Therapeutics, 100 Binney Street, Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Georges E Grau
- 2Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- 1Viral Immunopathology, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia.,3Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050 Australia
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30
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Thiam A, Baaklini S, Mbengue B, Nisar S, Diarra M, Marquet S, Fall MM, Sanka M, Thiam F, Diallo RN, Torres M, Dieye A, Rihet P. NCR3 polymorphism, haematological parameters, and severe malaria in Senegalese patients. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6048. [PMID: 30533319 PMCID: PMC6282937 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host factors, including host genetic variation, have been shown to influence the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genome-wide linkage studies have mapped mild malaria resistance genes on chromosome 6p21, whereas NCR3-412 polymorphism (rs2736191) lying within this region was found to be associated with mild malaria. Methods Blood samples were taken from 188 Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients (76 mild malaria patients, 85 cerebral malaria patients, and 27 severe non-cerebral malaria patients). NCR3-412 (rs2736191) was analysed by sequencing, and haematological parameters were measured. Finally, their association with clinical phenotypes was assessed. Results We evidenced an association of thrombocytopenia with both cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, and of an association of high leukocyte count with cerebral malaria. Additionally, we found no association of NCR3-412 with either cerebral malaria, severe non-cerebral malaria, or severe malaria after grouping cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that NCR3 genetic variation has no effect, or only a small effect on the occurrence of severe malaria, although it has been strongly associated with mild malaria. We discuss the biological meaning of these results. Besides, we confirmed the association of thrombocytopenia and high leukocyte count with severe malaria phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alassane Thiam
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Babacar Mbengue
- Service d'Immunologie, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Samia Nisar
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Diarra
- G4 Biostatistique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | | | - Michel Sanka
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Fatou Thiam
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Alioune Dieye
- Unité d'Immunogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Service d'Immunologie, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Pascal Rihet
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, TAGC, Marseille, France
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31
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Ortega-Pajares A, Rogerson SJ. The Rough Guide to Monocytes in Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2888. [PMID: 30581439 PMCID: PMC6292935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While half of the world's population is at risk of malaria, the most vulnerable are still children under five, pregnant women and returning travelers. Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites to the human host; but how Plasmodium interact with the innate immune system remains largely unexplored. The most recent advances prove that monocytes are a key component to control parasite burden and to protect host from disease. Monocytes' protective roles include phagocytosis, cytokine production and antigen presentation. However, monocytes can be involved in pathogenesis and drive inflammation and sequestration of infected red blood cells in organs such as the brain, placenta or lungs by secreting cytokines that upregulate expression of endothelial adhesion receptors. Plasmodium DNA, hemozoin or extracellular vesicles can impair the function of monocytes. With time, reinfections with Plasmodium change the relative proportion of monocyte subsets and their physical properties. These changes relate to clinical outcomes and might constitute informative biomarkers of immunity. More importantly, at the molecular level, transcriptional, metabolic or epigenetic changes can “prime” monocytes to alter their responses in future encounters with Plasmodium. This mechanism, known as trained immunity, challenges the traditional view of monocytes as a component of the immune system that lacks memory. Overall, this rough guide serves as an update reviewing the advances made during the past 5 years on understanding the role of monocytes in innate immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Ortega-Pajares
