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Duarte RB, Lima KRD, Assis-Silva ZMD, Ramos DGDS, Monteiro CMDO, Braga ÍA. Acaricidal potential of essential oils on Rhipicephalus linnaei: Alternatives and prospects. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110291. [PMID: 39190938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The acaricidal potential of various essential oils (EOs) has been evaluated based on their benefits in tick control. This study aimed to investigate the tick-killing activity of Pogostemon cablin "patchouli," Cymbopogon martinii "palmarosa," and Cymbopogon flexuosus "lemongrass" EOs on Rhipicephalus linnaei. Engorged females were collected from domiciled and non-domiciled dogs from Jataí city, Goiás state, to obtain larvae and nymphs in a controlled environment. Two commercial EOs brands were used in this study in different EOs concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL), and was tested by immersion of larvae and nymphs. In the in vitro evaluation of EOs toxicity against R. linnaei larvae, 100 % mortality was achieved with 10 mg/mL of P. cablin oil, whereas mortality rates greater than 98 % were observed with 20 mg/mL of C. martinii and C. flexuosus. In nymphs, high sensitivity was observed, with 100 % mortality achieved using 5 mg/mL of P. cablin and 20 mg/mL of C. martinii and C. flexuosus. The EO of P. cablin "patchouli" demonstrated in vitro toxicity at a lower concentration than the other oils in the two development stages of R. linnaei, and was considered the most efficient and with verified acaricidal activity. Oils of C. martinii "palmarosa" and C. flexuosus "lemongrass" achieved mortality greater than 95 % in larvae and nymphs only at the highest concentration. Therefore, the acaricidal effects of the tested EOs are promising, especially of patchouli oil, which promoted high mortality at a low concentration (LC90 of 2.21 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiany Borges Duarte
- Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis Laboratory from Federal University of Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá - Cidade Universitária, BR 364, km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, GO CEP 75801-615, Brazil.
| | - Kariana Ribeiro de Lima
- Biology, Ecology and Tick Control Laboratory from Federal University of Goiás, R. R-2, 1853-1883 - Chácaras Califórnia, Goiânia - GO, Goiânia, GO CEP 74691-835, Brazil.
| | - Zara Mariana de Assis-Silva
- Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis Laboratory from Federal University of Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá - Cidade Universitária, BR 364, km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, GO CEP 75801-615, Brazil
| | - Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos
- Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis Laboratory from Federal University of Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá - Cidade Universitária, BR 364, km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, GO CEP 75801-615, Brazil.
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Biology, Ecology and Tick Control Laboratory from Federal University of Goiás, R. R-2, 1853-1883 - Chácaras Califórnia, Goiânia - GO, Goiânia, GO CEP 74691-835, Brazil.
| | - Ísis Assis Braga
- Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis Laboratory from Federal University of Jataí, Câmpus Jatobá - Cidade Universitária, BR 364, km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, GO CEP 75801-615, Brazil.
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Jongejan F, Berger L, Papadopoulos E, Reck J, Ferreira PT, Scott FB, de Avelar BR, Guimarães BG, Correia TR, Hulsebos I, Petersen A, Klafke G. A rapid tick exposure test for monitoring acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks on dogs. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:406. [PMID: 39342374 PMCID: PMC11437981 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) are vectors of pathogens adversely affecting the health of dogs in many regions of the world. The three-host life cycle of R. sanguineus s.l., with all stages feeding on dogs, can lead to an uncontrolled build-up of large tick populations if not controlled by acaricides. However, frequent tick control on dogs using acaricides has led to the emergence of resistance to permethrin and fipronil. Currently, the larval packet test (LPT) is the standard tick resistance test, which is laborious, requires laboratory facilities, and takes at least 6 weeks before larvae derived from engorged female ticks can be tested. Our novel approach is to expose semi-engorged adult ticks to acaricides immediately after removing them from dogs, obtaining results within 24 h. METHODS Adult ticks from three laboratory colonies of R. sanguineus s.l. were tested in RaTexT®, a rapid tick exposure test in which ticks were confined to small compartments and exposed to an acaricide-impregnated, specially designed matrix. Resistance was confirmed by testing larvae derived from the same laboratory colonies using the LPT. RaTexT® was also used to determine the susceptibility of R. sanguineus acaricides in dog shelters. RESULTS RaTexT® detected resistance to permethrin in adult R. sanguineus s.l. ticks from two Brazilian laboratory colonies compared to a susceptible laboratory strain originating in Greece. Resistance was confirmed by LPT testing of larvae from the same colonies with resistance factors between 2.2 and 3.1. All laboratory strains were susceptible to fipronil. A suspected case of fipronil resistance at a dog shelter in Caxias do Sul, Brazil, was resolved within 24 h by testing adult ticks in RaTexT® and could be attributed to improper treatment. CONCLUSIONS RaTexT® is a valuable tool for monitoring the development of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids or phenylpyrazoles in tick-infested dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Jongejan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa.
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Berger
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada Do Conde, 6000, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila Teixeira Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada Do Conde, 6000, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Barbour Scott
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rauta de Avelar
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Brena Gava Guimarães
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Thais Ribeiro Correia
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Iris Hulsebos
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alita Petersen
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada Do Conde, 6000, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
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Stone NE, Ballard R, Bourgeois RM, Pemberton GL, McDonough RF, Ruby MC, Backus LH, López-Pérez AM, Lemmer D, Koch Z, Brophy M, Paddock CD, Kersh GJ, Nicholson WL, Sahl JW, Busch JD, Salzer JS, Foley JE, Wagner DM. A mutation associated with resistance to synthetic pyrethroids is widespread in US populations of the tropical lineage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102344. [PMID: 38643721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), is an important vector for Rickettsia rickettsii, causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Current public health prevention and control efforts to protect people involve preventing tick infestations on domestic animals and in and around houses. Primary prevention tools rely on acaricides, often synthetic pyrethroids (SPs); resistance to this chemical class is widespread in ticks and other arthropods. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. is a complex that likely contains multiple unique species and although the distribution of this complex is global, there are differences in morphology, ecology, and perhaps vector competence among these major lineages. Two major lineages within Rh. sanguineus s.l., commonly referred to as temperate and tropical, have been documented from multiple locations in North America, but are thought to occupy different ecological niches. To evaluate potential acaricide resistance and better define the distributions of the tropical and temperate lineages throughout the US and in northern Mexico, we employed a highly multiplexed amplicon sequencing approach to characterize sequence diversity at: 1) three loci within the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, which contains numerous genetic mutations associated with resistance to SPs; 2) a region of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel gene (GABA-Cl) containing several mutations associated with dieldrin/fipronil resistance in other species; and 3) three mitochondrial genes (COI, 12S, and 16S). We utilized a geographically diverse set of Rh sanguineus s.l. collected from domestic pets in the US in 2013 and a smaller set of ticks collected from canines in Baja California, Mexico in 2021. We determined that a single nucleotide polymorphism (T2134C) in domain III segment 6 of the VGSC, which has previously been associated with SP resistance in Rh. sanguineus s.l., was widespread and abundant in tropical lineage ticks (>50 %) but absent from the temperate lineage, suggesting that resistance to SPs may be common in the tropical lineage. We found evidence of multiple copies of GABA-Cl in ticks from both lineages, with some copies containing mutations associated with fipronil resistance in other species, but the effects of these patterns on fipronil resistance in Rh. sanguineus s.l. are currently unknown. The tropical lineage was abundant and geographically widespread, accounting for 79 % of analyzed ticks and present at 13/14 collection sites. The temperate and tropical lineages co-occurred in four US states, and as far north as New York. None of the ticks we examined were positive for Rickettsia rickettsii or Rickettsia massiliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Stone
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Rebecca Ballard
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Reanna M Bourgeois
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Grant L Pemberton
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Ryelan F McDonough
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Megan C Ruby
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Laura H Backus
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrés M López-Pérez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Mexico
| | - Darrin Lemmer
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen North), 3051 West Shamrell Boulevard, Suite 106, Flagstaff, AZ 86005, United States
| | - Zane Koch
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen North), 3051 West Shamrell Boulevard, Suite 106, Flagstaff, AZ 86005, United States
| | - Maureen Brophy
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Christopher D Paddock
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Gilbert J Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - William L Nicholson
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Joseph D Busch
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Johanna S Salzer
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Janet E Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - David M Wagner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States.
