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Huang H, Lin M, Sun L, Wang R, Li Y, Qi X. Screening and identification of photoresponse factors in kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) development. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:112. [PMID: 38227080 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light is essential for kiwifruit development, in which photoresponse factors contributes greatly to the quality formation. 'Light sensitive hypocotyls, also known as light-dependent short hypocotyls' (LSH) gene family can participate in fruit development as photoresponse factor. However, the key LSH gene that determine kiwifruit development remains unclear. This study aim to screen and identify the key gene AaLSH9 in A. arguta. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genome-wide identification of the LSH gene family was used to analyse LSH genes in kiwifruit. Homologous cloning was used to confirm the sequence of candidate LSH genes. qRT-PCR and cluster analysis of expression pattern were used to screen the key AaLSH9 gene. Subcellular localization of AaLSH9 in tobacco leaves and overexpression of AaLSH9 in Arabidopsis thaliana hy5 mutant plants were used to define the acting place in cell and identify molecular function, respectively. RESULTS We identified 15 LSH genes, which were divided into two sub-families namely A and B. Domain analysis of A and B showed that they contained different domain organizations, which possibly played key roles in the evolution process. Three LSH genes, AaLSH2, AaLSH9, and AaLSH11, were successfully isolated from Actinidia arguta. The expression pattern and cluster analysis of these three AaLSH genes suggested AaLSH9 might be a key photoresponse gene participating in fruit development in A. arguta. Subcellular localization showed AaLSH9 protein was located in the nucleus. The overexpression of AaLSH9 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana hy5 mutant plants partially complemented the long hypocotyls of hy5 mutant, implying AaLSH9 played a key role as photoresponse factor in cells. In addition, the seed coat color of A. thaliana over-expressing AaLSH9 became lighter than the wide type A.thaliana. Finally, AaCOP1 was confirmed as photoresponse factor to participate in developmental process by stable transgenic A. thaliana. CONCLUSIONS AaLSH9 can be involved in kiwifruit (A. arguta) development as key photoresponse factor. Our results not only identified the photoresponse factors AaLSH9 and AaCOP1 but also provided insights into their key role in fruit quality improvement in the process of light response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crop, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
- Shiyan Economic crops Research Institute, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Miaomiao Lin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crop, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crop, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crop, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukuo Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crop, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crop, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Zhang D, Pan X, Kakar KU, Nawaz Z. Regulation of carotenoid metabolism and ABA biosynthesis during blueberry fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108232. [PMID: 38091932 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids and their derivates play critical physiologic roles in plants. However, these substrates and their metabolism have not been elucidated in fruit of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). In this study, carotenoids and ABA were investigated by LC-MS and their biosynthesis were subject to proteomic analysis during fruit ripening. Activity of CCD1 and NCED1/3 were studied in vivo or in vitro. Also, effects of ethephon and 1-MCP on biosynthesis of carotenoid and ABA were investigated through the expression of corresponding genes using qPCR. As a result, carotenoid biosynthesis was prominently mitigated whereas its metabolism was enhanced during fruit ripening, which resulted in a decrease in the carotenoids. VcCCD1 could both cleave β-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein at positions of 9, 10 (9', 10'), which was mainly responsible for the degradation of these carotenoids. Interestingly, in the situation of mitigation of carotenoid biosynthesis, ABA still rapidly accumulated, which was mainly attributed to the upregulated expression of VcNCED1/3. Notably, VcNCED1/3 also showed a cleavage activity of all-trans-zeaxanthin and a stereospecific cleavage activity of 9-cis-carotene to generate C15-carotenal. The C15-carotenal could be potentially converted to ABA through ZEP-independent ABA biosynthetic pathway during blueberry fruit ripening. Similar to a nature natural maturation, ethylene accelerated the carotenoid degradation and ABA biosynthesis trough downregulating the expression of genes in carotenoid biosynthesis and upregulating the expression of genes in ABA biosynthesis. These information help understand the regulation of carotenoids and ABA, and effects of ethylene on the regulation during blueberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China
| | - Xuhao Pan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Kaleem Ullah Kakar
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Zarqa Nawaz
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
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Feng G, Xu X, Liu W, Hao F, Yang Z, Nie G, Huang L, Peng Y, Bushman S, He W, Zhang X. Transcriptome Profiling Provides Insights into the Early Development of Tiller Buds in High- and Low-Tillering Orchardgrass Genotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16370. [PMID: 38003564 PMCID: PMC10671593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is among the most economically important perennial cool-season grasses, and is considered an excellent hay, pasture, and silage crop in temperate regions worldwide. Tillering is a vital feature that dominates orchardgrass regeneration and biomass yield. However, transcriptional dynamics underlying early-stage bud development in high- and low-tillering orchardgrass genotypes are unclear. Thus, this study assessed the photosynthetic parameters, the partially essential intermediate biomolecular substances, and the transcriptome to elaborate the early-stage profiles of tiller development. Photosynthetic efficiency and morphological development significantly differed between high- (AKZ-NRGR667) and low-tillering genotypes (D20170203) at the early stage after tiller formation. The 206.41 Gb of high-quality reads revealed stage-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs), demonstrating that signal transduction and energy-related metabolism pathways, especially photosynthetic-related processes, influence tiller induction and development. Moreover, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and functional enrichment identified distinctively co-expressed gene clusters and four main regulatory pathways, including chlorophyll, lutein, nitrogen, and gibberellic acid (GA) metabolism pathways. Therefore, photosynthesis, carbohydrate synthesis, nitrogen efficient utilization, and phytohormone signaling pathways are closely and intrinsically linked at the transcriptional level. These findings enhance our understanding of tillering in orchardgrass and perennial grasses, providing a new breeding strategy for improving forage biomass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Feng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoheng Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feigxiang Hao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Nie
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shaun Bushman
- Forage and Range Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 695 North 1100 East, Logan, UT 84322-6300, USA
| | - Wei He
- Grassland Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Pan X, Li B, Yang Q, Yang C, Zhang J, Wu F, Yang A, Li Y. PIF1, a phytochrome-interacting factor negatively regulates drought tolerance and carotenoids biosynthesis in tobacco. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125693. [PMID: 37419268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) function crucially in multiple physiological processes, but the biological functions of some PIFs remain elusive in some species. Here, a PIF transcription factor NtPIF1 was cloned and characterized in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The transcript of NtPIF1 was significantly induced by drought stress treatments, and it localized in the nuclear. Knockout of NtPIF1 by CRISPR/Cas9 system led to the improved drought tolerance of tobacco with increased osmotic adjustment, antioxidant activity, photosynthetic efficiency and decreased water loss rate. On the contrary, NtPIF1-overexpression plants displays drought-sensitive phenotypes. In addition, NtPIF1 reduced the biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and its upstream carotenoids by regulating the expression of genes involved in ABA and carotenoids biosynthetic pathway upon drought stress. Electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase assays illustrated that, NtPIF1 directly bind to the E-box elements within the promoters of NtNCED3, NtABI5, NtZDS and Ntβ-LCY to repress their transcription. Overall, these data suggested that NtPIF1 negatively regulate tobacco adaptive response to drought stress and carotenoids biosynthesis; moreover, NtPIF1 has the potential to develop drought-tolerant tobacco plants using CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China; Shenzhen Yupeng Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Yinchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuhao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bin Li
- Sichuan Tobacco Corporation, Chengdu 610014, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | | | - Fengyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Tang X, Hou Y, Jiang F, Lang H, Li J, Cheng J, Wang L, Liu X, Zhang H. Genome-wide characterization of SINA E3 ubiquitin ligase family members and their expression profiles in response to various abiotic stresses and hormones in kiwifruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107891. [PMID: 37459805 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
SINA (Seven in absentia) proteins in the subtype of E3 ubiquitin ligase family have important functions in regulating the growth and development as well as in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. However, the characteristics and possible functions of SINA family proteins in kiwifruit are not studied. In this research, a total number of 11 AcSINA genes in the kiwifruit genome were identified. Chromosome location and multiple sequence alignment analyses indicated that they were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes and all contained the typical N-terminal RING domain and C-terminal SINA domain. Phylogenetic, gene structure and collinear relationship analyses revealed that they were highly conserved with the same gene structure, and have gone through segmental duplication events. Expression pattern analyses demonstrated that all AcSINAs were ubiquitously expressed in roots, stems and leaves, and were responsive to different abiotic and plant hormone treatments with overlapped but distinct expression patterns. Further yeast two-hybrid and Arabidopsis transformation analyses demonstrated most AcSINAs interacted with itself or other AcSINA members to form homo- or heterodimers, and ectopic expression of AcSINA2 in Arabidopsis led to hypersensitive growth phenotype of transgenic seedlings to ABA treatment. Our results reveal that AcSINAs take part in the response to various abiotic stresses and hormones, and provide important information for the functional elucidation of AcSINAs in vine fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China
| | - Yaqiong Hou
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China
| | - Fudong Jiang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 26 West Gangcheng Avenue, Yantai, Shandong, 265559, China
| | - Hongshan Lang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China
| | - Jianzhao Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China
| | - Jieshan Cheng
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China; Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 5 Qingdao Avenue, Yantai, 265503, China; Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd, North of Beiyuanzhuang Village, Fushan County, Zhaoyuan, Shandong Province, 265400, China.
