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Bi X, Wang Y, Qiu A, Wu S, Zhan W, Liu H, Li H, Qiu R, Chen G. Effects of arsenic on gut microbiota and its bioaccumulation and biotransformation in freshwater invertebrate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134623. [PMID: 38754231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of arsenic stress on the gut microbiota of a freshwater invertebrate, specifically the apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), and elucidate its potential role in arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation. Waterborne arsenic exposure experiments were conducted to characterize the snail's gut microbiomes. The results indicate that low concentration of arsenic increased the abundance of gut bacteria, while high concentration decreased it. The dominant bacterial phyla in the snail were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota. In vitro analyses confirmed the critical involvement of the gut microbiota in arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation. To further validate the functionality of the gut microbiota in vivo, antibiotic treatment was administered to eliminate the gut microbiota in the snails, followed by exposure to waterborne arsenic. The results demonstrated that antibiotic treatment reduced the total arsenic content and the proportion of arsenobetaine in the snail's body. Moreover, the utilization of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling provided a deeper understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation, metabolism, and distribution. In conclusion, our research highlights the adaptive response of gut microbiota to arsenic stress and provides valuable insights into their potential role in the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of arsenic in host organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Arsenic, a widely distributed and carcinogenic metalloid, with significant implications for its toxicity to both humans and aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of As on gut microbiota and its bioaccumulation and biotransformation in freshwater invertebrates. These results help us to understand the mechanism of gut microbiota in aquatic invertebrates responding to As stress and the role of gut microbiota in As bioaccumulation and biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Bi
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Aiting Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shengze Wu
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wenhui Zhan
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Huashou Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guikui Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Ferreira NDS, Costa PHD, de Sá ÍP, Bernardo VS, Torres FF, Figueiredo JG, do Amaral CDB, Nogueira ARA, Humberto da Silva DG, Gonzalez MH. Arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation in different tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A comparative study between As(III) and As(V) exposure and evaluation of antagonistic effects of selenium. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142289. [PMID: 38723690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The speciation of arsenic in fish has been widely investigated, but bioaccumulation and biotransformation of inorganic As in different tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of As in Nile tilapia, as well as to evaluate the distribution of the main arsenic species (As(III), As(V), MMA, DMA, and AsB) in liver, stomach, gill, and muscle, after controlled exposures to As(III) and As(V) at concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 mg L-1 during periods of 1 and 7 days. Total As was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). For both exposures (As(III) and As(V)), the total As levels after 7-day exposure were highest in the liver and lowest in the muscle. Overall, the Nile tilapia exposed to As(III) showed higher tissue levels of As after the treatments, compared to As(V) exposure. Speciation of arsenic present in the tissues employed liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS), revealing that the biotransformation of As included As(V) reduction to As(III), methylation to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and subsequent conversion to nontoxic arsenobetaine (AsB), which was the predominant arsenic form. Finally, the interactions and antagonistic effects of selenium in the bioaccumulation processes were tested by the combined exposure to As(III), the most toxic species of As, together with tetravalent selenium (Se(IV)). The results indicated a 4-6 times reduction of arsenic toxicity in the tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Dos Santos Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique da Costa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ívero Pita de Sá
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Applied Instrumental Analysis Group, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Victoria Simões Bernardo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Flaviene Felix Torres
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Rita Araujo Nogueira
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Applied Instrumental Analysis Group, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danilo Grünig Humberto da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (CPTL/UFMS), Department of Biological Sciences, Três Lagoas, MS, 79600-080, Brazil
| | - Mario Henrique Gonzalez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.
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Md Taib MH, Lim LH. Simultaneous microwave digestion for total arsenic and inorganic arsenic in local shrimp and prawn commodities of Brunei Darussalam for regulatory and safety monitoring. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32224. [PMID: 38882356 PMCID: PMC11180320 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The data gap in food safety regulations have created misinformation leading to the rejection of commodities for trade. The evidence presented is the local regulation of arsenic in sea produce which is based on total arsenic, tAs, instead of toxic inorganic arsenic, iAs. Furthermore, tAs data in animal origin seafood has been widely proven to be dominated by the non-toxic Arsenobetaine, AsB. Therefore, if arsenic regulatory limit was set based only on tAs without reference to iAs data, seafood products might be wrongfully rejected for trade because of non-compliance to tAs limit. We provided analysis of tAs and iAs of 14 local prawn and shrimp commodities from three shrimp/prawn sector namely aquaculture (n = 3), capture (n = 5) and processed (n = 6) using effective extraction, as well as, a fit-for-purpose analytical method for iAs. A HVG-AAS method was developed and validated for iAs with LoQ of 1.6 ppb, analytical range of 0-6 ppb, repeatability RSDr of 0.5-3.1 %, coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9975, and percentage recovery of 90.9 %, while an existing method using ICP-MS was used to verify the tAs. Based on the AOAC Official Method 999.10 2005 with minor adjustments, seafood samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide under pressure in a closed vessel heated by a microwave digester. An additional step for iAs determination was necessary to ensure compatibility in HVG-AAS analysis. Further subdivision of the aquaculture and capture samples was done by dividing them into 3 fractions, namely head, flesh and peel. Comparison of tAs in all the three fractions indicated that for aquaculture sector, the highest tAs were found in the flesh (2nd highest in % weight) whereas for the capture sector, the highest amount of tAs correlated with the highest % weight of the fraction. On regulatory aspects, speciation analysis on the iAs indicated samples with quantifiable iAs value were in-compliance despite tAs were initially found to be higher than the national limits. Risk assessment of iAs indicated there were no risk for human daily intake based on the BDML0.5 value of 3.0 μg/kg b.w per day for an average 70 kg man. All findings concluded the need for doing arsenic speciation analysis of iAs along with tAs for routine monitoring of prawn/shrimp samples and to revise the local limits from tAs to iAs particularly for seafood commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Md Taib
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link Road, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
- Department of Scientific Services, Ministry of Health, Commonwealth Drive, Menteri Besar Road, Bandar Seri Begawan, BB3910, Brunei Darussalam
| | - L H Lim
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link Road, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Su C, Rana NM, Zhang S, Wang B. Environmental pollution and human health risk due to tailings storage facilities in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172437. [PMID: 38614343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Tailings storage facilities (TSFs) represent an anthropogenic source of pollution, resulting in potential risks to both environmental integrity and human health. To date, the environmental and human health risks from TSFs in China have been under-researched. This study attempts to address this gap by developing, and geo-statistically analyzing two comprehensive databases. The first database (I) focuses on failed TSFs; we supply the statistics of environmental damages from 143 TSF failure incidents. Notably, approximately 75 % of the failure incidents involved tailings flows released into water bodies, resulting in a significant exacerbation of environmental pollution. To better inform ecological and human health risks, we present another database (II) for 147 non-failed TSFs to investigate the soil heavy metal contamination, considering 8 heavy metals. The findings reveal that (i) Cd, Pb, and Hg are the prominent pollutants across the non-failed TSF sites in China; (ii) lead‑zinc and tungsten mine tailings storage sites exhibit the most severe pollution; (iii) Pb, Cd, and Ni present noteworthy non-carcinogenic risks to human health; (iv) >85 % of TSF sites pose carcinogenic risks associated with arsenic; and (v) health risks resulting from dermal absorption surpass ingestion for the majority of heavy metals, with the exception of Pb, where ingestion presents a more pronounced route of exposure. Our study presents a comprehensive evaluation of environmental and human health risks due to TSFs, highlighting the necessity for risk assessment of >14,000 existing TSFs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Su