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Gadelhaq SM, Ibrahium SM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Arafa WM, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Abdelgelil NH, Ahmed M, Aboelhadid SM. Efficacy and safety of geranium-oregano-thymol formulations to control of dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110112. [PMID: 38246120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluated, in laboratory and field, the efficacy and safety of formulations of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium - G), Origanum majorana (oregano - O) commercial essential oils (EO) and thymol (T) to control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. In the laboratory, three formulas (A: 2% tween 80%, B: powder and C: nanoemulsion) by a mixture of these components (GOT) were prepared and evaluated, and the best one was used to assess its safety and field application against R. sanguineus s. l. on naturally infested dogs. Besides the major compounds of the EO used were identified. The results of the lab study showed that formula A (2.5 g of each G + O + T + 2% tween 80 to complete 100 mL) was significantly more effective than the other two formulas tested and exhibited highly effective adulticidal, larvicidal, and ovicidal activity against R. sanguineus s.l. Significant LC50 and LC90 values of GOT were evaluated (13.4 and 21.5 mg/mL, respectively) for the adulticidal activity, (2.81 and 4.46 mg/mL, respectively) for ovicidal activity and (2.44 and 4.45 mg/mL, respectively) for larvicidal activity. The safety of formula A has been proven by the absence of its cytotoxicity on a cell line of human epidermoid carcinoma. Citronella and carvacrol were the major compounds identified in the commercial essential oils of P. graveolens and O. majorana, respectively. Formula A was used in a field control trial for almost 8 months, during the tick infestation season (April to November, 2022). Fourteen naturally infested dogs were divided into two groups, each with seven dogs. One group received formula A spraying five times during an experiment that continued for 8 months, while the other group received treatment with commercially available malathion acaricide. The animals were sprayed on five occasions throughout the experiment (April, June, July, August, and September). The results showed a substantial percentage of effectiveness after the first application of formula A with a 99.3% reduction in tick count at day 28 post-application (PA). In the case of severe infestation 60 days after the first application of formula A (more than 180 ticks per dog), the second application was done, achieving an efficacy of 54.9% at day 3 PA, so an emergency spray was done at day 5 PA to combat the rest of the tick infestation, achieving efficacy of 99% after 3 days. Consequently, a regular spray (third, fourth, and fifth application) was done every 35 days. This regular spray revealed 100% effectiveness at 14 days PA. Biochemical parameters of treated dogs were evaluated to confirm the safety of formula A. Creatinine, ALT, and albumin of the dogs treated with formula A were within the normal range of dogs, while urea and AST were higher than the normal range. In conclusion, formula A can safely treat R. sanguineus s.l. infestations in dogs with regular application every 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Gadelhaq
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Samar M Ibrahium
- Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayoum Branch, Egypt
| | | | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Noha H Abdelgelil
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Manal Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Koc S, Gultekin ZN, Kahraman S, Cengiz A, Polat B, Caliskan C, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils on the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus Sensu lato) with description of new larval repellent activity test method. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:263-273. [PMID: 38351234 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils (EOs) obtained from two Lamiaceae plant species, Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz & P.H. Davis and Dorystoechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham, both endemic to Turkey, on Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The study also introduces a new test method that can be used to assess the repellent effects against ticks. Both plant EOs exhibited the highest larvicidal activity against brown dog tick larvae after 24 h and LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.101% and 0.125% for O. minutiflorum essential oil and 0.937% and 2.1% for D. hastata essential oil, respectively. In this study, we have described a detailed protocol for a novel larval repellent activity test (LRAT) for essential oils and extracts, using simple equipment. The advantages and limitations of LRAT, when compared to other tests commonly used to determine repellent effect against ticks, are also included in this study. The LRAT was developed with modifications of the larval immersion test (LIT) and proves to be a highly efficient and easily observable method. It can be used to test any active substance that may be toxic to humans and animals. According to the LRAT, at the end of 3 h, O. minutiflorum essential oil showed a high repellent effect, varying between 84.14% and 100% at 1% concentration. This result was not statistically different from the DEET, the positive control. When comparing the larvicidal and repellent activities, O. minutiflorum essential oil was found to be more effective than D. hastata essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Nur Gultekin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Caliskan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Miranda FR, Avelar BR, de Jesus ILR, Guimarães BG, Bonfim IV, Alves MCC, Ferreira TP, Azevedo TRC, Cid YP, Scott FB. Do combinations of fipronil, eugenol and carvacrol have synergistic effects against Rhipicephalus sanguineus? Parasitol Res 2023; 123:48. [PMID: 38095726 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus is one of the main ectoparasites that affects dogs, causing direct and indirect damage to parasitized animals. Currently, infestation control is mainly carried out by using synthetic acaricidal drugs. However, a decrease in efficacy and an increase in resistance to the main therapeutic protocols against tick infestations have been increasingly reported and confirmed, a factor that has driven research into the potential acaricide activity of natural compounds, including in association with synthetic molecules. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether the combinations of fipronil (FIP) and eugenol (EUG), FIP and carvacrol (CAR), and EUG and CAR would have synergistic effects against immature and unfed adult stages of R. sanguineus through in vitro bioassays. Bioassays were carried out using the larval packet test (FAO 2004) adapted for nymphs and adults. The synergistic activity was explored by combining each solution, based on the estimated LC50, in a 1:1 ratio (FIP: EUG, FIP: CAR and EUG: CAR). CompuSyn software was used to evaluate the various pairwise combinations of FIP, EUG and CAR, checking if there was synergism or antagonism between them. FIP and EUG and FIP and CAR showed combination index (CIn) values above 1.45, indicating antagonism. The synergistic activity between EUG and CAR was verified against all unfed phases of R. sanguineus, since the CIn was below 0.70, a value that indicates synergism. The combination of fipronil with either eugenol or carvacrol presented antagonistic effects against R. sanguineus larvae. On the other hand, carvacrol and eugenol had excellent pharmacological synergism against all tick stages with mortality values in the range of 80 to 100%, including the adult stage, which is less susceptible than immature stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rocha Miranda
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rauta Avelar
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Lins Raquel de Jesus
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brena Gava Guimarães
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Vilela Bonfim
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melina Cardilo Campos Alves
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Paes Ferreira
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Ribeiro Correa Azevedo
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yara Peluso Cid
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Health and Biological Science Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Barbour Scott
- Postgraduate Veterinary Sciences Program, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Animal Parasitology Department, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cepeda DF, Ascari J, de Oliveira MS, Antonioli G, Barcellos T, Anholeto LA, Nunes PH. Effect of Tagetes minuta essential oil on the central nervous system of unfed Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato 'tropical lineage' ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:697-714. [PMID: 37985606 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato 'tropical lineage' (Acari: Ixodidae) is considered a sanitary concern due to its role as a disease vector. Tick strains resistant to synthetic acaricides have caused difficulties in their control, besides synthetic acaricides are harmful to the environment and to the health of non-target animals. The research of plants with acaricidal and repellent properties has proved to be an efficient alternative in tick control. The genus Tagetes spp. excels for its use as traditional pest control in households and plantations and also for its potential as an acaricide against R. sanguineus under laboratory conditions. The first aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of Tagetes minuta essential oil (TMEO) on the central nervous system (synganglion) in unfed R. sanguineus adults. The histological analysis of synganglion exposed to the different concentrations of TMEO and amitraz 12.5% (50% of the recommended dose in the package insert) showed a significant effect with signs of cell damage including volume increase, loss of shape, and vacuolization, in addition to chromatin alterations such as condensation, margination, and fragmentation. TMEO were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry showing the presence of 21 compounds that according to their chemical structure are classified as terpenoids. Among them (Z)-β-ocimene, ocimene, (Z)-tagetone, and verbenone were found in major quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fernando Cepeda
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Paraná, 85870-901, Brazil.
| | - Jociani Ascari
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Câmpus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Murilo Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Câmpus Santa Helena, Santa Helena, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Antonioli
- Universidade de Caixas do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas St, 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barcellos
- Universidade de Caixas do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas St, 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Adriano Anholeto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, Caixa Postal 339, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Henrique Nunes
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Paraná, 85870-901, Brazil
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Koc S, Gultekin ZN, Kahraman S, Cengiz A, Polat B, Caliskan C, Yildirim T, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Exploring the Larvicidal and Repellent Potential of Taurus Cedar ( Cedrus libani) Tar against the Brown Dog Tick ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato). Molecules 2023; 28:7689. [PMID: 38067421 PMCID: PMC10707419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential acaricidal and repellent effects of tar obtained from the Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) against the brown dog tick species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The goal was to find an alternative, safe, and effective way to eliminate ticks. Tar is traditionally extracted from cedar trees in the Antalya region of Türkiye. The composition of the tar is primarily characterized by a diverse mixture of terpenes, with β-himachalene (29.16%), α-atlantone (28.7%), ar-turmerone (8.82%), longifolene-(V4) (6.66%), α-himachalene (5.28%), and β-turmerone (5.12%) emerging as the predominant constituents. The toxic effects of tar on tick larvae were studied through larval immersion tests (LIT), and its repellent activity was evaluated using a new larval repellent activity test (LRAT). The results revealed significant acaricidal effects, with mortality rates of 77.7% and 82.2% for the Konyaalti and Kepez strains of the brown dog tick, respectively, in response to a 1% concentration of tar. LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.47% and 1.52% for the Kepez strain and 0.58% and 1.63% for the Konyaalti strain, respectively. When comparing the repellent effect of tar to the widely used synthetic repellent DEET, repellency rates of up to 100% were observed. As a result, this study establishes, for the first time, the larvicidal and repellent effects of C. libani tar on ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Nur Gultekin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Burak Polat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Cansu Caliskan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Tolga Yildirim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye;
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye; (Z.N.G.)