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Rosas-Saavedra C, Quiroz LF, Parra S, Gonzalez-Calquin C, Arias D, Ocarez N, Lopez F, Stange C. Putative Daucus carota Capsanthin-Capsorubin Synthase (DcCCS) Possesses Lycopene β-Cyclase Activity, Boosts Carotenoid Levels, and Increases Salt Tolerance in Heterologous Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2788. [PMID: 37570943 PMCID: PMC10421225 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are synthesized and accumulated in plastids through a highly regulated pathway. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is a key enzyme involved directly in the synthesis of α-carotene and β-carotene through the cyclization of trans-lycopene. Daucus carota harbors two LCYB genes, of which DcLCYB2 (annotated as CCS-Like) is mostly expressed in mature storage roots, an organ that accumulates high α-carotene and β-carotene content. In this work, we determined that DcLCYB2 of the orange Nantes variety presents plastid localization and encodes for a functional LCYB enzyme determined by means of heterologous complementation in Escherichia coli. Also, ectopic expression of DcLCYB2 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) plants increases total carotenoid content showing its functional role in plants. In addition, transgenic tobacco T2 homozygous plants showed better performance under chronic salt treatment, while kiwi transgenic calli also presented a higher survival rate under salt treatments than control calli. Our results allow us to propose DcLCYB2 as a prime candidate to engineer carotenoid biofortified crops as well as crops resilient to saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosas-Saavedra
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Luis Felipe Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
- Genetics & Biotechnology Lab, Plant & AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Samuel Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Calquin
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Daniela Arias
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Nallat Ocarez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Research Centre, Av. Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago 8820000, Chile
| | - Franco Lopez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
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Brychkova G, de Oliveira CL, Gomes LAA, de Souza Gomes M, Fort A, Esteves-Ferreira AA, Sulpice R, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Degradation in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) from Seedlings to Harvest. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10310. [PMID: 37373458 PMCID: PMC10298985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the commercially important leafy vegetables worldwide. However, lettuce cultivars vary widely in their carotenoid concentrations at the time of harvest. While the carotenoid content of lettuce can depend on transcript levels of key biosynthetic enzymes, genes that can act as biomarkers for carotenoid accumulation at early stages of plant growth have not been identified. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was performed on the inner and outer leaves of the six cultivars at different developmental stages to identify gene-to-metabolite networks affecting the accumulation of two key carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein. Statistical analysis, including principal component analysis, was used to better understand variations in carotenoid concentration between leaf age and cultivars. Our results demonstrate that key enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway can alter lutein and β-carotene biosynthesis across commercial cultivars. To ensure high carotenoids content in leaves, the metabolites sink from β-carotene and lutein to zeaxanthin, and subsequently, abscisic acid needs to be regulated. Based on 2-3-fold carotenoids increase at 40 days after sowing (DAS) as compared to the seedling stage, and 1.5-2-fold decline at commercial stage (60 DAS) compared to the 40 DAS stage, we conclude that the value of lettuce for human nutrition would be improved by use of less mature plants, as the widely-used commercial stage is already at plant senescence stage where carotenoids and other essential metabolites are undergoing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Brychkova
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
| | - Cleiton Lourenço de Oliveira
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
- Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras (DAG/ESAL), Aquenta Sol, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Patos de Minas, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Patos de Minas 38700-103, MG, Brazil
| | - Antoine Fort
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Alberto Abrantes Esteves-Ferreira
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter C. McKeown
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
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Wang X, Du L, Wang W, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Wang Y. Functional identification of ZDS gene in apple ( Malus halliana) and demonstration of it's role in improving saline-alkali stress tolerance. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:799-813. [PMID: 37520810 PMCID: PMC10382441 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are powerful antioxidants that mediate transfer of electrons, directly affect abiotic stress responses in plants through regulating activity of antioxidant enzymes. ζ-Carotene desaturase (ZDS) is a key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, which can catalyze ζ-carotene to form lycopene to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation. However, the mechanism of its regulation of saline-alkali stress remains unclear. In this research, based on transcriptomic analysis of Malus halliana with a apple rootstock, we screened out ZDS gene (LOC103451012), with significantly high expression by saline-alkali stress, whose expression in the leaves was 10.8-fold than that of the control (0 h) under 48 h of stress. Subsequently, the MhZDS gene was isolated from M. halliana, and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, and apple calli were successfully obtained through agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. We found that overexpression of MhZDS enhanced the tolerance of A. thaliana, tobacco and apple calli under saline-alkali stress and caused a variety of physiological and biochemical changes: compared with wild-type, transgenic plants grew better under saline stress and MhZDS-OE lines showed higher chlorophyll content, POD, SOD, CAT activities and proline content, lower electrical conductivity and MDA content. These results indicate that MhZDS plays an important role in plant resistance to saline-alkali stress, providing excellent resistance genes for the regulatory network of salinity stress response in apples and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of apple varieties with strong saline-alkali resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01333-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Lei Du
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Wanxia Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Zhongxing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Yanxiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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Zhang J, He L, Dong J, Zhao C, Wang Y, Tang R, Wang W, Ji Z, Cao Q, Xie H, Wu Z, Li R, Yuan L, Jia X. Integrated metabolic and transcriptional analysis reveals the role of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (IbCCD4) in carotenoid accumulation in sweetpotato tuberous roots. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:45. [PMID: 36918944 PMCID: PMC10012543 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant carotenoids are essential for human health, having wide uses in dietary supplements, food colorants, animal feed additives, and cosmetics. With the increasing demand for natural carotenoids, plant carotenoids have gained great interest in both academic and industry research worldwide. Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) enriched with carotenoids is an ideal feedstock for producing natural carotenoids. However, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanism responsible for carotenoid metabolism in sweetpotato tuberous roots. RESULTS In this study, metabolic profiling of carotenoids and gene expression analysis were conducted at six tuberous root developmental stages of three sweetpotato varieties with different flesh colors. The correlations between the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes and carotenoid levels suggested that the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (IbCCD4) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 3 (IbNCED3) play important roles in the regulation of carotenoid contents in sweetpotato. Transgenic experiments confirmed that the total carotenoid content decreased in the tuberous roots of IbCCD4-overexpressing sweetpotato. In addition, IbCCD4 may be regulated by two stress-related transcription factors, IbWRKY20 and IbCBF2, implying that the carotenoid accumulation in sweeetpotato is possibly fine-tuned in responses to stress signals. CONCLUSIONS A set of key genes were revealed to be responsible for carotenoid accumulation in sweetpotato, with IbCCD4 acts as a crucial player. Our findings provided new insights into carotenoid metabolism in sweetpotato tuberous roots and insinuated IbCCD4 to be a target gene in the development of new sweetpotato varieties with high carotenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Liheng He
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.,Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Cailiang Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ruimin Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhixian Ji
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghe Cao
- Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong'e Xie
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Zongxin Wu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.
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10
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Yi L, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Wu N, Wang Y, Dai Z. Genetic mapping of a single nuclear locus determines the white flesh color in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1090009. [PMID: 36824206 PMCID: PMC9941332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flesh color is an important trait in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). Several flesh color genes have been identified in watermelon; however, the inheritance of and the molecular basis underlying the white flesh trait remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, segregation populations were constructed by crossing the canary yellow flesh line HSH-F with the white flesh line Sanbai to fine-map the white flesh gene in watermelon. RESULTS Genetic analysis indicated that the white flesh trait is controlled by a single recessive locus, termed Clwf2. Map-based cloning delimited the Clwf2 locus to a 132.3-kb region on chromosome 6. The candidate region contains 13 putative genes, and four of them-Cla97C06G121860, Cla97C06G121880, Cla97C06G121890, and Cla97C06G121900-were significantly downregulated in the white flesh compared to the canary yellow flesh watermelon fruits. The Cla97C06G121890 gene, which encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat protein, showed almost no expression in the white flesh fruit before maturity, whereas it had a very high expression in the canary yellow flesh fruit at 18 days after pollination. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rounded and regularly shaped chromoplasts in both the canary yellow and white flesh fruits. Further quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of several key plastid division genes and almost the entire carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes were downregulated in the white flesh compared to the canary yellow flesh fruits. DISCUSSION This study suggests that the proliferation inhibition of chromoplasts and downregulation of the CBP genes block the accumulation of carotenoids in watermelon and lead to white flesh. These findings advance and extend the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying white flesh trait formation and carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licong Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zibiao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoyi Dai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Industrial Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Cultivation on Alpine Vegetables (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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Stra A, Almarwaey LO, Alagoz Y, Moreno JC, Al-Babili S. Carotenoid metabolism: New insights and synthetic approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1072061. [PMID: 36743580 PMCID: PMC9891708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1072061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are well-known isoprenoid pigments naturally produced by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as by several heterotrophic microorganisms. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids where they play essential roles in light-harvesting and in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). Genetic engineering of carotenogenesis made possible the enhancement of the nutritional value of many crops. New metabolic engineering approaches have recently been developed to modulate carotenoid content, including the employment of CRISPR technologies for single-base editing and the integration of exogenous genes into specific "safe harbors" in the genome. In addition, recent studies revealed the option of synthetic conversion of leaf chloroplasts into chromoplasts, thus increasing carotenoid storage capacity and boosting the nutritional value of green plant tissues. Moreover, transient gene expression through viral vectors allowed the accumulation of carotenoids outside the plastid. Furthermore, the utilization of engineered microorganisms allowed efficient mass production of carotenoids, making it convenient for industrial practices. Interestingly, manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis can also influence plant architecture, and positively impact growth and yield, making it an important target for crop improvements beyond biofortification. Here, we briefly describe carotenoid biosynthesis and highlight the latest advances and discoveries related to synthetic carotenoid metabolism in plants and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Stra