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bijiao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Frantzen S, Duinker A, Julshamn K, Nøttestad L, Maage A. Levels of mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead in Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from northern European waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116060. [PMID: 38306743 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Fillets from a total of 1245 Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) sampled in different fishing areas of the Northeast Atlantic during 2007-2016 were analysed for mercury, cadmium, arsenic and lead using ICPMS. Mercury levels varied from <0.01 to 0.36 mg/kg wet weight (ww) with a total mean of 0.046 mg/kg ww and were significantly higher in Skagerrak than in the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and west of Scotland. Cadmium concentrations varied from <0.002 to 0.16 mg/kg ww with a mean value of 0.015 mg/kg ww. Only 0.24 % and 0.16 % of the sampled fish exceeded the EU's maximum levels for cadmium and mercury, respectively. Arsenic levels varied between 0.43 and 6.9 mg/kg ww with a mean value of 2.2 mg/kg ww and showed seasonal variation following variations in fat content. Lead concentrations were low and below the analytical limit of quantification (LOQ) in 97 % of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Frantzen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Arne Duinker
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kåre Julshamn
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Leif Nøttestad
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Amund Maage
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Walenta M, Raab A, Braeuer S, Steiner L, Borovička J, Goessler W. Arsenobetaine amide: a novel arsenic species detected in several mushroom species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1399-1405. [PMID: 38227015 PMCID: PMC10861392 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The total arsenic mass fraction as well as the arsenic speciation were studied in four different mushroom species with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Arsenic mass fractions detected in the mushrooms were covering a range from 0.3 to 22 mg As kg-1 dry mass. For the arsenic speciation, species like arsenobetaine, inorganic arsenic, or dimethylarsinic acid were found, which are commonly detected in mushrooms, but it was also proven that the recently discovered novel compound homoarsenocholine is present in Amanita muscaria and Ramaria sanguinea. Moreover, a previously unidentified arsenic species was isolated from Ramaria sanguinea and identified as trimethylarsonioacetamide, or in short: arsenobetaine amide. This new arsenical was synthesized and verified by spiking experiments to be present in all investigated mushroom samples. Arsenobetaine amide could be an important intermediate to further elucidate the biotransformation pathways of arsenic in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Walenta
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Raab
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Braeuer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Steiner
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Chandel M, Sharma AK, Thakur K, Sharma D, Brar B, Mahajan D, Kumari H, Pankaj PP, Kumar R. Poison in the water: Arsenic's silent assault on fish health. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38262619 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic occurs across the world in freshwater and marine environments, menacing the survival of aquatic organisms. Organic and inorganic forms of this substance can be found, in which the inorganic form is more hazardous than the organic form. Most aquatic bodies contain inorganic arsenic species, but organic species are believed to be the dominant form of arsenic in the majority of fish. Natural and anthropogenic both are the sources of water contamination with arsenic. Its bioaccumulation and transfer from one trophic level to another in the aquatic food chain make arsenic a vital environmental issue. Continuous exposure to low concentrations of arsenic in aquatic organisms including fish leads to its bioaccumulation, which may affect organisms of higher trophic levels including large fishes or humans. Humans can be exposed to arsenic through the consumption of fish contaminated with arsenic. Hence, the present review facilitates our understanding about sources of arsenic, its bioaccumulation, food chain transfer, and its effect on the fish health. Also, "Poison in the Water: Arsenic's Silent Assault on Fish Health" serves as a wake-up call to recognize the pressing need to address arsenic contamination in water bodies. By understanding its devastating impact on fish health, we can strive to implement sustainable practices and policies that safeguard our precious aquatic environments and ensure the well-being of both wildlife and human communities that depend on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Chandel
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Kushal Thakur
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Dixit Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Bhavna Brar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Danish Mahajan
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Hishani Kumari
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Pranay Punj Pankaj
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, India
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Silva MS, Tibon J, Sartipiyarahmadi S, Remø SC, Sele V, Søfteland L, Sveier H, Wiech M, Philip AJP, Berntssen M. Arsenic speciation and arsenic feed-to-fish transfer in Atlantic salmon fed marine low trophic feeds based blue mussel and kelp. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 80:127319. [PMID: 37866214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaculture aims to reduce the environmental and climate footprints of feed production. Consequently, low trophic marine (LTM) resources such as blue mussels and kelp are potential candidates to be used as ingredients in salmon feed. It is relevant to study potential undesirables associated with their use, as well as assessing food safety by investigating their transfer from feed-to-fish. The marine biota is well known to contain relatively high levels of arsenic (As), which may be present in different organic forms depending on marine biota type and trophic position. Thus, it is important to not only obtain data on the concentrations of As, but also on the As species present in the raw materials, feed and farmed salmon when being fed novel LTM feed resources. METHODS Atlantic salmon were fed experimental diets for 70 days. A total of nine diets were prepared: four diets containing up to 4 % fermented kelp, three diets containing up to 11 % blue mussel silage, and one diet containing 12 % blue mussel meal, in addition to a standard reference diet containing 25 % fish meal. Concentrations of As and As species in feeds, faeces, liver and fillet of Atlantic salmon were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS), respectively. RESULTS The use of kelp or blue mussel-based feed ingredients increased the concentration of total As, but maximum level as defined in Directive 2002/32 EC and amendments was not exceeded. The concentrations found in the experimental feeds ranged from 3.4 mg kg-1 to 4.6 mg kg-1 ww. Arsenic speciation in the feed varied based on the ingredient, with arsenobetaine dominating in all feed samples (36-60 % of the total As), while arsenosugars (5.2-8.9 % of the total As) were abundant in kelp-included feed. The intestinal uptake of total As ranged from 67 % to 83 %, but retention in fillet only ranged from 2 % to 22 % and in liver from 0.3 % to 0.6 %, depending on the marine source used. Fish fed feeds containing blue mussel showed higher intestinal uptake of total As when compared with fish fed feeds containing fermented kelp. Fish fed fermented kelp-based feeds had higher retained concentrations of total As when comparing with fish fed feeds containing blue mussel. Despite relatively high intestinal uptake of total As, inorganic and organic As, the retained concentrations of As did not reflect the same trend. CONCLUSION Although the use of LTM feed ingredients increased the level of total As in this feeds, salmon reared on these diets did not show increased total As levels. The well-known toxic inorganic As forms were not detected in salmon muscle reared on LTM diets, and the non-toxic organic AsB was the dominant As species that was retained in salmon muscle, while the organic AsSug forms were not. This study shows that speciation analysis of the LTM resources provides valuable information of the feed-to-fish transfer of As, needed to assess the food safety of farmed Atlantic salmon reared on novel low trophic feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Silva
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jojo Tibon
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sahar Sartipiyarahmadi
