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Li M, Yang Y, Wang P, Que W, Zhong L, Cai Z, Liu Y, Yang L, Liu Y. Transcriptome dynamics of the BHK21 cell line in response to human coronavirus OC43 infection. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127750. [PMID: 38761489 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The progress of viral infection involves numerous transcriptional regulatory events. The identification of the newly synthesized transcripts helps us to understand the replication mechanisms and pathogenesis of the virus. Here, we utilized a time-resolved technique called metabolic RNA labeling approach called thiol(SH)-linked alkylation for the metabolic sequencing of RNA (SLAM-seq) to differentially elucidate the levels of steady-state and newly synthesized RNAs of BHK21 cell line in response to human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection. Our results showed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was significantly enriched with the newly synthesized transcripts of BHK21 cell line in response to HCoV-OC43 infection. Moreover, inhibition of the Wnt pathway promoted viral replication in the early stage of infection, but inhibited it in the later stage of infection. Furthermore, remdesivir inhibits the upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by early infection with HCoV-OC43. Collectively, our study showed the diverse roles of Wnt/β-catenin pathway at different stages of HCoV-OC43 infection, suggesting a potential target for the antiviral treatment. In addition, although infection with HCoV-OC43 induces cytopathic effects in BHK21 cells, inhibiting apoptosis does not affect the intracellular replication of the virus. Monitoring newly synthesized RNA based on such time-resolved approach is a highly promising method for studying the mechanism of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianhuan Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Pusen Wang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Que
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Cai
- Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co.,Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, People's Republic of China.
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Van Loy B, Stevaert A, Naesens L. The coronavirus nsp15 endoribonuclease: A puzzling protein and pertinent antiviral drug target. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105921. [PMID: 38825019 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has bolstered unprecedented research efforts to better understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus (CoV) infections and develop effective therapeutics. We here focus on non-structural protein nsp15, a hexameric component of the viral replication-transcription complex (RTC). Nsp15 possesses uridine-specific endoribonuclease (EndoU) activity for which some specific cleavage sites were recently identified in viral RNA. By preventing accumulation of viral dsRNA, EndoU helps the virus to evade RNA sensors of the innate immune response. The immune-evading property of nsp15 was firmly established in several CoV animal models and makes it a pertinent target for antiviral therapy. The search for nsp15 inhibitors typically proceeds via compound screenings and is aided by the rapidly evolving insight in the protein structure of nsp15. In this overview, we broadly cover this fascinating protein, starting with its structure, biochemical properties and functions in CoV immune evasion. Next, we summarize the reported studies in which compound screening or a more rational method was used to identify suitable leads for nsp15 inhibitor development. In this way, we hope to raise awareness on the relevance and druggability of this unique CoV protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Van Loy
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
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Andrup L, Krogfelt KA, Stephansen L, Hansen KS, Graversen BK, Wolkoff P, Madsen AM. Reduction of acute respiratory infections in day-care by non-pharmaceutical interventions: a narrative review. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1332078. [PMID: 38420031 PMCID: PMC10899481 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1332078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Children who start in day-care have 2-4 times as many respiratory infections compared to children who are cared for at home, and day-care staff are among the employees with the highest absenteeism. The extensive new knowledge that has been generated in the COVID-19 era should be used in the prevention measures we prioritize. The purpose of this narrative review is to answer the questions: Which respiratory viruses are the most significant in day-care centers and similar indoor environments? What do we know about the transmission route of these viruses? What evidence is there for the effectiveness of different non-pharmaceutical prevention measures? Design Literature searches with different terms related to respiratory infections in humans, mitigation strategies, viral transmission mechanisms, and with special focus on day-care, kindergarten or child nurseries, were conducted in PubMed database and Web of Science. Searches with each of the main viruses in combination with transmission, infectivity, and infectious spread were conducted separately supplemented through the references of articles that were retrieved. Results Five viruses were found to be responsible for ≈95% of respiratory infections: rhinovirus, (RV), influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (CoV), and adenovirus (AdV). Novel research, emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggests that most respiratory viruses are primarily transmitted in an airborne manner carried by aerosols (microdroplets). Conclusion Since airborne transmission is dominant for the most common respiratory viruses, the most important preventive measures consist of better indoor air quality that reduces viral concentrations and viability by appropriate ventilation strategies. Furthermore, control of the relative humidity and temperature, which ensures optimal respiratory functionality and, together with low resident density (or mask use) and increased time outdoors, can reduce the occurrence of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Andrup
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, PandemiX Center, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene Stephansen
- Gladsaxe Municipality, Social and Health Department, Gladsaxe, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peder Wolkoff
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shamabadi NS, Bagasra AB, Pawar S, Bagasra O. Potential use of endemic human coronaviruses to stimulate immunity against pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Libyan J Med 2023; 18:2209949. [PMID: 37186902 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2023.2209949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans, there is a wide range of disease outcomes following virus exposures. Some individuals are asymptomatic while others develop complications within a few days after infection that can lead to fatalities in a smaller portion of the population. In the present study, we have analyzed the factors that may influence the outcome of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. One factor that may influence virus control is pre-existing immunity conferred by an individual's past exposures to endemic coronaviruses (eCOVIDs) which cause the common cold in humans and generally, most children are exposed to one of the four eCOVIDs before 2 years of age. Here, we have carried out protein sequence analyses to show the amino acid homologies between the four eCOVIDs (i.e. OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63) as well as examining the cross-reactive immune responses between SARS-CoV-2 and eCOVIDs by epidemiologic analyses. Our results show that the nations where continuous exposures to eCOVIDs are very high due to religious and traditional causes showed significantly lower cases and low mortality rates per 100,000. We hypothesize that in the areas of the globe where Muslims are in majority and due to religious practices are regularly exposed to eCOVIDs they show a significantly lower infection, as well as mortality rate, and that is due to pre-existing cross-immunity against SARS-CoV-2. This is due to cross-reactive antibodies and T-cells that recognize SARS-CoV-2 antigens. We also have reviewed the current literature that has also proposed that human infections with eCOVIDs impart protection against disease caused by subsequent exposure to SARS-CoV-2. We propose that a nasal spray vaccine consisting of selected genes of eCOVIDs would be beneficial against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisah B Bagasra
- Department of Psychology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Shrikant Pawar
- Department of Computer Science and Biology, Claflin University, SC, USA
| | - Omar Bagasra
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC, USA
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Park H, Kim KR, Huh HJ, Yoon Y, Park E, Cho J, Lee J, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim YJ. Complications of the Central Nervous System in Pediatric Patients With Common Cold Coronavirus Infection During 2014-2019. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e358. [PMID: 38013644 PMCID: PMC10681840 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric patients, the common cold coronavirus (ccCoV) usually causes mild respiratory illness. There are reports of coronavirus causing central nervous system (CNS) infection in experimental animal models. Some immunocompromised patients have also been reported to have fatal CNS infections with ccCoV. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of CNS complications related to ccCoV infection. METHODS From January 2014 to December 2019, a retrospective analysis was performed of medical records from hospitalized patients under 19 years of age whose ccCoV was detected through polymerase chain reaction in respiratory specimens. The CNS complications were defined as clinically diagnosed seizure, meningitis, encephalopathy, and encephalitis. RESULTS A total of 436 samples from 420 patients were detected as ccCoV. Among the 420 patients, 269 patients were immunocompetent and 151 patients were immunocompromised. The most common type of ccCoV was OC43 (52% in immunocompetent, 37% in immunocompromised). CNS complications were observed in 9.4% (41/436). The most common type of CNS complication was the fever-provoked seizure under pre-existing neurologic disease (42% in immunocompetent and 60% in immunocompromised patients). Among patients with CNS complications, two immunocompetent patients required intensive care unit admission due to encephalitis. Three patients without underlying neurological disease started anti-seizure medications for the first time at this admission. There was no death related to ccCoV infection. CONCLUSION ccCoV infection may cause severe clinical manifestations such as CNS complications or neurologic sequelae, even in previously healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanhee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ran Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonsun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Esther Park