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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Bickerton M, González J, Egizi A, Toledo A. Baseline susceptibility of Haemaphysalis longicornis to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid acaricides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4328-4334. [PMID: 37366176 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, continues to expand its range in North America, and synthetic acaricides are likely to play an increasing role in managing this species. Acaricide resistance is common in some tick species that infest livestock. However, baseline acaricide susceptibility has not previously been examined in this invasive tick. RESULTS We used a standard larval packet test to evaluate the susceptibility of the Asian longhorned tick to acaricides currently or formerly used in tick control: propoxur, carbaryl, bifenthrin, permethrin, and coumaphos. Discriminating concentrations were estimated at 6.5, 27.9, 988, 2242, and 808 ppm, respectively. The half-maximal lethal concentration (LC50 ) values for propoxur, carbaryl, permethrin and coumaphos were compared with data available for other tick species and showed that H. longicornis was more susceptible to propoxur, carbaryl and coumaphos, and had a similar susceptibility to permethrin. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that resistance to these acaricides is not currently a concern for H. longicornis in the United States. However, responsible integrated management and early detection of resistance can help ensure the long-term efficacy of products used for controlling this tick species. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bickerton
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Bergen County Department of Health Services, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Julia González
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Egizi
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, Tinton Falls, NJ, USA
| | - Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Martínez-Ibañez F, Cruz-Vázquez C, Lagunes-Quintanilla R, Vitela-Mendoza I, Medina-Esparza L, Chávez-Rodríguez AM. Determination of the discriminant doses to identify resistance to fipronil, flumethrin and coumaphos, in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) from Mexico. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:331-338. [PMID: 37751012 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. is an intra- and peridomiciliary tick of medical and veterinary importance, whose control is carried out through the application of various ixodicides, to which it can develop resistance. The objective of this work was to determine the discriminant doses (d.d.) to identify resistance against three ixodicides - fipronil, flumethrin and coumaphos - in R. sanguineus s.l. larvae originating from Mexico. Engorged ticks were collected from naturally infested dogs residing in rural communities in five Mexican states; the dogs had no history of recent treatment with ixodicides. All ticks were identified as R. sanguineus s.l. They were incubated for 25 days and their progeny was used in the larval package test (LPT) to be exposed to d.d. as determined in Rhipicephalus microplus, and those that were susceptible were analyzed using the LPT with six concentrations, for fipronil from 0.1 to 0.003125%, for flumethrin from 0.02 to 0.000625% and for coumaphos from 0.4 to 0.0125%. Mortality was analyzed with Probit methodology, to calculate the 50 and 99% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99). The d.d. was determined as a consensus value by multiplying the LC99 value × 2. Nine double susceptible samples (fipronil + flumethrin) and one triple susceptible sample (fipronil + flumethrin + coumaphos) were found; the d.d. determined were fipronil 0.05%, flumethrin 0.01% and coumaphos 0.43%. These doses can be used to rapidly and inexpensively identify resistant populations in samples collected in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martínez-Ibañez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, 20330, Aguascalientes, México
- Centro Nacional de Servicios de Constatación en Salud Animal, CENAPA-SENASICA, Carretera Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, 62550, Morelos, México
| | - Carlos Cruz-Vázquez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, 20330, Aguascalientes, México.
| | - Rodolfo Lagunes-Quintanilla
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, 62550, Morelos, México
| | - Irene Vitela-Mendoza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, 20330, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Leticia Medina-Esparza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, 20330, Aguascalientes, México
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12
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Tian Y, Lord CC, Taylor CE, Kaufman PE. Using environmental factors to predict Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) mortality. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3043-3049. [PMID: 36967668 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Latreille, 1806) can establish indoor populations, which increases the risk of pathogen transmission to humans and companion dogs. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks spend most of their life cycle off the host, which subjects developmental timescale to abiotic factors. Previous studies showed that both temperature and relative humidity (RH) influenced Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival time across all life stages. However, quantified relationships between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. mortality is not currently available. Here, three Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. strains were evaluated for mortality under 20 combinations of five temperatures and four RHs. The data obtained were analyzed to quantify the relationship between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. SURVIVAL RESULTS Mortality probabilities did not show a consistent pattern between the three tick strains. Temperature, RH, and their interaction influenced Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. mortality probabilities across all life stages, with mortality probability generally increasing with temperature but decreasing with RH. With 50% and lower RH, larvae cannot survive for more than 1 week. However, mortality probabilities in all strains and stages were more sensitive to temperature than to RH. CONCLUSION This study identified the predictive relationship between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival, which enables estimations of tick survival time under varied residential situations, allows parameterization of population models, and provides guidance for pest control professionals to develop efficient management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexun Tian
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cynthia C Lord
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caitlin E Taylor
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Siriporn B, Juasook A, Neelapaijit N, Kaewta P, Wu Z. Detection of ivermectin and fipronil resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:1661-1666. [PMID: 37766701 PMCID: PMC10521194 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1661-1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Administration is the main strategy for controlling ectoparasites in dogs. Ivermectin and fipronil are most extensively used to prevent and treat Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato infestation in dogs in Thailand. Several researchers have reported resistance to acaricides in R. sanguineus s.l. globally, but documentation of acaricide resistance in the tick population in Thailand is lacking. In this study, we investigated the status of resistance to commonly used acaricides in Thailand in R. sanguineus s.l. Materials and Methods Engorged brown dog tick females (10 tick populations) were field-collected directly from parasitized dogs in Maha Sarakham, Thailand, for toxicological bioassays with ivermectin and fipronil. Bioassays were performed in three replicates at 25°C-27°C and 80%-85% relative humidity under a 12-h/12-h photoperiod. The 50% of lethal concentration and its confidence intervals and the slope were estimated for each tick population using probit analysis. Resistance ratios (RRs) of field ticks were characterized based on the relative susceptible population of each acaricide. Results Six tick populations (P1-6) were tested for resistance to ivermectin, three of which (P2-4) exhibited low-level resistance to ivermectin (RR = 2.115-2.176). Of four tick populations (P7-10) treated with fipronil, two exhibited moderate-to-severe resistance (P7 and P9, RR = 21.684 and 4.387, respectively). All tick populations deemed resistant to acaricides had a history of exposure. Conclusion Based on RR values, four R. sanguineus s.l. tick populations from Maha Sarakham province were resistant to ivermectin and fipronil. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first documentation of acaricide-resistant populations of R. sanguineus s.l. in Thailand, and recommendations on tick control programs must be formulated with veterinarians and pet owners to prevent the development of further resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunnada Siriporn
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Juasook
- Bioveterinary Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | | | - Piyatida Kaewta
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Zhiliang Wu
- Department of Parasitology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Cave GL, Richardson EA, Chen K, Watson DW, Roe RM. Acaricidal Biominerals and Mode-of-Action Studies against Adult Blacklegged Ticks, Ixodes scapularis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1906. [PMID: 37630466 PMCID: PMC10457945 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks in the USA are the most important arthropod vector of microbes that cause human and animal disease. The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, the focus of this study, is able to transmit the bacteria that causes Lyme disease in humans in the USA. The main approach to tick control is the use of chemical acaricides and repellents, but known and potential tick resistance to these chemicals requires the discovery of new methods of control. Volcanic glass, Imergard, was recently developed to mimic the insecticide mode of action of the minerals from diatoms (diatomaceous earth, DE) for the control of malaria mosquitoes in Africa. However, studies on the use of these minerals for tick control are minimal. In a dipping assay, which was put into DE (Celite), the times of 50 and 90% death of adult female I. scapularis were 7.3 and 10.5 h, respectively. Our mimic of DE, Imergard, killed ticks in 6.7 and 11.2 h, respectively. In a choice-mortality assay, ticks moved onto a treated surface of Imergard and died at 11.2 and 15.8 h, respectively. Ticks had greater locomotor activity before death when treated by dipping for both Imergard and Celite versus the no-mineral control. The ticks after making contact with Imergard had the mineral covering most of their body surface shown by scanning electron microscopy with evidence of Imergard inside their respiratory system. Although the assumed mode of action of Imergard and Celite is dehydration, the minerals are not hygroscopic, there was no evidence of cuticle damage, and death occurred in as little as 2 h, suggesting minimal abrasive action of the cuticle. Semi-field and field studies are needed in the future to examine the practical use of Imergard and Celite for tick control, and studies need to examine their effect on tick breathing and respiratory retention of water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R. Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 3230 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (G.L.C.); (E.A.R.); (K.C.); (D.W.W.)
