1
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Bouchareb A, Biggs D, Alghadban S, Preece C, Davies B. Increasing Knockin Efficiency in Mouse Zygotes by Transient Hypothermia. CRISPR J 2024; 7:111-119. [PMID: 38635329 PMCID: PMC7615915 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2023.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Integration of a point mutation to correct or edit a gene requires the repair of the CRISPR-Cas9-induced double-strand break by homology-directed repair (HDR). This repair pathway is more active in late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, whereas the competing pathway of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) operates throughout the cell cycle. Accordingly, modulation of the cell cycle by chemical perturbation or simply by the timing of gene editing to shift the editing toward the S/G2 phase has been shown to increase HDR rates. Using a traffic light reporter in mouse embryonic stem cells and a fluorescence conversion reporter in human-induced pluripotent stem cells, we confirm that a transient cold shock leads to an increase in the rate of HDR, with a corresponding decrease in the rate of NHEJ repair. We then investigated whether a similar cold shock could lead to an increase in the rate of HDR in the mouse embryo. By analyzing the efficiency of gene editing using single nucleotide polymorphism changes and loxP insertion at three different genetic loci, we found that a transient reduction in temperature after zygote electroporation of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein with a single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide repair template did indeed increase knockin efficiency, without affecting embryonic development. The efficiency of gene editing with and without the cold shock was first assessed by genotyping blastocysts. As a proof of concept, we then confirmed that the modified embryo culture conditions were compatible with live births by targeting the coat color gene tyrosinase and observing the repair of the albino mutation. Taken together, our data suggest that a transient cold shock could offer a simple and robust way to improve knockin outcomes in both stem cells and zygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samy Alghadban
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Biggs D, Chen CM, Davies B. Targeted Integration of Transgenes at the Mouse Gt(ROSA)26Sor Locus. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:299-323. [PMID: 36995674 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of transgenic constructs at single copy into neutral genomic loci avoids the unpredictable outcomes associated with conventional random integration approaches. The Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus on chromosome 6 has been used many times for the integration of transgenic constructs and is known to be permissive for transgene expression and disruption of the gene is not associated with a known phenotype. Furthermore, the transcript made from the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus is ubiquitously expressed and subsequently the locus can be used to drive the ubiquitous expression of transgenes.Here we report a protocol for the generation of targeted transgenic alleles at Gt(ROSA)26Sor, taking as an example a conditional overexpression allele, by PhiC31 integrase/recombinase-mediated cassette exchange of an engineered Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus in mouse embryonic stem cells. The overexpression allele is initially silenced by the presence of a loxP flanked stop sequence but can be strongly activated through the action of Cre recombinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chiann-Mun Chen
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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3
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Kaur G, Porter CBM, Ashenberg O, Lee J, Riesenfeld SJ, Hofree M, Aggelakopoulou M, Subramanian A, Kuttikkatte SB, Attfield KE, Desel CAE, Davies JL, Evans HG, Avraham-Davidi I, Nguyen LT, Dionne DA, Neumann AE, Jensen LT, Barber TR, Soilleux E, Carrington M, McVean G, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Regev A, Fugger L. Mouse fetal growth restriction through parental and fetal immune gene variation and intercellular communications cascade. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4398. [PMID: 35906236 PMCID: PMC9338297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects 5-10% of pregnancies, and can have serious consequences for both mother and child. Prevention and treatment are limited because FGR pathogenesis is poorly understood. Genetic studies implicate KIR and HLA genes in FGR, however, linkage disequilibrium, genetic influence from both parents, and challenges with investigating human pregnancies make the risk alleles and their functional effects difficult to map. Here, we demonstrate that the interaction between the maternal KIR2DL1, expressed on uterine natural killer (NK) cells, and the paternally inherited HLA-C*0501, expressed on fetal trophoblast cells, leads to FGR in a humanized mouse model. We show that the KIR2DL1 and C*0501 interaction leads to pathogenic uterine arterial remodeling and modulation of uterine NK cell function. This initial effect cascades to altered transcriptional expression and intercellular communication at the maternal-fetal interface. These findings provide mechanistic insight into specific FGR risk alleles, and provide avenues of prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurman Kaur
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline B M Porter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Orr Ashenberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jack Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matan Hofree
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Aggelakopoulou
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Subita Balaram Kuttikkatte
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christiane A E Desel
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica L Davies
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hayley G Evans
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Inbal Avraham-Davidi
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lan T Nguyen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danielle A Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lise Torp Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas R Barber
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Soilleux
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Rd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gil McVean
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lars Fugger
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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4
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Tarquis-Medina M, Scheibner K, González-García I, Bastidas-Ponce A, Sterr M, Jaki J, Schirge S, García-Cáceres C, Lickert H, Bakhti M. Synaptotagmin-13 Is a Neuroendocrine Marker in Brain, Intestine and Pancreas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212526. [PMID: 34830411 PMCID: PMC8620464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin-13 (Syt13) is an atypical member of the vesicle trafficking synaptotagmin protein family. The expression pattern and the biological function of this Ca2+-independent protein are not well resolved. Here, we have generated a novel Syt13-Venus fusion (Syt13-VF) fluorescence reporter allele to track and isolate tissues and cells expressing Syt13 protein. The reporter allele is regulated by endogenous cis-regulatory elements of Syt13 and the fusion protein follows an identical expression pattern of the endogenous Syt13 protein. The homozygous reporter mice are viable and fertile. We identify the expression of the Syt13-VF reporter in different regions of the brain with high expression in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing and oxytocin-producing neuroendocrine cells. Moreover, Syt13-VF is highly restricted to all enteroendocrine cells in the adult intestine that can be traced in live imaging. Finally, Syt13-VF protein is expressed in the pancreatic endocrine lineage, allowing their specific isolation by flow sorting. These findings demonstrate high expression levels of Syt13 in the endocrine lineages in three major organs harboring these secretory cells. Collectively, the Syt13-VF reporter mouse line provides a unique and reliable tool to dissect the spatio-temporal expression pattern of Syt13 and enables isolation of Syt13-expressing cells that will aid in deciphering the molecular functions of this protein in the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tarquis-Medina
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
- School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Ismael González-García
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Jessica Jaki
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
- School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 München, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (M.T.-M.); (K.S.); (A.B.-P.); (M.S.); (J.J.); (S.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (I.G.-G.); (C.G.-C.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (M.B.)
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5
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Scheibner K, Schirge S, Burtscher I, Büttner M, Sterr M, Yang D, Böttcher A, Ansarullah, Irmler M, Beckers J, Cernilogar FM, Schotta G, Theis FJ, Lickert H. Epithelial cell plasticity drives endoderm formation during gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:692-703. [PMID: 34168324 PMCID: PMC8277579 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that epiblast cells ingress into the primitive streak by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to give rise to the mesoderm; however, it is less clear how the endoderm acquires an epithelial fate. Here, we used embryonic stem cell and mouse embryo knock-in reporter systems to combine time-resolved lineage labelling with high-resolution single-cell transcriptomics. This allowed us to resolve the morphogenetic programs that segregate the mesoderm from the endoderm germ layer. Strikingly, while the mesoderm is formed by classical EMT, the endoderm is formed independent of the key EMT transcription factor Snail1 by mechanisms of epithelial cell plasticity. Importantly, forkhead box transcription factor A2 (Foxa2) acts as an epithelial gatekeeper and EMT suppressor to shield the endoderm from undergoing a mesenchymal transition. Altogether, these results not only establish the morphogenetic details of germ layer formation, but also have broader implications for stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Dapeng Yang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anika Böttcher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ansarullah
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Filippo M Cernilogar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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6
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de Filippo R, Rost BR, Stumpf A, Cooper C, Tukker JJ, Harms C, Beed P, Schmitz D. Somatostatin interneurons activated by 5-HT 2A receptor suppress slow oscillations in medial entorhinal cortex. eLife 2021; 10:66960. [PMID: 33789079 PMCID: PMC8016478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is one of the major neuromodulators present in the mammalian brain and has been shown to play a role in multiple physiological processes. The mechanisms by which 5-HT modulates cortical network activity, however, are not yet fully understood. We investigated the effects of 5-HT on slow oscillations (SOs), a synchronized cortical network activity universally present across species. SOs are observed during anesthesia and are considered to be the default cortical activity pattern. We discovered that (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and fenfluramine, two potent 5-HT releasers, inhibit SOs within the entorhinal cortex (EC) in anesthetized mice. Combining opto- and pharmacogenetic manipulations with in vitro electrophysiological recordings, we uncovered that somatostatin-expressing (Sst) interneurons activated by the 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) play an important role in the suppression of SOs. Since 5-HT2AR signaling is involved in the etiology of different psychiatric disorders and mediates the psychological effects of many psychoactive serotonergic drugs, we propose that the newly discovered link between Sst interneurons and 5-HT will contribute to our understanding of these complex topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de Filippo
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin R Rost
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Stumpf
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claire Cooper
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - John J Tukker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Harms
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Department of Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prateep Beed
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Generation of a Novel Nkx6-1 Venus Fusion Reporter Mouse Line. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073434. [PMID: 33810480 PMCID: PMC8036392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nkx6-1 is a member of the Nkx family of homeodomain transcription factors (TFs) that regulates motor neuron development, neuron specification and pancreatic endocrine and β-cell differentiation. To facilitate the isolation and tracking of Nkx6-1-expressing cells, we have generated a novel Nkx6-1 Venus fusion (Nkx6-1-VF) reporter allele. The Nkx6-1-VF knock-in reporter is regulated by endogenous cis-regulatory elements of Nkx6-1 and the fluorescent protein fusion does not interfere with the TF function, as homozygous mice are viable and fertile. The nuclear localization of Nkx6-1-VF protein reflects the endogenous Nkx6-1 protein distribution. During embryonic pancreas development, the reporter protein marks the pancreatic ductal progenitors and the endocrine lineage, but is absent in the exocrine compartment. As expected, the levels of Nkx6-1-VF reporter are upregulated upon β-cell differentiation during the major wave of endocrinogenesis. In the adult islets of Langerhans, the reporter protein is exclusively found in insulin-secreting β-cells. Importantly, the Venus reporter activities allow successful tracking of β-cells in live-cell imaging and their specific isolation by flow sorting. In summary, the generation of the Nkx6-1-VF reporter line reflects the expression pattern and dynamics of the endogenous protein and thus provides a unique tool to study the spatio-temporal expression pattern of this TF during organ development and enables isolation and tracking of Nkx6-1-expressing cells such as pancreatic β-cells, but also neurons and motor neurons in health and disease.