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Howard J, Zaidi I, Loizon S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Mamani-Matsuda M. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocytes in the Immune Response to P. falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2760. [PMID: 30538708 PMCID: PMC6277687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium sp, the most lethal being Plasmodium falciparum. Clinical malaria is associated with the asexual replication cycle of Plasmodium parasites inside the red blood cells (RBCs) and a dysregulated immune response. Although the mechanisms of immune responses to blood—or liver-stage parasites have been extensively studied, this has not led to satisfactory leads for vaccine design. Among innate immune cells responding to infection are the non-conventional gamma-delta T-cells. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset, found only in primates, is activated in response to non-peptidic phosphoantigens produced by stressed mammalian cells or by microorganisms such as Mycobacteria, E.coli, and Plasmodium. The potential protective role of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells against infections and cancer progression is of current research interest. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells have been shown to play a role in the early control of P. falciparum parasitemia and to influence malaria adaptive immunity via cytokine release and antigen presentation. They are activated and expanded during a primary P. falciparum infection in response to malaria phosphoantigens and their activity is modulated upon subsequent infections. Here, we review the wide range of functions by which Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells could both contribute to and protect from malaria pathology, with a particular focus on their ability to induce both innate and adaptive responses. We discuss how the multifunctional roles of these T-cells could open new perspectives on gamma-delta T-cell-based interventions to prevent or cure malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Howard
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Séverine Loizon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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Gogoi D, Biswas D, Borkakoty B, Mahanta J. Exposure to Plasmodium vivax is associated with the increased expression of exhaustion markers on γδ T lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12594. [PMID: 30276843 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells exhibit potent anti-Plasmodium activity but are also implicated in the immunopathology of malaria. It is currently poorly understood how γδ T cells are affected in human suffering from Plasmodium vivax infection or in symptomless individuals living in an endemic region. We examined both the percentages and expression of markers associated with immune exhaustion in γδ T cells in individuals living in a P. vivax endemic region by flow cytometry. The percentage of γδ T cells in the blood was significantly higher both in acute P. vivax-positive patients and in individuals from an endemic region in comparison with control uninfected adults. The frequency of the expression of the exhaustion markers-Tim-3, Lag-3, CTLA-4 and PD-1 was higher in γδ and total T cells from P. vivax-infected patients than in those populations from control uninfected adults. Individuals from a P. vivax endemic region showed elevated percentages of Tim-3-, Lag-3- and CTLA-4-positive γδ T cells and an increased percentage of Tim-3-positive total T cells. The phenotypic exhaustion of these cells might be a protective mechanism preventing the immunopathology associated with activated T cells and may provide a rationale for targeted manipulation of this process in diseases such as malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpu Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Dipankar Biswas
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
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Dantzler KW, Jagannathan P. γδ T Cells in Antimalarial Immunity: New Insights Into Their Diverse Functions in Protection and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2445. [PMID: 30405634 PMCID: PMC6206268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely expressing diverse innate-like and adaptive-like functions, γδ T cells exist as specialized subsets, but are also able to adapt in response to environmental cues. These cells have long been known to rapidly proliferate following primary malaria infection in humans and mice, but exciting new work is shedding light into their diverse functions in protection and following repeated malaria infection. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of functional specialization of γδ T cells in malaria, and the mechanisms dictating recognition of malaria parasites and resulting proliferation. We discuss γδ T cell plasticity, including changing interactions with other immune cells during recurrent infection and potential for immunological memory in response to repeated stimulation. Building on recent insights from human and murine experimental studies and vaccine trials, we propose areas for future research, as well as applications for therapeutic development.