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamyaa O. Almarwaey
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan C. Moreno
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Xiong Y, He J, Li M, Du K, Lang H, Gao P, Xie Y. Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Mechanism of Color Formation in Yellow-Fleshed Kiwifruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021573. [PMID: 36675098 PMCID: PMC9867141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis), the flesh appeared light pink at the initial stage, the pink faded at the fastest growth stage, and gradually changed into green. At the maturity stage, it showed bright yellow. In order to analyze the mechanism of flesh color change at the metabolic and gene transcription level, the relationship between color and changes of metabolites and key enzyme genes was studied. In this study, five time points (20 d, 58 d, 97 d, 136 d, and 175 d) of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit were used for flavonoid metabolites detection and transcriptome, and four time points (20 d, 97 d, 136 d, and 175 d) were used for targeted detection of carotenoids. Through the analysis of the content changes of flavonoid metabolites, it was found that the accumulation of pelargonidin and cyanidin and their respective anthocyanin derivatives was related to the pink flesh of young fruit, but not to delphinidin and its derivative anthocyanins. A total of 140 flavonoid compounds were detected in the flesh, among which anthocyanin and 76% of the flavonoid compounds had the highest content at 20 d, and began to decrease significantly at 58 d until 175 d, resulting in the pale-pink fading of the flesh. At the mature stage of fruit development (175 d), the degradation of chlorophyll and the increase of carotenoids jointly led to the change of flesh color from green to yellow, in addition to chlorophyll degradation. In kiwifruit flesh, 10 carotenoids were detected, with none of them being linear carotenoids. During the whole development process of kiwifruit, the content of β-carotene was always higher than that of α-carotene. In addition, β-cryptoxanthin was the most-accumulated pigment in the kiwifruit at 175 d. Through transcriptome analysis of kiwifruit flesh, seven key transcription factors for flavonoid biosynthesis and ten key transcription factors for carotenoid synthesis were screened. This study was the first to analyze the effect of flavonoid accumulation on the pink color of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. The high proportion of β-cryptoxanthin in yellow-fleshed kiwifruit was preliminarily found. This provides information on metabolite accumulation for further revealing the pink color of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit, and also provides a new direction for the study of carotenoid biosynthesis and regulation in yellow-fleshed kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junya He
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Mingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kui Du
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hangyu Lang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Zhang L, Tang Z, Zheng H, Zhong C, Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome in Fruits and Roots of Kiwifruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021299. [PMID: 36674815 PMCID: PMC9861564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) roots instead of fruits are widely used as Chinese medicine, but the functional metabolites remain unclear. In this study, we conducted comparative metabolome analysis between root and fruit in kiwifruit. A total of 410 metabolites were identified in the fruit and root tissues, and of them, 135 metabolites were annotated according to the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Moreover, 54 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were shared in root and fruit, with 17 DEMs involved in the flavonoid pathway. Of the 17 DEMs, three flavonols (kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, L-Epicatechin and trifolin) and one dihydrochalcone (phloretin) showed the highest differences in the content level, suggesting that flavonols and dihydrochalcones may act as functional components in kiwifruit root. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to flavonols and dihydrochalcones were highly expressed in root. Moreover, two AP2 transcription factors (TFs), AcRAP2-4 and AcAP2-4, were highly expressed in root, while one bHLH TF AcbHLH62 showed extremely low expression in root. The expression profiles of these TFs were similar to those of the genes related to flavonols and dihydrochalcones, suggesting they are key candidate genes controlling the flavonoid accumulation in kiwifruit. Our results provided an insight into the functional metabolites and their regulatory mechanism in kiwifruit root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhengmin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Q.Z.)
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14
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Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals new tetraploid kiwifruit hybrids with enhanced nutrients. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Transcription Factor CmNAC34 Regulated CmLCYB-Mediated β-Carotene Accumulation during Oriental Melon Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179805. [PMID: 36077205 PMCID: PMC9455964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ripened oriental melon (Cucumis melo) with orange-colored flesh is rich in β-carotene. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is the synthetic enzyme that directly controls the massive accumulation of β-carotene. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying the CmLCYB-mediated β-carotene accumulation in oriental melon is fairly unknown. Here, we screened and identified a transcription factor, CmNAC34, by combining bioinformatics analysis and yeast one-hybrid screen with CmLCYB promoter. CmNAC34 was located in the nucleus and acted as a transcriptional activator. The expression profile of CmNAC34 was consistent with that of CmLCYB during the fruit ripening. Additionally, the transient overexpression of CmNAC34 in oriental melon fruit promoted the expression of CmLCYB and enhanced β-carotene concentration, while transient silence of CmNAC34 in fruit was an opposite trend, which indicated CmNAC34 could modulate CmLCYB-mediated β-carotene biosynthesis in oriental melon. Finally, the yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis assay, and luciferase reporter (LUC) assay indicated that CmNAC34 could bind to the promoter of CmLCYB and positively regulated the CmLCYB transcription level. These findings suggested that CmNAC34 acted as an activator to regulate β-carotene accumulation by directly binding the promoter of CmLCYB, which provides new insight into the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid metabolism during the development and ripening of oriental melon.
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16
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Zhou Y, Lv J, Yu Z, Wang Z, Li Y, Li M, Deng Z, Xu Q, Cui F, Zhou W. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomic analysis of the flavonoid regulatory networks in Sorghum bicolor seeds. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:619. [PMID: 36028813 PMCID: PMC9414139 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to reveal the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in white (Z6), red (Z27) and black (HC4) seeds of the sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) using metabolomics and transcriptomics, to identify different flavonoid metabolites, and to analyze the differentially expressed genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Results We analyzed the metabolomics and transcriptomics data of sweet sorghum seeds. Six hundred and fifty-one metabolites including 171 flavonoids were identified in three samples. Integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that 8 chalcone synthase genes (gene19114, gene19115, gene19116, gene19117, gene19118, gene19120, gene19122 and gene19123) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, were identified and play central role in change of color. Six flavanone including homoeriodictyol, naringin, prunin, naringenin, hesperetin and pinocembrin were main reason for the color difference. Conclusions Our results provide valuable information on the flavonoid metabolites and the candidate genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in sweet sorghum seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhou
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996 Xilamulun Street, Kerqin District, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Lv
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghao Yu
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996 Xilamulun Street, Kerqin District, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Li
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilan Deng
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Xu
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjuan Cui
- Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, No. 996 Xilamulun Street, Kerqin District, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Advances in engineering the production of the natural red pigment lycopene: A systematic review from a biotechnology perspective. J Adv Res 2022; 46:31-47. [PMID: 35753652 PMCID: PMC10105081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lycopene is a natural red compound with potent antioxidant activity that can be utilized both as pigment and as a raw material in functional food, and so possesses good commercial prospects. The biosynthetic pathway has already been documented, which provides the foundation for lycopene production using biotechnology. AIM OF REVIEW Although lycopene production has begun to take shape, there is still an urgent need to alleviate the yield of lycopene. Progress in this area can provide useful reference for metabolic engineering of lycopene production utilizing multiple approaches. Key scientific concepts of review Using conventional microbial fermentation approaches, biotechnologists have enhanced the yield of lycopene by selecting suitable host strains, utilizing various additives, and optimizing culture conditions. With the development of modern biotechnology, genetic engineering, protein engineering, and metabolic engineering have been applied for lycopene production. Extraction from natural plants is the main way for lycopene production at present. Based on the molecular mechanism of lycopene accumulation, the production of lycopene by plant bioreactor through genetic engineering has a good prospect. Here we summarized common strategies for optimizing lycopene production engineering from a biotechnology perspective, which are mainly carried out by microbial cultivation. We reviewed the challenges and limitations of this approach, summarized the critical aspects, and provided suggestions with the aim of potential future breakthroughs for lycopene production in plants.
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18
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Tahir J, Crowhurst R, Deroles S, Hilario E, Deng C, Schaffer R, Le Lievre L, Brendolise C, Chagné D, Gardiner SE, Knaebel M, Catanach A, McCallum J, Datson P, Thomson S, Brownfield LR, Nardozza S, Pilkington SM. First Chromosome-Scale Assembly and Deep Floral-Bud Transcriptome of a Male Kiwifruit. Front Genet 2022; 13:852161. [PMID: 35651931 PMCID: PMC9149279 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.852161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Tahir
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Deroles
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elena Hilario
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Liam Le Lievre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Susan E Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mareike Knaebel
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Manawatu Mail Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Catanach
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - John McCallum
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Paul Datson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Thomson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Simona Nardozza
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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The Effects of Bagging on Color Change and Chemical Composition in ‘Jinyan’ Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effect of bagging on the nutritional quality and color of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), the fruits of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars were analyzed after bagging treatment. Bagging treatment promoted the degreening of mesocarp and increased brightness. Bagging significantly reduced the accumulation of dry matter, titratable acids, starch, sucrose, fructose, and glucose during kiwifruit development. Additionally, bagging significantly reduced the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids during development, whereas after debagging, the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were significantly increased. Gene expression analysis showed that during most of the fruit development periods, the chlorophyll biosynthesis genes AcRCBS, AcGLUTR, and AcCHLG, and degradation genes AcCBR, AcPAO, AcPPH, AcCLH, and AcSGR had significantly lower expression levels in bagged fruit. Bagging also inhibited the expression of carotenoid metabolism genes, especially AcSGR and AcLCYB, which may play a key role in the process of fruit development during bagging by decreasing the accumulation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in kiwifruit. Additionally, bagging significantly reduced the content of AsA. The expression of the AsA biosynthesis genes AcPMI2, AcGPP2, and AcGalDH in bagged fruit was significantly lower than in the control, indicating that these may be the key genes responsible for the difference in the accumulation of AsA after bagging.