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Martínez-Ibañez F, Cruz-Vázquez C, Osorio-Miranda J, Vitela-Mendoza I, Medina-Esparza L, Lagunes-Quintanilla R, Chávez-Rodríguez A. Determination of a Discriminant Dose to Identify Resistance to Amitraz in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) from Mexico. INSECTS 2023; 14:662. [PMID: 37504668 PMCID: PMC10380605 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., is considered the most widely distributed three-host tick in the world and has medical and veterinary importance; the control of infestation is carried out with acaricides, towards which it can develop resistance. This study aimed to determine the discriminant dose (d.d) of amitraz to identify resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. larvae natives from Mexico and to evaluate its application in field-collected ticks. Engorged ticks were collected from naturally infested dogs residing in rural communities and were incubated for 25 days, and their progeny was used in a larval immersion test (LIT) to be exposed to the d.d. determined in Rhipicephalus microplus, and those that were susceptible were analyzed using the LIT in six concentrations. Mortality was analyzed through probit methodology to calculate the lethal concentration (LC) 50 and 99. The d.d. was determined as a consensus value by multiplying the LC99 × 2, and then, we proceeded to evaluate it in in-field samples by using the LIT technique. The d.d. calculated was 4 ppm. The in-field evaluation found 64% of the resistant samples to amitraz with mortality percentages between 98.3% and 0.35%. This dose can be used to rapidly and inexpensively identify resistant populations in samples collected in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martínez-Ibañez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Centro Nacional de Servicios en Constatación en Salud Animal, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria Carretera Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cruz-Vázquez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Jorge Osorio-Miranda
- Centro Nacional de Servicios en Constatación en Salud Animal, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria Carretera Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Irene Vitela-Mendoza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Leticia Medina-Esparza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 Carretera Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Lagunes-Quintanilla
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Carretera Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Arturo Chávez-Rodríguez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlajomulco, Km. 10 Carretera Tlajomulco, Cto. Metropolitano Sur, Tlajomulco de Zuñiga 45640, Jalisco, Mexico
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16
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Tian Y, Taylor CE, Lord CC, Kaufman PE. Evidence of Permethrin Resistance and Fipronil Tolerance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) Populations From Florida and California. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:412-416. [PMID: 36539332 PMCID: PMC9989838 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Latreille), is a vector of multiple disease-causing pathogens to humans and dogs. Permethrin and fipronil are two acaricides used to manage R. sanguineus s.l. infestations. Homeowners have reported treatment failures in managing brown dog ticks using permethrin and fipronil based products. Previous studies demonstrated that high permethrin resistance in some R. sanguineus s.l. populations was due to metabolic detoxification and target site insensitivity. In this study, three R. sanguineus s.l. strains, one from a laboratory colony (NC) and two colonies originally collected from Florida (FL) and California (CA), were evaluated for resistance expression against permethrin and fipronil. Metabolic detoxification mechanisms were evaluated in the FL strain using three synergists, while a polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect a resistance mutation in all strains. The NC strain was susceptible to both permethrin and fipronil, while both the FL and CA strains exhibited high resistance to permethrin and tolerance to fipronil. The synergist tests and PCR results indicated that the FL strain utilized both metabolic resistance and target site insensitivity against permethrin, while the CA strain was documented to have the target-site insensitivity resistant allele. This study confirmed permethrin resistance in both California and Florida populations and its persistence in Florida populations, although its susceptibility can potentially be increased by adding a synergist. Fipronil resistance was not detected suggesting this acaricide may provide suitable tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlin E Taylor
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cynthia C Lord
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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Brophy M, Walker KR, Adamson JE, Ravenscraft A. Tropical and Temperate Lineages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Host Different Strains of Coxiella-like Endosymbionts. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:2022-2029. [PMID: 36124671 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonpathogenic bacteria likely play important roles in the biology and vector competence of ticks and other arthropods. Coxiella, a gram-negative gammaproteobacterium, is one of the most commonly reported maternally inherited endosymbionts in ticks and has been associated with over 40 tick species. Species-specific Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLEs) have been reported in the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae), throughout the world, while recent research suggests low Coxiella diversity among tick species. We investigated CLE diversity among R. sanguineus s.l. ticks across Arizona. We detected 37 recurrent sequence variants (SVs) of the symbiont, indicating greater diversity in these symbiotic bacteria than previously reported. However, two SVs accounted for the vast majority of 16S rRNA amplicon reads. These two dominant CLEs were both closely related to Candidatus C. mudrowiae, an identified symbiont of Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. One strain strongly associated with the tropical lineage of R. sanguineus s.l. while the other was found almost exclusively in the temperate lineage, supporting the conclusion that CLEs are primarily vertically transmitted. However, occasional mismatches between tick lineage and symbiont SV indicate that horizontal symbiont transfer may occur, perhaps via cofeeding of ticks from different lineages on the same dog. This study advances our understanding of CLE diversity in Rh. sanguineus s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Brophy
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kathleen R Walker
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Johnathan E Adamson
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Alison Ravenscraft
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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18
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Bickerton M, Rochlin I, González J, McSorley K, Toledo A. Field applications of granular and liquid pyrethroids, carbaryl, and IGRs to control the asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) and impacts on nontarget invertebrates. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102054. [PMID: 36215766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few documented control strategies exist for the invasive tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, despite its potential to reach extremely high numbers and vector human and animal pathogens. In 2020, we evaluated the effects of single applications of five granular and liquid acaricides on H. longicornis in a public park in northern New Jersey. Acaricides tested included pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin), a carbamate (carbaryl), and the insect growth regulators (IGRs) pyriproxyfen and novaluron. We also monitored the impact of each treatment on non-target soil and above-ground invertebrate species using pitfall and sticky traps, respectively. We recorded over 70,000 H. longicornis ticks in the study area from July to October 2020. An average of 99% control was achieved with lambda-cyhalothrin spray and 95% with granular bifenthrin. In contrast, granular carbaryl did not significantly reduce any life stages of H. longicornis. The IGR (pyriproxyfen/novaluron) resulted in a significant 45% reduction of the larval stage following treatments in July. No other stages were significantly impacted by pyriproxyfen alone or in combination with novaluron. Analysis of non-target species revealed that the community composition of soil-dwelling arthropods was strongly impacted by pyrethroid treatments and, to a lesser extent, by the carbamate treatment. The granular pyrethroid bifenthrin had more pronounced effects and impacted a broader range of non-target groups in the pitfall traps than the liquid pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin. Arthropod groups that were negatively impacted included Isopoda, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, Acari, and Grylloidea. Collembola numbers, however, were elevated in both pyrethroid treatments. The community composition of arthropods collected on the above-ground sticky traps was strongly impacted only in the liquid lambda-cyhalothrin treatment. The primary groups impacted in the sticky trap analysis were Collembola and Hemiptera. Community composition in traps remained distinct in the pyrethroid treatments through the entire survey period up to 62 days post-treatment. The results of this study indicate that pyrethroid acaricides were highly effective at controlling H. longicornis, while other compounds, including carbaryl and IGRs, did not achieve consistent levels of control. Further research is needed to find effective and environmentally sustainable alternatives. Integrated management programs can include the judicious use of pyrethroids to control H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bickerton
- Bergen County Department of Health Services, USA; Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, USA; Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Ilia Rochlin
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, USA; Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Julia González
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, USA; Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, USA; Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, USA.
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19
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Richardson EA, Ponnusamy L, Roe RM. Mechanical Acaricides Active against the Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis. INSECTS 2022; 13:672. [PMID: 35893027 PMCID: PMC9331188 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cases of Lyme disease in humans are on the rise in the United States and Canada. The vector of the bacteria that causes this disease is the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Current control methods for I. scapularis mainly involve chemical acaricides. Unfortunately, ticks are developing resistance to these chemicals, and more and more, the public prefers non-toxic alternatives to chemical pesticides. We discovered that volcanic glass, ImergardTM WP, and other industrial minerals such as Celite 610 were efficacious mechanical insecticides against mosquitoes, filth flies, and agricultural pests. In this report, when 6-10- and 50-70-day old unfed I. scapularis nymphs were dipped for 1-2 s into Celite, the time to 50% mortality (LT50) was 66.8 and 81.7 min, respectively, at 30 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH). The LT50 was actually shorter at a higher 70% RH, 43.8 min. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ticks were coated over most of their body surface, including partial to almost total coverage of the opening to their respiratory system. The other mechanical insecticide, Imergard, had similar efficacy against blacklegged unfed nymphs with an LT50 at 30 °C and 50% RH of 70.4 min. Although more research is needed, this study suggests that industrial minerals could be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides to control ticks and Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 3230 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (E.A.R.); (L.P.)
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20
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Kaplan ZD, Richardson EA, Taylor CE, Kaufman PE, Weeks ENI. Determination of the Discriminating Concentration Towards Permethrin for Surveying Resistance in Amblyomma americanum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:922-929. [PMID: 35323944 PMCID: PMC9113138 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is ubiquitously present throughout the southeastern United States and is capable of vectoring several pathogens. White-tailed deer are the main host for adult A. americanum. However, this tick species is a generalist that will feed on most vertebrates, including humans, deer, livestock, and pets. Management of this species can be challenging due to a lack of cost-effective strategies. Acaricides are often utilized, however, this may lead to pesticide resistance. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) larval packet test (LPT) was performed on susceptible A. americanum to determine the lethal concentration (LC) and discriminating concentration (DC) values for permethrin. The FAO LPT was used at these pre-established values to compare levels of resistance in ticks collected from a captive deer farm and wild areas representing high and low permethrin exposure settings, respectively. Resistance ratios (RR) calculated from the LC values for the ticks collected from farmed and wild deer ranged between 1 and 2. A. americanum collected from farmed and wild deer were not found to be resistant, however, some samples had slightly elevated RRs as compared to the susceptible laboratory strain, which may suggest tolerance development. Although the A. americanum sampled in this study were not resistant to permethrin, the DC calculated in this study will allow for rapid evaluation of resistance in a permethrin resistance monitoring program such that alternate management strategies can be adopted if resistance is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z D Kaplan
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - E A Richardson
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - C E Taylor
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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21
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Poje JE, Azevedo JF, Nair N, Mahachi K, Frank LE, Sherpa P, Krizek RS, Baccam T, Gomes-Solecki M, Petersen CA. Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) Infection Prevalence and Host Associations of Ticks Found on Peromyscus spp. in Maryland. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:752-757. [PMID: 34971369 PMCID: PMC8924970 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and most commonly transmitted by Ixodes scapularis Say (Ixodida: Ixodidae), is the most common tick-borne disease in Maryland. Because B. burgdorferi s.s. is maintained in enzootic cycles among wild mice (Peromyscus spp) and Ixodes spp ticks, differing patterns of parasitism of ticks on mice could impact the infection prevalence with B. burgdorferi. We determined the infection prevalence of Peromyscus spp as well as questing and partially engorged nymphal ticks collected at six sites on private land in five counties in Maryland from May to August 2020. Questing nymph infection prevalence (NIP) was 14%. We trapped 1258 mice and collected 554 ticks and 413 ear tissue samples. The prevalence of infested Peromyscus spp varied based on host age and sex, with older and male mice more likely to be infested. We detected a significant difference amongst the proportion of attached Ixodes and the location of trapping. Similarly, the prevalence of B. burgdorferi infected Peromyscus spp mice varied between locations (average mouse infection prevalence was 40%), with the highest prevalence in locations where Ixodes were the most commonly found ticks. The B. burgdorferi infection prevalence in partially engorged I. scapularis nymphs retrieved from Peromyscus spp was ~36% which lends further support to the host infection prevalence. Local differences in distribution of infected vectors and reservoirs are important factors to consider when planning interventions to reduce Lyme disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Poje