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongbum Cho
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Watanabe N, Hirose R, Yamauchi K, Miyazaki H, Bandou R, Yoshida T, Doi T, Inoue K, Dohi O, Yoshida N, Uchiyama K, Ishikawa T, Takagi T, Konishi H, Ikegaya H, Nakaya T, Itoh Y. Evaluation of Environmental Stability and Disinfectant Effectiveness for Human Coronavirus OC43 on Human Skin Surface. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0238122. [PMID: 36840603 PMCID: PMC10100891 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02381-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental stability of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) on the surface of human skin and the effectiveness of disinfectant against HCoV-OC43, which are important to prevent contact transmission, have not been clarified in previous studies. Using previously generated models, we evaluated HCoV-OC43 stability and disinfection effectiveness. Then we compared the results with those for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The median survival time of HCoV-OC43 on the surface of human skin was 24.6 h (95% confidence interval, 19.7 to 29.6 h), which was higher than that of SARS-CoV-2 (10.8 h). Although the in vitro disinfectant effectiveness evaluation showed that HCoV-OC43 has a higher ethanol resistance than SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-OC43 on the skin surface was completely inactivated by a minimum of 50% ethanol within 5 s (the log reduction values were >4.0). Moreover, 1.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.2% benzalkonium chloride showed relatively high disinfectant effectiveness, and the log reduction values when these disinfectants were applied for 15 s were >3.0. HCoV-OC43 is highly stable on the skin surface, which may increase the risk of contact transmission. Although HCoV-OC43 has relatively high ethanol resistance, appropriate hand hygiene practices with current alcohol-based disinfectants sufficiently reduce the risk of contact transmission. IMPORTANCE This study revealed the environmental stability of HCoV-OC43 and disinfectant effectiveness against HCoV-OC43, which had not been demonstrated in previous studies. HCoV-OC43 is highly stable on the surface of human skin, with a survival time of approximately 25 h. High stability of HCoV-OC43 may increase the risk of contact transmission. Furthermore, the in vitro disinfectant effectiveness evaluation showed that HCoV-OC43, which is classified as an envelope virus, has a relatively high ethanol resistance. This finding suggests that disinfectant effectiveness may vary greatly depending on the virus and that each virus targeted for infection control should be evaluated individually. HCoV-OC43 on the skin surface was rapidly inactivated by 50% ethanol, which suggests that appropriate hand hygiene practices with current alcohol-based disinfectants can sufficiently reduce the risk of HCoV-OC43 contact transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Watanabe
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuma Yamauchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyazaki
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Bandou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Forensics Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Yoshida
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Doi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Dohi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naohisa Yoshida
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Konishi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegaya
- Department of Forensics Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Kim MI, Lee C. Human Coronavirus OC43 as a Low-Risk Model to Study COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020578. [PMID: 36851792 PMCID: PMC9965565 DOI: 10.3390/v15020578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had irreversible and devastating impacts on every aspect of human life. To better prepare for the next similar pandemic, a clear understanding of coronavirus biology is a prerequisite. Nevertheless, the high-risk nature of the causative agent of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), requires the use of a cumbersome biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) confinement facility. To facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against SARS-CoV-2, one of the endemic strains of low-risk coronaviruses has gained attention as a useful research alternative: human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43). In this review, its history, classification, and clinical manifestations are first summarized. The characteristics of its viral genomes, genes, and evolution process are then further explained. In addition, the host factors necessary to support the life cycle of HCoV-OC43 and the innate, as well as adaptive, immunological responses to HCoV-OC43 infection are discussed. Finally, the development of in vitro and in vivo systems to study HCoV-OC43 and its application to the discovery of potential antivirals for COVID-19 by using HCoV-OC43 models are also presented. This review should serve as a concise guide for those who wish to use HCoV-OC43 to study coronaviruses in a low-risk research setting.
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Alsulami AO, Chahine R, Kong M, Kimberlin DW, Whitley RJ, James SH. Impact of human coronavirus infections on paediatric patients at a tertiary paediatric hospital: a retrospective study of the prepandemic era. J Hosp Infect 2023; 134:27-34. [PMID: 36682627 PMCID: PMC9850843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are important respiratory pathogens in humans and animals. Most HCoVs are emerging pathogens, with five known human pathogens identified in the last two decades. AIM To examine the clinical course of HCoV infection in children to improve understanding of severity and outcomes. METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken of all encounters of children with known HCoV infection at a tertiary paediatric hospital from January 2015 to January 2018. Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic data, HCoV type, viral co-pathogens, time to testing, need for hospitalization, requirement for higher-level care (HLC) including intensive care unit management and requirement for oxygen support, radiographic findings suggestive of lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease, and length of stay (LOS). FINDINGS In total, 450 encounters for 430 different patients were identified, with the majority (85%) being inpatient. OC43 was the most common HCoV. Younger patients (age <5 years) had higher probability of hospitalization [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.1], requirement for HLC (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.1) and presence of LRT findings on chest radiographs (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.01-2.9). Clinical outcomes did not differ between HCoV types, except LOS which was longer for 229E. Fifty-two (11%) encounters were detected after 3 days of hospitalization (median 25.5 days), suggesting possible nosocomial infection. CONCLUSION HCoVs are important respiratory pathogens in the paediatric population, especially among patients aged <5 years who are at increased risk for severe disease. The role of HCoVs as hospital-acquired pathogens may be underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Alsulami
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Paediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - R Chahine
- Research Triangle Institute International, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - D W Kimberlin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R J Whitley
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S H James
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Frutos AM, Balmaseda A, Vydiswaran N, Patel M, Ojeda S, Brouwer A, Tutino R, Cai S, Bakker K, Sanchez N, Lopez R, Kuan G, Gordon A. Burden and seasonality of primary and secondary symptomatic common cold coronavirus infections in Nicaraguan children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13078. [PMID: 36494188 PMCID: PMC9835451 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the need for an increased understanding of coronavirus epidemiology. In a pediatric cohort in Nicaragua, we evaluate the seasonality and burden of common cold coronavirus (ccCoV) infection and evaluate likelihood of symptoms in reinfections. METHODS Children presenting with symptoms of respiratory illness were tested for each of the four ccCoVs (NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1). Annual blood samples collected before ccCoV infection were tested for antibodies against each ccCoV. Seasonality was evaluated using wavelet and generalized additive model (GAM) analyses, and age-period effects were investigated using a Poisson model. We also evaluate the risk of symptom presentation between primary and secondary infections. RESULTS In our cohort of 2576 children from 2011 to 2016, we observed 595 ccCoV infections and 107 cases of ccCoV-associated lower respiratory infection (LRI). The overall incidence rate was 61.1 per 1000 person years (95% confidence interval (CI): 56.3, 66.2). Children under two had the highest incidence of ccCoV infections and associated LRI. ccCoV incidence rapidly decreases until about age 6. Each ccCoV circulated throughout the year and demonstrated annual periodicity. Peaks of NL63 typically occurred 3 months before 229E peaks and 6 months after OC43 peaks. Approximately 69% of symptomatic ccCoV infections were secondary infections. There was slightly lower risk (rate ratio (RR): 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97) of LRI between secondary and primary ccCoV infections among participants under the age of 5. CONCLUSIONS ccCoV spreads annually among children with the greatest burden among ages 0-1. Reinfection is common; prior infection is associated with slight protection against LRI among the youngest children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Frutos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Health Center Sócrates Flores VivasMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnósticoy ReferenciaMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
| | - Nivea Vydiswaran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Mayuri Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Andrew Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Rebecca Tutino
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Shuwei Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Kevin Bakker
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Roger Lopez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnósticoy ReferenciaMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
- Sustainable Sciences InstituteManaguaNicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Health Center Sócrates Flores VivasMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
- Sustainable Sciences InstituteManaguaNicaragua