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8
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Ma M, Xiong W, Hu F, Deng MF, Huang X, Chen JG, Man HY, Lu Y, Liu D, Zhu LQ. A novel pathway regulates social hierarchy via lncRNA AtLAS and postsynaptic synapsin IIb. Cell Res 2020; 30:105-118. [PMID: 31959917 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominance hierarchy is a fundamental phenomenon in grouped animals and human beings, however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that an antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of synapsin II, named as AtLAS, plays a crucial role in the regulation of social hierarchy. AtLAS is decreased in the prefrontal cortical excitatory pyramidal neurons of dominant mice; consistently, silencing or overexpression of AtLAS increases or decreases the social rank, respectively. Mechanistically, we show that AtLAS regulates alternative polyadenylation of synapsin II gene and increases synapsin 2b (syn2b) expression. Syn2b reduces AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission through a direct binding with AMPAR at the postsynaptic site via its unique C-terminal sequence. Moreover, a peptide disrupting the binding of syn2b with AMPARs enhances the synaptic strength and social ranks. These findings reveal a novel role for lncRNA AtLAS and its target syn2b in the regulation of social behaviors by controlling postsynaptic AMPAR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Wan Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Man-Fei Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Heng-Ye Man
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Youming Lu
- The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. .,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. .,The Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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9
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Hirano KI, Suganami A, Tamura Y, Yagita H, Habu S, Kitagawa M, Sato T, Hozumi K. Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 4 differently require their extracellular domains for triggering Notch signaling in mice. eLife 2020; 9:50979. [PMID: 31934853 PMCID: PMC6986876 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-like (Dll) 1 and Dll4 differently function as Notch ligands in a context-dependent manner. As these ligands share structural properties, the molecular basis for their functional difference is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the superiority of Dll4 over Dll1 with respect to induction of T cell development using a domain-swapping approach in mice. The DOS motif, shared by Notch ligands-except Dll4-contributes to enhancing the activity of Dll for signal transduction. The module at the N-terminus of Notch ligand (MNNL) of Dll4 is inherently advantageous over Dll1. Molecular dynamic simulation revealed that the loop structure in MNNL domain of Dll1 contains unique proline residues with limited range of motion. The Dll4 mutant with Dll1-derived proline residues showed reduced activity. These results suggest that the loop structure-present within the MNNL domain-with a wide range of motion ensures the superiority of Dll4 and uniquely contributes to the triggering of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Hirano
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Habu
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoo Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Narita, Japan
| | - Takehito Sato
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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10
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Congenic expression of poly-GA but not poly-PR in mice triggers selective neuron loss and interferon responses found in C9orf72 ALS. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:121-142. [PMID: 32562018 PMCID: PMC7360660 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of a (G4C2)n repeat in C9orf72 causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but the link of the five repeat-encoded dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins to neuroinflammation, TDP-43 pathology, and neurodegeneration is unclear. Poly-PR is most toxic in vitro, but poly-GA is far more abundant in patients. To directly compare these in vivo, we created congenic poly-GA and poly-PR mice. 40% of poly-PR mice were affected with ataxia and seizures, requiring euthanasia by 6 weeks of age. The remaining poly-PR mice were asymptomatic at 14 months of age, likely due to an 80% reduction of the transgene mRNA in this subgroup. In contrast, all poly-GA mice showed selective neuron loss, inflammation, as well as muscle denervation and wasting requiring euthanasia before 7 weeks of age. In-depth analysis of peripheral organs and blood samples suggests that peripheral organ failure does not drive these phenotypes. Although transgene mRNA levels were similar between poly-GA and affected poly-PR mice, poly-GA aggregated far more abundantly than poly-PR in the CNS and was also found in skeletal muscle. In addition, TDP-43 and other disease-linked RNA-binding proteins co-aggregated in rare nuclear inclusions in the hippocampus and frontal cortex only in poly-GA mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of an interferon-responsive pro-inflammatory microglial signature in end-stage poly-GA but not poly-PR mice. This signature was also found in all ALS patients and enriched in C9orf72 cases. In summary, our rigorous comparison of poly-GA and poly-PR toxicity in vivo indicates that poly-GA, but not poly-PR at the same mRNA expression level, promotes interferon responses in C9orf72 disease and contributes to TDP-43 abnormalities and neuron loss selectively in disease-relevant regions.
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11
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Rudan Njavro J, Klotz J, Dislich B, Wanngren J, Shmueli MD, Herber J, Kuhn PH, Kumar R, Koeglsperger T, Conrad M, Wurst W, Feederle R, Vlachos A, Michalakis S, Jedlicka P, Müller SA, Lichtenthaler SF. Mouse brain proteomics establishes MDGA1 and CACHD1 as in vivo substrates of the Alzheimer protease BACE1. FASEB J 2019; 34:2465-2482. [PMID: 31908000 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protease beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has fundamental functions in the nervous system. Its inhibition is a major therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease, because BACE1 cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby catalyzing the first step in the generation of the pathogenic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. Yet, BACE1 cleaves numerous additional membrane proteins besides APP. Most of these substrates have been identified in vitro, but only few were further validated or characterized in vivo. To identify BACE1 substrates with in vivo relevance, we used isotope label-based quantitative proteomics of wild type and BACE1-deficient (BACE1 KO) mouse brains. This approach identified known BACE1 substrates, including Close homolog of L1 and contactin-2, which were found to be enriched in the membrane fraction of BACE1 KO brains. VWFA and cache domain-containing protein 1 (CACHD)1 and MAM domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein 1 (MDGA1), which have functions in synaptic transmission, were identified and validated as new BACE1 substrates in vivo by immunoblots using primary neurons and mouse brains. Inhibition or deletion of BACE1 from primary neurons resulted in a pronounced inhibition of substrate cleavage and a concomitant increase in full-length protein levels of CACHD1 and MDGA1. The BACE1 cleavage site in both proteins was determined to be located within the juxtamembrane domain. In summary, this study identifies and validates CACHD1 and MDGA1 as novel in vivo substrates for BACE1, suggesting that cleavage of both proteins may contribute to the numerous functions of BACE1 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasenka Rudan Njavro
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Klotz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Dislich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Wanngren
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merav D Shmueli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Herber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rohit Kumar
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Genome Engineering, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Developmental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Core Facility Monoclonal Antibodies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Faculty of Medicine, ICAR3R - Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.,Neuroscience Center, Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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12
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Fecher C, Trovò L, Müller SA, Snaidero N, Wettmarshausen J, Heink S, Ortiz O, Wagner I, Kühn R, Hartmann J, Karl RM, Konnerth A, Korn T, Wurst W, Merkler D, Lichtenthaler SF, Perocchi F, Misgeld T. Cell-type-specific profiling of brain mitochondria reveals functional and molecular diversity. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1731-1742. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Modic M, Grosch M, Rot G, Schirge S, Lepko T, Yamazaki T, Lee FCY, Rusha E, Shaposhnikov D, Palo M, Merl-Pham J, Cacchiarelli D, Rogelj B, Hauck SM, von Mering C, Meissner A, Lickert H, Hirose T, Ule J, Drukker M. Cross-Regulation between TDP-43 and Paraspeckles Promotes Pluripotency-Differentiation Transition. Mol Cell 2019; 74:951-965.e13. [PMID: 31047794 PMCID: PMC6561722 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, but their joint functions in coordinating cell fate decisions are poorly understood. Here we show that the expression and activity of the RBP TDP-43 and the long isoform of the lncRNA Neat1, the scaffold of the nuclear compartment "paraspeckles," are reciprocal in pluripotent and differentiated cells because of their cross-regulation. In pluripotent cells, TDP-43 represses the formation of paraspeckles by enhancing the polyadenylated short isoform of Neat1. TDP-43 also promotes pluripotency by regulating alternative polyadenylation of transcripts encoding pluripotency factors, including Sox2, which partially protects its 3' UTR from miR-21-mediated degradation. Conversely, paraspeckles sequester TDP-43 and other RBPs from mRNAs and promote exit from pluripotency and embryonic patterning in the mouse. We demonstrate that cross-regulation between TDP-43 and Neat1 is essential for their efficient regulation of a broad network of genes and, therefore, of pluripotency and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Modic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Markus Grosch
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Rot
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences of the University of Zurich and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tjasa Lepko
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Flora C Y Lee
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ejona Rusha
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Shaposhnikov
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Palo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Broad Institute of Harvard University/MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), NA 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian von Mering
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences of the University of Zurich and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Broad Institute of Harvard University/MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Jernej Ule
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Asklepios Fachkliniken München-Gauting und Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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14
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Kruber P, Angay O, Winkler A, Bösl MR, Kneitz S, Heinze KG, Gessler M. Loss or oncogenic mutation of DROSHA
impairs kidney development and function, but is not sufficient for Wilms tumor formation. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1391-1400. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kruber
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry; Wuerzburg University; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Oguzhan Angay
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Anja Winkler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry; Wuerzburg University; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Michael R. Bösl