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sofie C Remø
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Veronika Sele
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv Søfteland
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Harald Sveier
- Lerøy Seafood Group ASA, P.O. Box 7600, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin Wiech
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marc Berntssen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Coniglio D, Ventura G, Calvano CD, Losito I, Cataldi TRI. Strategies for the analysis of arsenolipids in marine foods: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115628. [PMID: 37579719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-containing lipids, also named arsenolipids (AsLs), are a group of organic compounds usually found in a variety of marine organisms such as fish, algae, shellfish, marine oils, and microorganisms. Numerous AsLs have been recognised so far, from simple compounds such as arsenic fatty acids (AsFAs), arsenic hydrocarbons (AsHCs), and trimethylarsenio fatty alcohols (TMAsFOHs) to more complex arsenic-containing species, of which arsenophospholipids (AsPLs) are a case in point. Mass spectrometry, both as inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray source (LC-ESI-MS), was applied to organic arsenicals playing a key role in extending and refining the characterisation of arsenic-containing lipids in marine organisms. Herein, upon the introduction of a systematic notation for AsLs and a brief examination of their toxicity and biological role, the most relevant literature concerning the characterisation of AsLs in marine organisms, including edible ones, is reviewed. The use of both ICP-MS and ESI-MS coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has brought significant advancements in the field. In the case of ESI-MS, the employment of negative polarity and tandem MS analyses has further enhanced these advancements. One notable development is the identification of the m/z 389.0 ion ([AsC10H19O9P]-) as a diagnostic product ion of AsPLs, which is obtained from the fragmentation of the deprotonated forms of AsPLs ([M - H]-). The pinpointing product ions offer the possibility of determining the identity and regiochemistry of AsPL side chains. Advanced MS-based analytical methods may contribute remarkably to the understanding of the chemical diversity characterising the metalloid As in natural organic compounds of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Coniglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima D Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ilario Losito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Hull EA, Stiling RR, Barajas M, Neumann RB, Olden JD, Gawel JE. Littoral sediment arsenic concentrations predict arsenic trophic transfer and human health risk in contaminated lakes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293214. [PMID: 37856511 PMCID: PMC10586660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake sediments store metal contaminants from historic pesticide and herbicide use and mining operations. Historical regional smelter operations in the Puget Sound lowlands have resulted in arsenic concentrations exceeding 200 μg As g-1 in urban lake sediments. Prior research has elucidated how sediment oxygen demand, warmer sediment temperatures, and alternating stratification and convective mixing in shallow lakes results in higher concentrations of arsenic in aquatic organisms when compared to deeper, seasonally stratified lakes with similar levels of arsenic pollution in profundal sediments. In this study we examine the trophic pathways for arsenic transfer through the aquatic food web of urban lakes in the Puget Sound lowlands, measuring C and N isotopes-to determine resource usage and trophic level-and total and inorganic arsenic in primary producers and primary and secondary consumers. Our results show higher levels of arsenic in periphyton than in other primary producers, and higher concentrations in snails than zooplankton or insect macroinvertebrates. In shallow lakes arsenic concentrations in littoral sediment are similar to deep profundal sediments due to arsenic remobilization, mixing, and redeposition, resulting in direct arsenic exposure to littoral benthic organisms such as periphyton and snails. The influence of littoral sediment on determining arsenic trophic transfer is evidenced by our results which show significant correlations between total arsenic in littoral sediment and total arsenic in periphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, snails, and fish across multiple lakes. We also found a consistent relationship between percent inorganic arsenic and trophic level (determined by δ15N) in lakes with different depths and mixing regimes. Cumulatively, these results combine to provide a strong empirical relationship between littoral sediment arsenic levels and inorganic arsenic in edible species that can be used to screen lakes for potential human health risk using an easy, inexpensive sampling and analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Hull
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rebekah R. Stiling
- Water and Land Resources Division, King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marco Barajas
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Neumann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julian D. Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James E. Gawel
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
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11
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Hoy KS, Davydiuk T, Chen X, Lau C, Schofield JRM, Lu X, Graydon JA, Mitchell R, Reichert M, Le XC. Arsenic speciation in freshwater fish: challenges and research needs. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2023; 7:fyad032. [PMID: 37744965 PMCID: PMC10515374 DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Food and water are the main sources of human exposure to arsenic. It is important to determine arsenic species in food because the toxicities of arsenic vary greatly with its chemical speciation. Extensive research has focused on high concentrations of arsenic species in marine organisms. The concentrations of arsenic species in freshwater fish are much lower, and their determination presents analytical challenges. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on arsenic speciation in freshwater fish and discuss challenges and research needs. Fish samples are typically homogenized, and arsenic species are extracted using water/methanol with the assistance of sonication and enzyme treatment. Arsenic species in the extracts are commonly separated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, used in combination with HPLC and ICPMS, provides complementary information for the identification and characterization of arsenic species. The methods and perspectives discussed in this review, covering sample preparation, chromatography separation, and mass spectrometry detection, are directed to arsenic speciation in freshwater fish and applicable to studies of other food items. Despite progress made in arsenic speciation analysis, a large fraction of the total arsenic in freshwater fish remains unidentified. It is challenging to identify and quantify arsenic species present in complex sample matrices at very low concentrations. Further research is needed to improve the extraction efficiency, chromatographic resolution, detection sensitivity, and characterization capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Hoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tetiana Davydiuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaojian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chester Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Ruth Mitchell
- Alberta Health, Health Protection Branch, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan Reichert
- Alberta Health, Health Protection Branch, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Lau C, Le XC. Cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc in freshwater fish: Assessing trophic transfer using stable isotope ratios of δ 15N and δ 13C. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:250-257. [PMID: 36801038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chester Lau
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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13
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Xue XM, Wang HY, Yu XW, Hu S, Huang LJ, Yang HC, Gong L, Yang K, Li HB, Zhu YG. Gut Microbiota Control the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Organoarsenicals of Seaweeds in Mice after Oral Ingestion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37236912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Edible seaweed consumption is an essential route of human exposure to complex organoarsenicals, including arsenosugars and arsenosugar phospholipids. However, the effects of gut microbiota on the metabolism and bioavailability of arsenosugars in vivo are unknown. Herein, two nori and two kelp samples with phosphate arsenosugar and sulfonate arsenosugar, respectively, as the predominant arsenic species, were administered to normal mice and gut microbiota-disrupted mice treated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic cefoperazone for 4 weeks. Following exposure, the community structures of the gut microbiota, total arsenic concentrations, and arsenic species in excreta and tissues were analyzed. Total arsenic excreted in feces and urine did not differ significantly between normal and antibiotic-treated mice fed with kelp samples. However, the total urinary arsenic of normal mice fed with nori samples was significantly higher (p < 0.05) (urinary arsenic excretion factor, 34-38 vs 5-7%), and the fecal total arsenic was significantly lower than in antibiotic-treated mice. Arsenic speciation analysis revealed that most phosphate arsenosugars in nori were converted to arsenobetaine (53.5-74.5%) when passing through the gastrointestinal tract, whereas a large portion of sulfonate arsenosugar in kelp was resistant to speciation changes and was excreted in feces intact (64.1-64.5%). Normal mice exhibited greater oral bioavailability of phosphate arsenosugar from nori than sulfonate arsenosugar from kelp (34-38 vs 6-9%). Our work provides insights into organoarsenical metabolism and their bioavailability in the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Mei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin-Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