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Sadeghi S, Peikar M, Sadeghi E, Darakhshandeh A, Ghafel S, Aalinezhad M, Sadeghi A, Sharifi M, Nasri E. Evaluation of clinical outcomes, laboratory and imaging data of patients with solid tumor infected with COVID-19 infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 13:77-86. [PMID: 36721840 PMCID: PMC9884339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is associated with higher mortality rates in patients with cancer. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes, and laboratory and imaging data of patients with solid tumor infected with COVID-19 infection. METHODS This is a cross-sectional retrospective study performed in 2020-2022 on 85 patients with a previous diagnosis of solid tumors infected with COVID-19. We included all patients with tumors of solid organs that were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and required hospitalization those patients previously hospitalized for treatments and were infected with COVID-19 during hospitalization. Demographic data of patients were collected using a checklist. We collected data regarding clinical outcome (discharge, hospitalization or death), duration of hospitalization, requiring ICU admission, duration of hospitalization divided by received drugs and type of tumor and mean survival time. Furthermore, we collected laboratory data from all patients. The radiologic characteristics of patients were also extracted from their data. RESULTS Breast cancer was the most common solid tumor (34.9%), followed by lung cancer (19.3%). The mortality rate was 24.1% (20 patients). The highest mortality rate in this study was for metastatic intestinal cancer to the lung (100%, one patient), followed by metastatic prostatic cancer to lung (50%, three patients). The highest hospitalization duration was for patients with glioblastoma multiform (GBM) (30 days). The mean survival time among patients with mortality was 19.15±1.80 days. The mean CT severity score of all patients was 27.53±22.90. Patient's most common radiologic sign was air space consolidation (89.1%). The highest CT severity score was found in patients with stomach cancer (46.67±5.77). CONCLUSION The mortality rate in this study was 24.1%. Based on the results of our study and previous research, special care should be provided to patients with solid tumors during the COVID-19 pandemic and in infected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Sadeghi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadsaleh Peikar
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Research Consultation Center (RCC), Shiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Darakhshandeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Safie Ghafel
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Research Core Facilities Laboratory, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Aalinezhad
- Department of Radiology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Mehran Sharifi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
| | - Elahe Nasri
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan, Iran
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11
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Rahman M, Khan SR, Alamgir ASM, Kennedy DS, Hakim F, Evers ES, Afreen N, Alam AN, Islam MS, Paul D, Bhuiyan R, Islam R, Moureen A, Salimuzzaman M, Billah MM, Sharif AR, Akter MK, Sultana S, Khan MH, von Harbou K, Zaman MM, Shirin T, Flora MS. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh 2020: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e066653. [PMID: 36410810 PMCID: PMC9679871 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, the fraction of asymptomatic infections, and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infections among the Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMNs). DESIGN It was a population-based two-stage cross-sectional study at the level of households. SETTING The study was conducted in December 2020 among household members of the FDMN population living in the 34 camps of Ukhia and Teknaf Upazila of Cox's Bazar district in Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS Among 860 697 FDMNs residing in 187 517 households, 3446 were recruited for the study. One individual aged 1 year or older was randomly selected from each targeted household. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Blood samples from respondents were tested for total antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 using Wantai ELISA kits, and later positive samples were validated by Kantaro kits. RESULTS More than half (55.3%) of the respondents were females, aged 23 median (IQR 14-35) years and more than half (58.4%) had no formal education. Overall, 2090 of 3446 study participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The weighted and test adjusted seroprevalence (95% CI) was 48.3% (45.3% to 51.4%), which did not differ by the sexes. Children (aged 1-17 years) had a significantly lower seroprevalence 38.6% (95% CI 33.8% to 43.4%) compared with adults (58.1%, 95% CI 55.2% to 61.1%). Almost half (45.7%, 95% CI 41.9% to 49.5%) of seropositive individuals reported no relevant symptoms since March 2020. Antibody seroprevalence was higher in those with any comorbidity (57.8%, 95% CI 50.4% to 64.5%) than those without (47.2%, 95% CI 43.9% to 50.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of all subjects identified increasing age and education as risk factors for seropositivity. In children (≤17 years), only age was significantly associated with the infection. CONCLUSIONS In December 2020, about half of the FDMNs had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, including those who reported no history of symptoms. Periodic serosurveys are necessary to recommend appropriate public health measures to limit transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubur Rahman
- Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Samsad Rabbani Khan
- Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Alamgir
- Virology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David S Kennedy
- WHO Emergency Sub-Office, World Health Organization, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdous Hakim
- Research and Publication, World Health Organization Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Egmond Samir Evers
- WHO Emergency Sub-Office, World Health Organization, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Nawroz Afreen
- Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Nawsher Alam
- Virology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahidul Islam
- Research and Publication, World Health Organization Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Debashish Paul
- WHO Emergency Sub-Office, World Health Organization, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Rijwan Bhuiyan
- Co-ordination Center, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Raisul Islam
- WHO Emergency Sub-Office, World Health Organization, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Adneen Moureen
- IEDCR Field Laboratory, World Health Organization, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - M Salimuzzaman
- Zoonosis, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mallick Masum Billah
- Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Raihan Sharif
- Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Khaleda Akter
- Research and Publication, World Health Organization Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- Virology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Manjur Hossain Khan
- Virology, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kai von Harbou
- WHO Emergency Sub-Office, World Health Organization, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tahmina Shirin
- Director, Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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12
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Chow EJ, Casto AM, Rogers JH, Roychoudhury P, Han PD, Xie H, Mills MG, Nguyen TV, Pfau B, Cox SN, Wolf CR, Hughes JP, Uyeki TM, Rolfes MA, Mosites E, Shim MM, Duchin JS, Sugg N, Starita LA, Englund JA, Chu HY. The clinical and genomic epidemiology of seasonal human coronaviruses in congregate homeless shelter settings: A repeated cross-sectional study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 15:100348. [PMID: 35996440 PMCID: PMC9387177 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background The circulation of respiratory viruses poses a significant health risk among those residing in congregate settings. Data are limited on seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections in homeless shelter settings. Methods We analysed data from a clinical trial and SARS-CoV-2 surveillance study at 23 homeless shelter sites in King County, Washington between October 2019-May 2021. Eligible participants were shelter residents aged ≥3 months with acute respiratory illness. We collected enrolment data and nasal samples for respiratory virus testing using multiplex RT-PCR platform including HCoV. Beginning April 1, 2020, eligibility expanded to shelter residents and staff regardless of symptoms. HCoV species was determined by RT-PCR with species-specific primers, OpenArray assay or genomic sequencing for samples with an OpenArray relative cycle threshold <22. Findings Of the 14,464 samples from 3281 participants between October 2019-May 2021, 107 were positive for HCoV from 90 participants (median age 40 years, range: 0·9-81 years, 38% female). HCoV-HKU1 was the most common species identified before and after community-wide mitigation. No HCoV-positive samples were identified between May 2020-December 2020. Adults aged ≥50 years had the highest detection of HCoV (11%) among virus-positive samples among all age-groups. Species and sequence data showed diversity between and within HCoV species over the study period. Interpretation HCoV infections occurred in all congregate homeless shelter site age-groups with the greatest proportion among those aged ≥50 years. Species and sequencing data highlight the complexity of HCoV epidemiology within and between shelters sites. Funding Gates Ventures, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Chow
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda M. Casto
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia H. Rogers
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter D. Han
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hong Xie
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret G. Mills
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tien V. Nguyen
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Pfau
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah N. Cox
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin R. Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James P. Hughes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy M. Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa A. Rolfes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily Mosites
- Office of the Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M. Mia Shim
- Public Health – Seattle & King County, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Duchin
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health – Seattle & King County, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nancy Sugg