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine; University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Physiological Chemistry; Wuerzburg University; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Katrin G. Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry; Wuerzburg University; Wuerzburg Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken; Wuerzburg University; Wuerzburg Germany
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15
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Smith MA, Katsouri L, Virtue S, Choudhury AI, Vidal-Puig A, Ashford MLJ, Withers DJ. Calcium Channel Ca V2.3 Subunits Regulate Hepatic Glucose Production by Modulating Leptin-Induced Excitation of Arcuate Pro-opiomelanocortin Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 25:278-287.e4. [PMID: 30304668 PMCID: PMC6198286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin acts on hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to regulate glucose homeostasis, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that leptin-induced depolarization of POMC neurons is associated with the augmentation of a voltage-gated calcium (CaV) conductance with the properties of the "R-type" channel. Knockdown of the pore-forming subunit of the R-type (CaV2.3 or Cacna1e) conductance in hypothalamic POMC neurons prevented sustained leptin-induced depolarization. In vivo POMC-specific Cacna1e knockdown increased hepatic glucose production and insulin resistance, while body weight, feeding, or leptin-induced suppression of food intake were not changed. These findings link Cacna1e function to leptin-mediated POMC neuron excitability and glucose homeostasis and may provide a target for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Loukia Katsouri
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Agharul I Choudhury
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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16
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Niche-induced extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen is regulated by the transcription factor Tlx1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8308. [PMID: 29844356 PMCID: PMC5974313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) in postnatal life is a pathological process in which the differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) occurs outside the bone marrow (BM) to respond to hematopoietic emergencies. The spleen is a major site for EMH; however, the cellular and molecular nature of the stromal cell components supporting HSPC maintenance, the niche for EMH in the spleen remain poorly understood compared to the growing understanding of the BM niche at the steady-state as well as in emergency hematopoiesis. In the present study, we demonstrate that mesenchymal progenitor-like cells expressing Tlx1, an essential transcription factor for spleen organogenesis, and selectively localized in the perifollicular region of the red pulp of the spleen, are a major source of HSPC niche factors. Consistently, overexpression of Tlx1 in situ induces EMH, which is associated with mobilization of HSPC into the circulation and their recruitment into the spleen where they proliferate and differentiate. The alterations in the splenic microenvironment induced by Tlx1 overexpression in situ phenocopy lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced EMH, and the conditional loss of Tlx1 abolished LPS-induced splenic EMH. These findings indicate that activation of Tlx1 expression in the postnatal splenic mesenchymal cells is critical for the development of splenic EMH.
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17
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Yamashita M, Ogasawara M, Kawasaki Y, Niisato M, Saito H, Kasai S, Maesawa C, Maemondo M, Yamauchi K. Deficiency of protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyl-transferase expression under endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13287-13300. [PMID: 29568357 PMCID: PMC5862578 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A prognostic association between the novel chaperone protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PIMT) and lung adenocarcinoma has recently been reported. Here, we evaluated the functional roles of PIMT in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma. PIMT expression was detectable in 6 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines: A549, H441, H460, H1650, Calu 1, and Calu 6 cell lines. In A549 and H441 cells, knockdown by PIMT using silencing RNA of PIMT (si-PIMT) and/or small hairpin-RNA (sh-PIMT) induced a decrease in the expression of E-cadherin with an increase in vimentin expression, indicating that the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced. Cell mobility, including migration and invasion capability, was increased in sh-PIMT A549 stable and si-PIMT H441 cells compared to in control cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, such as Thapsigargin (Tg) stress and hypoxia, induced EMT in A549 cells but not in other cell types, with an increase in GRP78 expression, whereas overexpression of PIMT reduced the EMT and cell invasion under stress conditions. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α) and Twist increased in sh-PIMT A549 and si-PIMT H441 cells, and Tg stress increased HIF1α expression levels in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, LW6, an HIF1α inhibitor, reduced EMT, cancer invasion, and the levels of Twist in sh-PIMT A549 cells. Our results indicate that deficiency of supplemental PIMT expression under ER stress facilitates EMT and cell invasion in some cell types of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahito Ogasawara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawasaki
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate, Japan
| | - Miyuki Niisato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Heisuke Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shuya Kasai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Chihaya Maesawa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate, Japan
| | - Makoto Maemondo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamauchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunological Diseases, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Geriatric Health Services Facilities, Keiyu, Morioka, Japan
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18
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Ingold I, Berndt C, Schmitt S, Doll S, Poschmann G, Buday K, Roveri A, Peng X, Porto Freitas F, Seibt T, Mehr L, Aichler M, Walch A, Lamp D, Jastroch M, Miyamoto S, Wurst W, Ursini F, Arnér ES, Fradejas-Villar N, Schweizer U, Zischka H, Friedmann Angeli JP, Conrad M. Selenium Utilization by GPX4 Is Required to Prevent Hydroperoxide-Induced Ferroptosis. Cell 2018; 172:409-422.e21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Thunemann M, Schörg BF, Feil S, Lin Y, Voelkl J, Golla M, Vachaviolos A, Kohlhofer U, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Olbrich M, Ehrlichmann W, Reischl G, Griessinger CM, Langer HF, Gawaz M, Lang F, Schäfers M, Kneilling M, Pichler BJ, Feil R. Cre/lox-assisted non-invasive in vivo tracking of specific cell populations by positron emission tomography. Nat Commun 2017; 8:444. [PMID: 28874662 PMCID: PMC5585248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathophysiological processes are associated with proliferation, migration or death of distinct cell populations. Monitoring specific cell types and their progeny in a non-invasive, longitudinal and quantitative manner is still challenging. Here we show a novel cell-tracking system that combines Cre/lox-assisted cell fate mapping with a thymidine kinase (sr39tk) reporter gene for cell detection by positron emission tomography (PET). We generate Rosa26-mT/sr39tk PET reporter mice and induce sr39tk expression in platelets, T lymphocytes or cardiomyocytes. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that our mouse model permits longitudinal PET imaging and quantification of T-cell homing during inflammation and cardiomyocyte viability after myocardial infarction. Moreover, Rosa26-mT/sr39tk mice are useful for whole-body characterization of transgenic Cre mice and to detect previously unknown Cre activity. We anticipate that the Cre-switchable PET reporter mice will be broadly applicable for non-invasive long-term tracking of selected cell populations in vivo.Non-invasive cell tracking is a powerful method to visualize cells in vivo under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here Thunemann et al. generate a mouse model for in vivo tracking and quantification of specific cell types by combining a PET reporter gene with Cre-dependent activation that can be exploited for any cell population for which a Cre mouse line is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thunemann
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara F Schörg
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Feil
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Physiologisches Institut I, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Golla
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelos Vachaviolos
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Olbrich
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Ehrlichmann
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph M Griessinger
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald F Langer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Physiologisches Institut I, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, European Institute for Molecular Imaging & EXC 1003 Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Bastidas-Ponce A, Roscioni SS, Burtscher I, Bader E, Sterr M, Bakhti M, Lickert H. Foxa2 and Pdx1 cooperatively regulate postnatal maturation of pancreatic β-cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:524-534. [PMID: 28580283 PMCID: PMC5444078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transcription factors (TF) Foxa2 and Pdx1 are key regulators of beta-cell (β-cell) development and function. Mutations of these TFs or their respective cis-regulatory consensus binding sites have been linked to maturity diabetes of the young (MODY), pancreas agenesis, or diabetes susceptibility in human. Although Foxa2 has been shown to directly regulate Pdx1 expression during mouse embryonic development, the impact of this gene regulatory interaction on postnatal β-cell maturation remains obscure. METHODS In order to easily monitor the expression domains of Foxa2 and Pdx1 and analyze their functional interconnection, we generated a novel double knock-in homozygous (FVFPBFDHom) fluorescent reporter mouse model by crossing the previously described Foxa2-Venus fusion (FVF) with the newly generated Pdx1-BFP (blue fluorescent protein) fusion (PBF) mice. RESULTS Although adult PBF homozygous animals exhibited a reduction in expression levels of Pdx1, they are normoglycemic. On the contrary, despite normal pancreas and endocrine development, the FVFPBFDHom reporter male animals developed hyperglycemia at weaning age and displayed a reduction in Pdx1 levels in islets, which coincided with alterations in β-cell number and islet architecture. The failure to establish mature β-cells resulted in loss of β-cell identity and trans-differentiation towards other endocrine cell fates. Further analysis suggested that Foxa2 and Pdx1 genetically and functionally cooperate to regulate maturation of adult β-cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the maturation of pancreatic β-cells requires the cooperative function of Foxa2 and Pdx1. Understanding the postnatal gene regulatory network of β-cell maturation will help to decipher pathomechanisms of diabetes and identify triggers to regenerate dedifferentiated β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Bastidas-Ponce
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Sara S Roscioni
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Erik Bader
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
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21