- Zhoushan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Shilin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Cheng Yang
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Like Gong
- Hangzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Ellingsen DG, Weinbruch S, Sallsten G, Berlinger B, Barregard L. The variability of arsenic in blood and urine of humans. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127179. [PMID: 37148695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to inorganic and organic arsenic. The total arsenic (As) concentration in urine is a commonly used biomarker of exposure. However, little is known about variability of As in biological fluids and the diurnal variation of As excretion. OBJECTIVES Main objectives were to assess the variability of As in urine, plasma (P-As), whole blood (B-As), and the blood cell fraction (C-As), and to assess diurnal variation of As excretion. METHODS Six urine samples were collected at fixed times during 24 h on two different days around one week apart among 29 men and 31 women. Blood samples were collected when the morning urine samples were delivered. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated as the ratio of the between-individuals variance to the total observed variance. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) 24 h urinary excretions of As (U-As24 h) were 41 and 39 µg/24 h on the two days of sampling. Concentrations of B-As, P-As and C-As were highly correlated with U-As24 h and As in first void morning urine. No statistically significant differences were observed for the urinary As excretion rate between the different sampling times. A high ICC was observed for As in the cellular blood fraction (0.803), while ICC for first morning urine corrected for creatine was low (0.316). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that C-As is the most reliable biomarker for use in exposure assessment of individual exposure. Morning urine samples have low reliability for such use. No apparent diurnal variation was observed in the urinary As excretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag G Ellingsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, 0363 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- National Institute of Occupational Health, 0363 Oslo, Norway; Technical University of Darmstadt, Institute of Applied Geosciences, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg & Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
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15
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Lim SY, Dayal H, Seah SJ, Tan RPW, Low ZE, Laserna AKC, Tan SH, Chan MY, Li SFY. Plasma metallomics reveals potential biomarkers and insights into the ambivalent associations of elements with acute myocardial infarction. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 77:127148. [PMID: 36905853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Using a validated and efficient ICP-MS/MS-based workflow, a total of 30 metallomic features were profiled in a study comprising 101 AMI patients and 66 age-matched healthy controls. The metallomic features include 12 essential elements (Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Se, Zn), 8 non-essential/toxic elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, Rb, Sr, U, V), and 10 clinically relevant element-pair product/ratios (Ca/Mg, Ca×P, Cu/Se, Cu/Zn, Fe/Cu, P/Mg, Na/K, Zn/Se). Preliminary linear regression with feature selection confirmed smoking status as a predominant determinant for the non-essential/toxic elements, and revealed potential routes of action. Univariate assessments with adjustments for covariates revealed insights into the ambivalent relationships of Cu, Fe, and P with AMI, while also confirming cardioprotective associations of Se. Also, beyond their roles as risk factors, Cu and Se may be involved in the response mechanism in AMI onset/intervention, as demonstrated via longitudinal data analysis with 2 additional time-points (1-/6-month follow-up). Finally, based on both univariate tests and multivariate classification modelling, potentially more sensitive markers measured as element-pair ratios were identified (e.g., Cu/Se, Fe/Cu). Overall, metallomics-based biomarkers may have utility for AMI prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Lim
- NUS Graduate School's Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, 119077, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hiranya Dayal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Song Jie Seah
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Regina Pei Woon Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi En Low
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Anna Karen Carrasco Laserna
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Central Instrument Facility, Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
| | - Sock Hwee Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Mark Y Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- NUS Graduate School's Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, 119077, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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16
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Papadopoulou E, Rodriguez de Evgrafov MC, Kalea A, Tsapekos P, Angelidaki I. Adaptive laboratory evolution to hypersaline conditions of lactic acid bacteria isolated from seaweed. N Biotechnol 2023; 75:21-30. [PMID: 36870677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed biomass has been proposed as a promising alternative carbon source for fermentation processes using microbial factories. However, the high salinity content of seaweed biomass is a limiting factor in large scale fermentation processes. To address this shortcoming, three bacterial species (Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium) were isolated from seaweed biomass and evolved to increasing concentrations of NaCl. Following the evolution period, P. pentosaceus reached a plateau at the initial NaCl concentration, whereas L. plantarum, and E. faecium showed a 1.29 and 1.75-fold increase in their salt tolerance, respectively. The impact that salt evolution had on lactic acid production using hypersaline seaweed hydrolysate was investigated. Salinity evolved L. plantarum produced 1.18-fold more lactic acid than the wild type, and salinity evolved E. faecium was able to produce lactic acid, while the wild type could not. No differences in lactic acid production were observed between the P. pentosaceus salinity evolved and wild type strains. Evolved lineages were analyzed for the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypes. Mutations were observed in genes affecting the ion balance in the cell, the composition of the cell membrane and proteins acting as regulators. This study demonstrates that bacterial isolates from saline niches are promising microbial factories for the fermentation of saline substrates, without the requirement of previous desalination steps, while preserving high final product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Papadopoulou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | | | - Argyro Kalea
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis Tsapekos
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
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17
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Zhang J, Ye Z, Huang L, Zhao Q, Dong K, Zhang W. Significant Biotransformation of Arsenobetaine into Inorganic Arsenic in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:91. [PMID: 36850967 PMCID: PMC9962689 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is extremely toxic to living organisms at high concentrations. Arsenobetaine (AsB), confirmed to be a non-toxic form, is the main contributor to As in the muscle tissue of marine fish. However, few studies have investigated the biotransformation and biodegradation of AsB in mammals. In the current study, C57BL/6J mice were fed four different diets, namely, Yangjiang and Zhanjiang fish diets spiked with marine fish muscle containing AsB, and arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) diets spiked with As(III) and As(V), respectively, to investigate the biotransformation and bioaccumulation of AsB in mouse tissues for 42 d. Different diets exhibited different As species distributions, which contributed to varying levels of As bioaccumulation in different tissues. The intestines accumulated the highest level of As, regardless of form, which played a major part in As absorption and distribution in mice. We observed a significant biotransformation of AsB to As(V) following its diet exposure, and the liver, lungs, and spleen of AsB-treated mice showed higher As accumulation levels than those of As(III)- or As(V)-treated mice. Inorganic As showed relatively high accumulation levels in the lungs and spleen after long-term exposure to AsB. Overall, these findings provided strong evidence that AsB undergoes biotransformation to As(V) in mammals, indicating the potential health risk associated with long-term AsB intake in mammals.