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Inoue SI, Niikura M, Asahi H, Kawakami Y, Kobayashi F. γδ T cells modulate humoral immunity against Plasmodium berghei infection. Immunology 2018; 155:519-532. [PMID: 30144035 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether γδ T cells are involved in humoral immunity against Plasmodium infection. Here, we show that B-cell-immunodeficient mice and γδ T-cell-deficient mice were incapable of protecting against Plasmodium berghei XAT parasites. γδ T-cell-deficient mice developed reduced levels of antigen-specific antibodies during the late phase of infection. The numbers of follicular helper T cells and germinal centre B cells in γδ T-cell-deficient mice were lower than in wild-type mice during the late phase of infection. Expression profiling of humoral immunity-related cytokines in γδ T cells showed that interleukin-21 (IL-21) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are increased during the early stage of infection. Furthermore, blockade of IL-21 and IFN-γ signalling during the early stage of infection led to reduction in follicular helper T cells and germinal centre B cells. γδ T-cell production of IL-21 and IFN-γ is crucial for the development and maintenance of follicular helper T cells and germinal centre B cells during the late phase of infection. Our data suggest that γδ T cells modulate humoral immunity against Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Niikura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Asahi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumie Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Parasitology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Zhao Y, Lin L, Xiao Z, Li M, Wu X, Li W, Li X, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Zhang H, Yin J, Zhang L, Cho CH, Shen J. Protective Role of γδ T Cells in Different Pathogen Infections and Its Potential Clinical Application. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5081634. [PMID: 30116753 PMCID: PMC6079409 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a subgroup of T cells based on the γδ TCR, when compared with conventional T cells (αβ T cells), make up a very small proportion of T cells. However, its various subgroups are widely distributed in different parts of the human body and are attractive effectors for infectious disease immunity. γδ T cells are activated and expanded by nonpeptidic antigens (P-Ags), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and lipids which are associated with different kinds of pathogen infections. Activation and proliferation of γδ T cells play a significant role in diverse infectious diseases induced by viruses, bacteria, and parasites and exert their potential effector function to effectively eliminate infection. It is well known that many types of infectious diseases are detrimental to human life and health and give rise to high incidence of illnesses and death rate all over the world. To date, there is no comprehensive understanding of the correlation between γδ T cells and infectious diseases. In this review, we will focus on the various subgroups of γδ T cells (mainly Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells) which can induce multiple immune responses or effective functions to fight against common pathogen infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, influenza viruses, HIV, EBV, and HBV. Hopefully, the gamma-delta T cell study will provide a novel effective way to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Pereira MLM, Marinho CRF, Epiphanio S. Could Heme Oxygenase-1 Be a New Target for Therapeutic Intervention in Malaria-Associated Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:161. [PMID: 29868517 PMCID: PMC5964746 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a serious disease and was responsible for 429,000 deaths in 2015. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is one of the main clinical complications of severe malaria; it is characterized by a high mortality rate and can even occur after antimalarial treatment when parasitemia is not detected. Rodent models of ALI/ARDS show similar clinical signs as in humans when the rodents are infected with murine Plasmodium. In these models, it was shown that the induction of the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is protective against severe malaria complications, including cerebral malaria and ALI/ARDS. Increased lung endothelial permeability and upregulation of VEGF and other pro-inflammatory cytokines were found to be associated with malaria-associated ALI/ARDS (MA-ALI/ARDS), and both were reduced after HO-1 induction. Additionally, mice were protected against MA-ALI/ARDS after treatment with carbon monoxide- releasing molecules or with carbon monoxide, which is also released by the HO-1 activity. However, high HO-1 levels in inflammatory cells were associated with the respiratory burst of neutrophils and with an intensification of inflammation during episodes of severe malaria in humans. Here, we review the main aspects of HO-1 in malaria and ALI/ARDS, presenting the dual role of HO-1 and possibilities for therapeutic intervention by modulating this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L M Pereira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Sampaio NG, Emery SJ, Garnham AL, Tan QY, Sisquella X, Pimentel MA, Jex AR, Regev-Rudzki N, Schofield L, Eriksson EM. Extracellular vesicles from early stage Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells contain PfEMP1 and induce transcriptional changes in human monocytes. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12822. [PMID: 29349926 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens can release extracellular vesicles (EVs) for cell-cell communication and host modulation. EVs from Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite species, can transfer drug resistance genes between parasites. EVs from late-stage parasite-infected RBC (iRBC-EVs) are immunostimulatory and affect endothelial cell permeability, but little is known about EVs from early stage iRBC. We detected the parasite virulence factor PfEMP1, which is responsible for iRBC adherence and a major contributor to disease severity, in EVs, only up to 12-hr post-RBC invasion. Furthermore, using PfEMP1 transport knockout parasites, we determined that EVs originated from inside the iRBC rather than the iRBC surface. Proteomic analysis detected 101 parasite and 178 human proteins in iRBC-EVs. Primary human monocytes stimulated with iRBC-EVs released low levels of inflammatory cytokines and showed transcriptomic changes. Stimulation with iRBC-EVs from PfEMP1 knockout parasites induced more gene expression changes and affected pathways involved in defence response, stress response, and response to cytokines, suggesting a novel function of PfEMP1 when present in EVs. We show for the first time the presence of PfEMP1 in early stage P. falciparum iRBC-EVs and the effects of these EVs on primary human monocytes, uncovering a new mechanism of potential parasite pathogenesis and host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália G Sampaio
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha J Emery
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qiao Y Tan
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xavier Sisquella
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew A Pimentel
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Prediction of Disordered Regions and Their Roles in the Anti-Pathogenic and Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrophilins. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020328. [PMID: 29401697 PMCID: PMC6017450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilins (BTNs) are a group of the moonlighting proteins, some members of which are secreted in milk. They constitute a large family of structurally similar type 1 transmembrane proteins from the immunoglobulin superfamily. Although the founding member of this family is related to lactation, participating in the secretion, formation and stabilization of milk fat globules, it may also have a cell surface receptor function. Generally, the BTN family members are known to modulate co-stimulatory responses, T cell selection, differentiation, and cell fate determination. Polymorphism of these genes was shown to be associated with the pathology of several human diseases. Despite their biological significance, structural information on human butyrophilins is rather limited. Based on their remarkable multifunctionality, butyrophilins seem to belong to the category of moonlighting proteins, which are known to contain intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs). However, the disorder status of human BTNs was not systematically investigated as of yet. The goal of this study is to fill this gap and to evaluate peculiarities of intrinsic disorder predisposition of the members of human BTN family, and to find if they have IDPRs that can be attributed to the multifunctionality of these important proteins.
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Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 Modulates Monocyte/Macrophage Transcription Factor Activation and Cytokine and Chemokine Responses. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00447-17. [PMID: 29038124 PMCID: PMC5736827 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00447-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is slow to develop, and it is often asserted that malaria suppresses host immunity, although this is poorly understood and the molecular basis for such activity remains unknown. P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a virulence factor that plays a key role in parasite-host interactions. We investigated the immunosuppressive effect of PfEMP1 on monocytes/macrophages, which are central to the antiparasitic innate response. RAW macrophages and human primary monocytes were stimulated with wild-type 3D7 or CS2 parasites or transgenic PfEMP1-null parasites. To study the immunomodulatory effect of PfEMP1, transcription factor activation and cytokine and chemokine responses were measured. The level of activation of NF-κB was significantly lower in macrophages stimulated with parasites that express PfEMP1 at the red blood cell surface membrane than in macrophages stimulated with PfEMP1-null parasites. Modulation of additional transcription factors, including CREB, also occurred, resulting in reduced immune gene expression and decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) release. Similarly, human monocytes released less IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and TNF specifically in response to VAR2CSA PfEMP1-containing parasites than in response to PfEMP1-null parasites, suggesting that this immune regulation by PfEMP1 is important in naturally occurring infections. These results indicate that PfEMP1 is an immunomodulatory molecule that affects the activation of a range of transcription factors, dampening cytokine and chemokine responses. Therefore, these findings describe a potential molecular basis for immune suppression by P. falciparum.