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Liao G, Li Y, Wang H, Liu Q, Zhong M, Jia D, Huang C, Xu X. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling analysis of sucrose synthase (SUS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) genes family in Actinidia chinensis and A. eriantha. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:215. [PMID: 35468728 PMCID: PMC9040251 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SUS) is a common sugar-base transfer enzyme in plants, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) is one of the major enzymes in higher plants that regulates sucrose synthesis. However, information of the SPS and SUS gene families in Actinidia, as well as their evolutionary and functional properties, is limited. According to the SPS and SUS proteins conserved domain of Arabidopsis thaliana, we found 6 SPS genes and 6 SUS genes from A. chinensis (cultivar: 'Hongyang'), and 3 SPS genes and 6 SUS genes from A. eriantha (cultivar: 'White'). The novel CDC50 conserved domains were discovered on AcSUS2, and all members of the gene family contain similar distinctive conserved domains. The majority of SUS and SPS proteins were hydrophilic, lipid-soluble enzymes that were expected to be found in the cytoplasm. The tertiary structure of SPS and SUS protein indicated that there were many tertiary structures in SPS, and there were windmill-type and spider-type tertiary structures in SUS. The phylogenetic tree was created using the neighbor-joining method, and members of the SPS and SUS gene families are grouped into three subgroups. Genes with comparable intron counts, conserved motifs, and phosphorylation sites were clustered together first. SPS and SUS were formed through replication among their own family members. AcSPS1, AcSPS2, AcSPS4, AcSPS5, AcSUS5, AcSUS6, AeSPS3, AeSUS3 and AeSUS4 were the important genes in regulating the synthesis and accumulation of sucrose for Actinidia during the fruit growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglian Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yiqi Li
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhong
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Dongfeng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045 Nanchang Jiangxi, P. R. China
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Characterization and Identification of a Ripening-Related Gene AaPG18 in Actinidia arguta. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052597. [PMID: 35269737 PMCID: PMC8910643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinidia arguta (A. arguta) is a kind of climacteric fruit that quickly softens and limits fruit shelf-life and commercial value. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop kiwifruit genotypes with an extended shelf-life of fruit. However, the ripening and softening mechanisms remain unclear in A. arguta. Here, we demonstrated that a key polygalacturonase (PG)-encoding gene AaPG18 was involved in A. arguta ripening through the degradation of the cell wall. Fruits were harvested at three developmental stages (S1, S2, and S3) for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, based on which two candidate transcripts c109562_g1 and c111961_g1 were screened. The genome-wide identification of the PG gene family assigned c109562_g1 and c111961_g1 to correspond to AaPG4 and AaPG18, respectively. The expression profiles of candidate genes at six preharvest stages of fruit showed significantly higher expression levels of AaPG18 than AaPG4, indicating AaPG18 might be a key gene during fruit ripening processes. The subcellular localization displayed AaPG18 was located at the cytoplasmic membrane. The transient overexpression of AaPG18 in strawberry and the following morphological observation suggested AaPG18 played a key role in maintaining the stability of cell morphology. The homologous transient transformation in A. arguta “RB-4” proved the crucial function of AaPG18 in fruit ripening processes by causing the rapid redness of the fruit, which was an indicator of fruit maturity. All in all, our results identified AaPG18 as a key candidate gene involved in cell wall degeneration, which provides a basis for the subsequent exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ripening and softening of A. arguta fruit.
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Gupta K, Wani SH, Razzaq A, Skalicky M, Samantara K, Gupta S, Pandita D, Goel S, Grewal S, Hejnak V, Shiv A, El-Sabrout AM, Elansary HO, Alaklabi A, Brestic M. Abscisic Acid: Role in Fruit Development and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817500. [PMID: 35620694 PMCID: PMC9127668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant growth regulator known for its functions, especially in seed maturation, seed dormancy, adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and leaf and bud abscission. ABA activity is governed by multiple regulatory pathways that control ABA biosynthesis, signal transduction, and transport. The transport of the ABA signaling molecule occurs from the shoot (site of synthesis) to the fruit (site of action), where ABA receptors decode information as fruit maturation begins and is significantly promoted. The maximum amount of ABA is exported by the phloem from developing fruits during seed formation and initiation of fruit expansion. In the later stages of fruit ripening, ABA export from the phloem decreases significantly, leading to an accumulation of ABA in ripening fruit. Fruit growth, ripening, and senescence are under the control of ABA, and the mechanisms governing these processes are still unfolding. During the fruit ripening phase, interactions between ABA and ethylene are found in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. It is clear that ABA regulates ethylene biosynthesis and signaling during fruit ripening, but the molecular mechanism controlling the interaction between ABA and ethylene has not yet been discovered. The effects of ABA and ethylene on fruit ripening are synergistic, and the interaction of ABA with other plant hormones is an essential determinant of fruit growth and ripening. Reaction and biosynthetic mechanisms, signal transduction, and recognition of ABA receptors in fruits need to be elucidated by a more thorough study to understand the role of ABA in fruit ripening. Genetic modifications of ABA signaling can be used in commercial applications to increase fruit yield and quality. This review discusses the mechanism of ABA biosynthesis, its translocation, and signaling pathways, as well as the recent findings on ABA function in fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, India
| | - Shabir H. Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Khudwani, India
- *Correspondence: Shabir H. Wani,
| | - Ali Razzaq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Milan Skalicky,
| | - Kajal Samantara
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, India
| | - Shubhra Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Deepu Pandita
- Government Department of School Education, Jammu, India
| | - Sonia Goel
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Haryana, India
| | - Sapna Grewal
- Bio and Nanotechnology Department, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana
| | - Vaclav Hejnak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Aalok Shiv
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture, and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Institut of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
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Liu Y, Lv G, Chai J, Yang Y, Ma F, Liu Z. The Effect of 1-MCP on the Expression of Carotenoid, Chlorophyll Degradation, and Ethylene Response Factors in 'Qihong' Kiwifruit. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123017. [PMID: 34945569 PMCID: PMC8701096 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of yellow color is an important aspect of fruit quality in yellow fleshed kiwifruit during fruit ripening, and it has a large influence on consumer preference. The yellow color is determined by carotenoid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation and is likely affected by ethylene production. This study investigates the expression of carotenoid, chlorophyll degradation, and ethylene response factors in ‘Qihong’ fruit, which had reached the near ripening stage (firmness ≈ 20 N) and were either left untreated (controls) or treated with 0.5 μL L−1 of 1-MCP for 12 h. Both the accumulation of β-carotene (not lutein) and degradation of chlorophyll a and b increased in response to the 1-MCP treatment, resulting in more yellow colored flesh in the 1-MCP treated fruit with higher carotenoid and lower chlorophyll contents. 1-MCP up-regulated AcLCY-β, AcSGR1, and AcPAO2, but reduced the expression of AcCCD1. These four genes were correlated with the concentrations of β-carotene and the chlorophylls. The expression of three ethylene response factors, including Acc29730, Acc25620, and Acc23763 were delayed and down-regulated in 1-MCP treated fruit, showing the highest correlation with the expression of AcLCY-β, AcSGR1, AcPAO2, and AcCCD1. Dual-Luciferase assays showed that 1-MCP treatment not only eliminated the inhibition of Acc23763 on the promoters of both AcPAO2 and AcLCY-β, but also reduced the activation of Acc29730 and Acc25620 on the AcCCD1 promoter. Our findings indicate that Acc29730, Acc25620, and Acc23763 may play an important role in the response to 1-MCP treatment during the fruit eating ripe stage, which likely altered the promoter activities of carotenoid and chlorophyll-related genes (AcPAO2, AcLCY-β and AcCCD1) to regulate their transcripts, resulting in more yellow color in the fruit flesh of ‘Qihong’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.L.); (G.L.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Guowen Lv
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.L.); (G.L.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Jiaxin Chai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.L.); (G.L.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.L.); (G.L.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Fengwang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.L.); (G.L.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.L.); (G.L.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Li X, Sun J, Chen Z, Jiang J, Jackson A. Metabolite profile and genes/proteins expression in β-citraturin biosynthesis during fruit ripening in Chinese raspberry (Rubus chingii Hu). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:76-86. [PMID: 33819717 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the most abundant pigments in raspberries. Rubus chingii Hu, indigenous to China, is traditionally consumed for health benefits. However, the carotenoid composition and pathways of R. chingii have not yet been studied. In this study, the components of carotenoids and genes/proteins involved in their biosynthesis were investigated during four fruit ripening phases via LC-MS/MS. Zeaxanthin, β-citraurin and its esters, first identified in Rubus, gradually accumulated during fruit maturation. These compounds, rather than anthocyanins, were responsible for the ripe fruit coloration. In carotenoid metabolism, upstream synthesis genes of RcPSY2 (CL1406.Contig2), RcPDS1 (CL7625.Contig2), RcZDS1 (CL590.Contig6) and RcCRTISO1 (CL6919.Contig2) were up-regulated in gene/protein expression to accelerate carotene biosynthesis. Downstream genes of RcLUT5CHYB/CYP97A (CL8884.Contig3) and RcCHYB/BCH (CL7966.Contig1) were up-regulated in gene/protein expression, while RcCHYE/CYP97C (CL9380.Contig1/2) were maintained at low levels. RcLCYE (Unigene19570) was down-regulated while RcLCYB (CL7586.Contig1) was up-regulated and then down-regulated. These differential gene/protein expressions between LCYB and LCYE, and between CHYE and CHYB led to zeaxanthin accumulation by elevating its biosynthetic enzymes and lowering enzymes for lutein biosynthesis. In apocarotenoid biosynthesis, RcCCD (CL1310.Contig3) was up-regulated in gene/protein expression, which raised the content of β-citraurin and its esters. Additionally, these genes/proteins diverged into different subgroups with distinct pattens of expression, suggesting their difference in function. For example, RcPSY1/3, RcZDS2, and RcCRTISO2/3 genes were expressed at very low levels, suggesting that they may be active in other tissues rather than in fruit. The mechanism of zeaxanthin and β-citraurin biosynthesis is responsible for fruit coloration, which is completely novel to Rubus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Jingyong Jiang
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai, 317000, China.
| | - Aaron Jackson
- Aaron Jackson, South Oak, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA.