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Szibor M, Dhandapani PK, Dufour E, Holmström KM, Zhuang Y, Salwig I, Wittig I, Heidler J, Gizatullina Z, Gainutdinov T, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Nandania J, Velagapudi V, Wietelmann A, Rustin P, Gellerich FN, Jacobs HT, Braun T. Broad AOX expression in a genetically tractable mouse model does not disturb normal physiology. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:163-171. [PMID: 28067626 PMCID: PMC5312010 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and many lower organisms, but not mammals, express alternative oxidases (AOXs) that branch the mitochondrial respiratory chain, transferring electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen without proton pumping. Thus, they maintain electron flow under conditions when the classical respiratory chain is impaired, limiting excess production of oxygen radicals and supporting redox and metabolic homeostasis. AOX from Ciona intestinalis has been used to study and mitigate mitochondrial impairments in mammalian cell lines, Drosophila disease models and, most recently, in the mouse, where multiple lentivector-AOX transgenes conferred substantial expression in specific tissues. Here, we describe a genetically tractable mouse model in which Ciona AOX has been targeted to the Rosa26 locus for ubiquitous expression. The AOXRosa26 mouse exhibited only subtle phenotypic effects on respiratory complex formation, oxygen consumption or the global metabolome, and showed an essentially normal physiology. AOX conferred robust resistance to inhibitors of the respiratory chain in organello; moreover, animals exposed to a systemically applied LD50 dose of cyanide did not succumb. The AOXRosa26 mouse is a useful tool to investigate respiratory control mechanisms and to decipher mitochondrial disease aetiology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Szibor
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Praveen K Dhandapani
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Eric Dufour
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Kira M Holmström
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabelle Salwig
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes", Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 2, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
- Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jatin Nandania
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Pierre Rustin
- INSERM UMR 1141 and Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France
| | - Frank N Gellerich
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
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22
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Ogasawara M, Otani M, Takano M, Shudou M, Inaba Y, Nirasawa S, Takahashi S, Kiyoi T, Tanaka Y, Kameda K, Kunugita N, Maeyama K, Sano K, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K. The protective role of protein L-isoaspartyl (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase for maintenance of mitochondrial morphology in A549 cell. Exp Lung Res 2016; 42:245-62. [PMID: 27327778 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2016.1197984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing amounts of evidence with abnormal aging process have been involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Mice with deficient protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyl transferase 1 (PCMT1) expression reveal acceleration of aging and result in the increased proportion of D-aspartate (D-Asp) residues and dysfunction in proteins. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology and functions are associated with COPD and IPF pathogenesis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of PCMT1 on mitochondrial morphology using A549 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated PCMT1, prohibitin1 (PHB1), mitochondrial membrane proteins expression, mitochondrial morphology, and the proportion of D-Asp residues in PHB1 in A549 cells with (PCMT1-KD) and without the context of decreased PCMT1 expression (PCMT1-Cont) using electron microscopy, fluorescence staining, Western blot analysis, and the ATP content per cells. To investigate the effects of the PCMT1-KD cells, we developed double-transfected cell lines containing either the cytosolic or the endoplasmic isoform of PCMT1. RESULTS We found a significantly higher proportion of D-Asp residues in PHB1 in PCMT1-KD cells than that in PCMT1-Cont cells. The PCMT1-KD cells without cigarette smoke extract exposure were characterized by a significantly increased proportion of the D-Asp residues in PHB1, damaged mitochondrial ultrastructure, and a tendency toward the fission direction of the mitochondrial dynamics followed by a significant decrease in the cellular ATP content. CONCLUSIONS The increased proportion of the D-Asp residues may contribute to COPD pathogenesis, via irreversible protein conformational changes, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ogasawara
- a Department of Pharmacology , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Mieko Otani
- b Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University , Chuo-ku, Kobe City , Japan
| | - Masaoki Takano
- b Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University , Chuo-ku, Kobe City , Japan
| | - Masachika Shudou
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- d Department of Environment Health , National Institute of Public Health , Minami, Wako City , Saitama , Japan
| | - Satoru Nirasawa
- e Biological Resources and Post-Harvest Division , Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences , Tsukuba City , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Saori Takahashi
- f Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing , Akita City , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kiyoi
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Kenji Kameda
- c Integrated Center for Science , Shigenobu Station, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Naoki Kunugita
- d Department of Environment Health , National Institute of Public Health , Minami, Wako City , Saitama , Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeyama
- a Department of Pharmacology , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon City , Japan
| | - Keiji Sano
- b Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology , Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University , Chuo-ku, Kobe City , Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- g Department of Respiratory Medicine , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka City , Japan
| | - Kohei Yamauchi
- g Department of Respiratory Medicine , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka City , Japan
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23
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Meinke G, Bohm A, Hauber J, Pisabarro MT, Buchholz F. Cre Recombinase and Other Tyrosine Recombinases. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12785-12820. [PMID: 27163859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-type site-specific recombinases (T-SSRs) have opened new avenues for the predictable modification of genomes as they enable precise genome editing in heterologous hosts. These enzymes are ubiquitous in eubacteria, prevalent in archaea and temperate phages, present in certain yeast strains, but barely found in higher eukaryotes. As tools they find increasing use for the generation and systematic modification of genomes in a plethora of organisms. If applied in host organisms, they enable precise DNA cleavage and ligation without the gain or loss of nucleotides. Criteria directing the choice of the most appropriate T-SSR system for genetic engineering include that, whenever possible, the recombinase should act independent of cofactors and that the target sequences should be long enough to be unique in a given genome. This review is focused on recent advancements in our mechanistic understanding of simple T-SSRs and their application in developmental and synthetic biology, as well as in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Meinke
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Andrew Bohm
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden , 01307 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Dolatshad H, Biggs D, Diaz R, Hortin N, Preece C, Davies B. A versatile transgenic allele for mouse overexpression studies. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:598-608. [PMID: 26369329 PMCID: PMC4653235 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the analysis of gene function in vivo, gene overexpression in the mouse provides an alternative to loss-of-function knock-out approaches and can help reveal phenotypes where compensatory mechanisms are at play. Furthermore, when multiple lines overexpressing a gene-of-interest at varying levels are studied, the consequences of differences in gene dosage can be explored. Despite these advantages, inherent shortcomings in the methodologies used for the generation of gain-of-function transgenic mouse models have limited their application to functional gene analysis, and the necessity for multiple lines comes at a significant animal and financial cost. The targeting of transgenic overexpression constructs at single copy into neutral genomic loci is the preferred method for the generation of such models, which avoids the unpredictable outcomes associated with conventional random integration. However, despite the increased reliability that targeted transgenic methodologies provide, only one expression level results, as defined by the promoter used. Here, we report a new versatile overexpression allele, the promoter-switch allele, which couples PhiC31 integrase-targeted transgenesis with Flp recombinase promoter switching and Cre recombinase activation. These recombination switches allow the conversion of different overexpression alleles, combining the advantages of transgenic targeting with tunable transgene expression. With this approach, phenotype severity can be correlated with transgene expression in a single mouse model, providing a cost-effective solution amenable to systematic gain-of-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Dolatshad
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rebeca Diaz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicole Hortin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher Preece
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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25
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Wang S, Wang T, Wang T, Jia L. Cell Type-Specific and Inducible PTEN Gene Silencing by a Tetracycline Transcriptional Activator-Regulated Short Hairpin RNA. Mol Cells 2015; 38:959-65. [PMID: 26486163 PMCID: PMC4673410 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible and reversible gene silencing in desired types of cells is instrumental for deciphering gene functions using cultured cells or in vivo models. However, efficient conditional gene knockdown systems remain to be established. Here, we report the generation of an inducible expression system for short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to PTEN, a well-documented dual-specificity phosphatase involved in tumor suppression and ontogenesis. Upon induction by doxycycline (DOX), the reverse tetracycline transcriptional activator (rtTA) switched on the concomitant expression of GFP and a miR-30 precursor, the subsequent processing of which released the embedded PTEN-targeted shRNA. The efficacy and reversibility of PTEN knockdown by this construct was validated in normal and neoplastic cells, in which PTEN deficiency resulted in accelerated cell proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and increased invasiveness. Transgenic mice harboring the conditional shRNA-expression cassette were obtained; GFP expression and concurrent PTEN silencing were observed upon ectopic expression of rtTA and induction with Dox. Therefore, this study provides novel tools for the precise dissection of PTEN functions and the generation of PTEN loss of function models in specific subsets of cells during carcinogenesis and ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
| | - Lintao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710032,
China
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26