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Jagannathan P, Lutwama F, Boyle MJ, Nankya F, Farrington LA, McIntyre TI, Bowen K, Naluwu K, Nalubega M, Musinguzi K, Sikyomu E, Budker R, Katureebe A, Rek J, Greenhouse B, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Vδ2+ T cell response to malaria correlates with protection from infection but is attenuated with repeated exposure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11487. [PMID: 28904345 PMCID: PMC5597587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vδ2+ γδ T cells are semi-innate T cells that expand markedly following P. falciparum (Pf) infection in naïve adults, but are lost and become dysfunctional among children repeatedly exposed to malaria. The role of these cells in mediating clinical immunity (i.e. protection against symptoms) to malaria remains unclear. We measured Vδ2+ T cell absolute counts at acute and convalescent malaria timepoints (n = 43), and Vδ2+ counts, cellular phenotype, and cytokine production following in vitro stimulation at asymptomatic visits (n = 377), among children aged 6 months to 10 years living in Uganda. Increasing age was associated with diminished in vivo expansion following malaria, and lower Vδ2 absolute counts overall, among children living in a high transmission setting. Microscopic parasitemia and expression of the immunoregulatory markers Tim-3 and CD57 were associated with diminished Vδ2+ T cell pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Higher Vδ2 pro-inflammatory cytokine production was associated with protection from subsequent Pf infection, but also with an increased odds of symptoms once infected. Vδ2+ T cells may play a role in preventing malaria infection in children living in endemic settings; progressive loss and dysfunction of these cells may represent a disease tolerance mechanism that contributes to the development of clinical immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Fredrick Lutwama
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Burnet Institute, Disease Elimination (Malaria), Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lila A Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tara I McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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42
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Longitudinal study of changes in γδ T cells and CD4 + T cells upon asymptomatic malaria infection in Indonesian children. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8844. [PMID: 28821806 PMCID: PMC5562820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both γδ T cells and CD4+ T cells have been implicated in immunity to malaria, but their association with natural gain or loss of infection has not been studied before. Therefore, we followed up asymptomatic children living in an area endemic for malaria in Indonesia for 21 months. The percentage of γδ T cells was related to both current and previous infection, with higher percentages in infected than uninfected children and declining after infections resolve. Infected children also had higher levels of Th1 and Th17 cells, lower levels of CD25Hi FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), but similar levels of Th2 cells as compared to uninfected children. However, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17 cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (PfRBCs) were similar, while IL-5 and IL-13 responses were lower in infected children. Furthermore, infected children had more phenotypically exhausted PD-1+ CD4+ T cells, more Tregs expressing TNF-RII, and higher IL-10 responses to PfRBCs, which persisted following resolution of infection. Altogether, this study demonstrates that asymptomatic malaria infection is associated with some long-lasting changes in the frequencies and immunoregulation of circulating innate and adaptive T cells, which might in part explain how pre-exposure to malaria affects responses to subsequent immunological challenges.
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Taniguchi T, Md Mannoor K, Nonaka D, Toma H, Li C, Narita M, Vanisaveth V, Kano S, Takahashi M, Watanabe H. A Unique Subset of γδ T Cells Expands and Produces IL-10 in Patients with Naturally Acquired Immunity against Falciparum Malaria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1288. [PMID: 28769886 PMCID: PMC5515829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although expansions in γδ T cell populations are known to occur in the peripheral blood of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the role of these cells in people with naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum who live in malaria-endemic areas is poorly understood. We used a cross-sectional survey to investigate the role of peripheral blood γδ T cells in people living in Lao People's Democratic Republic, a malaria-endemic area. We found that the proportion of non-Vγ9 γδ T cells was higher in non-hospitalized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients (UMPs) from this region. Notably, we found that the non-Vγ9 γδ T cells in the peripheral blood of UMPs and negative controls from this region had the potential to expand and produce IL-10 and interferon-γ when cultured in the presence of IL-2 and/or crude P. falciparum antigens for 10 days. Furthermore, these cells were associated with plasma interleukin 10 (IL-10), which was elevated in UMPs. This is the first report demonstrating that, in UMPs living in a malaria-endemic area, a γδ T cell subset, the non-Vγ9 γδT cells, expands and produces IL-10. These results contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Taniguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Kaiissar Md Mannoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Hiromu Toma
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Health Sciences, Trans-disciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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44