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jose F Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nisha Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kurayi Mahachi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lexi E Frank
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Phurchhoki Sherpa
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rachel S Krizek
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tyler Baccam
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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22
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Sullivan CF, Parker BL, Skinner M. A Review of Commercial Metarhizium- and Beauveria-Based Biopesticides for the Biological Control of Ticks in the USA. INSECTS 2022; 13:260. [PMID: 35323558 PMCID: PMC8952794 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for the development of sustainable, nonchemical tick management strategies. Mycoacaricide and mycoinsecticide product development worldwide has focused primarily on fungi in the genera Beauveria (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Microbial biopesticides containing entomopathogenic fungi have potential in tick management. However, despite considerable progress in the development of fungal biopesticides over the past 20 years, the establishment of commercial products available for use against ticks continues to be slow. We reviewed published scientific literature and compiled a comprehensive list of reports of the effectiveness of commercial biopesticides based on the fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria and registered for use in the USA against ixodid ticks under laboratory and field conditions. We also report on results when these biopesticides were used as a part of integrated tick management. Until efficacious fungus-based products become more available, tick management will rely primarily on synthetic chemical acaricides, with natural-product acaricides as the alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce L Parker
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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23
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Yessinou RE, Adoligbe C, Atchade F, Adinci J, Brahi HD, Adehan S, Mantip SE, Farougou S. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) resistance to deltamethrin in Benin. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100638. [PMID: 34879949 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato to deltamethrin in dogs in the municipality of Natitingou in Benin. In this study, the collection and identification of ticks, Larval Packet Test and specific allele PCR were the main methods used. A total of 41 dogs were examined and 420 ticks were collected in six areas which includes: Tchrimina, Yokossi, Boriyoure, Berécingou, Péporiyakou and Perma. Three species of ticks were identified and they include: R. sanguineus s.l., Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis spp. However, R. sanguineus s.l. was the most abundant tick species (9.85) and had the highest parasitic intensity (10.36). The results of the Larval Packet Test showed that the larvae of R. sanguineus s.l. developed a phenotypic resistance against deltamethrin, particularly in the Bérécingou area where resistance ratios of LC50 and LC95 of R. sanguineus s.l. compared to a susceptible strain were 1.591 (1.025-3.054) and 65.339 (20.235-579.825) respectively. The molecular study of the sodium channel gene revealed three genotypes namely the susceptible genotype (SS), the heterozygous genotype (SR) and the resistant genotype (RR), which correlates with the phenotypic results. This information is fundamental to improve monitoring and resistance management strategies of R. sanguineus s.l. ticks to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Eric Yessinou
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Camus Adoligbe
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Fréjus Atchade
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Justin Adinci
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Hermann Dave Brahi
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Safiou Adehan
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Samuel Elias Mantip
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B 0001 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Communicable Diseases Research Unit (URMAT), 01 PO Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
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24
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Butler RA, Chandler JG, Vail KM, Holderman CJ, Trout Fryxell RT. Spray and Pour-On Acaricides Killed Tennessee (United States) Field-Collected Haemaphysalis longicornis Nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in Laboratory Bioassays. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2514-2518. [PMID: 34197609 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Asian longhorned tick) is an exotic and invasive tick species presenting a health and economic threat to the United States (U.S.) cattle industry due to its ability to transmit pathogens and infest hosts in large numbers. The objective of this study was to evaluate available products at causing H. longicornis mortality in a laboratory bioassay. The efficacy of products was evaluated at label rates using H. longicornis nymphs collected from a cattle farm in eastern Tennessee in two different bioassays (spray or dip) against untreated controls. After exposure, ticks were transferred to clean petri dishes and checked for mortality at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 24, and 48 h post exposure. No mortality occurred in the untreated controls, whereas all treated ticks were dead within 24 h of exposure (P < 0.0001). These findings support the hypothesis that currently available spray and pour-on products are effective at causing H. longicornis mortality. We conclude that these acaricides can be used as a component to prevent H. longicornis dispersal and for control in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Butler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - J G Chandler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - K M Vail
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - R T Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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25
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Cypermethrin and ivermectin resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latrielle, 1806) collected from dogs in south India. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:67-78. [PMID: 34535851 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of acaricides for control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks led to a strong selection pressure for acaricide resistance. Data on acaricide resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. populations from India is meager though veterinarians frequently report treatment failures. The present study was aimed to characterize the level of resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. against most commonly used drugs, cypermethrin and ivermectin in Andhra Pradesh, south India. Fourteen adult female tick populations were collected from naturally infested dogs at veterinary clinics, residence and stray dog in nine state municipal corporations/municipalities. Information on the history of dog treatment with acaricides was obtained by interviewing dog owners. The larval packet test (LPT) and larval immersion test (LIT) were used on the larvae of ticks to test for resistance to cypermethrin and ivermectin, respectively. Mortality data of each tick population was analyzed by probit analysis. Corresponding to the most susceptible population, thirteen (92.6%) and six (42.9%) tick populations were regarded as resistant to cypermethrin and ivermectin, respectively. The phenotypic level of cypermethrin (resistance ratios at LC50% varied from 1.55 to 13.29) and ivermectin (resistance ratios at LC50% ranged from 1.16 to 4.79) resistance varied distinctly between the populations. Additionally, all the populations were tested using PCR to demonstrate the frequency of the point mutation in sodium channel gene that corresponds with resistance of R. sanguineus s.l. to cypermethrin. A nucleotide substitution (T2134C) on domain III segment VI of the sodium channel gene was noticed in phenotypically resistant tick populations on DNA sequencing. Ivermectin resistance in the brown dog ticks is reported for the first time from India.
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26
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Burtis JC, Poggi JD, Payne B, Campbell SR, Harrington LC. Susceptibility of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Permethrin Under a Long-Term 4-Poster Deer Treatment Area on Shelter Island, NY. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1966-1969. [PMID: 33822135 PMCID: PMC10601398 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance in medically significant disease vectors can negatively impact the efficacy of control efforts. Resistance research on ticks has focused primarily on species of veterinary significance that experience relatively high degrees of control pressure. Resistance in tick vectors of medical significance has received little attention, in part because area-wide pesticide applications are not used to control these generalist tick species. One of the few effective methods currently used for area-wide control of medically important ticks, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), is deployment of 4-poster devices. Deer self-apply a topical acaricide (permethrin) while feeding on corn from the devices. A 4-poster program using permethrin has been deployed on Shelter Island, NY to control I. scapularis populations since 2008. We collected engorged female ticks from deer in this management area and a location in the Mid-Hudson River Valley, NY without area-wide tick control. Larvae were reared from egg masses and their susceptibility to permethrin was tested. Larvae originating from a long-term laboratory colony were used as a susceptible baseline for comparison. Compared against the laboratory colony, resistance ratios at LC-50 for Shelter Island and Hudson Valley I. scapularis were 1.87 and 1.51, respectively. The susceptibilities of the field populations to permethrin were significantly lower than that of the colony ticks. We provide the first data using the larval packet test to establish baseline susceptibility for I. scapularis to permethrin along with information relevant to understanding resistance emergence in tick populations under sustained control pressure from 4-poster devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Burtis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joseph D. Poggi
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Beau Payne
- Shelter Island Police Department, Shelter Island, NY 11964, USA
| | - Scott R. Campbell
- Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Yaphank, NY 11980, USA
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Alvarez-Hernandez G, Drexler N, Paddock CD, Licona-Enriquez JD, la Mora JDD, Straily A, Del Carmen Candia-Plata M, Cruz-Loustaunau DI, Arteaga-Cardenas VA. Community-based prevention of epidemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever among minority populations in Sonora, Mexico, using a One Health approach. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:293-300. [PMID: 31819997 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a significant public health problem in Sonora, Mexico, resulting in thousands of cases and hundreds of deaths. Outbreaks of RMSF are perpetuated by heavy brown dog tick infestations in and around homes. During 2009-2015, there were 61 RMSF cases and 23 deaths in a single community of Sonora (Community A). METHODS An integrated intervention was carried out from March-November 2016 aimed at reducing tick populations with long-acting acaricidal collars on dogs, environmental acaricides applied to peri-domestic areas and RMSF education. Tick levels were measured by inspection of community dogs to monitor efficacy of the intervention. A similar neighborhood (Community B) was selected for comparison and received standard care (acaricide treatment and education). RESULTS The prevalence of tick-infested dogs in Community A declined from 32.5% to 8.8% (p<0.01). No new cases of RMSF were identified in this area during the subsequent 18 mo. By comparison, the percentage of tick-infested dogs in Community B decreased from 19% to 13.4% (p=0.36) and two cases were reported, including one death. CONCLUSIONS Community-based interventions using an integrated approach to control brown dog ticks can diminish the morbidity and mortality attributable to RMSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alvarez-Hernandez
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis D. Colosio SN, col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Naomi Drexler
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D Paddock
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jesus D Licona-Enriquez
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis D. Colosio SN, col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Jesus Delgado-de la Mora
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis D. Colosio SN, col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Anne Straily
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria Del Carmen Candia-Plata
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis D. Colosio SN, col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Denica I Cruz-Loustaunau
- Ministry of Public Health Sonora, General Directorate for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Paseo del Canal y Comonfort, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo,Mexico
| | - Vanessa A Arteaga-Cardenas
- Ministry of Public Health Sonora, General Directorate for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Paseo del Canal y Comonfort, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo,Mexico
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Amrutha A, Bindu L, Kajal TA, Siju J, Aravindakshan TV. Deltamethrin resistant alleles predominate in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato in South India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:485-496. [PMID: 34047876 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, an important ectoparasite transmitting several pathogens, is the most common tick species infesting dogs. Control of ticks being central to the control of fatal tick-borne diseases, this study attempted to assess the susceptibility/resistance of brown dog ticks to synthetic pyrethroids, the commonly used acaricides against ticks. Larval packet assay revealed 60% of isolates tested to be resistant and tolerant to deltamethrin as per the resistance factor that ranged from 1 to 53.7. Sequence analysis of the PCR amplified product of domain II S4-5 linker of sodium channel gene in R. sanguineus revealed novel polymorphisms, viz., C190A, G215T and T270C. In domain III S6 region of the gene, a T2134C mutation was observed. Genotyping with allele-specific PCR targeting domain II S4-5 linker region using single larvae revealed that most R. sanguineus larvae in the study population were homozygous resistant (RR) genotypes, followed by heterozygous (RS) and homozygous susceptible (SS) genotypes. A higher proportion of RS genotypes was also observed in domain III S6 region. This first report of genotyping of Indian R. sanguineus to analyse synthetic pyrethroid resistance highlights the need to devise alternate control strategies to reduce the brown dog tick population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Amrutha
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - Lakshmanan Bindu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India.