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Theodorou M, Rauser B, Zhang J, Prakash N, Wurst W, Schick JA. Limitations of In Vivo Reprogramming to Dopaminergic Neurons via a Tricistronic Strategy. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2015; 26:107-22. [PMID: 26107288 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2014.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Recent research has focused on cellular replacement through lineage reprogramming as a potential therapeutic strategy. This study sought to use genetics to define somatic cell types in vivo amenable to reprogramming. To stimulate in vivo reprogramming to dopaminergic neurons, we generated a Rosa26 knock-in mouse line conditionally overexpressing Mash1, Lmx1a, and Nurr1. These proteins are characterized by their role in neuronal commitment and development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and have previously been shown to convert fibroblasts to dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We show that a tricistronic construct containing these transcription factors can reprogram astrocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. However, cassette overexpression triggered cell death in vivo, in part through endoplasmic reticulum stress, while we also detected "uncleaved" forms of the polyprotein, suggesting poor "cleavage" efficiency of the 2A peptides. Based on our results, the cassette overexpression induced apoptosis and precluded reprogramming in our mouse model. Therefore, we suggest that alternatives must be explored to balance construct design with efficacious reprogramming. It is evident that there are still biological obstacles to overcome for in vivo reprogramming to dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Theodorou
- 1 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benedict Rauser
- 1 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- 1 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nilima Prakash
- 1 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- 1 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- 2 Developmental Genetics c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan , Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
- 3 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Munich, Germany
- 4 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich, Germany
| | - Joel A Schick
- 1 Institute of Developmental Genetics , Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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27
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Yamasaki A, Kasai A, Toi A, Kurita M, Kimoto S, Hayata-Takano A, Nakazawa T, Nagayasu K, Shintani N, Hashimoto R, Ito A, Meltzer HY, Ago Y, Waschek JA, Onaka Y, Matsuda T, Baba A, Hashimoto H. Identification of the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the trajectory of serotonergic differentiation in a rapid assay in mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. J Neurochem 2015; 132:418-28. [PMID: 25421849 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which extracellular molecules control serotonergic cell fate remains elusive. Recently, we showed that noggin, which inactivates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), induces serotonergic differentiation of mouse embryonic (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells with coordinated gene expression along the serotonergic lineage. Here, we created a rapid assay for serotonergic induction by generating knock-in ES cells expressing a naturally secreted Gaussia luciferase driven by the enhancer of Pet-1/Fev, a landmark of serotonergic differentiation. Using these cells, we performed candidate-based screening and identified BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitors LDN-193189 and DMH1 as activators of luciferase. LDN-193189 induced ES cells to express the genes encoding Pet-1, tryptophan hydroxylase 2, and the serotonin transporter, and increased serotonin release without altering dopamine release. In contrast, TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB-431542 selectively inhibited serotonergic differentiation, without changing overall neuronal differentiation. LDN-193189 inhibited expression of the BMP signaling target gene Id, and induced the TGF-β target gene Lefty, whereas the opposite effect was observed with SB-431542. This study thus provides a new tool to investigate serotonergic differentiation and suggests that inhibition of BMP type I receptors and concomitant activation of TGF-β receptor signaling are implicated in serotonergic differentiation. Candidate-based screening for serotonergic induction using a rapid assay in mouse embryonic stem cells revealed that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor kinase inhibitors selectively induce serotonergic differentiation, whereas the TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB-431542 inhibits the differentiation. These results suggest that inhibition of BMP type I receptors and concomitant activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor signaling are involved in the early trajectory of serotonergic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Petrezselyova S, Kinsky S, Truban D, Sedlacek R, Burtscher I, Lickert H. Homology arms of targeting vectors for gene insertions and CRISPR/Cas9 technology: size does not matter; quality control of targeted clones does. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:773-87. [DOI: 10.1515/cmble-2015-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) technology has brought rapid progress in mammalian genome editing (adding, disrupting or changing the sequence of specific sites) by increasing the frequency of targeted events. However, gene knock-in of DNA cassettes by homologous recombination still remains difficult due to the construction of targeting vectors possessing large homology arms (from 2 up to 5 kb). Here, we demonstrate that in mouse embryonic stem cells the combination of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and targeting vectors with short homology arms (~ 0.3 kb) provides sufficient specificity for insertion of fluorescent reporter cassettes into endogenous genes with similar efficiency as those with large conventional vectors. Importantly, we emphasize the necessity of thorough quality control of recombinant clones by combination of the PCR method, Southern hybridization assay and sequencing to exclude undesired mutations. In conclusion, our approach facilitates programmed integration of exogenous DNA sequences at a target locus and thus could serve as a basis for more sophisticated genome engineering approaches, such as generation of reporters and conditional knock-out alleles.
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Giusti SA, Vogl AM, Brockmann MM, Vercelli CA, Rein ML, Trümbach D, Wurst W, Cazalla D, Stein V, Deussing JM, Refojo D. MicroRNA-9 controls dendritic development by targeting REST. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25406064 PMCID: PMC4235007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved noncoding RNAs that function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. miR-9 is one of the most abundant miRNAs in the brain. Although the function of miR-9 has been well characterized in neural progenitors, its role in dendritic and synaptic development remains largely unknown. In order to target miR-9 in vivo, we developed a transgenic miRNA sponge mouse line allowing conditional inactivation of the miR-9 family in a spatio-temporal-controlled manner. Using this novel approach, we found that miR-9 controls dendritic growth and synaptic transmission in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-9-mediated downregulation of the transcriptional repressor REST is essential for proper dendritic growth. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02755.001 Messages are sent back and forth in our brains by cells called neurons that connect to each other in complex networks. Neurons develop from stem cells in a complicated process that involves a number of different stages. In one of the final stages, tree-like structures called dendrites emerge from the neurons and connect with neighboring neurons via special junctions called synapses. A group of small RNA molecules called microRNAs have roles in controlling the development of neurons. One microRNA, called miR-9, is abundant in the brain and is known to be involved in the early stages of neuron development. However, its role in the formation of dendrites and synapses remains unclear. Giusti et al. studied this microRNA in mice. A length of DNA, coding for an RNA molecule that binds to miR-9 molecules and stops them performing their normal function, was inserted into the mice. These experiments showed that miR-9 is involved in controlling dendrite growth and synaptic function. To enable a neuron to produce dendrites, miR-9 binds to and interferes with the RNA molecules that are needed to make a protein called REST. This protein is a transcription factor that switches off the expression of other genes so, in effect, miR-9 allows a set of genes that are needed for dendrite growth to be switched on. The methodology developed by Giusti et al. could be used to study the functions of other microRNAs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02755.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Giusti
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette M Vogl
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marisa M Brockmann
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia A Vercelli
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin L Rein
- Department of Neurobiology of Stress and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Demian Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Valentin Stein
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Neurobiology of Stress and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Damian Refojo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Gegg M, Böttcher A, Burtscher I, Hasenoeder S, Van Campenhout C, Aichler M, Walch A, Grant SGN, Lickert H. Flattop regulates basal body docking and positioning in mono- and multiciliated cells. eLife 2014; 3:e03842. [PMID: 25296022 PMCID: PMC4221739 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates basal body (BB) docking and positioning during cilia formation, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the uncharacterized gene Flattop (Fltp) that is transcriptionally activated during PCP acquisition in ciliated tissues. Fltp knock-out mice show BB docking and ciliogenesis defects in multiciliated lung cells. Furthermore, Fltp is necessary for kinocilium positioning in monociliated inner ear hair cells. In these cells, the core PCP molecule Dishevelled 2, the BB/spindle positioning protein Dlg3, and Fltp localize directly adjacent to the apical plasma membrane, physically interact and surround the BB at the interface of the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. Dlg3 and Fltp knock-outs suggest that both cooperatively translate PCP cues for BB positioning in the inner ear. Taken together, the identification of novel BB/spindle positioning components as potential mediators of PCP signaling might have broader implications for other cell types, ciliary disease, and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gegg
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Böttcher
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hasenoeder
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claude Van Campenhout
- Genetique du Developpement, L'Institut de biologie et de médecine moléculaires, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Univeristy of Edinburgh, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- For correspondence:
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Hematopoietic overexpression of FOG1 does not affect B-cells but reduces the number of circulating eosinophils. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92836. [PMID: 24747299 PMCID: PMC3991581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified expression of the gene encoding the transcriptional coactivator FOG-1 (Friend of GATA-1; Zfpm1, Zinc finger protein multitype 1) in B lymphocytes. We found that FOG-1 expression is directly or indirectly dependent on the B cell-specific coactivator OBF-1 and that it is modulated during B cell development: expression is observed in early but not in late stages of B cell development. To directly test in vivo the role of FOG-1 in B lymphocytes, we developed a novel embryonic stem cell recombination system. For this, we combined homologous recombination with the FLP recombinase activity to rapidly generate embryonic stem cell lines carrying a Cre-inducible transgene at the Rosa26 locus. Using this system, we successfully generated transgenic mice where FOG-1 is conditionally overexpressed in mature B-cells or in the entire hematopoietic system. While overexpression of FOG-1 in B cells did not significantly affect B cell development or function, we found that enforced expression of FOG-1 throughout all hematopoietic lineages led to a reduction in the number of circulating eosinophils, confirming and extending to mammals the known function of FOG-1 in this lineage.