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Schofield L, Ioannidis LJ, Karl S, Robinson LJ, Tan QY, Poole DP, Betuela I, Hill DL, Siba PM, Hansen DS, Mueller I, Eriksson EM. Synergistic effect of IL-12 and IL-18 induces TIM3 regulation of γδ T cell function and decreases the risk of clinical malaria in children living in Papua New Guinea. BMC Med 2017; 15:114. [PMID: 28615061 PMCID: PMC5471992 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδ T cells are important for both protective immunity and immunopathogenesis during malaria infection. However, the immunological processes determining beneficial or detrimental effects on disease outcome remain elusive. The aim of this study was to examine expression and regulatory effect of the inhibitory receptor T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) on γδ T cells. While TIM3 expression and function on conventional αβ T cells have been clearly defined, the equivalent characterization on γδ T cells and associations with disease outcomes is limited. This study investigated the functional capacity of TIM3+ γδ T cells and the underlying mechanisms contributing to TIM3 upregulation and established an association with malaria disease outcomes. METHODS We analyzed TIM3 expression on γδ T cells in 132 children aged 5-10 years living in malaria endemic areas of Papua New Guinea. TIM3 upregulation and effector functions of TIM3+ γδ T cells were assessed following in vitro stimulation with parasite-infected erythrocytes, phosphoantigen and/or cytokines. Associations between the proportion of TIM3-expressing cells and the molecular force of infection were tested using negative binomial regression and in a Cox proportional hazards model for time to first clinical episode. Multivariable analyses to determine the association of TIM3 and IL-18 levels were conducted using general linear models. Malaria infection mouse models were utilized to experimentally investigate the relationship between repeated exposure and TIM3 upregulation. RESULTS This study demonstrates that even in the absence of an active malaria infection, children of malaria endemic areas have an atypical population of TIM3-expressing γδ T cells (mean frequency TIM3+ of total γδ T cells 15.2% ± 12). Crucial factors required for γδ T cell TIM3 upregulation include IL-12/IL-18, and plasma IL-18 was associated with TIM3 expression (P = 0.002). Additionally, we show a relationship between TIM3 expression and infection with distinct parasite clones during repeated exposure. TIM3+ γδ T cells were functionally impaired and were associated with asymptomatic malaria infection (hazard ratio 0.54, P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Collectively our data demonstrate a novel role for IL-12/IL-18 in shaping the innate immune response and provide fundamental insight into aspects of γδ T cell immunoregulation. Furthermore, we show that TIM3 represents an important γδ T cell regulatory component involved in minimizing malaria symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Schofield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Stephan Karl
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Qiao Y Tan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Inoni Betuela
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Danika L Hill
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peter M Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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45
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T cell subtypes and reciprocal inflammatory mediator expression differentiate P. falciparum memory recall responses in asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria patients in southeastern Haiti. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174718. [PMID: 28369062 PMCID: PMC5378365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection is responsible for maintaining malarial disease within human populations in low transmission countries such as Haiti. Investigating differential host immune responses to the parasite as a potential underlying mechanism could help provide insight into this highly complex phenomenon and possibly identify asymptomatic individuals. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of individuals who were diagnosed with malaria in Sud-Est, Haiti by comparing the cellular and humoral responses of both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Plasma samples were analyzed with a P. falciparum protein microarray, which demonstrated serologic reactivity to 3,877 P. falciparum proteins of known serologic reactivity; however, no antigen-antibody reactions delineating asymptomatics from symptomatics were identified. In contrast, differences in cellular responses were observed. Flow cytometric analysis of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells co-cultured with P. falciparum infected erythrocytes demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the proportion of T regulatory cells (CD4+ CD25+ CD127-), and increases in unique populations of both NKT-like cells (CD3+ CD8+ CD56+) and CD8mid T cells in asymptomatics compared to symptomatics. Also, CD38+/HLA-DR+ expression on γδ T cells, CD8mid (CD56-) T cells, and CD8mid CD56+ NKT-like cells decreased upon exposure to infected erythrocytes in both groups. Cytometric bead analysis of the co-culture supernatants demonstrated an upregulation of monocyte-activating chemokines/cytokines in asymptomatics, while immunomodulatory soluble factors were elevated in symptomatics. Principal component analysis of these expression values revealed a distinct clustering of individual responses within their respective phenotypic groups. This is the first comprehensive investigation of immune responses to P. falciparum in Haiti, and describes unique cell-mediated immune repertoires that delineate individuals into asymptomatic and symptomatic phenotypes. Future investigations using large scale biological data sets analyzing multiple components of adaptive immunity, could collectively define which cellular responses and molecular correlates of disease outcome are malaria region specific, and which are truly generalizable features of asymptomatic Plasmodium immunity, a research goal of critical priority.