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lea A. Starita
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Kulesza J, Kulesza E, Koziński P, Karpik W, Broncel M, Fol M. BCG and SARS-CoV-2-What Have We Learned? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101641. [PMID: 36298506 PMCID: PMC9610589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite controversy over the protective effect of the BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in adults, it has been used worldwide since 1921. Although the first reports in the 1930s had noted a remarkable decrease in child mortality after BCG immunization, this could not be explained solely by a decrease in mortality from TB. These observations gave rise to the suggestion of nonspecific beneficial effects of BCG vaccination, beyond the desired protection against M. tuberculosis. The existence of an innate immunity-training mechanism based on epigenetic changes was demonstrated several years ago. The emergence of the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 revived the debate about whether the BCG vaccine can affect the immune response against the virus or other unrelated pathogens. Due to the mortality of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), it is important to verify each factor that may have a potential protective value against the severe course of COVID-19, complications, and death. This paper reviews the results of numerous retrospective studies and prospective trials which shed light on the potential of a century-old vaccine to mitigate the pandemic impact of the new virus. It should be noted, however, that although there are numerous studies intending to verify the hypothesis that the BCG vaccine may have a beneficial effect on COVID-19, there is no definitive evidence on the efficacy of the BCG vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kulesza
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kulesza
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Koziński
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Outpatient Clinic, Health Facility Unit in Łęczyca, Zachodnia 6, 99-100 Łęczyca, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karpik
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Fol
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-72
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14
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Frutos AM, Kubale J, Kuan G, Ojeda S, Vydiswaran N, Sanchez N, Plazaola M, Patel M, Lopez R, Balmaseda A, Gordon A. SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses: Comparing symptom presentation and severity of symptomatic illness among Nicaraguan children. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000414. [PMID: 35785016 PMCID: PMC9245908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that as SARS-CoV-2 transitions to endemicity, children will represent the greatest proportion of SARS-Co-V-2 infections as they currently do with endemic coronavirus infections. While SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is low for children, it is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infections are distinct in symptom presentation, duration, and severity from endemic coronavirus infections in children. We compared symptom risk and duration of endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) infections from 2011-2016 with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021 in a Nicaraguan pediatric cohort. Blood samples were collected from study participants annually in February-April. Respiratory samples were collected from participants that met testing criteria. Blood samples collected in were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a subset of 2011-2016 blood samples from four-year-old children were tested for endemic HCoV antibodies. Respiratory samples were tested for each of the endemic HCoVs from 2011-2016 and for SARS-CoV-2 from 2020-2021 via rt-PCR. By April 2021, 854 (49%) cohort participants were ELISA positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most participants had antibodies against one alpha and one beta coronavirus by age four. We observed 595 symptomatic endemic HCoV infections from 2011-2016 and 121 symptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021. Symptom presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and endemic coronavirus infections were very similar, and SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infections were as or less severe on average than endemic HCoV infections. This suggests that, for children, SARS-CoV-2 may be just another endemic coronavirus. However, questions about the impact of variants and the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Frutos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - John Kubale
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Health Center Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Nivea Vydiswaran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Nery Sanchez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Miguel Plazaola
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - May Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Roger Lopez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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15
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Domachowske J. A Primer on the Eight Coronaviruses Known to Infect Humans. Pediatr Ann 2022; 51:e186-e190. [PMID: 35575540 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20220314-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Of the 45 currently recognized species of coronaviruses, eight are known to infect humans. All eight target the respiratory tract, with illness manifestations ranging from trivial cold-like symptoms to life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome. The origin of most coronaviruses pathogenic to humans appears to be from strains that first replicate in bats before spreading to other mammalian species, ultimately making their way to humans. The four recognized endemic coronaviruses only rarely cause severe illness, whereas outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and 2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus-associated infections are linked with substantial morbidity and mortality. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(5):e186-e190.].
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16
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Heimdal I, Valand J, Krokstad S, Moe N, Christensen A, Risnes K, Nordbø SA, Døllner H. Hospitalized Children With Common Human Coronavirus Clinical Impact of Codetected Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e95-e101. [PMID: 35001055 PMCID: PMC8826606 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical impact of common human coronavirus (cHCoV) remains unclear. We studied the clinical manifestations of pediatric cHCoV infections and the possible modifying effects of codetected human rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). METHODS We used data from an 11-year-long prospective study of hospitalized children with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for cHCoV OC43, NL63, HKU1 and 229E, and 15 other respiratory viruses. We assessed disease severity based on the clinical factors hospitalization length, oxygen requirement, other respiratory support and supplementary fluids. RESULTS cHCoV was detected in 341 (8%) of 4312 children. Among 104 children with single cHCoV detections, 58 (56%) had lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and 20 (19%) developed severe disease. The proportion with severe disease was lower among single cHCoV detections compared with single RSV detections (338 of 870; 39%), but similar to single RV detections (136 of 987; 14%). Compared with single cHCoV, codetected cHCoV-RSV was more often associated with LRTI (86 of 89; 97%) and severe disease (adjusted odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-6.7). LRTI was more frequent in codetected cHCoV-RV (52 of 68; 76%) than single cHCoV, but the risk of severe disease was lower (adjusted odds ratios, 0.3; 95% confidence interval: 0.1-1.0). CONCLUSIONS cHCoV was associated with severe LRTI in hospitalized children. Viral codetections were present in two-thirds. Codetections of cHCoV-RV were associated with lower proportions of severe disease, suggesting a modifying effect of RV on HCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Heimdal
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim
| | - Jonas Valand
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim
| | - Sidsel Krokstad
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim
| | - Nina Moe
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Christensen
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim
| | - Kari Risnes
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim
| | - Henrik Døllner
- From the Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Frutos AM, Kubale J, Kuan G, Ojeda S, Vydiswaran N, Sanchez N, Plazaola M, Patel M, Lopez R, Balmaseda A, Gordon A. SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronaviruses: Comparing symptom presentation and severity of symptomatic illness among Nicaraguan children.. [PMID: 35075460 PMCID: PMC8786229 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.09.21267537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that as SARS-CoV-2 transitions to endemicity, children will represent the greatest proportion of SARS-Co-V-2 infections as they currently do with endemic coronavirus infections. While SARS-CoV-2 infection severity is low for children, it is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infections are distinct in symptom presentation, duration, and severity from endemic coronavirus infections in children. We compared symptom risk and duration of endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) infections from 2011–2016 with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021 in a Nicaraguan pediatric cohort. Blood samples were collected from study participants annually in February-April. Respiratory samples were collected from participants that met testing criteria. Blood samples collected in were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a subset of 2011–2016 blood samples from four-year-old children were tested for endemic HCoV antibodies. Respiratory samples were tested for each of the endemic HCoVs from 2011–2016 and for SARS-CoV-2 from 2020–2021 via rt-PCR. By April 2021, 854 (49%) cohort participants were ELISA positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most participants had antibodies against one alpha and one beta coronavirus by age four. We observed 595 symptomatic endemic HCoV infections from 2011–2016 and 121 symptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 infections from March 2020-September 2021. Symptom presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and endemic coronavirus infections were very similar, and SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic infections were as or less severe on average than endemic HCoV infections. This suggests that, for children, SARS-CoV-2 may be just another endemic coronavirus. However, questions about the impact of variants and the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 remain.