| | - T A Kajal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - J Siju
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
| | - T V Aravindakshan
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India
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Tucker NSG, Weeks ENI, Beati L, Kaufman PE. Prevalence and distribution of pathogen infection and permethrin resistance in tropical and temperate populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. collected worldwide. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:147-157. [PMID: 32918501 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae), is a peridomestic, cosmopolitan parasite of dogs known to vector numerous pathogens of veterinary and medical importance. Recent phylogenetic analyses separate this tick into temperate and tropical lineages. Populations of Rh. sanguineus s.l. have been reported to exhibit sodium channel target site insensitivity to permethrin and etofenprox, which is likely due to the prolonged use of pyrethroids against many pests in and around the home. In this study, populations collected in the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America, were tested to identify the distribution of a known resistance mechanism, pathogen-vector interactions and phylogeny in relation to latitude. Using molecular assays, populations from 29 distinct locations were simultaneously geographically typed and screened for bacterial infection by Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Babesia and Hepatozoon species, and for the presence of a sodium channel single nucleotide polymorphism known to confer permethrin resistance. Implications of these results on Rh. sanguineus s.l. management in association with geographical distribution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S G Tucker
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - L Beati
- U.S. National Tick Collection, Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, U.S.A
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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S G, Ravi Latha B, C S, V L. Solar tick trap with a pheromone lure - A stand-in approach for off-host control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101656. [PMID: 33529987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), the brown dog tick, transmits several important haemo-protozoan and rickettsial pathogens to dogs. Effective control of these ticks is entirely by the use of acaricidal preparations both on and off the host. Indiscriminate use of acaricides can cause environmental pollution and toxicity to humans as well as development of acaricidal resistance in ticks. As an alternative control strategy, a novel, eco-friendly and economical solar tick trap, which attracts ticks using pheromones and kills them by electrocution, was fabricated for use in kennels to control different stages of ticks. All stages of ticks were found to be lured to sex pheromone (SP), assembly pheromone (AP) and a combination of SP + AP impregnated vapour patches and electrocuted. There was a highly significant (p < 0.01) difference in the level of attraction between engorged and questing stages of ticks to the pheromones in the trap. AP lured a higher number of ticks, both engorged and questing, in comparison to other pheromones. The solar tick trap bearing vapour patch impregnated with AP was considered most suitable for use in integrated pest management (IPM) of ticks in heavily infested kennels. The solar trap remained effective for a month after which, replacement of pheromone impregnated vapour patch was necessary for continued and effective attraction of the ticks. This solar tick trap device, which uses pheromone without any acaricide, could prove to be an ideal green alternative for use in IPM of ticks in kennels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowrishankar S
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India.
| | - Bhaskaran Ravi Latha
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - Sreekumar C
- Department of Wildlife Science, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - Leela V
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600 007, India
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32
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Quadros DG, Johnson TL, Whitney TR, Oliver JD, Oliva Chávez AS. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds for Tick Pest Control in Livestock and Wildlife: Pragmatism or Utopia? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080490. [PMID: 32752256 PMCID: PMC7469192 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a significant economic hindrance for livestock production and a menace to public health. The expansion of tick populations into new areas, the occurrence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments, the potentially toxic contamination of food supplies, and the difficulty of applying chemical control in wild-animal populations have created greater interest in developing new tick control alternatives. Plant compounds represent a promising avenue for the discovery of such alternatives. Several plant extracts and secondary metabolites have repellent and acaricidal effects. However, very little is known about their mode of action, and their commercialization is faced with multiple hurdles, from the determination of an adequate formulation to field validation and public availability. Further, the applicability of these compounds to control ticks in wild-animal populations is restrained by inadequate delivery systems that cannot guarantee accurate dosage delivery at the right time to the target animal populations. More work, financial support, and collaboration with regulatory authorities, research groups, and private companies are needed to overcome these obstacles. Here, we review the advancements on known plant-derived natural compounds with acaricidal potential and discuss the road ahead toward the implementation of organic control in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G. Quadros
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Tammi L. Johnson
- Department of Rangelands, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
| | - Travis R. Whitney
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, San Angelo, TX 76901, USA; (D.G.Q.); (T.R.W.)
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Adela S. Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1946
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Obregón Alvarez D, Corona-González B, Rodríguez-Mallón A, Rodríguez Gonzalez I, Alfonso P, Noda Ramos AA, Díaz-Sánchez AA, González Navarrete M, Rodríguez Fernández R, Méndez Mellor L, Catanese HN, Peláez M, Alemán Gainza Y, Marrero-Perera R, Roblejo-Arias L, Lobo-Rivero E, Silva CB, Fonseca AH, Roque López E, Cabezas-Cruz A. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research. Pathogens 2020; 9:E616. [PMID: 32731487 PMCID: PMC7459505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel Obregón Alvarez
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Alina Rodríguez-Mallón
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Islay Rodríguez Gonzalez
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba; (I.R.G.); (A.A.N.R.)
| | - Pastor Alfonso
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Angel A. Noda Ramos
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba; (I.R.G.); (A.A.N.R.)
| | - Adrian A. Díaz-Sánchez
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada;
| | - Maylin González Navarrete
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23½, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (M.G.N.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Rafmary Rodríguez Fernández
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Baños, Km 1½, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa 38100, Cuba; (R.R.F.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Luis Méndez Mellor
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Baños, Km 1½, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa 38100, Cuba; (R.R.F.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Helen N. Catanese
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State, University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Manuel Peláez
- Direction of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ave. Boyeros y Conill, Plaza, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Roxana Marrero-Perera
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Lisset Roblejo-Arias
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Evelyn Lobo-Rivero
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Claudia B. Silva
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil;
| | - Adivaldo H. Fonseca
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil;
| | - Eugenio Roque López
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23½, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (M.G.N.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kaplan ZD, Richardson EA, Kaufman PE, Weeks ENI. Evaluation of Fipronil Susceptibility in the Lone Star Tick (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1314-1317. [PMID: 32076704 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus, is ubiquitously present in the southeastern United States and will readily parasitize humans and companion animals. Fipronil is the active ingredient in several topically applied products used to manage ticks and fleas on companion animals. Reducing ectoparasite infestations on companion animals decreases the risk that pathogens vectored by these pests are transmitted to these animals and their owners. However, dependence on acaricides can promote the development of resistance. In this study, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations larval packet test was used to determine the lethal concentration (LC) values and discriminating concentration (DC) for fipronil in the lone star tick. The DC was calculated as 0.02080%. The low magnitude of the DC value suggests that fipronil is an effective active ingredient for A. americanum management. With the LC and DC values determined, emergent resistance can be monitored, potentially allowing for intervention should tolerance develop in A. americanum populations that are in frequent contact with humans and their companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Kaplan
- UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL
| | - Elise A Richardson
- UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL
| | - Emma N I Weeks
- UF/IFAS Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr, Gainesville, FL
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Bishop RP, Kappmeyer LS, Onzere CK, Odongo DO, Githaka N, Sears KP, Knowles DP, Fry LM. Equid infective Theileria cluster in distinct 18S rRNA gene clades comprising multiple taxa with unusually broad mammalian host ranges. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:261. [PMID: 32430015 PMCID: PMC7236219 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine theileriosis, a tick-transmitted disease caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi and Theileria haneyi, affects equids throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a significant regulatory concern in non-endemic countries, where testing for equine theileriosis is required prior to horse import to prevent parasite entry. Within endemic areas, infection causes significant morbidity and mortality, leading to economic losses. No vaccine for equine theileriosis is available, and current drug treatment protocols are inconsistent and associated with significant side effects. Recent work has revealed substantial genetic variability among equine theileriosis organisms, and analysis of ribosomal DNA from affected animals around the world indicates that the organisms can be grouped into five distinct clades. As these diverse parasites are capable of infecting a wide range of both tick and mammalian hosts, movement of different equine Theileria species between endemic countries, and eventually into non-endemic countries, is a significant concern. Furthermore, the substantial genetic variability of these organisms will likely render currently utilized importation diagnostic tests unable to detect all equine Theileria spp. To this end, more complete characterization of these diverse parasites is critical to the continued global control of equine theileriosis. This review discusses current knowledge of equine Theileria spp. in this context, and highlights new opportunities and challenges for workers in this field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Lowell S Kappmeyer
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Cynthia K Onzere
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - David O Odongo
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Kelly P Sears