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46
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Mingomataj EÇ, Bakiri AH. Regulator Versus Effector Paradigm: Interleukin-10 as Indicator of the Switching Response. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 50:97-113. [PMID: 26450621 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-10 (IL-10) is generally considered as the most important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties and one of the key cytokines preventing inflammation-mediated tissue damage. In this respect, IL-10 producing cells play a crucial role in the outcome of infections, allergy, autoimmune reactions, tumor development, and transplant tolerance. Based on recent findings with regard to the mentioned clinical conditions, this review attempts to shed some light on the IL-10 functions, considering this cytokine as inherent inducer of the switching immunity. While acute infections and vaccinations are associated by IL-10 enhanced during few weeks, chronic parasitoses, tumor diseases, allergen-specific immunotherapy, transplants, and use of immune-suppressor drugs show an increased IL-10 level along months or years. With regard to autoimmune pathologies, the IL-10 increase is prevalently observed during early stages, whereas the successive stages are characterized by reaching of immune equilibrium independently to disease's activity. Together, these findings indicate that IL-10 is mainly produced during transient immune conditions and the persistent IL-10-related effect is the indication/prediction (and maybe effectuation) of the switching immunity. Actual knowledge emphasizes that any manipulation of the IL-10 response for treatment purposes should be considered very cautiously due to its potential hazards to the immune system. Probably, the IL-10 as potential switcher of immunity response should be used in association with co-stimulatory immune effectors that are necessary to determine the appropriate deviation during treatment of respective pathologies. Hopefully, further findings would open new avenues to study the biology of this "master switch" cytokine and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Ç Mingomataj
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, "Mother Theresa" School of Medicine, Tirana, Albania. .,Faculty of Technical Medical Sciences, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.
| | - Alketa H Bakiri
- Hygeia Hospital Tirana, Outpatients Service, Allergology Consulting Room, Tirana, Albania.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Albanian University, Tirana, Albania
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47
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Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to the blood-stage of the malaria parasite develops slowly in areas of high endemicity, but is not sterilizing. It manifests as a reduction in parasite density and clinical symptoms. Immunity as a result of blood-stage vaccination has not yet been achieved in humans, although there are many animal models where vaccination has been successful. The development of a blood-stage vaccine has been complicated by a number of factors including limited knowledge of human-parasite interactions and which antigens and immune responses are critical for protection. Opinion is divided as to whether this vaccine should aim to accelerate the acquisition of responses acquired following natural exposure, or whether it should induce a different response. Animal and experimental human models suggest that cell-mediated immune responses can control parasite growth, but these responses can also contribute to significant immunopathology if unregulated. They are largely ignored in most blood-stage malaria vaccine development strategies. Here, we discuss key observations relating to cell-mediated immune responses in the context of experimental human systems and field studies involving naturally exposed individuals and how this may inform the development of a blood-stage malaria vaccine.