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18
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Lescord GL, Johnston TA, Ponton DE, Amyot M, Lock A, Gunn JM. The speciation of arsenic in the muscle tissue of inland and coastal freshwater fish from a remote boreal region. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136140. [PMID: 36041531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of total arsenic (As) have been reported in boreal freshwater fish in both human-impacted and relatively pristine areas. We assessed the arsenic speciation profiles in muscle tissue of six fish species (n = 300) sampled from nine locations across a remote freshwater watershed in northern Ontario, Canada, extending from inland headwater lakes to the coastal marine confluence. Of the five arsenic species measured, only arsenobetaine (AsB) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were detected in these fish. Riverine fish had up to 10-fold higher total [As] when compared to lacustrine fish. On average, these riverine fish also had higher percentages of AsB (%AsB, 60 ± 26%) and lower percentages of unmeasured arsenic (%UNM, 20 ± 21%), compared to lacustrine fish (28 ± 18% and 52 ± 21% %AsB and %UNM, respectively). DMA percentages (%DMA) were relatively consistent across the watershed, averaging 20 ± 21% across all fish. We examined ecological drivers of As speciation and found that %AsB increased slightly with fish weight in large-body predatory fish, but not in forage fish or insectivores. Furthermore, %AsB was positively related to trophic elevation (inferred from δ15N) in lacustrine fish across 3 out of 4 communities and within some populations. Lastly, riverine fish with a more marine-based diet had markedly higher %AsB when compared to fish with more freshwater-based diets, indicating an effect of anadromy on arsenic speciation. Overall, knowledge on arsenic speciation in freshwater fish has been limited and these results indicate potential drivers that can be considered in future studies. Furthermore, the absence of toxic inorganic As species in these boreal fish is an important consideration for future environmental monitoring practices and risk assessments, some of which assume 10-20% of total [As] in fish is present as toxic inorganic As. Additional studies on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation are needed in freshwater systems, particularly at the base of aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Lescord
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
| | - Thomas A Johnston
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and Forestry, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Dominic E Ponton
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Amyot
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alan Lock
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - John M Gunn
- Laurentian University, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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19
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Laue HE, Moroishi Y, Palys TJ, Jackson BP, Madan JC, Karagas MR. Contribution of gut bacteria to arsenic metabolism in the first year of life in a prospective birth cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114099. [PMID: 35998698 PMCID: PMC10319341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut bacteria are at the interface of environmental exposures and their impact on human systems, and may alter host absorption, metabolism, and excretion of toxic chemicals. We investigated whether arsenic-metabolizing bacterial gene pathways related to urinary arsenic concentrations. In the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, urine and stool samples were obtained at six weeks (n = 186) and one year (n = 190) of age. Inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and arsenobetaine (AsB) were quantified in infant urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total arsenic exposure (tAs) was summarized as Σ(iAs, MMA, DMA) and log2-transformed. Fecal microbial DNA underwent metagenomic sequencing and the relative abundance of bacterial gene pathways were grouped as KEGG Orthologies (KOs) using BioBakery algorithms. Arsenic metabolism KOs with >80% prevalence were log2-transformed and modeled continuously using linear regression, those with <10% were not evaluated and those with 10-80% prevalence were analyzed dichotomously (detect/non-detect) using logistic regression. In the first set of models, tAs was regressed against KO relative abundance or detection adjusting for age at sample collection and child's sex. Effect modification by delivery mode was assessed in stratified models. In the second set of models, the association between the relative abundance/detection of the KOs and arsenic speciation (%iAs, %MMA, %DMA) was quantified with linear regression. Urinary tAs was associated with the increased relative abundance/detection odds of several arsenic-related KOs, including K16509, an arsenate reductase transcriptional regulator, with stronger associations among six-week-olds than one-year-olds. K16509 was also associated with decreased %MMA and increased %DMA at six weeks and one year. Notably, many associations were stronger among operatively-delivered than vaginally-delivered infants. Our findings suggest associations between arsenic-metabolizing bacteria in the infant gut microbiome and urinary arsenic excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Laue
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Yuka Moroishi
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Thomas J Palys
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Juliette C Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth,Lebanon, NH, United States.
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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20
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Song D, Zhu S, Chen L, Zhang T, Zhang L. The strategy of arsenic metabolism in an arsenic-resistant bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SCSIOOM isolated from fish gut. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120085. [PMID: 36058313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are candidates for the biotransformation of environmental arsenic (As), while As metabolism in bacteria is not yet fully understood. In this study, we sequenced the genome of an As-resistant bacterium strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SCSIOOM isolated from the fish gut. After arsenate (As(V)) exposure, S. maltophilia transformed As(V) to organoarsenicals, along with the significant change of the expression of 40 genes, including the upregulation of arsH, arsRBC and betIBA. The heterogeneous expression of arsH and arsRBC increased As resistance of E. coli AW3110 by increasing As efflux and transformation. E. coli AW3110 (pET-betIBA) could transform inorganic As into dimethylarsinate (DMA) and nontoxic arsenobetaine (AsB), which suggested that AsB could be synthesized through the synthetic pathway of its analog-glycine betaine. In addition, the existence of arsRBC, betIBA and arsH reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by As exposure. In total, these results demonstrated that S. maltophilia adopted an As metabolism strategy by reducing As accumulation and synthesizing less toxic As species. We first reported the production and potential synthetic pathway of AsB in bacteria, which improved our knowledge of As toxicology in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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21
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Song D, Chen L, Zhu S, Zhang L. Gut microbiota promote biotransformation and bioaccumulation of arsenic in tilapia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119321. [PMID: 35439597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms such as fish can accumulate high levels of arsenic (As) and transform toxic inorganic As (iAs) to non-toxic arsenobetaine (AsB). Whether the gut microbiota are involved in the process of As accumulation and transformation in fish is unclear. Herein, we subjected tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to antibiotic treatment for 19 d to remove the gut microbiota, followed by the dietary exposure to arsenate (As(V)) for 16 d. The antibiotic-treated fish accumulated significantly less total As and AsB levels in the intestine and muscle than the fish in the control group. The gut contents (mixture of microbiota, digestive fluid, and diet debris) in the control fish metabolized As(V) to arsenite (As(III)) and organoarsenicals in vitro, while those in the antibiotic-treated fish lost this ability. As(V) exposure significantly changed the fish gut microbiota community. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was found to be the dominant species (>60% of total operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number) in the gut microbiota of As-treated fish. The isolated As-resistant strain S. maltophilia SCSIOOM owned a high capability to metabolize As(V) to As(III) and organoarsenicals. Overall, these results demonstrated that the gut microbiota, at least the As-resistant bacteria, were involved in As biotransformation pathways in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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22
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Zarić NM, Braeuer S, Goessler W. Arsenic speciation analysis in honey bees for environmental monitoring. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128614. [PMID: 35338933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic can be toxic to living organisms, depending not only on the concentration, but also its chemical form. The aim of this study was to determine arsenic concentrations and perform arsenic speciation analysis for the first time in honeybees, to evaluate their potential as biomonitors. Highest arsenic concentrations were determined in the vicinity of coal fired thermal power plants (367 µg kg-1), followed by an urban region (213 µg kg-1), with much lower concentrations in an industrial city (28.8 µg kg-1) and rural areas (41 µg kg-1). Until now, honey bees have never been used to study different arsenic species in the environment. For this reason, four extraction procedures were tested: water, hot water at 90 °C, 20% methanol, and 1% formic acid. Water at 90 °C was able to extract more than 90% of the total arsenic from honey bee samples. Inorganic arsenic (the sum of arsenite and arsenate) accounted for 95% of arsenic species in bees from three locations, except the industrial city, where it represented only 80% of arsenic species, while 15% was present as DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad M Zarić
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Simone Braeuer
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic & Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Walter Goessler
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Zhang W, Miao AJ, Wang NX, Li C, Sha J, Jia J, Alessi DS, Yan B, Ok YS. Arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation in aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107221. [PMID: 35378441 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exists universally in freshwater and marine environments, threatening the survival of aquatic organisms and human health. To elucidate arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation processes in aquatic organisms, this review evaluates the dissolved uptake, dietary assimilation, biotransformation, and elimination of arsenic in aquatic organisms and discusses the major factors influencing these processes. Environmental factors such as phosphorus concentration, pH, salinity, and dissolved organic matter influence arsenic absorption from aquatic systems, whereas ingestion rate, gut passage time, and gut environment affect the assimilation of arsenic from foodstuffs. Arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation mechanisms differ depending on specific arsenic species and the involved aquatic organism. Although some enzymes engaged in arsenic biotransformation are known, deciphering the complicated synthesis and degradation pathway of arsenobetaine remains a challenge. The elimination of arsenic involves many processes, such as fecal excretion, renal elimination, molting, and reproductive processes. This review facilitates our understanding of the environmental behavior and biological fate of arsenic and contributes to regulation of the environmental risk posed by arsenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning-Xin Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Sha