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Carotenoid Accumulation and the Expression of Carotenoid Metabolic Genes in Mango during Fruit Development and Ripening. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are considered to be important components in mango fruits. However, there is a lack of understanding about the regulation of carotenoids in mango. To gain an insight into the carotenoid metabolism pathway, carotenoid content and the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes were investigated in the peel and pulp of mango during fruit development and ripening in three cultivars, ‘Kaituk’, ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4′, and ‘Nam Dok Mai Sithong’, which are different in color. The highest carotenoid content was observed in ‘Kaituk’, followed by ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4′ and ‘Nam Dok Mai Sithong’, with the major carotenoid being β-carotene. The gene expression analysis found that carotenoid metabolism in mango fruit was primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. The changing patterns of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression (MiPSY, MiPDS, MiZDS, MiCRTISO, MiLCYb, MiLCYe, MiHYb, and MiZEP) were similar to carotenoid accumulation, and ‘Kaituk’ exhibited a higher expression level than the other two cultivars. In addition, the differential regulation of carotenoid catabolic genes was found to be a mechanism responsible for variability in carotenoid content among the three mango cultivars. The expression of carotenoid catabolic genes (MiCCD1, MiNCED2, and MiNCED3) more rapidly decreased in ‘Kaituk’, resulting in a larger amount of carotenoids in ‘Kaituk’ than the other two cultivars.
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Zhu K, Sun Q, Chen H, Mei X, Lu S, Ye J, Chai L, Xu Q, Deng X. Ethylene activation of carotenoid biosynthesis by a novel transcription factor CsERF061. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3137-3154. [PMID: 33543285 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb2) is a critical carotenogenic enzyme, which controls the massive accumulation of downstream carotenoids, especially provitamin A carotenoids, in citrus. Its regulatory metabolism is largely unknown. Here, we identified a group I ethylene response factor, CsERF061, in citrus by yeast one-hybrid screen with the promoter of LCYb2. The expression of CsERF061 was induced by ethylene. Transcript and protein levels of CsERF061 were increased during fruit development and coloration. CsERF061 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, which directly binds to the promoter of LCYb2 and activates its expression. Overexpression of CsERF061 in citrus calli and tomato fruits enhanced carotenoid accumulation by increasing the expression of key carotenoid pathway genes, and increased the number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated concentrations of carotenoids, which was accompanied by changes in the concentrations of abscisic acid and gibberellin. Electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase assays verified that CsERF061 activates the promoters of nine other key carotenoid pathway genes, PSY1, PDS, CRTISO, LCYb1, BCH, ZEP, NCED3, CCD1, and CCD4, revealing the multitargeted regulation of CsERF061. Collectively, our findings decipher a novel regulatory network of carotenoid enhancement by CsERF061, induced by ethylene, which will be useful for manipulating carotenoid accumulation in citrus and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Zhao G. The Genes of CYP, ZEP, and CCD1/4 Play an Important Role in Controlling Carotenoid and Aroma Volatile Apocarotenoid Accumulation of Apricot Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:607715. [PMID: 33391319 PMCID: PMC7775601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.607715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important coloration molecules and indispensable component of the human diet. And these compounds confer most of the apricot fruit yellow or orange color. In China, fruit of some apricot cultivar present light-yellow color but strong flowery flavor, however, the chemical mechanism remains unknown. Here, carotenoids and aroma volatile apocarotenoids (AVAs) in three skin types of apricot cultivars (orange, yellow, and light-yellow skinned) were determined by HPLC and GC-MS, respectively. And the transcript levels of carotenogenic genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The orange-skinned cultivars "Hongyu" and "Danxing" fruit presented the most abundant total carotenoid, β-carotene and specific α-carotene contents, and β-carotene (52-77%) increased to become the dominant carotenoid during fruit ripening. The transcript levels of lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb) and β-carotene hydroxylase (CHYb) sharply increased during ripening. The yellow-skinned cultivars "Sulian No. 2" and "Akeyaleke" fruit contained lower levels of total carotenoids and β-carotene but were rich in phytoene. The light-yellow coloration of "Baixing" and "Luntaixiaobaixing" fruit was attributed to low amounts of total carotenoids, lutein, and neoxanthin and an absence of β-cryptoxanthin, but high level of aroma volatile apocarotenoids (AVAs) such as β-ionone were detected in these cultivars fruit, accompanied by low transcript levels of carotene hydroxylase (CYP) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) but high levels of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) and CCD4. Correlation analysis showed that the expression level of CCD1 negatively correlated with carotenoid accumulation but positively with AVAs production. These collected results suggest that both carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are important for apricot coloration and aroma formation. CYP, ZEP, CCD1, and CCD4 may be the key regulation points for carotenoid and AVAs accumulation in apricot fruit, which provide important targets for quality-oriented molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Xi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengyu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Xu X, Liao G, Huang C, Zhong M, Jia D, Qu X, Liu Q, He Y, Li Y. Differences of sucrose accumulation concentration and related genes expression between two sucrose accumulation types of Actinidia eriantha. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20474. [PMID: 33235266 PMCID: PMC7686340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the investigation of wild Actinidia eriantha in Jiangxi province of China, we found that soluble solids content of fruit was lower than edible standard (14%). However, we found a high-sugar type A. eriantha line (code was ‘MM24’, test material) during investigative process at Nancheng county (E 116° 48′, N 26° 23′, 845 m). We sheared its scions to asexual reproduction in Fengxin County (rootstock was A. deliciosa ‘Miliang 1’ with 7 years old) and at the same time DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) test was also carried out. There were uncontested differences between the two comparative genotypes according to the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it can be judged as a new cultivar. In addition, there was great similarity on most important morphological and quality characteristics. While, there was difference on SSC, DM and TS between the two materials on ripen fruit, these indicators were much higher on test material than on control. The sugar degree assessment showed that the sugar degree of test material was strong and retention time was long. Further, no sucrose was found before DAF 135 d in test material and sucrose were significantly higher than in control only at DAF 165 d and DAF 175 d. The qRT-PCR results of sucrose-related genes showed that the relative expression levels of AcSPS1, AcSPS3, AcSPS5 and AcSUS5 genes were consistent with the sucrose accumulation trend, which was probably the main genes for the difference in sugar degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobiao Xu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China. .,College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanglian Liao
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhong
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Qu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun He
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Li
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Zhu K, Zheng X, Ye J, Jiang Q, Chen H, Mei X, Wurtzel ET, Deng X. Building the Synthetic Biology Toolbox with Enzyme Variants to Expand Opportunities for Biofortification of Provitamin A and Other Health-Promoting Carotenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12048-12057. [PMID: 33073979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a large class of structures that are important in human health and include both provitamin A and nonprovitamin A compounds. Vitamin A deficiency is a global health problem that can be alleviated by enriching provitamin A carotenoids in a range of food crops. Suitable plants for biofortification are those with high levels of the provitamin A biosynthetic precursor, lycopene, which is enzymatically converted by lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) to β-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid. Crops, such as citrus, naturally accumulate high levels of provitamin A and other health-promoting carotenoids. Such plants may have useful genes to expand the synthetic biology toolbox for producing a range of phenotypes, including both high provitamin A crops and crops with unique compositions of health-promoting carotenoids. To examine enzyme variants having different activity levels, we introduced two citrus LCYB alleles into tomato, a plant with fruit rich in lycopene. Overexpression in tomato of the stronger allele of the citrus chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CsLCYb2a) produced "golden" transgenic tomato fruits with 9.3-fold increased levels of β-carotene at up to 1.5 mg/g dry weight. The use of the weaker allele, CsLCYb2b, also led to enhanced levels of β-carotene but in the context of a more heterogeneous composition of carotenoids. From a synthetic biology standpoint, these allelic differences have value for producing cultivars with unique carotenoid profiles. Overexpression of the citrus LCYB genes was accompanied by increased expression of other genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes and increased size and number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated levels of carotenoids in the transgenic tomato fruits. The overexpression of the citrus LCYB genes also led to a pleiotropic effect on profiles of phytohormones and primary metabolites. Our findings show that enzyme variants are essential synthetic biology parts needed to create a wider range of metabolic engineering products. In this case, strong and weak variants of LCYB proved useful in creating dietary sources to alleviate vitamin A deficiency or, alternatively, to create crops with a heterogeneous composition including provitamin A and healthful, nonprovitamin A carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
| | - Xiongjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuehan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York 10468, United States
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4309, United States
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of MOE (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Liao GL, Liu Q, Li YQ, Zhong M, Huang CH, Jia DF, Xu XB. Identification and expression profiling analysis of ascorbate peroxidase gene family in Actinidia chinensis (Hongyang). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:715-726. [PMID: 32506283 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the important antioxidant enzymes in the active oxygen metabolism pathway of plants and animals, especially it is the key enzyme to clear H2O2 in chloroplast and the main enzyme of vitamin C metabolism. However, knowledge about APX gene family members and their evolutionary and functional characteristics in kiwifruit is limited. In this study, we identified 13 members of the APX gene family in the kiwifruit (cultivar: Hongyang) genome according the APX proteins conserved domain of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood split these 13 genes into four groups. The APX gene family members were distributed on nine chromosomes (Nos. 4, 5, 11, 13, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28). Most of the encoded hydrophilic and lipid-soluble enzymes were predicted to be located in the cytoplasm, nucleus and chloroplast. Among them, AcAPX4, AcAPX5, AcAPX8, AcAPX12 were transmembrane proteins, and AcAPX8 and AcAPX12 had the same transmembrane domain. The gene structure analysis showed that AcAPXs were composed of 4-22 introns, except that AcAPX10 was intron-free. Multiple expectation maximization for motif elicitation program (MEME) analyzed 13 APX protein sequences of Actinidia chinensis and identified 10 conserved motifs ranging in length from 15 to 50 amino acid residues. Additionally, the predicted secondary structures of the main motifs consisted of α-helix and random coils. The gene expression of fruits in different growth stages and bagging treatment were determined by qRT-PCR. The results showed that 8 AcAPXs had the highest expression levels during the color turning period and only the gene expression of AcAPX3 was consistent with the ascorbic acid content; five AcAPXs were consistent with the ascorbic acid content after bagging. Our data provided evolutionary and functional information of AcAPX gene family members and revealed the gene expression of different members in different growth stages and bagging treatments These results may be useful for future studies of the structures and functions of AcAPX family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lian Liao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Qi Li