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18
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Kawataki M, Ito A, Ishida T. Pneumonia Due to Human Coronavirus OC43 in an Immunocompetent Adult Detected by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Intern Med 2021; 60:3497-3501. [PMID: 34433714 PMCID: PMC8627821 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7450-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 40-year-old woman developed a fever, sore throat, and cough. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was suspected; chest CT showed pan-lobular ground-glass opacity in the bilateral lower lobes suggesting viral pneumonia. Although a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) test for COVID-19 using a nasopharyngeal swab was negative, she was hospitalized and isolated because COVID-19 could not be ruled out. After admission, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2.1 from a nasopharyngeal swab was positive for human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43. Therefore, the diagnosis was pneumonia due to HCoV-OC43. Multiplex PCR is useful for differentiating pneumonia due to COVID-19 from that due to other viral pneumonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawataki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ohara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ohara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ohara Healthcare Foundation, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Japan
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19
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Suzuki Y, Hishiki T, Emi A, Sakaguchi S, Itamura R, Yamamoto R, Matsuzawa T, Shimotohno K, Mizokami M, Nakano T, Yamamoto N. Strong alkaline electrolyzed water efficiently inactivates SARS-CoV-2, other viruses, and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 575:36-41. [PMID: 34455219 PMCID: PMC8381626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Air spaces and material surfaces in a pathogen-contaminated environment can often be a source of infection to humans, and disinfection has become a common intervention focused on reducing the contamination levels. In this study, we examined the efficacy of SAIW, a unique electrolyzed water with chlorine-free, high pH, high concentration of dissolved hydrogen, and low oxygen reduction potential, for the inactivation of several viruses and bacteria. Infectivity assays revealed that initial viral titers of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human coronavirus, feline calicivirus, and canine parvovirus, were reduced by 2.9- to 5.5-log10 within 30 s of SAIW exposure. Similarly, the culturability of three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Legionella) dropped down by 1.9- to 4.9-log10 within 30 s of SAIW treatment. Mechanistically, treatment with SAIW was found to significantly decrease the binding and subsequent entry efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 on Vero cells. Finally, we showed that this chlorine-free electrolytic ion water had no acute inhalation toxicity in mice, demonstrating that SAIW holds promise for a safer antiviral and antibacterial disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Hishiki
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki, Japan
| | - Akino Emi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Ronko Itamura
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rain Yamamoto
- Intelligence for Medical and Nutritional Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan.
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20
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Aguiar VRC, Augusto DG, Castelli EC, Hollenbach JA, Meyer D, Nunes K, Petzl-Erler ML. An immunogenetic view of COVID-19. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20210036. [PMID: 34436508 PMCID: PMC8388242 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting the challenges brought by the COVID-19 pandemic requires an interdisciplinary approach. In this context, integrating knowledge of immune function with an understanding of how genetic variation influences the nature of immunity is a key challenge. Immunogenetics can help explain the heterogeneity of susceptibility and protection to the viral infection and disease progression. Here, we review the knowledge developed so far, discussing fundamental genes for triggering the innate and adaptive immune responses associated with a viral infection, especially with the SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms. We emphasize the role of the HLA and KIR genes, discussing what has been uncovered about their role in COVID-19 and addressing methodological challenges of studying these genes. Finally, we comment on questions that arise when studying admixed populations, highlighting the case of Brazil. We argue that the interplay between immunology and an understanding of genetic associations can provide an important contribution to our knowledge of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R. C. Aguiar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia
Evolutiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danillo G. Augusto
- University of California, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences,
Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética, Curitiba,
PR, Brazil
| | - Erick C. Castelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu,
Departamento de Patologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- University of California, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences,
Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diogo Meyer
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia
Evolutiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia
Evolutiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Kesheh MM, Hosseini P, Soltani S, Zandi M. An overview on the seven pathogenic human coronaviruses. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2282. [PMID: 34339073 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been detected: HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. Four of these viruses, including HCoV-NL63, -229E, -HKU1 and -OC43, usually cause mild-to-moderate respiratory diseases with a seasonal pattern. Since 2000, three new HCoVs have emerged with a significant mortality rate. Although SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV caused an epidemic in some countries, SARS-CoV-2 escalated into a pandemic. All HCoVs can cause severe complications in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The bat origin of HCoVs, the presence of intermediate hosts and the nature of their viral replication suggest that other new coronaviruses may emerge in the future. Despite the fact that all HCoVs share similarities in viral replication, they differ in their accessory proteins, incubation period and pathogenicity. This study aims to review these differences between the seven HCoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mobini Kesheh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Neta FI, Fernandes ACL, Vale AJM, Pinheiro FI, Cobucci RN, Azevedo EPD, Guzen FP. Pathophysiology and possible treatments for olfactory-gustatory disorders in patients affected by COVID-19. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100035. [PMID: 34870148 PMCID: PMC8178068 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells mainly through the interaction between the virus's Spike protein and the viral receptors namely Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Both are highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, in the nasal and bronchial epithelium, as well as in the type II alveolar epithelial cells. The aim of this review is to report the evidences from the scientific literature on the pathophysiology and the available treatments for olfactory-gustatory disorders in patients with COVID-19. The mechanisms involved in these disorders are still unclear and studies on specific therapies are scarce. However, it has been hypothesized that a decrease in the sensitivity of the sensory neurons as well as the co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the alveolar epithelial cells are the main causes of olfactory-gustatory disorders. The possible mechanisms described in the literature for changes in taste perception in patients with COVID-19 include olfactory disorders and a competitive activity of COVID-19 on ACE2 receptors in the taste buds. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can bind to sialic acid receptors in the taste buds. In general, evidences show that there is no specific treatment for olfactory-taste disorders induced by SARS-CoV-2, even though some treatments have been used and have shown some promising results, such as olfactory training, intranasal application of sodium citrate and vitamin A, as well as systemic use of omega-3 and zinc. Corticosteroids have also been used as a pharmacological approach to treat patients with olfactory dysfunction with some contradictory results. The knowledge of the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 influences the sensory systems and how effective therapies can treat the loss of smell and taste will have important implications on the understanding and clinical management of olfactory-taste disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Idalina Neta
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Brazil
| | - Amélia Carolina Lopes Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Brazil
- Nurse Department, Nurse School, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Adson José Martins Vale
- Tocogynecology Department, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
| | - Francisco Irochima Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
- Medical School, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ney Cobucci
- Tocogynecology Department, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
- Medical School, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
| | - Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities – Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, Brazil
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23
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Nicol MP, MacGinty R, Workman L, Stadler JAM, Myer L, Allen V, Ah Tow Edries L, Zar HJ. A Longitudinal Study of the Epidemiology of Seasonal Coronaviruses in an African Birth Cohort. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:607-614. [PMID: 33528016 PMCID: PMC7928775 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since non-epidemic, seasonal human coronaviruses (sHCoV) commonly infect children, an improved understanding of the epidemiology of these infections may offer insights into the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2. We investigated the epidemiology of sHCoV infection during the first year of life, including risk factors and association with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of infants enrolled in a birth cohort near Cape Town, South Africa, from 2012 to 2015. LRTI surveillance was implemented, and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected fortnightly over infancy. Quantitative PCR detected respiratory pathogens, including coronaviruses-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1. Swabs were tested from infants at the time of LRTI and from the 90 days prior as well as from age-matched control infants from the cohort over the equivalent period. RESULTS In total, 885 infants were included, among whom 464 LRTI events occurred. Of the 4751 samples tested for sHCoV, 9% tested positive, with HCoV-NL63 the most common. Seasonal HCoV detection was associated with LRTI; this association was strongest for coronavirus-OC43, which was also found in all sHCoV-associated hospitalizations. Birth in winter was associated with sHCoV-LRTI, but there were no clear seasonal differences in detection. Co-detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae was weakly associated with sHCoV-LRTI (odds ratio: 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 0.9-3.6); detection of other respiratory viruses or bacteria was not associated with sHCoV status. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal HCoV infections were common and associated with LRTI, particularly sHCoV-OC43, which is most closely related to the SARS group of coronaviruses. Interactions of coronaviruses with bacteria in the pathogenesis of LRTI require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Nicol
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacob A M Stadler
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Veronica Allen
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lemese Ah Tow Edries