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Multiple renal cyst development but not situs abnormalities in transgenic RNAi mice against Inv::GFP rescue gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89652. [PMID: 24586938 PMCID: PMC3933642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we generated RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene knockdown transgenic mice (transgenic RNAi mice) against the functional Inv gene. Inv mutant mice show consistently reversed internal organs (situs inversus), multiple renal cysts and neonatal lethality. The Inv::GFP-rescue mice, which introduced the Inv::GFP fusion gene, can rescue inv mutant mice phenotypes. This indicates that the Inv::GFP gene is functional in vivo. To analyze the physiological functions of the Inv gene, and to demonstrate the availability of transgenic RNAi mice, we introduced a short hairpin RNA expression vector against GFP mRNA into Inv::GFP-rescue mice and analyzed the gene silencing effects and Inv functions by examining phenotypes. Transgenic RNAi mice with the Inv::GFP-rescue gene (Inv-KD mice) down-regulated Inv::GFP fusion protein and showed hypomorphic phenotypes of inv mutant mice, such as renal cyst development, but not situs abnormalities or postnatal lethality. This indicates that shRNAi-mediated gene silencing systems that target the tag sequence of the fusion gene work properly in vivo, and suggests that a relatively high level of Inv protein is required for kidney development in contrast to left/right axis determination. Inv::GFP protein was significantly down-regulated in the germ cells of Inv-KD mice testis compared with somatic cells, suggesting the existence of a testicular germ cell-specific enhanced RNAi system that regulates germ cell development. The Inv-KD mouse is useful for studying Inv gene functions in adult tissue that are unable to be analyzed in inv mutant mice showing postnatal lethality. In addition, the shRNA-based gene silencing system against the tag sequence of the fusion gene can be utilized as a new technique to regulate gene expression in either in vitro or in vivo experiments.
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Livshits G, Lowe SW. Accelerating cancer modeling with RNAi and nongermline genetically engineered mouse models. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:2013/11/pdb.top069856. [PMID: 24184755 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For more than two decades, genetically engineered mouse models have been key to our mechanistic understanding of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Recently, the massive quantity of data emerging from cancer genomics studies has demanded a corresponding increase in the efficiency and throughput of in vivo models for functional testing of putative cancer genes. Already a mainstay of cancer research, recent innovations in RNA interference (RNAi) technology have extended its utility for studying gene function and genetic interactions, enabling tissue-specific, inducible and reversible gene silencing in vivo. Concurrent advances in embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture and genome engineering have accelerated several steps of genetically engineered mouse model production and have facilitated the incorporation of RNAi technology into these models. Here, we review the current state of these technologies and examine how their integration has the potential to dramatically enhance the throughput and capabilities of animal models for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geulah Livshits
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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Brown JR, Zetsche B, Jackson-Grusby L. RUSH and CRUSH: a rapid and conditional RNA interference method in mice. Genesis 2013; 52:39-48. [PMID: 24166816 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach to phenocopy mutations in many organisms. Gold standard conventional knock-out mouse technology is labor- and time-intensive; however, off-target effects may confound transgenic RNAi approaches. Here, we describe a rapid method for conditional and reversible gene silencing in RNAi transgenic mouse models and embryonic stem (ES) cells. RUSH and CRUSH RNAi vectors were designed for reversible or conditional knockdown, respectively, demonstrated using targeted replacement in an engineered ROSA26(lacZ) ES cell line and wildtype V6.5 ES cells. RUSH was validated by reversible knockdown of Dnmt1 in vitro. Conditional mouse model production using CRUSH was expedited by deriving ES cell lines from Cre transgenic mouse strains (nestin, cTnnT, and Isl1) and generating all-ES G0 transgenic founders by tetraploid complementation. A control CRUSH(GFP) RNAi mouse strain showed quantitative knockdown of GFP fluorescence as observed in compound CRUSH(GFP) , Ds-Red Cre-reporter transgenic mice, and confirmed by Western blotting. The capability to turn RUSH and CRUSH alleles off or on using Cre recombinase enables this method to rapidly address questions of tissue-specificity and cell autonomy of gene function in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Brown
- Pathology Department and Kirby Center for Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Pathology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Xu Z, Thomas L, Davies B, Chalmers R, Smith M, Brown W. Accuracy and efficiency define Bxb1 integrase as the best of fifteen candidate serine recombinases for the integration of DNA into the human genome. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:87. [PMID: 24139482 PMCID: PMC4015280 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phage-encoded serine integrases, such as φC31 integrase, are widely used for genome engineering. Fifteen such integrases have been described but their utility for genome engineering has not been compared in uniform assays. Results We have compared fifteen serine integrases for their utility for DNA manipulations in mammalian cells after first demonstrating that all were functional in E. coli. Chromosomal recombination reporters were used to show that seven integrases were active on chromosomally integrated DNA in human fibroblasts and mouse embryonic stem cells. Five of the remaining eight enzymes were active on extra-chromosomal substrates thereby demonstrating that the ability to mediate extra-chromosomal recombination is no guide to ability to mediate site-specific recombination on integrated DNA. All the integrases that were active on integrated DNA also promoted DNA integration reactions that were not mediated through conservative site-specific recombination or damaged the recombination sites but the extent of these aberrant reactions varied over at least an order of magnitude. Bxb1 integrase yielded approximately two-fold more recombinants and displayed about two fold less damage to the recombination sites than the next best recombinase; φC31 integrase. Conclusions We conclude that the Bxb1 and φC31 integrases are the reagents of choice for genome engineering in vertebrate cells and that DNA damage repair is a major limitation upon the utility of this class of site-specific recombinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - William Brown
- Queens Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Zeron-Medina J, Wang X, Repapi E, Campbell MR, Su D, Castro-Giner F, Davies B, Peterse EF, Sacilotto N, Walker GJ, Terzian T, Tomlinson IP, Box NF, Meinshausen N, De Val S, Bell DA, Bond GL. A polymorphic p53 response element in KIT ligand influences cancer risk and has undergone natural selection. Cell 2013; 155:410-22. [PMID: 24120139 PMCID: PMC4171736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of p53 to regulate transcription is crucial for tumor suppression and implies that inherited polymorphisms in functional p53-binding sites could influence cancer. Here, we identify a polymorphic p53 responsive element and demonstrate its influence on cancer risk using genome-wide data sets of cancer susceptibility loci, genetic variation, p53 occupancy, and p53-binding sites. We uncover a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a functional p53-binding site and establish its influence on the ability of p53 to bind to and regulate transcription of the KITLG gene. The SNP resides in KITLG and associates with one of the largest risks identified among cancer genome-wide association studies. We establish that the SNP has undergone positive selection throughout evolution, signifying a selective benefit, but go on to show that similar SNPs are rare in the genome due to negative selection, indicating that polymorphisms in p53-binding sites are primarily detrimental to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Zeron-Medina
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Xuting Wang
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michelle R. Campbell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Transgenic Technology Research Group, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elisabeth F.P. Peterse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Natalia Sacilotto
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Graeme J. Walker
- Skin Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Tamara Terzian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ian P. Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Neil F. Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicolai Meinshausen
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Douglas A. Bell