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhong
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Hui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Feng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Biao Xu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University/Kiwifruit Institute of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Cozzolino R, De Giulio B, Petriccione M, Martignetti A, Malorni L, Zampella L, Laurino C, Pellicano M. Comparative analysis of volatile metabolites, quality and sensory attributes of Actinidia chinensis fruit. Food Chem 2020; 316:126340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen X, Yang X, Xie J, Ding W, Li Y, Yue Y, Wang L. Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Key Genes Involved in Major Metabolic Regulation Related to Colored Leaf Formation in Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' during Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040549. [PMID: 32260448 PMCID: PMC7226453 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' not only has a beautiful shape and fresh floral fragrance, but also rich leaf colors that change, making the tree useful for landscaping. In order to study the mechanisms of color formation in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' leaves, we analyzed the colored and green leaves at different developmental stages in terms of leaf pigment content, cell structure, and transcriptome data. We found that the chlorophyll content in the colored leaves was lower than that of green leaves throughout development. By analyzing the structure of chloroplasts, the colored leaves demonstrated more stromal lamellae and low numbers of granum thylakoid. However, there was a large number of plastoglobuli. Using transcriptome sequencing, we demonstrated that the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chlorophyll degradation was upregulated, i.e., heme oxygennase-1 (HO1), pheophorbide a oxidase (PAO), and chlorophyllase-2 (CLH2), affecting the synthesis of chlorophyll in colored leaves. The stay-green gene (SGR) was upregulated in colored leaves. Genes involved in carotenoid synthesis, i.e., phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and 1-Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), were downregulated in colored leaves, impeding the synthesis of carotenoids. In the later stage of leaf development, the downregulated expression of Golden2-Like (GLK) inhibited chloroplast development in colored leaves. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to investigate the correlation between physiological indicators and DEGs, we chose the modules with the highest degree of relevance to chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid metabolism. A total of five genes (HSFA2, NFYC9, TCP20, WRKY3, and WRKY4) were identified as hub genes. These analyses provide new insights into color formation mechanisms in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' leaves at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- College of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, No.1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jun Xie
- College of Fine Arts, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, No.1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Wenjie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuli Li
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-138-0900-7625 (L.W.)
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Jiangsu Province, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.C.); (X.Y.); (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-138-0900-7625 (L.W.)
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Jiang Z, Huang Q, Jia D, Zhong M, Tao J, Liao G, Huang C, Xu X. Characterization of Organic Acid Metabolism and Expression of Related Genes During Fruit Development of Actinidia eriantha 'Ganmi 6'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E332. [PMID: 32151021 PMCID: PMC7154881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on organic acid metabolism have been mainly concentrated on the fruit, whereas, few have focused on the mechanism of high organic acids content in the fruit of Actinidia eriantha. Fruits of 'Ganmi 6' harvested at eleven developmental periods were used as materials. The components and content of organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, the activities of the related enzyme were detected, and gene expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Components of ascorbic acid (AsA) and eight kinds of organic acids were detected. These results showed that quinic acid and citric acid were the main organic acids in the fruit of 'Ganmi 6'. Correlation analysis showed that NADP-Quinate dehydrogenase (NADP-QDH), NADP-Shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP-SDH), and Cyt-Aconitase (Cyt-Aco) may be involved in regulating organic acids biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the SDH gene may play an important role in regulating the accumulation of citric acid. In this study, the activities of NADP-SDH, Mit-Aconitase (Mit-Aco), and NAD-Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH) were regulated by their corresponding genes at the transcriptional level. The activity of Citrate synthase (CS) may be affected by post-translational modification. Our results provided new insight into the characteristics of organic acid metabolism in the fruit of A. eriantha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunhui Huang
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.J.); (Q.H.); (D.J.); (M.Z.); (J.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.J.); (Q.H.); (D.J.); (M.Z.); (J.T.); (G.L.)
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iTRAQ-Based Protein Profiling Provides Insights into the Mechanism of Light-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium). Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121024. [PMID: 31835383 PMCID: PMC6947405 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) flower color is mainly attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Light is one of the key environmental factors that affect the anthocyanin biosynthesis, but the deep molecular mechanism remains elusive. In our previous study, a series of light-induced structural and regulatory genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in the chrysanthemum were identified using RNA sequencing. In the present study, differentially expressed proteins that are in response to light with the capitulum development of the chrysanthemum 'Purple Reagan' were further identified using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technique, and correlation between the proteomic and the transcriptomic libraries was analyzed. In general, 5106 raw proteins were assembled based on six proteomic libraries (three capitulum developmental stages × two light treatments). As many as 160 proteins were differentially expressed between the light and the dark libraries with 45 upregulated and 115 downregulated proteins in response to shading. Comparative analysis between the pathway enrichment and the gene expression patterns indicated that most of the proteins involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were downregulated after shading, which was consistent with the expression patterns of corresponding encoding genes; while five light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins were initially downregulated after shading, and their expressions were enhanced with the capitulum development thereafter. As revealed by correlation analysis between the proteomic and the transcriptomic libraries, GDSL esterase APG might also play an important role in light signal transduction. Finally, a putative mechanism of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in the chrysanthemum was proposed. This study will help us to clearly identify light-induced proteins associated with flower color in the chrysanthemum and to enrich the complex mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis for use in cultivar breeding.
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Chalcone Synthase-Encoding AeCHS is Involved in Normal Petal Coloration in Actinidia eriantha. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120949. [PMID: 31757002 PMCID: PMC6947247 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on anthocyanin biosynthesis have been mainly concentrated on the fruit, whereas few have focused the mechanism of flower coloration in kiwifruit. Here, we report that the structural gene, AeCHS, is involved in anthocyanin accumulation and indispensable for normal petal coloration in Actinidia eriantha. Petals from three different species including Actinidia eriantha (red petals), Actinidia hemsleyana (light pink petals) and Actinidia arguta (white petals) were selected for anthocyanin determination and gene expression analysis. The anthocyanin components in A. eriantha were significantly higher than in A. hemsleyana or A. arguta. Consistently, gene expression profiles suggested that AeCHS expression in A. eriantha was higher than in A. hemsleyana or A. arguta. Cluster analysis showed that AeCHS was clustered into a single group and distinctly separated from other genes, indicating the expression pattern of AeCHS gene was different from any other. Additionally, correlation analysis revealed AeCHS expression significantly correlated with anthocyanin content. The complete coding sequence of AeCHS was cloned from petals of A. eriantha 'Zaoxu', showing the length of AeCHS was 1170 bp encoding a protein of 389 amino acids. AeCHS was located in the cytoplasm, indicating it is indeed a structural gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. AeCHS silencing performed by infiltration grafting-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) reduced petal anthocyanin content and bleached red petals in A. eriantha. Our results confirm a crucial role of AeCHS in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in A. eriantha petals; furthermore, they offer important basic information and constitute a reference point for further research.
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Transcriptome Profiling Provides Insight into the Genes in Carotenoid Biosynthesis during the Mesocarp and Seed Developmental Stages of Avocado ( Persea americana). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174117. [PMID: 31450745 PMCID: PMC6747375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an economically important crop because of its high nutritional value. However, the absence of a sequenced avocado reference genome has hindered investigations of secondary metabolism. For next-generation high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, we obtained 365,615,152 and 348,623,402 clean reads as well as 109.13 and 104.10 Gb of sequencing data for avocado mesocarp and seed, respectively, during five developmental stages. High-quality reads were assembled into 100,837 unigenes with an average length of 847.40 bp (N50 = 1725 bp). Additionally, 16,903 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, 17 of which were related to carotenoid biosynthesis. The expression levels of most of these 17 DEGs were higher in the mesocarp than in the seed during five developmental stages. In this study, the avocado mesocarp and seed transcriptome were also sequenced using single-molecule long-read sequencing to acquired 25.79 and 17.67 Gb clean data, respectively. We identified 233,014 and 238,219 consensus isoforms in avocado mesocarp and seed, respectively. Furthermore, 104 and 59 isoforms were found to correspond to the putative 11 carotenoid biosynthetic-related genes in the avocado mesocarp and seed, respectively. The isoform numbers of 10 out of the putative 11 genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were higher in the mesocarp than those in the seed. Besides, alpha- and beta-carotene contents in the avocado mesocarp and seed during five developmental stages were also measured, and they were higher in the mesocarp than in the seed, which validated the results of transcriptome profiling. Gene expression changes and the associated variations in gene dosage could influence carotenoid biosynthesis. These results will help to further elucidate carotenoid biosynthesis in avocado.