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Richards KA, Glover M, Crawford JC, Thomas PG, White C, Sant AJ. Circulating CD4 T Cells Elicited by Endemic Coronaviruses Display Vast Disparities in Abundance and Functional Potential Linked to Antigen Specificity and Age. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1555-1563. [PMID: 33556959 PMCID: PMC7928818 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated infections with endemic human coronaviruses (hCoV) are thought to reflect lack of long-lasting protective immunity. We evaluated circulating human CD4 T cells collected prior to 2020 for reactivity towards hCoV spike proteins, probing for the ability to produce interferon-γ, interleukin-2, or granzyme B. We found robust reactivity to spike-derived epitopes, comparable to influenza, but highly variable abundance and functional potential across subjects, depending on age and viral antigen specificity. To explore potential of these memory cells to be recruited in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we examined the subjects for cross-reactive recognition of epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, membrane/envelope, and spike. Functional potential of these cross-reactive CD4 T cells was highly variable; nucleocapsid-specific CD4 T cells but not spike-reactive cells showed exceptionally high levels of granzyme production upon stimulation. These results are considered in light of recruitment of hCoV-reactive cells into responses to SARS-CoV infections or vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Maryah Glover
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy C Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chantelle White
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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25
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Maple PAC. Population (Antibody) Testing for COVID-19-Technical Challenges, Application and Relevance, an English Perspective. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060550. [PMID: 34073985 PMCID: PMC8225097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the UK, population virus or antibody testing using virus swabs, serum samples, blood spots or oral fluids has been performed to a limited extent for several diseases including measles, mumps, rubella and hepatitis and HIV. The collection of population-based infection and immunity data is key to the monitoring of disease prevalence and assessing the effectiveness of interventions such as behavioural modifications and vaccination. In particular, the biological properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its interaction with the human host have presented several challenges towards the development of population-based immunity testing. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 immunity requires the development of antibody assays of acceptable sensitivity and specificity which are capable of accurately detecting seroprevalence and differentiating protection from non-protective responses. Now that anti-COVID-19 vaccines are becoming available there is a pressing need to measure vaccine efficacy and the development of herd immunity. The unprecedented impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic and social disruption has mobilized a national scientific effort to learn more about this virus. In this article, the challenges of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in relation to population-based immunity testing, will be considered and examples given of relevant national level studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. C. Maple
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Molecular (COVID) Department, UK Lighthouse Laboratory, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
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26
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Georgakopoulou VE, Petsinis G, Mantzouranis K, Damaskos C, Melemeni D, Gkoufa A, Chlapoutakis S, Garmpis N, Sklapani P, Trakas N, Tsiafaki X. First Detection of Human Coronavirus HKU1 in Greece, in an Immunocompromised Patient With Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Acta Med Litu 2021; 28:121-126. [PMID: 34393634 PMCID: PMC8311844 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2021.28.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) is a RNA virus which gets in the human cells by binding to the receptor of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid. Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs), including HCoV-HKU1, are globally found. HCoV-HKU1 is responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections, usually with mild symptoms. In severe cases, HCoV-HKU1 can cause life-threatening respiratory illness especially in vulnerable hosts such as elderly, children and immunocompromised patients. In Greece, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza are the most common viruses causing respiratory tract infections. Traditionally, HCoVs are responsible for less than 3% of respiratory infections in Greek population. HCoVs 229E and OC43 have been shown to circulate in Greece. We report the first case of lung infection in an immunocompromised woman due to HCoV-HKU1, that has never been before detected in Greece. HCoV-HKU1 is related to severe disease even in healthy individuals and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christos Damaskos
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | | | - Aikaterini Gkoufa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Garmpis
- Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Trakas
- Department of Biochemistry, Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Xanthi Tsiafaki
- 1 Pulmonology Department Sismanogleio Hospital, Athens, Greece
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27
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Karimzadeh S, Bhopal R, Nguyen Tien H. Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: comparison with other respiratory viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e96. [PMID: 33849679 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202007.0613.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is pandemic. Prevention and control strategies require an improved understanding of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics. We did a rapid review of the literature on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics with a focus on infective dose. We sought comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We examined laboratory animal and human studies. The literature on infective dose, transmission and routes of exposure was limited specially in humans, and varying endpoints were used for measurement of infection. Despite variability in animal studies, there was some evidence that increased dose at exposure correlated with higher viral load clinically, and severe symptoms. Higher viral load measures did not reflect coronavirus disease 2019 severity. Aerosol transmission seemed to raise the risk of more severe respiratory complications in animals. An accurate quantitative estimate of the infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in humans is not currently feasible and needs further research. Our review suggests that it is small, perhaps about 100 particles. Further work is also required on the relationship between routes of transmission, infective dose, co-infection and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Karimzadeh
- School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH3 9AG, UK
| | - Huy Nguyen Tien
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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28
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Karimzadeh S, Bhopal R, Nguyen Tien H. Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: comparison with other respiratory viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e96. [PMID: 33849679 PMCID: PMC8082124 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is pandemic. Prevention and control strategies require an improved understanding of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics. We did a rapid review of the literature on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics with a focus on infective dose. We sought comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We examined laboratory animal and human studies. The literature on infective dose, transmission and routes of exposure was limited specially in humans, and varying endpoints were used for measurement of infection. Despite variability in animal studies, there was some evidence that increased dose at exposure correlated with higher viral load clinically, and severe symptoms. Higher viral load measures did not reflect coronavirus disease 2019 severity. Aerosol transmission seemed to raise the risk of more severe respiratory complications in animals. An accurate quantitative estimate of the infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in humans is not currently feasible and needs further research. Our review suggests that it is small, perhaps about 100 particles. Further work is also required on the relationship between routes of transmission, infective dose, co-infection and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Karimzadeh
- School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH3 9AG, UK
| | - Huy Nguyen Tien
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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29
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Hillen HS. Structure and function of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:82-90. [PMID: 33945951 PMCID: PMC8023233 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses use an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to replicate and express their genome. The RdRp associates with additional non-structural proteins (nsps) to form a replication–transcription complex (RTC) that carries out RNA synthesis, capping and proofreading. However, the structure of the RdRp long remained elusive, thus limiting our understanding of coronavirus genome expression and replication. Recently, the cryo-electron microscopy structure of SARS-CoV-1 RdRp was reported. Driven by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, structural data on the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and associated factors has since emerged at an unprecedented pace, with more than twenty structures released to date. This review provides an overview of the currently available coronavirus RdRp structures and outlines how they have, together with functional studies, led to a molecular understanding of the viral polymerase, its interactions with accessory factors and the mechanisms by which promising antivirals may inhibit coronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke S Hillen
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; Research Group Structure and Function of Molecular Machines, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Kim T, Choi H, Shin TR, Ko Y, Park YB, Kim HI, Jang SH, Jung KS, Kim Y, Lee MG, Chung S, Kim CH, Hyun IG, Sim YS. Epidemiology and clinical features of common community human coronavirus disease. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:2288-2299. [PMID: 34012579 PMCID: PMC8107519 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background We would evaluate the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and prognostic factors of patients of all ages admitted with human corona virus (HCoV). Methods This study was retrospectively performed at five university teaching hospitals between 1st January 2018 and 31th March 2020. Routine molecular testing using for multiplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods was conducted on the respiratory viruses. We assessed the demographics, laboratory findings, and treatment of patients infected with coronavirus. Results There were 807 coronavirus-infected patients from 24,311 patients with respiratory virus PCR test admitted to five hospitals over 27 months. All-cause mortality rates of patients admitted for seasonal HCoV disease were 3.1% in all patients and 10.8% in patients aged ≥18 years. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed in patients aged ≥18 years. After adjusting for other clinical variables, general weakness symptoms [hazard ratio (HR), 2.651; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.147-6.125, P=0.023], National Early Warning Score (NEWS) ≥2 (HR, 5.485; 95% CI, 1.261-23.858, P=0.023), and coronavirus subtype OC43 (HR, 2.500; 95% CI, 1.060-5.897, P=0.036) were significantly associated with death from coronavirus. Conclusions Coronavirus infection can reveal a higher mortality rate in patients of ≥18 than those of <18 years, thus, adult patients require more careful treatment. Furthermore, in adult patients, the factors associated with death from coronavirus include general weakness symptoms, NEWS higher than 2, and OC43 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Rim Shin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yousang Ko
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bum Park
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Il Kim
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hun Jang
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Suck Jung
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youlim Kim
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chungcheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Goo Lee
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chungcheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojie Chung
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyu Hyun
- Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Su Sim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Lung Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Atypical HCoV-NL63 Infection in an Infant During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Indian J Pediatr 2021; 88:386-387. [PMID: 33244730 PMCID: PMC7691072 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Jin L, Black W, Sawyer T. Application of Environment-Friendly Rhamnolipids against Transmission of Enveloped Viruses Like SARS-CoV2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020322. [PMID: 33672561 PMCID: PMC7924030 DOI: 10.3390/v13020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of new emerging respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV2, vaccines and drug therapies are not immediately available to curb the spread of infection. Non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as mask-wearing and social distance, can slow the transmission. However, both mask and social distance have not prevented the spread of respiratory viruses SARS-CoV2 within the US. There is an urgent need to develop an intervention that could reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. The key to preventing transmission is to eliminate the emission of SARS-CoV2 from an infected person and stop the virus from propagating in the human population. Rhamnolipids are environmentally friendly surfactants that are less toxic than the synthetic surfactants. In this study, rhamnolipid products, 222B, were investigated as disinfectants against enveloped viruses, such as bovine coronavirus and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The 222B at 0.009% and 0.0045% completely inactivated 6 and 4 log PFU/mL of HSV-1 in 5–10 min, respectively. 222B at or below 0.005% is also biologically safe. Moreover, 50 μL of 222B at 0.005% on ~1 cm2 mask fabrics or plastic surface can inactivate ~103 PFU HSV-1 in 3–5 min. These results suggest that 222B coated on masks or plastic surface can reduce the emission of SARS-CoV2 from an infected person and stop the spread of SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-737-9893
| | - Wendy Black
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Teresa Sawyer
- Electron Microscopy Facility, 145 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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33
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Woldemeskel BA, Kwaa AK, Garliss CC, Laeyendecker O, Ray SC, Blankson JN. Healthy donor T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6631-6638. [PMID: 32966269 PMCID: PMC7685719 DOI: 10.1172/jci143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDT cell responses to the common cold coronaviruses have not been well characterized. Preexisting T cell immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported, and a recent study suggested that this immunity was due to cross-recognition of the novel coronavirus by T cells specific for the common cold coronaviruses.METHODSWe used the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay to characterize the T cell responses against peptide pools derived from the spike protein of 3 common cold coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43) and SARS-CoV-2 in 21 healthy donors (HDs) who were seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 and had no known exposure to the virus. An in vitro expansion culture assay was also used to analyze memory T cell responses.RESULTSWe found responses to the spike protein of the 3 common cold coronaviruses in many of the donors. We then focused on HCoV-NL63 and detected broad T cell responses to the spike protein and identified 22 targeted peptides. Interestingly, only 1 study participant had a significant response to SARS-CoV-2 spike or nucleocapsid protein in the ELISPOT assay. In vitro expansion studies suggested that T cells specific for the HCoV-NL63 spike protein in this individual could also recognize SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptide pools.CONCLUSIONHDs have circulating T cells specific for the spike proteins of HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins were present in only 1 participant and were potentially the result of cross-recognition by T cells specific for the common cold coronaviruses. Further studies are needed to determine whether this cross-recognition influences coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezawit A. Woldemeskel
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abena K. Kwaa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline C. Garliss
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart C. Ray
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Shane AL, Sato AI, Kao C, Adler-Shohet FC, Vora SB, Auletta JJ, Nachman S, Raabe VN, Inagaki K, Akinboyo IC, Woods C, Alsulami AO, Kainth MK, Santos RP, Espinosa CM, Burns JE, Cunningham CK, Dominguez SR, Martinez BL, Zhu F, Crews J, Kitano T, Saiman L, Kotloff K. A Pediatric Infectious Diseases Perspective of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:596-608. [PMID: 32840614 PMCID: PMC7499621 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role that children play in the clinical burden and propagation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, is emerging. While the severe manifestations and acute clinical burden of COVID-19 have largely spared children compared with adults, understanding the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, management, and prevention opportunities and the social and behavioral impacts on child health is vital. Foremost is clarifying the contribution of asymptomatic and mild infections to transmission within the household and community and the clinical and epidemiologic significance of uncommon severe post-infectious complications. Here, we summarize the current knowledge, identify resources, and outline research opportunities. Pediatric infectious diseases clinicians have a unique opportunity to advocate for the inclusion of children in epidemiological, clinical, treatment, and prevention studies to optimize their care as well as to represent children in the development of guidance and policy during pandemic response.
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MESH Headings
- Asymptomatic Diseases
- Betacoronavirus
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Testing
- Child
- Child Health Services
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/prevention & control
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pediatrics
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
- SARS-CoV-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi L Shane
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alice I Sato
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Carol Kao
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Felice C Adler-Shohet
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Surabhi B Vora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffery J Auletta
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sharon Nachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook Children’s, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa N Raabe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, New York University Langone Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kengo Inagaki
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ibukunoluwa C Akinboyo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Abdulsalam O Alsulami
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mundeep K Kainth
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children’s Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Parulan Santos
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, University Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Claudia M Espinosa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Julianne E Burns
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Coleen K Cunningham
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel R Dominguez
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Beatriz Larru Martinez
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Zhu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan Crews
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Taito Kitano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York–Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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35
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Grimwood K, Lambert SB, Ware RS. Endemic Non-SARS-CoV-2 Human Coronaviruses in a Community-Based Australian Birth Cohort. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-009316. [PMID: 32887791 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-009316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 pandemic has drawn attention to the CoV virus family. However, in community settings, there is limited information on these viruses in healthy children. We explored the epidemiology of the 4 endemic (non-severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2) human coronaviruses (HCoVs) by species, including acute illness episodes, risk factors, and health care burden in Australian children in the first 2 years of life. METHODS The Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases community-based cohort was a prospective study of acute respiratory illnesses in children from birth until their second birthday. Parents recorded daily symptoms, maintained an illness-burden diary, and collected weekly nasal swabs, which were tested for 17 respiratory viruses, including HCoVs, by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Overall, 158 children participating in Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases provided 11 126 weekly swabs, of which 168 were HCoV-positive involving 130 incident episodes. HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43 were most commonly detected, accounting for two-thirds of episodes. Whereas 30 children had different HCoVs detected on different occasions, 7 were reinfected with the same species. HCoV incidence in the first 2 years of life was 0.76 episodes per child-year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63 to 0.91), being greatest in the second year (1.06; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.33) and during winter (1.32; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.71). Fifty percent of HCoV episodes were symptomatic, and 24.2% led to health care contact. CONCLUSIONS In children, HCoV infections are common, recurrent, and frequently asymptomatic. In future studies, researchers should determine transmission pathways and immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia; .,Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Using the common cold virus as a naturally occurring vaccine to prevent COVID-19: Lessons from Edward Jenner. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:18797-18803. [PMID: 33049711 PMCID: PMC7732292 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Three recent papers published in Nature, Science and Cell, all present clear evidence that there is cross-reactive T-cell immunity between human coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), linked with the common cold, and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Can we use this information to design and build a new vaccine based on the less pathogenic, common cold coronaviruses, for the prevention of COVID-19? If we look at the history of medicine and vaccine development, from the point of view of Edward Jenner, the answer just might be yes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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37
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Medically Attended Outpatient Coronavirus Infections in Ecuadorean Children During the 20 Months Preceding Countrywide Lockdown Related to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic of 2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e291-e296. [PMID: 32773657 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory tract infections during childhood manifesting as common colds, bronchiolitis, croup and pneumonia. In temperate geographies, HCoV activity peaks between December and March. The epidemiology and manifestations of HCoV infections have not been previously reported from Ecuador. METHODS Children <5 years who presented with ≥2 symptoms consistent with an acute respiratory tract infection were eligible for enrollment. After obtaining informed consent, demographic data and details regarding the acute illness were recorded. Secretions collected with a nasopharyngeal swab underwent diagnostic testing using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 850 subjects were enrolled. A total of 677 (80%) tested positive for at least 1 pathogen, including 49 (7.2%) who tested positive for ≥1 HCoV type. HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent type detected (39%), followed by HCoV-OC43 (27%), 229E (22%) and HKU1 (12%). Nearly all subjects who tested positive for HCoV had nasal congestion or secretions (47/49; 96%). The most frequent syndromic diagnosis was common cold (41%), followed by bronchiolitis (27%). We found no association between the infecting HCoV type and subject's syndromic diagnosis (P > 0.05) or anatomic location of infection (upper vs. lower respiratory tract; P > 0.05). The 2018-2019 peak HCoV activity occurred from October to November; the 2019-2020 peak occurred from January to February. CONCLUSIONS HCoVs were detected in ~7% of outpatient Ecuadorean children <5 years of age with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. The most frequently detected HCoV types, and the period of peak HCoV activity differed for the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons.