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48
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Ioannidis LJ, Nie CQ, Ly A, Ryg-Cornejo V, Chiu CY, Hansen DS. Monocyte- and Neutrophil-Derived CXCL10 Impairs Efficient Control of Blood-Stage Malaria Infection and Promotes Severe Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1227-38. [PMID: 26718341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10, or IFN-γ-inducible protein 10, is a biomarker associated with increased risk for Plasmodium falciparum-mediated cerebral malaria (CM). Consistent with this, we have previously shown that CXCL10 neutralization or genetic deletion alleviates brain intravascular inflammation and protects Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice from CM. In addition to organ-specific effects, the absence of CXCL10 during infection was also found to reduce parasite biomass. To identify the cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for these processes, we irradiated and reconstituted wild-type (WT) and CXCL10(-/-) mice with bone marrow from either WT or CXCL10(-/-) mice. Similar to CXCL10(-/-) mice, chimeras unable to express CXCL10 in hematopoietic-derived cells controlled infection more efficiently than WT controls. In contrast, expression of CXCL10 in knockout mice reconstituted with WT bone marrow resulted in high parasite biomass levels, higher brain parasite and leukocyte sequestration rates, and increased susceptibility to CM. Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes were identified as the main cellular sources of CXCL10 responsible for the induction of these processes. The improved control of parasitemia observed in the absence of CXCL10-mediated trafficking was associated with a preferential accumulation of CXCR3(+)CD4(+) T follicular helper cells in the spleen and enhanced Ab responses to infection. These results are consistent with the notion that some inflammatory responses elicited in response to malaria infection contribute to the development of high parasite densities involved in the induction of severe disease in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Catherine Q Nie
- Office for Research Ethics and Integrity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Victoria Ryg-Cornejo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Chris Y Chiu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
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49
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Farrington LA, Jagannathan P, McIntyre TI, Vance HM, Bowen K, Boyle MJ, Nankya F, Wamala S, Auma A, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Frequent Malaria Drives Progressive Vδ2 T-Cell Loss, Dysfunction, and CD16 Up-regulation During Early Childhood. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1483-90. [PMID: 26667315 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells expressing Vδ2 may be instrumental in the control of malaria, because they inhibit the replication of blood-stage parasites in vitro and expand during acute malaria infection. However, Vδ2 T-cell frequencies and function are lower among children with heavy prior malaria exposure. It remains unclear whether malaria itself is driving this loss. Here we measure Vδ2 T-cell frequency, cytokine production, and degranulation longitudinally in Ugandan children enrolled in a malaria chemoprevention trial from 6 to 36 months of age. We observed a progressive attenuation of the Vδ2 response only among children incurring high rates of malaria. Unresponsive Vδ2 T cells were marked by expression of CD16, which was elevated in the setting of high malaria transmission. Moreover, chemoprevention during early childhood prevented the development of dysfunctional Vδ2 T cells. These observations provide insight into the role of Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to chronic malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tara I McIntyre
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Hilary M Vance
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felistas Nankya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Wamala
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Auma
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Bigira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
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50
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Manning L, Cutts J, Stanisic DI, Laman M, Carmagnac A, Allen S, O'Donnell A, Karunajeewa H, Rosanas-Urgell A, Siba P, Davis TME, Michon P, Schofield L, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski D, Mueller I. A Toll-like receptor-1 variant and its characteristic cellular phenotype is associated with severe malaria in Papua New Guinean children. Genes Immun 2015; 17:52-9. [PMID: 26633000 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors are likely to contribute to low severe malaria case fatality rates in Melanesian populations, but association studies can be underpowered and may not provide plausible mechanistic explanations if significant associations are detected. In preparation for a genome-wide association study, 29 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies >5% were examined in a case-control study of 504 Papua New Guinean children with severe malaria. In parallel, an immunological substudy was performed on convalescent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cases and controls. Following stimulation with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 agonist, effector cytokines and chemokines were assayed. The only significant genetic association observed involved a nonsynonymous SNP (TLR1rs4833095) in the TLR1 gene. A recessive (TT) genotype was associated with reduced odds of severe malaria of 0.52 (95% confidence interval (0.29-0.90), P=0.006). Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor α were significantly higher in severe malaria cases compared with healthy controls, but lower in children with the protective recessive (TT) genotype. A genetic variant in TLR1 may contribute to the low severe malaria case fatality rates in this region through a reduced pro-inflammatory cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manning
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Bull Creek, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Cutts
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D I Stanisic
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Laman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Bull Creek, Western Australia, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - A Carmagnac
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Allen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - A O'Donnell
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Karunajeewa
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Rosanas-Urgell
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - T M E Davis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Michon
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Divine Word University, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - L Schofield
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Mueller
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain
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