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA. .,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Suraj RA, Rambarran R, Ali K, Harbajan D, Charles R, Sant C, Georges K, Suepaul S. A comparison of the efficacy of two commercial acaricides (fipronil and amitraz) with Azadirachta indica (neem) on the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) from canines in Trinidad. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:142-148. [PMID: 31746117 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is prevalent on canids in Trinidad. It is directly (by causing anaemia) and indirectly (by acting as a vector of tick-borne pathogens) responsible for morbidity and mortalities in the canine population. The most commonly used commercial acaricides available to pet owners in Trinidad are amitraz and fipronil. Often, these acaricides may be abused and misused in a desperate attempt to rid pets of ticks. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of amitraz and fipronil with the herbal alternative, neem (Azadirachta indica). Triplicate in vitro trials utilizing the Larval Packet Test (LPT) were conducted using three concentrations (low, recommended and high) of fipronil (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%), amitraz (0.01%, 0.02% and 1%), neem oil (10%, 20% and 40%) and neem leaf extract (0.25%, 0.5% and 2%) for each trial. Statistical analysis using the mixed-effect Poisson regression analysis indicated that there was a significant difference (p < .05) in the survival of ticks pre-treatment versus post-treatment with amitraz, fipronil and all controls when compared to the neem oil. Fipronil and amitraz caused ≥99% mortality for all concentrations used in this study. Mortalities for neem oil and neem leaf extract ranged from 72.7% to 82% and 38% to 95.3%, respectively, with the greatest percentage of mortalities occurring at the lower concentrations. Neem oil and neem leaf extract can be used as alternative acaricides, and however, they are less efficacious against the brown dog tick than amitraz and fipronil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel-Ann Suraj
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rhea Rambarran
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Krista Ali
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Danyelle Harbajan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Roxanne Charles
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Candice Sant
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sharianne Suepaul
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Khan HAA. Characterization of permethrin resistance in a Musca domestica strain: resistance development, cross-resistance potential and realized heritability. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2969-2974. [PMID: 30873734 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Permethrin (a pyrethroid) has been recommended for the management of a number of insect pests, including Musca domestica. Recently, resistance to permethrin has been reported from the Punjab province, Pakistan, which necessitates the need to manage the resistance problem. For this reason, a field strain of M. domestica was selected with permethrin for ten consecutive generations (G1-G10) to determine the risk assessment, the rapidity with which permethrin resistance can develop, and the presence or absence of the cross-resistance phenomenon. RESULTS The results revealed that permethrin resistance increased very quickly in response to selection experiments. The resistance ratio (RR) value increased by 16.04- to 605.92-fold and the LD50 value increased by 100.22 to 3787.08 ng fly-1 after selection experiments. Moreover, the increase in LD50 value remained stable when the selected strain (Perm-SEL) was cultured in the absence of permethrin for the next five generations (G11-G15). The results revealed the possibility of minor cross-resistance in the Perm-SEL strain with β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin, and lack of cross-resistance with imidacloprid and spinosad. The realized heritability (h2 ) value for the Perm-SEL strain was 0.23. Assuming a mean slope value of 1.27 and an h2 value of 0.23, then ten to four generations would be estimated for a 10-fold increase in the LD50 values at 50-90% selection intensity, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of present study revealed high risk for permethrin resistance development under continuous selection pressure. Permethrin resistance developed very quickly under laboratory conditions, which might reflect the likelihood of resistance evolution in field conditions if permethrin selection pressure holds for a long time. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Tucker NS, Kaufman PE, Weeks EN. Identification of permethrin and etofenprox cross-tolerance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2794-2801. [PMID: 30809952 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latreille; Acari: Ixodidae), is a peridomestic ectoparasite of dogs and occasionally humans. In some populations, lack of integrated pest management practices and overuse of pesticides has resulted in high levels of resistance to multiple active ingredients. In this study, we established the etofenprox discriminating concentration (DC) and three additional screening concentrations to evaluate resistance status. Using mortality results, cross-resistance was investigated in brown dog tick populations from five geographically disparate regions, including Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and the Caribbean, following exposure to the DC for both etofenprox and permethrin separately. Subsequently, using both larval packet tests and molecular methods, etofenprox resistance was investigated. RESULTS The etofenprox DC was set at 0.51%, which allows for the rapid screening of peridomestic brown dog tick populations for resistance to this active ingredient. Cross-tolerance to two sodium channel-inhibiting pesticides, permethrin and etofenprox, was observed in one population. CONCLUSION Our study has provided a single etofenprox concentration that can be used in larval packet tests to determine resistance status in collected peridomestic brown dog ticks, which is particularly important when a single to a few engorged adult ticks are provided for evaluation. Although metabolic resistance is presumed to be the primary resistance mechanism, a sodium channel mutation also confers tolerance to etofenprox at the DC. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sg Tucker
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emma Ni Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Resistance to deltamethrin, fipronil and ivermectin in the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:1046-1050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Rey-Valeirón C, Pérez K, Guzmán L, López-Vargas J, Valarezo E. Acaricidal effect of Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) essential oil on unengorged larvae and engorged adult females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 76:399-411. [PMID: 30317458 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current concern about resistance to acaricides and the impact of toxic waste on the environment has led to the search of vegetal alternatives in the control of the brown tick of the dog Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) derivatives have been associated with insecticidal, antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities and essential oil showed to be lethal to R. microplus larvae. This study aimed at evaluating the acaricidal effect of essential oil of S. molle (EOSm) on engorged adult females and larval stages of R. sanguineus. One-hundred engorged females were obtained from the ears, interdigital spaces, neck, groin and base of the tail of two cross-bred dogs. The larvae package test was accomplished with 21-day-old larvae and five concentrations (v/v) of EOSm (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2%) in an anionic detergent, a synthetic acaricide (cypermethrin) and detergent and deionized water as controls. The immersion adult test was carried out with nine concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20%) of the EOSm. At the concentration of 2%, EOSm caused 99.3% of larval mortality. In adults, inhibition of oviposition, egg hatching (EH) and reproductive efficiency (RE) values were dose-dependent from 4 to 20% EOSm; the lowest values of EH (29.62) and RE (22.61) were achieved with 20% EOSm. Strong and negative correlations were found between concentration of EOSm and EH (r = - 0.948) and between concentration of EOSm and RE (r = - 0.985). This study demonstrated for the first time the acaricidal effect of EOSm on larvae and reproductive parameters of engorged adult females of R. sanguineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Rey-Valeirón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Intercomunal Coro-La Vela, Estado Falcón, Venezuela.
| | - Keila Pérez
- Postgrado en Sanidad Animal, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Coro, Venezuela
- Misión Nevado, Mérida, Estado Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lucía Guzmán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, sección Biotecnología y Producción, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Javier López-Vargas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Valarezo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
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Oliveira Filho JGD, Ferreira LL, Silva FDO, Menezes KMF, Muniz ER, Paula LGFD, Sarria ALF, Pickett JA, Birkett MA, Mascarin GM, Borges LMF. Persistence and efficacy of a new formulation based on dog allomonal repellents against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato tick. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:313-318. [PMID: 30133595 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beagles are less susceptible to Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato tick due to the production of the allomones benzaldehyde and 2-hexanone. Our previous published work showed that these compounds can reduce tick burden on susceptible dogs. Here we tested the hypothesis that an increase in repellent dose and release rate could increase repellent efficacy and persistence. Slow-release formulations of these compounds, with higher doses and release rates, were tested on artificially-infested dogs. Ten dogs were randomly assigned to two groups with five dogs each. The treated group received collars with slow-release formulations of the compounds attached, while the control group received collars with clean formulations attached. Five environmental infestations were performed, with the number of ticks (at all stages) on the dogs being counted once a day for 40 days. No significant increase in repellent efficacy was observed with the higher doses and release rates, whereas a greater persistence in repellent activity was observed. Treatment with the formulations resulted in a two-to-three-fold reduction in the number of immature stage ticks for up to three weeks. However, the number of adults was similar in both groups. Loss of repellent activity after the third week of testing coincided with a marked change in the relative release rates for the two compounds. It is hypothesized that relative amounts, rather than absolute amounts, of repellent release from slow-release formulations are important for repellent activity. We also hypothesize that the avoidance of less-preferred hosts by ticks relies on olfactory-mediated perception of specific blends of volatile cues from less preferred hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Silva
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - André Lucio Franceschini Sarria
- Biointeraction and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Anthony Pickett
- Biointeraction and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Alexander Birkett
- Biointeraction and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, Brasil