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Matos WO, da Silva FLF, Sinaviwat S, Menzies EJ, Raab A, Krupp EM, Feldmann J. Wild shrimp have an order of magnitude higher arsenic concentrations than farmed shrimp from Brazil illustrating the need for a regulation based on inorganic arsenic. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126968. [PMID: 35259617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shrimp is a worldwide food commodity, it is a source of several nutrients and vitamins; however, this food is one of the major sources of arsenic for humans. Legislation around the world set limits for the concentration of this element in crustaceans but is mainly concerned with total analysis. Although, arsenic species have different toxicities and total analysis could be ineffective for making decisions about food security. METHODS Samples of wild (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis) and farmed shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) from NE Brazil were fractionated in subsamples of carapace, muscle tissue and viscera. The whole shrimp as well as the animal tissue fractions were decomposed using microwave digestion and total arsenic was analyzed by mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasm (ICP-MS). The water-soluble arsenic species were extracted, and the extract was carried for speciation analysis using HPLC-ICP-MS with an anionic and cationic column. RESULTS Total As in wild shrimp samples exceeded Brazilian and USA food legislation by one order of magnitude, with concentrations of 11.5 ± 0.5 mg kg-1, while farmed shrimp had significantly lower total arsenic levels (0.53 ± 0.09 mg kg-1). More than 60% of the As was in the edible fraction in the wild shrimp, while in farmed shrimp this was less than 50%. The speciation analysis showed that arsenobetaine (AsB) was the predominant As form and iAs was below the Chinese legislation levels (iAs <0.50 mg kg-1) for shrimp in both species. CONCLUSION The arsenic uptake in wild and farmed shrimp was discussed and some differences were found related to feed and salinity. About legislation, it has been concluded that most food legislations that consider only tAs are not appropriate to assess the toxicity of As in seafood. It is necessary to update the legislation of food control agencies to insert As speciation analysis in their protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladiana O Matos
- Laboratório de Estudos em Química Aplicada (LEQA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Francisco L F da Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos em Química Aplicada (LEQA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Savarin Sinaviwat
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Emma J Menzies
- TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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25
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Microbiomes in the Challenger Deep slope and bottom-axis sediments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1515. [PMID: 35314706 PMCID: PMC8938466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hadal trenches are the deepest and most remote regions of the ocean. The 11-kilometer deep Challenger Deep is the least explored due to the technical challenges of sampling hadal depths. It receives organic matter and heavy metals from the overlying water column that accumulate differently across its V-shaped topography. Here, we collected sediments across the slope and bottom-axis of the Challenger Deep that enable insights into its in situ microbial communities. Analyses of 586 metagenome-assembled genomes retrieved from 37 metagenomes show distinct diversity and metabolic capacities between bottom-axis and slope sites. 26% of prokaryotic 16S rDNA reads in metagenomes were novel, with novelty increasing with water and sediment depths. These predominantly heterotrophic microbes can recycle macromolecules and utilize simple and complex hydrocarbons as carbon sources. Metagenome and metatranscriptome data support reduction and biotransformation of arsenate for energy gain in sediments that present a two-fold greater accumulation of arsenic compared to non-hadal sites. Complete pathways for anaerobic ammonia oxidation are predominantly identified in genomes recovered from bottom-axis sediments compared to slope sites. Our results expand knowledge of microbially-mediated elemental cycling in hadal sediments, and reveal differences in distribution of processes involved in nitrogen loss across the trench. The V-shaped Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world’s oceans. Using 586 prokaryotic metagenome-assembled genomes and metatranscriptomic data, this study explores metabolic capabilities and activities of microorganisms involved in elemental cycling in hadal sediments, and reveals the different distribution of processes between its bottom-axis and slope.
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26
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Oceanographic setting influences the prokaryotic community and metabolome in deep-sea sponges. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3356. [PMID: 35233042 PMCID: PMC8888554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are leading organisms for the discovery of bioactive compounds from nature. Their often rich and species-specific microbiota is hypothesised to be producing many of these compounds. Yet, environmental influences on the sponge-associated microbiota and bioactive compound production remain elusive. Here, we investigated the changes of microbiota and metabolomes in sponges along a depth range of 1232 m. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, we assessed prokaryotic and chemical diversities in three deep-sea sponge species: Geodia barretti, Stryphnus fortis, and Weberella bursa. Both prokaryotic communities and metabolome varied significantly with depth, which we hypothesized to be the effect of different water masses. Up to 35.5% of microbial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) showed significant changes with depth while phylum-level composition of host microbiome remained unchanged. The metabolome varied with depth, with relative quantities of known bioactive compounds increasing or decreasing strongly. Other metabolites varying with depth were compatible solutes regulating osmolarity of the cells. Correlations between prokaryotic community and the bioactive compounds in G. barretti suggested members of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, or an unclassified prokaryote as potential producers.
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27
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Wang X, Wu Y, Sun X, Guo Q, Xia W, Wu Y, Li J, Xu S, Li Y. Arsenic exposure and metabolism in relation to blood pressure changes in pregnant women. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112527. [PMID: 34311426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is concerned with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction. However, what effects the arsenic exposure and the arsenic metabolism have on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and blood pressure changes during pregnancy remain largely unknown. Our goal was to assess the associations of arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism with HDP and blood pressure changes in pregnant women through a prospective birth cohort study. A total of 1038 women who were pregnant (52 HDP, 986 non-HDP participants) were included. Arsenic species of spot urine samples collected at three trimesters were measured, which included inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylated arsenic (MMA), and dimethylated arsenic (DMA). Arsenic metabolism was evaluated as the percentages of iAs, MMA, and DMA respectively (i.e., iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%). Outcomes were HDP and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure changes during pregnancy. We employed mixed linear models to investigate the relationships between arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism with changes in blood pressure during pregnancy. Poisson regression with a robust error variance with generalized estimating equations (GEE) estimation was used so that the associations of arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism with HDP could be estimated. In this study, there was a significant relationship between the concentrations of urinary DMA and the weekly change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = -0.10; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.05), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = -0.07; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.02) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (β = -0.08; 95% CI: -0.12, -0.04). Higher DMA% was accompanied with lesser weekly increase in SBP (β = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.10, 0.00), DBP (β = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.10, -0.01) and MAP (β = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.09, -0.01) during pregnancy. There was a positive association with the highest tertile of iAs% and weekly change of SBP (β = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13), DBP (β = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.11) and MAP (β = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.11). No association was found between each arsenic specie and arsenic metabolism marker in the first trimester and risk of HDP. Arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism during pregnancy potentially change blood pressure of pregnant women. These findings may be significance as even modest elevation of blood pressure can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), school of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
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Rehman MU, Khan R, Khan A, Qamar W, Arafah A, Ahmad A, Ahmad A, Akhter R, Rinklebe J, Ahmad P. Fate of arsenic in living systems: Implications for sustainable and safe food chains. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126050. [PMID: 34229383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, a group 1 carcinogen for humans, is abundant as compared to other trace elements in the environment and is present mainly in the Earth's crust and soil. The arsenic distributions in different geographical regions are dependent on their geological histories. Anthropogenic activities also contribute significantly to arsenic release into the environment. Arsenic presents several complications to humans, animals, and plants. The physiology of plants and their growth and development are affected by arsenic. Arsenic is known to cause cancer and several types of organ toxicity, such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. In the environment, arsenic exists in variable forms both as inorganic and organic species. From arsenic containing compartments, plants can absorb and accumulate arsenic. Crops grown on these contaminated soils pose several-fold higher toxicity to humans compared with drinking water if arsenic enters the food chain. Information regarding arsenic transfer at different trophic levels in food chains has not been summarized until now. The present review focuses on the food chain perspective of arsenic, which affects all components of the food chain during its course. The circumstances that facilitate arsenic accumulation in flora and fauna, as components of the food chain, are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Central Lab, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rukhsana Akhter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Govt. Degree College (Baramulla), Khawaja Bagh, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Hull EA, Barajas M, Burkart KA, Fung SR, Jackson BP, Barrett PM, Neumann RB, Olden JD, Gawel JE. Human health risk from consumption of aquatic species in arsenic-contaminated shallow urban lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145318. [PMID: 33736365 PMCID: PMC8032223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) causes cancer and non-cancer health effects in humans. Previous research revealed As concentrations over 200 μg g-1 in lake sediments in the south-central Puget Sound region affected by the former ASARCO copper smelter in Ruston, WA, and significant bioaccumulation of As in plankton in shallow lakes. Enhanced uptake occurs during summertime stratification and near-bottom anoxia when As is mobilized from sediments. Periodic mixing events in shallow lakes allow dissolved As to mix into oxygenated waters and littoral zones where biota reside. We quantify As concentrations and associated health risks in human-consumed tissues of sunfish [pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)], crayfish [signal (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and red swamp (Procambarus clarkii)], and snails [Chinese mystery (Bellamya chinensis)] from lakes representing a gradient of As contamination and differing mixing regimes. In three shallow lakes with a range of arsenic in profundal sediments (20 to 206 μg As g-1), mean arsenic concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 46.4 μg g-1 in snails, 2.6 to 13.9 μg g-1 in crayfish, and 0.07 to 0.61 μg g-1 in sunfish. Comparatively, organisms in the deep, contaminated lake (208 μg g-1 in profundal sediments) averaged 11.8 μg g-1 in snails and 0.06 μg g-1 in sunfish. Using inorganic As concentrations, we calculated that consuming aquatic species from the most As-contaminated shallow lake resulted in 4-10 times greater health risks compared to the deep lake with the same arsenic concentrations in profundal sediments. We show that dynamics in shallow, polymictic lakes can result in greater As bioavailability compared to deeper, seasonally stratified lakes. Arsenic in oxygenated waters and littoral sediments was more indicative of exposure to aquatic species than profundal sediments, and therefore we recommend that sampling methods focus on these shallow zones to better indicate the potential for uptake into organisms and human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Hull
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States.