- Environmental Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gareth L. Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Engert S, Burtscher I, Kalali B, Gerhard M, Lickert H. The Sox17CreERT2 knock-in mouse line displays spatiotemporal activation of Cre recombinase in distinct Sox17 lineage progenitors. Genesis 2013; 51:793-802. [PMID: 24038996 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The HMG-box transcription factor Sox17 is essential for endoderm formation, vascular development, and definitive hematopoiesis. To investigate the fate of distinct Sox17-expressing progenitor cells in a spatiotemporal manner, we generated a hormone-inducible CreERT2 knock-in mouse line. By homologous recombination we fused a codon improved, ligand-dependent estrogen receptor Cre recombinase by an intervening viral T2A sequence for co-translational cleavage to the 3' coding region of Sox17. Induction of Cre activity by administration of tamoxifen at defined time points of early mouse development and subsequent genetic lineage tracing confirmed the inducibility and tissue specificity of Cre recombination. Furthermore, Cre activity could be selectively induced in extra-embryonic and embryonic endoderm lineages, the primitive gut tube, and in endothelial cells of the vascular system as well as in the hemogenic endothelium of the dorsal aorta. The Sox17CreERT2 mouse line therefore represents a new tool for genetic lineage tracing in a tissue-specific manner and in addition enables lineage-restricted functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Engert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Efficient ROSA26-Based Conditional and/or Inducible Transgenesis Using RMCE-Compatible F1 Hybrid Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:774-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Engert S, Burtscher I, Liao WP, Dulev S, Schotta G, Lickert H. Wnt/β-catenin signalling regulates Sox17 expression and is essential for organizer and endoderm formation in the mouse. Development 2013; 140:3128-38. [PMID: 23824574 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several signalling cascades are implicated in the formation and patterning of the three principal germ layers, but their precise temporal-spatial mode of action in progenitor populations remains undefined. We have used conditional gene deletion of mouse β-catenin in Sox17-positive embryonic and extra-embryonic endoderm as well as vascular endothelial progenitors to address the function of canonical Wnt signalling in cell lineage formation and patterning. Conditional mutants fail to form anterior brain structures and exhibit posterior body axis truncations, whereas initial blood vessel formation appears normal. Tetraploid rescue experiments reveal that lack of β-catenin in the anterior visceral endoderm results in defects in head organizer formation. Sox17 lineage tracing in the definitive endoderm (DE) shows a cell-autonomous requirement for β-catenin in midgut and hindgut formation. Surprisingly, wild-type posterior visceral endoderm (PVE) in midgut- and hindgut-deficient tetraploid chimera rescues the posterior body axis truncation, indicating that the PVE is important for tail organizer formation. Upon loss of β-catenin in the visceral endoderm and DE lineages, but not in the vascular endothelial lineage, Sox17 expression is not maintained, suggesting downstream regulation by canonical Wnt signalling. Strikingly, Tcf4/β-catenin transactivation complexes accumulated on Sox17 cis-regulatory elements specifically upon endoderm induction in an embryonic stem cell differentiation system. Together, these results indicate that the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway regulates Sox17 expression for visceral endoderm pattering and DE formation and provide the first functional evidence that the PVE is necessary for gastrula organizer gene induction and posterior axis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Engert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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40
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Burtscher I, Barkey W, Lickert H. Foxa2-venus fusion reporter mouse line allows live-cell analysis of endoderm-derived organ formation. Genesis 2013; 51:596-604. [PMID: 23712942 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Foxa2-winged helix/forkhead box transcription factor (TF) is absolutely required for endoderm formation and organogenesis. Foxa2 plays essential roles during lung, liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract development and regulates cell-type specific programs in the adult organism. To specifically address Foxa2 function during organ development and homeostasis, we generated a Foxa2-Venus fusion (FVF) reporter protein by gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells. The FVF knock-in reporter is expressed under endogenous Foxa2 control and the fluorescent protein fusion does not interfere with TF function, as homozygous mice are viable and fertile. Moreover, the FVF protein localizes to the nucleus, associates with chromatin during mitosis, and reflects the endogenous Foxa2 protein distribution pattern in several tissues in heterozygous animals. Importantly, live-cell imaging on single-cell level of the FVF and Sox17-Cherry fusion double knock-in reporter ES cell line reveals the dynamics of endoderm TF accumulation during ES cell differentiation. The FVF reporter also allowed us to identify the endoderm progenitors during gastrulation and to visualize the different branching morphogenesis modes of the lung and pancreas epithelium in ex vivo embryo and organ cultures. In summary, the generation of the FVF reporter line adds an important new tool to visualize and analyse endoderm-derived organ development and homeostasis on the cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Burtscher
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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41
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Adam J, Yang M, Bauerschmidt C, Kitagawa M, O'Flaherty L, Maheswaran P, Özkan G, Sahgal N, Baban D, Kato K, Saito K, Iino K, Igarashi K, Stratford M, Pugh C, Tennant DA, Ludwig C, Davies B, Ratcliffe PJ, El-Bahrawy M, Ashrafian H, Soga T, Pollard PJ. A role for cytosolic fumarate hydratase in urea cycle metabolism and renal neoplasia. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1440-8. [PMID: 23643539 PMCID: PMC3675675 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mutated metabolic enzymes in hereditary cancer syndromes has established a direct link between metabolic dysregulation and cancer. Mutations in the Krebs cycle enzyme, fumarate hydratase (FH), predispose affected individuals to leiomyomas, renal cysts, and cancers, though the respective pathogenic roles of mitochondrial and cytosolic FH isoforms remain undefined. On the basis of comprehensive metabolomic analyses, we demonstrate that FH1-deficient cells and tissues exhibit defects in the urea cycle/arginine metabolism. Remarkably, transgenic re-expression of cytosolic FH ameliorated both renal cyst development and urea cycle defects associated with renal-specific FH1 deletion in mice. Furthermore, acute arginine depletion significantly reduced the viability of FH1-deficient cells in comparison to controls. Our findings highlight the importance of extramitochondrial metabolic pathways in FH-associated oncogenesis and the urea cycle/arginine metabolism as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Adam
- Cancer Biology and Metabolism Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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42
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Merkl C, Saalfrank A, Riesen N, Kühn R, Pertek A, Eser S, Hardt MS, Kind A, Saur D, Wurst W, Iglesias A, Schnieke A. Efficient generation of rat induced pluripotent stem cells using a non-viral inducible vector. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55170. [PMID: 23383095 PMCID: PMC3561372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods of generating rat induced pluripotent stem cells are based on viral transduction of pluripotency inducing genes (Oct4, Sox2, c-myc and Klf4) into somatic cells. These activate endogenous pluripotency genes and reprogram the identity of the cell to an undifferentiated state. Epigenetic silencing of exogenous genes has to occur to allow normal iPS cell differentiation. To gain more control over the expression of exogenous reprogramming factors, we used a novel doxycycline-inducible plasmid vector encoding Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4. To ensure efficient and controlled generation of iPS cells by plasmid transfection we equipped the reprogramming vector with a bacteriophage φC31 attB site and used a φC31 integrase expression vector to enhance vector integration. A series of doxycycline-independent rat iPS cell lines were established. These were characterized by immunocytochemical detection of Oct4, SSEA1 and SSEA4, alkaline phosphatase staining, methylation analysis of the endogenous Oct4 promoter and RT-PCR analysis of endogenous rat pluripotency genes. We also determined the number of vector integrations and the extent to which reprogramming factor gene expression was controlled. Protocols were developed to generate embryoid bodies and rat iPS cells demonstrated as pluripotent by generating derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers in vitro, and teratoma formation in vivo. All data suggest that our rat iPS cells, generated by plasmid based reprogramming, are similar to rat ES cells. Methods of DNA transfection, protein transduction and feeder-free monolayer culture of rat iPS cells were established to enable future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Merkl
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Saalfrank
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Nathalie Riesen
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Pertek
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Eser
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar II, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar II, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Small Molecule Research - Discovery Technologies, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basle, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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Abstract
Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) has become a standard method for the characterization of gene function in mammalian cells. Short hairpin (sh) RNAs expressed from stably integrated vectors mediate gene knockdown both in cultured cells and in mice, presenting a fast alternative to gene knockout approaches. We describe three strategies to control gene silencing in mice that can be applied to any transcript of interest. This shRNA based approach enables either i) constitutive body-wide knockdown, ii) cell type-specific knockdown controlled by Cre recombinase, or iii) inducible body-wide knockdown controlled by doxycycline. For reliable expression the shRNA vector of interest is inserted into a Rosa26 docking site of ES cells by a site-specific recombinase. These ES cells can then be used to generate shRNA transgenic mice. This technology enables the production of adult knockdown mice within 11 months for an expedite in vivo validation of drug targets.