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38
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Li Y, Wang X, Nair H. Global Seasonality of Human Seasonal Coronaviruses: A Clue for Postpandemic Circulating Season of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2? J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1090-1097. [PMID: 32691843 PMCID: PMC7454715 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could recur as seasonal outbreaks, a circulating pattern observed among other preexisting human seasonal coronaviruses (sCoVs). However, little is known about seasonality of sCoVs on a global scale. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of data on seasonality of sCoVs. We compared seasonality of sCoVs with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. We modeled monthly activity of sCoVs using site-specific weather data. RESULTS We included sCoV seasonality data in 40 sites from 21 countries. sCoVs were prevalent in winter months in most temperate sites except for China, whereas sCoVs tended to be less seasonal in China and in tropical sites. In temperate sites excluding China, 53.1% of annual sCoV cases (interquartile range [IQR], 34.6%-61.9%) occurred during influenza season and 49.6% (IQR, 30.2%-60.2%) of sCoV cases occurred during respiratory syncytial virus season. Low temperature combined with high relative humidity was associated with higher sCoV activity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that provides an overview of the global seasonality of sCoVs. Our findings offer clues to the possible postpandemic circulating season of SARS-CoV-2 and add to the knowledge pool necessary for postpandemic preparedness for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Wang
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
COVID-19 is a coronavirus responsible for a global pandemic that started in China in December 2019 and has quickly spread to almost all countries. Approximately 2% of cases are diagnosed in children. There is increasing evidence for transmission by asymptomatic or presymptomatic adults and children. The clinical features do not differ from those of other respiratory viral infections, although rare cases manifest an unusual rash involving the digits. Disease is generally mild in children but deaths have been reported. Risk groups for severe disease in children are yet to be delineated. All treatments remain experimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Robinson
- Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dolores Freire
- Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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40
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Ovsyannikova IG, Haralambieva IH, Crooke SN, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. The role of host genetics in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:205-219. [PMID: 32658335 PMCID: PMC7404857 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a review of studies evaluating the role of host (and viral) genetics (including variation in HLA genes) in the immune response to coronaviruses, as well as the clinical outcome of coronavirus-mediated disease. The initial sections focus on seasonal coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. We then examine the state of the knowledge regarding genetic polymorphisms and SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. The article concludes by discussing research areas with current knowledge gaps and proposes several avenues for future scientific exploration in order to develop new insights into the immunology of SARS-CoV-2.
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41
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Leao JC, Gusmao TPDL, Zarzar AM, Leao Filho JC, Barkokebas Santos de Faria A, Morais Silva IH, Gueiros LAM, Robinson NA, Porter S, Carvalho ADAT. Coronaviridae-Old friends, new enemy! Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:858-866. [PMID: 32475006 PMCID: PMC7300831 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviridae is a family of single‐stranded positive enveloped RNA viruses. This article aimed to review the history of these viruses in the last 60 years since their discovery to understand what lessons can be learned from the past. A review of the PubMed database was carried out, describing taxonomy, classification, virology, genetic recombination, host adaptation, and main symptoms related to each type of virus. SARS‐CoV‐2 is responsible for the ongoing global pandemic, and SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV were responsible for causing severe respiratory illness and regional epidemics in the past while the four other strains of CoVs (229‐E OC43, NL63, and HKU1) circulate worldwide and normally only cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. Given the enormous diversity of coronavirus viruses in wildlife and their continuous evolution and adaptation to humans, future outbreaks would undoubtedly occur. Restricting or banning all trade in wild animals in wet markets would be a necessary measure to reduce future zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair Carneiro Leao
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Machado Zarzar
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Narendran Andrew Robinson
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Stephen Porter
- Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery Department, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Incomplete and late recovery of sudden olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 86:490-496. [PMID: 32534982 PMCID: PMC7247498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sudden olfactory dysfunction is a new symptom related to COVID-19, with little data on its duration or recovery rate. Objective To characterize patients with sudden olfactory dysfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially their recovery data. Methods An online survey was conducted by the Brazilian Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery, and Brazilian Academy of Rhinology, including doctors who assessed sudden olfactory dysfunction patients starting after February 1st, 2020. Participants were posteriorly asked by e-mail to verify data on the recovery of sudden olfactory loss and test for COVID-19 at the end of the data collection period. Results 253 sudden olfactory dysfunction patients were included, of which 59.1% were females with median age of 36 years, with a median follow-up period of 31 days. 183 patients (72.3%) had been tested for COVID-19, and of those 145 (79.2%) tested positive. Patients that tested positive for COVID-19 more frequently showed non-specific inflammatory symptoms (89.7% vs. 73.7%; p = 0.02), a lower rate of total recovery of sudden olfactory dysfunction (52.6% vs. 70.3%; p = 0.05) and a longer duration to achieve total recovery (15 days vs. 10 days; p = 0.0006) than the ones who tested negative for COVID-19. Considering only positive-COVID-19 patients, individuals with sudden hyposmia completely recovered more often than the ones with sudden anosmia (68.4% vs. 50.0%; p = 0.04). Conclusion Positive-COVID-19 patients with sudden olfactory dysfunction showed lower total recovery rate and longer duration than negative-COVID-19 patients. Additionally, total recovery was seen more frequently in positive-COVID-19 patients with sudden hyposmia than the ones with sudden anosmia.
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Piccaluga PP, Malerba G, Navari M, Diani E, Concia E, Gibellini D. Cross-Immunization Against Respiratory Coronaviruses May Protect Children From SARS-CoV2: More Than a Simple Hypothesis? Front Pediatr 2020; 8:595539. [PMID: 33537261 PMCID: PMC7849449 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.595539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2020, a new coronavirus was identified as responsible for a pandemic acute respiratory syndrome. The virus demonstrated a high infectious capability and not-neglectable mortality in humans. However, similarly to previous SARS and MERS, the new disease COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 seemed to relatively spare children and younger adults. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain the phenomenon, including lower ACE2 expression in children, cross-immunization from measles/rubella/mumps and BCG-vaccination, as well as the integrity of respiratory mucosa. Herein, we hypothesize that an additional mechanism might contribute to children's relative protection from SARS-CoV-2, the cross-immunization conferred by previous exposures to other common respiratory coronaviruses. To support our hypothesis, we show a statistically significant similarity in genomic and protein sequences, including epitopes for B- and T-cell immunity, of SARS-CoV-2 and the other beta coronaviruses. Since these coronaviruses are highly diffused across pediatric populations, cross-reactive immunity might reasonably induce an at least partial protection from SARS-CoV-2 in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pathology, School of Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Biomolecular strategies, genetics, cutting-edge therapies and neuroscience (SBGN), Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, Section of Biology and Genetics, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, Verona University, Verona, Italy
| | - Ercole Concia
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, Verona University, Verona, Italy
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