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Transcriptional regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in 'Bluecrop' highbush blueberry fruit during ripening. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220015. [PMID: 31318958 PMCID: PMC6638965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruit accumulate high levels of anthocyanins during ripening, which might be controlled by abscisic acid (ABA), a signal molecule in non-climacteric fruits. For an integrated view of the ripening process from ABA to anthocyanin biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcriptomes of ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberry fruit using RNA-Seq at three ripening stages, categorized based on fruit skin coloration: pale green at ca. 30 days after full bloom (DAFB), reddish purple at ca. 40 DAFB, and dark purple at ca. 50 DAFB. Mapping the trimmed reads against the reference sequences yielded 25,766 transcripts. Of these, 143 transcripts were annotated to encode five ABA biosynthesis enzymes, four ABA signal transduction regulators, four ABA-responsive transcription factors, and 12 anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes between the ripening stages revealed that 11 transcripts, including those encoding nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, SQUAMOSA-class MADS box transcription factor, and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase, were significantly up-regulated throughout the entire ripening stages. In fruit treated with 1 g L−1 ABA, at least nine transcripts of these 11 transcripts as well as one transcript encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase were up-regulated, presumably promoting anthocyanin accumulation and fruit skin coloration. These results will provide fundamental information demonstrating that ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction, and anthocyanin biosynthesis are closely associated with anthocyanin accumulation and skin coloration in highbush blueberry fruit during ripening.
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Jiang CC, Zhang YF, Lin YJ, Chen Y, Lu XK. Illumina ® Sequencing Reveals Candidate Genes of Carotenoid Metabolism in Three Pummelo Cultivars ( Citrus Maxima) with Different Pulp Color. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092246. [PMID: 31067703 PMCID: PMC6539737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is one of important fruit trees, which belongs to Citrus species. The fruits of different pummelo cultivars have different colors and differ in the contents of carotenoid. Our results clearly showed that ‘Huangjinmiyou’ (HJMY) has the highest content of β-carotene, followed by ‘Hongroumiyou’ (HRMY) and ‘Guanximiyou’ (GXMY). Lycopene is dominantly accumulated in HRMY. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the carotenoid accumulation in pummelo flesh is not fully understood. In this study, we used the RNA-Seq technique to investigate the candidate genes of carotenoid metabolism in the flesh of pummelo cv. GXMY and its mutants HRMY and HJMY in three development periods of fruit. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, a total of 357 genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were isolated, of which 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Among these 12 DEGs, phytoene synthase (PSY2), lycopene β-cyclase (LYCB2), lycopene Ɛ-cyclase (LYCE), carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD4), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED2), aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3), and ABA 8′-hydroxylases (CYP707A1) are the most distinct DEGs in three pummelo cultivars. The co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, NAC and WRKY are highly correlated with DEGs, which are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. In addition, the expression patterns of 22 DEGs were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and the results are highly concordant with the RNA-Seq results. Our results provide a global vision of transcriptomic profile among three pummelo cultivars with different pulp colors. These results would be beneficial to further study the molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in pummelo flesh and help the breeding of citrus with high carotenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Jiang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yan-Fang Zhang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yan-Jin Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China.
| | - Xin-Kun Lu
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.
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39
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Varkonyi‐Gasic E, Wang T, Voogd C, Jeon S, Drummond RSM, Gleave AP, Allan AC. Mutagenesis of kiwifruit CENTRORADIALIS-like genes transforms a climbing woody perennial with long juvenility and axillary flowering into a compact plant with rapid terminal flowering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:869-880. [PMID: 30302894 PMCID: PMC6587708 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Annualization of woody perennials has the potential to revolutionize the breeding and production of fruit crops and rapidly improve horticultural species. Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is a recently domesticated fruit crop with a short history of breeding and tremendous potential for improvement. Previously, multiple kiwifruit CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)-like genes have been identified as potential repressors of flowering. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9- mediated manipulation enabled functional analysis of kiwifruit CEN-like genes AcCEN4 and AcCEN. Mutation of these genes transformed a climbing woody perennial, which develops axillary inflorescences after many years of juvenility, into a compact plant with rapid terminal flower and fruit development. The number of affected genes and alleles and severity of detected mutations correlated with the precocity and change in plant stature, suggesting that a bi-allelic mutation of either AcCEN4 or AcCEN may be sufficient for early flowering, whereas mutations affecting both genes further contributed to precocity and enhanced the compact growth habit. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of AcCEN4 and AcCEN may be a valuable means to engineer Actinidia amenable for accelerated breeding, indoor farming and cultivation as an annual crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Varkonyi‐Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Subin Jeon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Revel S. M. Drummond
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew P. Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research)AucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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40
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Ampomah‐Dwamena C, Thrimawithana AH, Dejnoprat S, Lewis D, Espley RV, Allan AC. A kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) R2R3-MYB transcription factor modulates chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:309-325. [PMID: 30067292 PMCID: PMC6585760 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs) regulate diverse plant developmental processes and understanding their roles in controlling pigment accumulation in fruit is important for developing new cultivars. In this study, we characterised kiwifruit TFMYB7, which was found to activate the promoter of the kiwifruit lycopene beta-cyclase (AdLCY-β) gene that plays a key role in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. To determine the role of MYB7, we analysed gene expression and metabolite profiles in Actinidia fruit which show different pigment profiles. The impact of MYB7 on metabolic biosynthetic pathways was then evaluated by overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana followed by metabolite and gene expression analysis of the transformants. MYB7 was expressed in fruit that accumulated carotenoid and Chl pigments with high transcript levels associated with both pigments. Constitutive over-expression of MYB7, through transient or stable transformation of N. benthamiana, altered Chl and carotenoid pigment levels. MYB7 overexpression was associated with transcriptional activation of certain key genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, Chl biosynthesis, and other processes such as chloroplast and thylakoid membrane organization. Our results suggest that MYB7 plays a role in modulating carotenoid and Chl pigment accumulation in tissues through transcriptional activation of metabolic pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ampomah‐Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Amali H. Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Supinya Dejnoprat
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 11600Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)Private Bag 92 169AucklandNew Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand
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41
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Zhang XJ, Gao Y, Wen PF, Hao YY, Chen XX. Cloning and expression analysis of the phytoene synthase gene in ‘Granny Smith’ apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1512379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Institute of Pomology Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Institute of Pomology Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Wen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Institute of Pomology Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Hao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Institute of Pomology Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Xue-Xiong Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Improvement and Utilization in Pomology, Institute of Pomology Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, PR China
- Department of Agricultural Resources Utilization, College of Resources & Environmental Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
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42
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Zhou J, Hunter DA, Lewis DH, McManus MT, Zhang H. Insights into carotenoid accumulation using VIGS to block different steps of carotenoid biosynthesis in petals of California poppy. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1311-1323. [PMID: 29922849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral-induced gene silencing of selected biosynthetic genes decreased overall carotenoid accumulation in California poppy. Regulation of carotenogenesis was linked with pigment sequestration, not changes in biosynthetic gene expression. Genes of carotenogenesis are well described, but understanding how they affect carotenoid accumulation has proven difficult because of plant lethality when the pigments are lacking. Here, we used a Tobacco Rattle Virus-based virus-induced-gene-silencing (VIGS) approach in California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) to investigate how silencing of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes affects carotenoid metabolite accumulation and RNA transcript abundance of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes. VIGS of upstream (PDS and ZDS) and downstream (βOH and ZEP) genes reduced transcript abundance of the targeted genes in the poppy petals while having no effect on abundance of the other carotenogenesis genes. Silencing of PDS, ZDS, βOH and ZEP genes reduced total pigment concentration by 75-90% and altered petal colour. HPLC and LC-MS measurements suggested that petal colour changes were caused by substantially altered pigment profiles and quantity. Carotenoid metabolites were different to those normally detected in wild-type petals accumulated but overall carotenoid concentration was less, suggesting the chemical form of carotenoid was important for whether it could be stored at high amounts. In poppy petals, eschscholtzxanthin and retro-carotene-triol were the predominant carotenoids, present mainly as esters. Specific esterification enzymes for specific carotenoids and/or fatty acids appear key for enabling petal carotenoids to accumulate to high amounts. Our findings argue against a direct role for carotenoid metabolites regulating carotenogenesis genes in the petals of California poppy as transcript abundance of carotenogenesis genes studied was unchanged, while the petal carotenoid metabolite profile changed substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Donald A Hunter
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - David H Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael T McManus
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Huaibi Zhang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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43