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44
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Chen CM, Bentham J, Cosgrove C, Braganca J, Cuenda A, Bamforth SD, Schneider JE, Watkins H, Keavney B, Davies B, Bhattacharya S. Functional significance of SRJ domain mutations in CITED2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46256. [PMID: 23082118 PMCID: PMC3474824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CITED2 is a transcriptional co-activator with 3 conserved domains shared with other CITED family members and a unique Serine-Glycine Rich Junction (SRJ) that is highly conserved in placental mammals. Loss of Cited2 in mice results in cardiac and aortic arch malformations, adrenal agenesis, neural tube and placental defects, and partially penetrant defects in left-right patterning. By screening 1126 sporadic congenital heart disease (CHD) cases and 1227 controls, we identified 19 variants, including 5 unique non-synonymous sequence variations (N62S, R92G, T166N, G180-A187del and A187T) in patients. Many of the CHD-specific variants identified in this and previous studies cluster in the SRJ domain. Transient transfection experiments show that T166N mutation impairs TFAP2 co-activation function and ES cell proliferation. We find that CITED2 is phosphorylated by MAPK1 in vitro at T166, and that MAPK1 activation enhances the coactivation function of CITED2 but not of CITED2-T166N. In order to investigate the functional significance in vivo, we generated a T166N mutation of mouse Cited2. We also used PhiC31 integrase-mediated cassette exchange to generate a Cited2 knock-in allele replacing the mouse Cited2 coding sequence with human CITED2 and with a mutant form deleting the entire SRJ domain. Mouse embryos expressing only CITED2-T166N or CITED2-SRJ-deleted alleles surprisingly show no morphological abnormalities, and mice are viable and fertile. These results indicate that the SRJ domain is dispensable for these functions of CITED2 in mice and that mutations clustering in the SRJ region are unlikely to be the sole cause of the malformations observed in patients with sporadic CHD. Our results also suggest that coding sequence mutations observed in case-control studies need validation using in vivo models and that predictions based on structural conservation and in vitro functional assays, or even in vivo global loss of function models, may be insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiann-mun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Burtscher I, Barkey W, Schwarzfischer M, Theis FJ, Lickert H. The Sox17-mCherry fusion mouse line allows visualization of endoderm and vascular endothelial development. Genesis 2012; 50:496-505. [PMID: 22121118 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sox17 is a HMG-box transcription factor that has been shown to play important roles in both cardio-vascular development and endoderm formation. To analyze these processes in greater detail, we have generated a Sox17-mCherry fusion (SCF) protein by gene targeting in ES cells. SCF reporter mice are homozygous viable and faithfully reflect the endogenous Sox17 protein localization. We report that SCF positive cells constitute a subpopulation in the visceral endoderm before gastrulation and time-lapse imaging reveals that SCF monitors the nascent definitive endoderm during epithelialization. After gastrulation, SCF marks the mid- and hindgut endoderm and vascular endothelial network, which can be imaged during establishment in allantois explant cultures. The SCF reporter is downregulated in the endoderm epithelium and upregulated in endothelial cells of the intestine, lung, and pancreas during organogenesis. In summary, the generation of the Sox17-mCherry reporter mouse line allows direct visualization of endoderm and vascular development in culture and the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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46
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Abstract
Analyses of the human genome have proven extremely successful in identifying changes that contribute to human disease. Genetically engineered mice provide a powerful tool to analyze these changes, although they are slow and costly and do not always recapitulate human biology. Recent advances in genomic technologies, rodent-modeling approaches, and the production of patient-derived reprogrammed cell lines now provide a plethora of complementary systems to study disease states and test new therapies. Continued evolution and integration of these model systems will be the key to realizing the benefits of the genomic revolution and refining our understanding and treatment of human diseases.
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47
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Shimada T, Takai Y, Shinohara K, Yamasaki A, Tominaga-Yoshino K, Ogura A, Toi A, Asano K, Shintani N, Hayata-Takano A, Baba A, Hashimoto H. A simplified method to generate serotonergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurochem 2012; 122:81-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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48
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Tchorz JS, Suply T, Ksiazek I, Giachino C, Cloëtta D, Danzer CP, Doll T, Isken A, Lemaistre M, Taylor V, Bettler B, Kinzel B, Mueller M. A modified RMCE-compatible Rosa26 locus for the expression of transgenes from exogenous promoters. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30011. [PMID: 22253858 PMCID: PMC3258265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of gain-of-function transgenic mice by targeting the Rosa26 locus has been established as an alternative to classical transgenic mice produced by pronuclear microinjection. However, targeting transgenes to the endogenous Rosa26 promoter results in moderate ubiquitous expression and is not suitable for high expression levels. Therefore, we now generated a modified Rosa26 (modRosa26) locus that combines efficient targeted transgenesis using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) by Flipase (Flp-RMCE) or Cre recombinase (Cre-RMCE) with transgene expression from exogenous promoters. We silenced the endogenous Rosa26 promoter and characterized several ubiquitous (pCAG, EF1α and CMV) and tissue-specific (VeCad, αSMA) promoters in the modRosa26 locus in vivo. We demonstrate that the ubiquitous pCAG promoter in the modRosa26 locus now offers high transgene expression. While tissue-specific promoters were all active in their cognate tissues they additionally led to rare ectopic expression. To achieve high expression levels in a tissue-specific manner, we therefore combined Flp-RMCE for rapid ES cell targeting, the pCAG promoter for high transgene levels and Cre/LoxP conditional transgene activation using well-characterized Cre lines. Using this approach we generated a Cre/LoxP-inducible reporter mouse line with high EGFP expression levels that enables cell tracing in live cells. A second reporter line expressing luciferase permits efficient monitoring of Cre activity in live animals. Thus, targeting the modRosa26 locus by RMCE minimizes the effort required to target ES cells and generates a tool for the use exogenous promoters in combination with single-copy transgenes for predictable expression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S. Tchorz
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Suply
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Ksiazek
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitri Cloëtta
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claus-Peter Danzer
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Doll
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Isken
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Lemaistre
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Max-Planck Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Mueller
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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49
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CD19-independent instruction of murine marginal zone B-cell development by constitutive Notch2 signaling. Blood 2011; 118:6321-31. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-325944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
B cell–specific gene ablation of Notch2 results in the loss of the marginal zone (MZ) B-cell lineage. To analyze the effects of constitutive Notch2 signaling in B cells, we have generated a transgenic mouse strain that allows the conditional expression of a constitutively active, intracellular form of Notch2 (Notch2IC). Expression of Notch2IC at the earliest developmental stages of the B-cell lineage completely abolished B-cell generation and led to the development of ectopic T cells in the bone marrow (BM), showing that Notch2IC is acting redundantly with Notch1IC in driving ectopic T-cell differentiation. In B cells clearly committed to the B-cell lineage induction of Notch2IC drove all cells toward the MZ B-cell compartment at the expense of follicular B cells. Notch2IC-expressing B cells reflected the phenotype of wild-type MZ B cells for their localization in the MZ, the expression of characteristic surface markers, their enhanced proliferation after stimulation, and increased basal activity of Akt, Erk, and Jnk. Notch2IC-driven MZ B-cell generation in the spleen was achieved even in the absence of CD19. Our results implicate that a constitutive Notch2 signal in transitional type 1 B cells is sufficient to drive MZ B-cell differentiation.
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50
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Lange A, Gegg M, Burtscher I, Bengel D, Kremmer E, Lickert H. Fltp(T2AiCre): a new knock-in mouse line for conditional gene targeting in distinct mono- and multiciliated tissues. Differentiation 2011; 83:S105-13. [PMID: 22153975 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified Flattop (Fltp; 1700009p17Rik) in a screen for potential Foxa2 target and novel mouse organizer genes. Besides its expression in the embryonic node, we found that Fltp is active in other monociliated tissues such as the sensory organs of the inner ear, duct and islets of the pancreas as well as in testis. Additionally, Fltp mRNA is expressed in multiciliated epithelial cells of the lung and of the choroid plexi in the brain. To genetically lineage trace these cells during development and injury as well as to conditionally inactivate genes in these tissues, we generated a Cre recombinase knock-in mouse line using the Fltp gene locus. By homologous recombination we have fused the Fltp open-reading frame to a tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag followed by an intervening viral T2A sequence for co-translational cleavage and an improved Cre recombinase (iCre). This strategy allows both the analysis of the tagged Fltp-TAP-T2A protein and the usage of the iCre recombinase for conditional targeting approaches. Using the ROSA26 reporter mouse line we show that Fltp(T2AiCre) is first active in the monociliated cells of the node, notochord, floorplate and prechordal plate, consistent with the Fltp-TAP-T2A protein production in the node progenitor cells. Furthermore iCre recombinase activity is detected in multiciliated tissues such as choroid plexi of the brain and epithelial cells of the lung with the onset at E10.5 and E13.5, respectively. In the pancreas, β-galactosidase activity is seen in the monociliated cells of the pancreatic duct and islet of Langerhans. Intercrossing Fltp(T2AiCre) mice with the CAG-CAT-EGFP reporter mouse line further confirms iCre activity in multiciliated cells of the lung and brain on a cellular level. Thus, the Fltp(T2AiCre) line is a powerful tool to conditionally inactivate genes in distinct mono- and multiciliated tissues and to analyze the tagged Fltp protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Lange
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Germany
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