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Cavalleri D, Murphy M, Seewald W, Nanchen S. A randomized, controlled field study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner (Credelio™) in controlling ticks in client-owned cats in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:411. [PMID: 30001746 PMCID: PMC6043961 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continuing need for novel approaches to tick infestations treatment and control in cats. Lotilaner, an isoxazoline with rapid onset of action, has proven its efficacy against ticks in laboratory studies. A study was undertaken to confirm lotilaner's efficacy and safety in client-owned cats, at the minimum dose of 6.0 mg/kg, against the most common ticks infesting cats in Europe. METHODS Twenty clinics in Germany, Hungary and Portugal participated in the study. Households with no more than three cats were randomized 2:1 to a lotilaner or fipronil group. The first household cat with at least three live, attached ticks was the primary cat. Treatments were dispensed on days 0, 28 and 56 for owner administration. Tick counts were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 (primary cats) and supplementary cats were assessed for safety only, on days 28, 56 and 84. Efficacy was assessed by comparing mean day 0 live attached tick counts with subsequent counts. RESULTS Most frequently retrieved ticks were Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor reticulatus, with Ixodes hexagonus also present. In the lotilaner group (n = 112) efficacy (based on geometric mean tick counts) was between 98.3-100%. For fipronil (n = 57), efficacy was between 89.6-99.6%, with live attached ticks present on some cats at all time points. Mean tick counts in lotilaner-treated cats were significantly lower than in fipronil-treated cats on days 21, 28, 42 and 56 (P < 0.05). The mean percent efficacy over all post-enrolment visits was 99.6% and 96.4% (lotilaner and fipronil group, respectively), (P < 0.0001). Lotilaner was superior to fipronil for efficacy averaged over all time points (P < 0.0001) and on individual assessment days (day 14 to 70, P < 0.0394); it was non-inferior to fipronil on the other days. Owners successfully administered all treatments, and both products were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS CredelioTM was effective and safe for the treatment of tick infestations in client-owned cats. Efficacy lasted one month and lotilaner was superior to fipronil on most assessment days. Cure rates ranged between 94.5-100% for lotilaner and 68.4-98.2% for fipronil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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In vitro bioassays used in evaluating plant extracts for tick repellent and acaricidal properties: A critical review. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L, Beard CB, Paddock CD. Tick-Borne Zoonoses in the United States: Persistent and Emerging Threats to Human Health. ILAR J 2017; 58:319-335. [PMID: 28369515 PMCID: PMC5610605 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, ticks transmit the greatest diversity of arthropod-borne pathogens and are responsible for the most cases of all vector-borne diseases. In recent decades, the number of reported cases of notifiable tick-borne diseases has steadily increased, geographic distributions of many ticks and tick-borne diseases have expanded, and new tick-borne disease agents have been recognized. In this review, we (1) describe the known disease agents associated with the most commonly human-biting ixodid ticks, (2) review the natural histories of these ticks and their associated pathogens, (3) highlight spatial and temporal changes in vector tick distributions and tick-borne disease occurrence in recent decades, and (4) identify knowledge gaps and barriers to more effective prevention of tick-borne diseases. We describe 12 major tick-borne diseases caused by 15 distinct disease agents that are transmitted by the 8 most commonly human-biting ixodid ticks in the United States. Notably, 40% of these pathogens were described within the last two decades. Our assessment highlights the importance of animal studies to elucidate how tick-borne pathogens are maintained in nature, as well as advances in molecular detection of pathogens which has led to the discovery of several new tick-borne disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Eisen
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kiersten J Kugeler
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lars Eisen
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles B Beard
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D Paddock
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
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Klafke GM, Miller RJ, Tidwell J, Barreto R, Guerrero FD, Kaufman PE, Pérez de León AA. Mutation in the Sodium Channel Gene Corresponds With Phenotypic Resistance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae) to Pyrethroids. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1639-1642. [PMID: 28981687 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latreille), is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite and vector of pathogens that kill humans and animals. Pyrethroids represent a class of synthetic acaricides that have been used intensely to try to control the brown dog tick and mitigate the risk of tick-borne disease transmission. However, acaricide resistance is an emerging problem in the management of the brown dog tick. Understanding the mechanism of resistance to acaricides, including pyrethroids, is important to adapt brown dog tick control strategies. The main objective of this study was to determine if target-site mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in other pests could be associated with phenotypic resistance detected in a brown dog tick population from Florida. We amplified segment 6 of the domain III of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel protein, using cDNAs synthesized from pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant tick strains. A single nucleotide point mutation (SNP) identified in a highly conserved region of domain III S6 in the resistant ticks resulted in an amino acid change from phenylalanine to leucine. This mutation is characteristic of resistance phenotypes in other tick species, and is the first report of this mutation in R. sanguineus. Molecular assays based on this knowledge could be developed to diagnose the risk for pyrethroid resistance, and to inform decisions on integrated brown dog tick management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Klafke
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419 Edinburg, TX 78541
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias "Desidério Finamor," Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - R J Miller
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419 Edinburg, TX 78541
| | - J Tidwell
- USDA-ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd., MAB 6419 Edinburg, TX 78541
| | - R Barreto
- Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Inconfidentes 395, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93340-140, Brazil
| | - F D Guerrero
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - A A Pérez de León
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608
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Tucker NSG, Kaufman PE, Weeks ENI, Rowland J, Tidwell J, Miller RJ. Characterization of a Sodium Channel Mutation in Permethrin-Resistant Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1633-1638. [PMID: 28981814 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latrielle) sensu lato, is an important ectoparasite of dogs and occasionally humans, capable of transmitting several pathogens, such as Rickettsia and Ehrlichia, which are of veterinary and medical importance. The brown dog tick is distributed worldwide and has an affinity for human habitations in much of its range. In some populations, lack of integrated pest management plans and overuse of pyrethroid pesticides and other sodium channel inhibitors has resulted in high levels of resistance to permethrin. Recently, a highly conserved region of the R. sanguineus sodium channel was sequenced, indicating that a single nucleotide polymorphism of thymine to cytosine on domain III segment VI of the sodium channel could confer resistance. A molecular assay targeting a point mutation in the sodium channel was developed and optimized to separate ticks expressing permethrin resistance from those from a susceptible colony. Thereafter, multiple field-collected phenotypically permethrin-resistant populations were evaluated using this molecular assay to determine genotype. As confirmed by DNA sequencing, a point mutation was present at a high rate in phenotypically resistant tick populations that was not present in the susceptible strain. These data suggest an additional permethrin resistance mechanism to metabolic resistance, which has been reported for this tick species, and confirm its association with phenotypic resistance. The results of this study further emphasize the need to preserve acaricide chemistry through rotation of active ingredients used to control ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S G Tucker
- Entomology and Nematology Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Emma N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Jessica Rowland
- Environmental and Global Heath Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Jason Tidwell
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Edinburg, TX 78541
| | - Robert J Miller
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Edinburg, TX 78541
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Cavalleri D, Murphy M, Gorbea RL, Seewald W, Drake J, Nanchen S. Laboratory evaluations of the immediate and sustained effectiveness of lotilaner (Credelio™) against three common species of ticks affecting dogs in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:527. [PMID: 29089050 PMCID: PMC5664927 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a continuing need for novel approaches to tick control in dogs. One such approach lies in the ability of lotilaner (Credelio™), an isoxazoline with a rapid onset of action, to provide sustained efficacy against ticks. Two studies were undertaken to confirm lotilaner's efficacy, at the minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg, against the three most common tick species in Europe. METHODS In each of two studies, 16 Beagle dogs, at least 6 months old, were ranked and blocked by tick counts from infestations placed approximately 1 week before treatment. Within blocks, dogs were randomized to receive either lotilaner flavoured chewable tablets at as close as possible to, but not less than the minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg, or to be sham-treated controls. Study 1 assessed lotilaner efficacy against concurrent infestations with 50 (± 6) Rhipicephalus sanguineus and 70 (± 6) Ixodes ricinus; Study 2 infestations were with 50 (± 2) Dermacentor reticulatus. Infestations were performed on Day -2 with counts on Day 2, 48 (± 2) hours post-treatment. Post-treatment infestations were performed on Days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, and ticks were counted 48 (±2) hours post-infestations. Efficacy was determined by the percent reduction in mean live tick counts. RESULTS Control group infestations for each tick species were adequate for assessing lotilaner efficacy at all assessment times. On Day 2 no live ticks were found on any lotilaner-treated dog. For subsequent counts, in Study 1 lotilaner was 100% effective in eliminating live I. ricinus and R. sanguineus on all but two occasions for each tick; on each of those occasions efficacy was sustained at greater than 98.0%. In Study 2, except for a single unattached live tick found on Day 16, efficacy against D. reticulatus was 100% at every post-treatment assessment. CONCLUSION The high and sustained efficacy against the three common species of ticks in Europe, R. sanguineus, I. ricinus and D. reticulatus, demonstrates that lotilaner can be a valuable tool in the treatment of canine tick infestations. Lotilaner flavoured chewable tablets were well tolerated and effectiveness was sustained through at least 35 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Murphy
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Seewald
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Drake
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, Indiana 46140 USA
| | - Steve Nanchen
- Elanco Animal Health, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Ferreira LL, Oliveira Filho JGD, Mascarin GM, León AAPD, Borges LMF. In vitro repellency of DEET and β-citronellol against the ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and Amblyomma sculptum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 239:42-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Bolio-González ME. First report of amitraz and cypermethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato infesting dogs in Mexico. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:72-77. [PMID: 27859488 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were collected from dogs in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. Fourteen tick populations were collected from dogs at seven veterinary clinics, four residential homes and three cattle farms. The larval immersion test was used in the progeny of collected adult females to test susceptibility to amitraz and cypermethrin. Dose-mortality regressions, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50 ), confidence intervals and slope were estimated by probit analysis. For amitraz, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and low inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident [resistance ratios (RRs) at LC50 : 1.0-13.0]. For cypermethrin, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and substantial inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident (RRs at LC50 : 1.0-104.0). Thus, amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. is common, but generally occurs at low levels; however, alarmingly high levels of cypermethrin resistance are present in R. sanguineus s.l. populations in dogs in Yucatán, Mexico. The intensive use of both acaricides to control ectoparasites on dogs is likely to lead to more serious resistance problems that may cause high levels of control failure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M M Ojeda-Chi
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - I Trinidad-Martinez
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M E Bolio-González
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Laboratory and field evaluation of brown dog tick behavioral responses to potential semiochemicals. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:226-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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