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Li Y, Fang J, Qi X, Lin M, Zhong Y, Sun L, Cui W. Combined Analysis of the Fruit Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Actinidia arguta. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051471. [PMID: 29762529 PMCID: PMC5983832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the interrelation between the change of metabolites and the change of fruit color, we performed a combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis of the flesh in two different Actinidia arguta cultivars: "HB" ("Hongbaoshixing") and "YF" ("Yongfengyihao") at two different fruit developmental stages: 70d (days after full bloom) and 100d (days after full bloom). Metabolite and transcript profiling was obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer and high-throughput RNA sequencing, respectively. The identification and quantification results of metabolites showed that a total of 28,837 metabolites had been obtained, of which 13,715 were annotated. In comparison of HB100 vs. HB70, 41 metabolites were identified as being flavonoids, 7 of which, with significant difference, were identified as bracteatin, luteolin, dihydromyricetin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin and (-)-epigallocatechin. Association analysis between metabolome and transcriptome revealed that there were two metabolic pathways presenting significant differences during fruit development, one of which was flavonoid biosynthesis, in which 14 structural genes were selected to conduct expression analysis, as well as 5 transcription factor genes obtained by transcriptome analysis. RT-qPCR results and cluster analysis revealed that AaF3H, AaLDOX, AaUFGT, AaMYB, AabHLH, and AaHB2 showed the best possibility of being candidate genes. A regulatory network of flavonoid biosynthesis was established to illustrate differentially expressed candidate genes involved in accumulation of metabolites with significant differences, inducing red coloring during fruit development. Such a regulatory network linking genes and flavonoids revealed a system involved in the pigmentation of all-red-fleshed and all-green-fleshed A. arguta, suggesting this conjunct analysis approach is not only useful in understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype, but is also a powerful tool for providing more valuable information for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Jinbao Fang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Miaomiao Lin
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Yunpeng Zhong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Leiming Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Wen Cui
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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44
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Zhang JY, Pan DL, Jia ZH, Wang T, Wang G, Guo ZR. Chlorophyll, carotenoid and vitamin C metabolism regulation in Actinidia chinensis 'Hongyang' outer pericarp during fruit development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194835. [PMID: 29579114 PMCID: PMC5868826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA), chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and their associated gene expression patterns were analysed in Actinidia chinensis 'Hongyang' outer pericarp. The results showed chlorophyll degradation during fruit development and softening, exposed the yellow carotenoid pigments. LHCB1 and CLS1 gene expressions were decreased, while PPH2 and PPH3 gene expressions were increased, indicating that downregulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and upregulation of its degradation, caused chlorophyll degradation. A decrease in the expression of the late carotenoid biosynthesis and maintenance genes (LCYB1, LCYE1, CYP1, CYP2, ZEP1, VDE1, VDE2, and NCED2) and degradation gene (CCD1), showed biosynthesis and degradation of carotenoid could be regulatory factors involved in fruit development. Most genes expression data of L-galactose and recycling pathway were agreement with the AsA concentrations in the fruit, suggesting these are the predominant pathways of AsA biosynthesis. GMP1, GME1 and GGP1 were identified as the key genes controlling AsA biosynthesis in 'Hongyang' outer pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (ZRG)
| | - De-Lin Pan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhan-Hui Jia
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhong-Ren Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (ZRG)
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45
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Li Y, Fang J, Qi X, Lin M, Zhong Y, Sun L. A key structural gene, AaLDOX, is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in all red-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) based on transcriptome analysis. Gene 2018; 648:31-41. [PMID: 29309888 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Study on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa) color mainly concentrated in green and yellow-fleshed cultivars, less about molecular mechanism of red-fleshed trait formation, rarely in all red-fleshed fruit. Using 'Tianyuanhong' and 'Yongfengyihao' ('TY', a kind of all red-fleshed cultivar, from Actinidia arguta; 'YF', a kind of all green-fleshed cultivar, also from Actinidia arguta) as experimental material, we performed RNA-seq to obtain 202,742 unigenes with an average length of 603bp and N50 of 873bp via transcriptome data analysis. Of these unigenes, 72,508 (35.76%) were annotated and 997 were assigned to secondary metabolic pathways, of which 104 unigenes were involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. According to the parameter log2fold-change and p-adjusted, 12 differentially expressed structural genes were selected for performing expression profiles and cluster analysis. Physiological traits including color ration, hue angle, and anthocyanin content were also investigated. From the results, we concluded AaLDOX (genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase) maybe the key gene controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in flesh of 'TY' kiwifruit, which promoted accumulation of anthocyanin, finally leading to the red flesh coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, PR China
| | - Jinbao Fang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, PR China.
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, PR China.
| | - Miaomiao Lin
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, PR China.
| | - Yunpeng Zhong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, PR China
| | - Leiming Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, PR China
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46
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Liu Y, Zhou B, Qi Y, Chen X, Liu C, Liu Z, Ren X. Expression Differences of Pigment Structural Genes and Transcription Factors Explain Flesh Coloration in Three Contrasting Kiwifruit Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1507. [PMID: 28919902 PMCID: PMC5586210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruits of kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa) generally have green or yellow flesh when ripe. A small number of genotypes have red flesh but this coloration is usually restricted to the inner pericarp. Three kiwifruit cultivars having red ('Hongyang'), or yellow ('Jinnong-2'), or green ('Hayward') flesh were investigated for their color characteristics and pigment contents during development and ripening. The results show the yellow of the 'Jinnong-2' fruit is due to the combined effects of chlorophyll degradation and of beta-carotene accumulation. The red inner pericarps of 'Hongyang' fruit are due to anthocyanin accumulation. Expression differences of the pathway genes in the inner pericarps of the three different kiwifruits suggest that stay-green (SGR) controls the degradation of chlorophylls, while lycopene beta-cyclase (LCY-β) controls the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. The abundance of anthocyanin in the inner pericarps of the 'Hongyang' fruit is the results of high expressions of UDP flavonoid glycosyltransferases (UFGT). At the same time, expressions of anthocyanin transcription factors show that AcMYBF110 expression parallels changes in anthocyanin concentration, so seems to be a key R2R3 MYB, regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further, transient color assays reveal that AcMYBF110 can autonomously induce anthocyanin accumulation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves by activating the transcription of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (NtDFR), anthocyanidin synthase (NtANS) and NtUFGT. For basic helix-loop-helix proteins (bHLHs) and WD-repeat proteins (WD40s), expression differences show these may depend on AcMYBF110 forming a MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, instead of it having a direct involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yingwei Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Shaanxi Fruit Industry GroupYangling, China
| | - Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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47
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals alterations in the metabolism of Actinidia arguta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5670. [PMID: 28720800 PMCID: PMC5515984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinidia arguta ‘Tianyuanhong’ is a new kiwifruit variety with an all-red pericarp and pulp, in contrast to the all-green pulp of A. arguta ‘Yongfengyihao’. Transcriptome profile analysis of fruit color has been reported, however, the metabolic mechanisms producing red flesh remain unknown, and it is unclear why the pulp of ‘Tianyuanhong’ is red rather than green. Herein, we identified differences between the proteomes of two A. arguta cultivars with different fruit color by using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic methods during the stage of color change. In total, 2310 differentially abundant proteins were detected between the two cultivars at 70 and 100 days after flowering, and the protein functions were analyzed based on KEGG and GO. The largest group of differentially expressed proteins were related to photosynthesis, glyoxylate metabolism, N metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Finally, to verify the iTRAQ data, 12 representative genes encoding differentially expressed proteins were analyzed via quantitative real-time PCR, and these genes differed in transcriptional and translational expression levels. Our proteomic study contributes to understanding the metabolic pathways and biological processes involved in fruit color changes in different cultivars of A. arguta. These data and analyses will provide new insight into the development of kiwifruit flesh color.
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48
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A Study on the Expression of Genes Involved in Carotenoids and Anthocyanins During Ripening in Fruit Peel of Green, Yellow, and Red Colored Mango Cultivars. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017. [PMID: 28643121 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) fruits are generally classified based on peel color into green, yellow, and red types. Mango peel turns from green to yellow or red or retain green colors during ripening. The carotenoids and anthocyanins are the important pigments responsible for the colors of fruits. In the present study, peels of different colored cultivars at three ripening stages were characterized for pigments, colors, and gene expression analysis. The yellow colored cultivar "Arka Anmol" showed higher carotenoid content, wherein β-carotene followed by violaxanthin were the major carotenoid compounds that increased during ripening. The red colored cultivars were characterized with higher anthocyanins with cyanidin-3-O-monoglucosides and peonidin-3-O-glucosides as the major anthocyanins. The gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR showed the higher expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes viz. lycopene-β-cyclase and violaxanthin-de-epoxidase in yellow colored cv. Arka Anmol, and the expression was found to increase during ripening. However, in red colored cv. "Janardhan Pasand," there is increased regulation of all anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including transcription factors MYB and basic helix loop. This indicated the regulation of the anthocyanins by these genes in red mango peel. The results showed that the accumulation pattern of particular pigments and higher expression of specific biosynthetic genes in mango peel impart different colors.
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49
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Osmotic dehydration of organic kiwifruit pre-treated by pulsed electric fields: Internal transport and transformations analyzed by NMR. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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50
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Wisutiamonkul A, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Allan AC, Ketsa S. Carotenoid accumulation in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit is affected by ethylene via modulation of carotenoid pathway gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:308-319. [PMID: 28415031 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid content in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit is an important aspect of fruit quality, with different cultivars distinguished by differing pigmentation. We have studied the dependence of carotenogenesis on ethylene. Fruit of the cultivar 'Chanee' harvested at the mature stage were either left untreated (controls), treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12 h, or treated with application of an aqueous ethephon solution to the stem end, or treated for 12 h with 1-MCP followed by ethephon application. Fruit were then stored for 9 d at 25 °C. Pulp color of durian became steadily yellowish as a result of accumulation of carotenoids, which were mainly beta-carotene, and alpha-carotene, with a minor amount of zeaxanthin and lutein. 1-MCP delayed the increase in the accumulation of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and zeaxanthin, but not lutein. In contrast, ethephon had no significant effect on carotenoid accumulation. The expression of zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene beta-cyclase (LCYB), chromoplast specific lycopene beta-cyclase (CYCB) and beta-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes was highly correlated with carotenoid content and pulp color.1-MCP resulted in significant down-regulation of ZDS, LCYB, CYCB and BCH expression. The accumulation of beta-carotene and alpha-carotene appears to be controlled by the level of expression of LCYB gene, whose function was tested in bacteria to show conversion of lycopene and delta-carotene to beta-carotene and alpha-carotene, respectively. These results suggest that ripening-induced carotenoid accumulation is regulated by endogenous ethylene controlling the expression of key genes such as LCYB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Wisutiamonkul
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
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