| | - Marco Barajas
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States
| | - Kenneth A Burkart
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States
| | - Samantha R Fung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6105 Fairchild Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Pamela M Barrett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Rebecca B Neumann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - James E Gawel
- Environmental Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States
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Tsai TL, Lei WT, Kuo CC, Sun HL, Su PH, Wang SL. Maternal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic and airway allergy - A 15-Year birth cohort follow-up study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106243. [PMID: 33161204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of allergic diseases in children has increased globally. Early-life exposure to inorganic arsenic has been found to be associated with impaired immune function and decreased lung function in children; however, the results are inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the effect of prenatal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic on allergic diseases in children, through a 15-year follow-up birth cohort study, conducted in central Taiwan. METHODS Children born to women enrolled in the Taiwan Maternal and Infant Cohort Study (TMICS-pilot) from December 2000 to November 2001 were recruited and followed every 2-3 years until the age of 14 years. Urinary specimens were collected in the pregnant women during the 3rd trimester and the followed children. Diagnoses of allergic diseases were based on physician diagnoses using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Urinary arsenic speciation was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrophotometry. RESULTS Of the 261 children from 358 mother-infant pairs for this study, those with asthma and allergic rhinitis reported a higher prevalence of maternal allergy (49.47%) than did non-allergic children (29.81%). In the fully adjusted model, levels of maternal urine (iAs + MMA + DMA) greater than the median were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR = 4.28; 95% CI 1.32, 13.85). Levels of urinary (iAs + MMA + DMA) in children higher than the median were associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.26; 95% CI 1.20, 4.26). CONCLUSION Prenatal and childhood exposure to inorganic arsenic were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children, respectively. Further large cohort follow-up studies are important to validate the association between inorganic arsenic exposure and allergic diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- Section of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Allergy Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chi Kuo
- Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital and China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Lun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Hua Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Kato LS, Ferrari RG, Leite JVM, Conte-Junior CA. Arsenic in shellfish: A systematic review of its dynamics and potential health risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111693. [PMID: 33022493 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is the most toxic element for humans. Presenting naturally in aquatic ecosystems and due to anthropogenic action, this semi-metal transfers to shellfish through the food chain. This systematic review aims to explain the dynamic of arsenic in the marine aquatic system, investigating factors that affect its bioaccumulation. A total of 64 articles were considered from three databases. The key abiotic factor influencing the presence of arsenic in shellfish is anthropogenic contamination, followed by geographic location. The crucial biotic factor is the genetics of each species of shellfish, including their diet habits, habitat close to the sediment, metabolic abilities, physiological activities of organisms, and metal levels in their habitats and food. Finally, arsenic presents an affinity for specific tissues in shellfish. Despite containing mostly less toxic organic arsenic, shellfish are a relevant source of arsenic in the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Seiko Kato
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, number 149 - Bloco A, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, number 149 - Bloco A, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro 24220-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, number 149 - Bloco A, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro 24220-000, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Determination of total arsenic and hydrophilic arsenic species in seafood. J Food Compost Anal 2020; 96. [PMID: 34092915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms are vital sources of staple and functional food but are also the major dietary route of human exposure to total arsenic. We surveyed the total arsenic content and the mass fractions of hydrophilic arsenic species from five different marine food types cutting across the food chain from microalgae, macroalgae, bivalve clam, crustaceans and finfish. Total arsenic was determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) while arsenic speciation analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS as the detector. The total arsenic contents ranged from 133 ± 11 ng/g to 26,630 ± 520 ng/g. The mass fractions of inorganic arsenic (iAs), arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and the four commonly occurring arsenosugars (AsSugars) are reported. Extractable hydrophilic arsenic species accounted for 10 % (aquacultured shrimp) to 95 % (kelp) of the total arsenic. DMA was established to be a byproduct of the decomposition of AsSugars in acid extracts of samples known to contain these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lee L Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Braeuer S, Borovička J, Kameník J, Prall E, Stijve T, Goessler W. Is arsenic responsible for the toxicity of the hyperaccumulating mushroom Sarcosphaera coronaria? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139524. [PMID: 32474274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Violet Crown Cup, Sarcosphaera coronaria, is a rather inconspicuous mushroom, but with an interesting and unresolved mystery. In earlier days, the mushroom was considered edible, but several poisonings were reported in the early 20th century. The reason for the seemingly sporadic toxicity of S. coronaria is still unknown. One possible explanation is arsenic, since Crown Cups can take up high amounts of this element. We investigated the arsenic concentration and arsenic speciation in S. coronaria with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and HPLC coupled to ICPMS and found up to incredible 0.9% As (dry mass). Most of it was present as methylarsonic acid (MA), a less toxic form of this element. However, low concentrations of the highly toxic methylarsonous acid [MA (III)] were also detected. The amounts were too low to pose an acute risk for consumers, but the concentration of MA (III) significantly increased during simulated gastric digestion. We could not unambiguously identify arsenic as the toxic constituent of S. coronaria, but we demonstrated that the extremely toxic MA (III) can be formed under certain circumstances, which should be carefully investigated in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Braeuer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Elisa Prall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Nieto-Domínguez M, Nikel PI. Intersecting Xenobiology and Neometabolism To Bring Novel Chemistries to Life. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2551-2571. [PMID: 32274875 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of life relies on a handful of chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus) as part of essential building blocks; some other atoms are needed to a lesser extent, but most of the remaining elements are excluded from biology. This circumstance limits the scope of biochemical reactions in extant metabolism - yet it offers a phenomenal playground for synthetic biology. Xenobiology aims to bring novel bricks to life that could be exploited for (xeno)metabolite synthesis. In particular, the assembly of novel pathways engineered to handle nonbiological elements (neometabolism) will broaden chemical space beyond the reach of natural evolution. In this review, xeno-elements that could be blended into nature's biosynthetic portfolio are discussed together with their physicochemical properties and tools and strategies to incorporate them into biochemistry. We argue that current bioproduction methods can be revolutionized by bridging xenobiology and neometabolism for the synthesis of new-to-nature molecules, such as organohalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Liu Q, Huang C, Chris Le X. Arsenic species in electronic cigarettes: Determination and potential health risk. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 91:168-176. [PMID: 32172965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to contaminants from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and the associated health effects are poorly understood. There has been no report on the speciation of arsenic in e-liquid (solution used for e-cigarettes) and aerosols. We report here determination of arsenic species in e-liquids and aerosols generated from vaping the e-liquid. Seventeen e-liquid samples of major brands, purchased from local and online stores in Canada and China, were analyzed for arsenic species using high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Aerosols condensed from vaping the e-liquids were also analyzed and compared for arsenic species. Six arsenic species were detected, including inorganic arsenate (iAsV), arsenite (iAsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and three new arsenic species not reported previously. In e-liquids, iAsIII was detected in 59%, iAsV in 94%, and MMA in 47% of the samples. In the condensate of aerosols from vaping the e-liquids, iAsIII was detected in 100%, iAsV in 88%, and MMA in 13% of the samples. Inorganic arsenic species were predominant in e-liquids and aerosols of e-cigarettes. The concentration of iAsIII in the condensate of aerosols (median 3.27 μg/kg) was significantly higher than that in the e-liquid (median 1.08 μg/kg) samples. The concentration of inorganic arsenic in the vaping air was approximately 3.4 μg/m3, which approaches to the permissible exposure limit (10 μg/m3) set by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). According to the Environmental Protection Agency's unit risk factor (4.3 × 10-3 per μg/m3) for inhalation exposure to inorganic arsenic in the air, the estimated excess lung cancer risk from lifetime exposure to inorganic arsenic in the e-cigarette vaping air (3.4 μg/m3), assuming e-cigarette vaping at 1% of the time, is as high as 1.5 × 10-4. These results raise health concerns over the exposure to arsenic from electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Analysis (Southwest University), Chongqing Science & Technology Commission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System, Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - X Chris Le
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Ghosn M, Mahfouz C, Chekri R, Khalaf G, Guérin T, Jitaru P, Amara R. Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Trace Elements in Livers and Muscles of Three Fish Species from the Eastern Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12428-12438. [PMID: 31997242 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Levels of 20 trace elements (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hg, Pb, and U) were assessed in livers and muscles of two demersal fish species (Siganus rivulatus and Lithognathus mormyrus) and one pelagic species (Etrumeus teres) from the Lebanese coast located in the Eastern Mediterranean. The samples were collected from three sites along the Lebanese coast during the wet and dry seasons in 2017. The trace elements were more concentrated in livers than in muscles and interspecific differences were also found. The herbivorous species S. rivulatus showed the highest levels for most trace elements, while the carnivorous species L. mormyrus showed the least contamination. Elemental seasonal differences were species dependent and were observed for Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, As, and Hg, with higher values during the wet season. Multivariate analysis showed spatial differences mainly during the wet season, while being closely related to species that reflected different accumulation patterns in each site. Levels of most trace metals in livers were higher than those reported in other Mediterranean regions (up to 2 to 3 folds). Nevertheless, the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg in fish muscle were below the maximum levels set by the European Commission indicating that the consumption of these fish species is not likely to have adverse effect on human health. However, exposure depends on dietary habits of the population and a continuous exposure to these elements may result in adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Ghosn
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, F-62930, Wimereux, France.
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France.
- National Center for Marine Sciences, CNRS-L, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon.
| | - Céline Mahfouz
- National Center for Marine Sciences, CNRS-L, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Rachida Chekri
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gaby Khalaf
- National Center for Marine Sciences, CNRS-L, P.O. Box 534, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Petru Jitaru
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachid Amara
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, F-62930, Wimereux, France
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Genome-scale exploration of transcriptional regulation in the nisin Z producer Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IO-1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3787. [PMID: 32123183 PMCID: PMC7051946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription is of the most crucial steps of gene expression in bacteria, whose regulation guarantees the bacteria's ability to adapt to varying environmental conditions. Discovering the molecular basis and genomic principles of the transcriptional regulation is thus one of the most important tasks in cellular and molecular biology. Here, a comprehensive phylogenetic footprinting framework was implemented to predict maximal regulons of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IO-1, a lactic acid bacterium known for its high potentials in nisin Z production as well as efficient xylose consumption which have made it a promising biotechnological strain. A total set of 321 regulons covering more than 90% of all the bacterium's operons have been elucidated and validated according to available data. Multiple novel biologically-relevant members were introduced amongst which arsC, mtlA and mtl operon for BusR, MtlR and XylR regulons can be named, respectively. Moreover, the effect of riboflavin on nisin biosynthesis was assessed in vitro and a negative correlation was observed. It is believed that understandings from such networks not only can be useful for studying transcriptional regulatory potentials of the target organism but also can be implemented in biotechnology to rationally design favorable production conditions.
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Wang X, Liu L, Wang X, Ren J, Jia P, Fan W. Influence of humic acid on arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation to zebrafish: A comparative study between As(III) and As(V) exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113459. [PMID: 31708282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that natural organic matter in the aquatic environment could affect arsenic bioaccumulation and biotransformation to aquatic organisms. However, the differences between the effects of arsenite and arsenate exposure have not been studied and compared in fish exposure models. In this study, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 5 mg/L inorganic As solutions, in the presence of a range of humic acid (HA) concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/L) in 96 h waterborne exposure. Results showed that in the presence of HA, total As bioaccumulation was significantly reduced in zebrafish following arsenite exposure, while this reduction was not observed during arsenate exposure. The reduction in total arsenic bioaccumulation for arsenite exposure can be explained by the fact that HA forming a surface coating on the cell surface, hindering transport and internalization. However, this reduction in total As was not observed due to differences in uptake pathways for arsenate exposure. Results also showed that Arsenobetaine (AsB) was the main biotransformation product in zebrafish following inorganic As exposure, accounting for 44.8%-64.7% of extracted arsenic species in all exposure groups. The addition of HA caused levels of MMA and As(III) to decrease, while the distribution of AsB significantly increased in arsenite exposure groups. The increase in AsB could be because the As(III)-HA complex was formed, affecting the methylation of As(III). In contrast, the addition of HA to arsenate exposure groups, did not affect the reduction of As(V) to As(III) and therefore, an increase in the distribution of AsB was not observed in arsenate exposure groups. This study provides useful information on the mechanisms of toxicity, for improved risk assessment of As in natural aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiangrui Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jinqian Ren
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Pei Jia
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Camurati JR, Salomone VN. Arsenic in edible macroalgae: an integrated approach. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 23:1-12. [PMID: 31578125 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1672364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid naturally present in marine environments. Various toxic elements including arsenic (As) are bioaccumulated by macroalgae. This metalloid is subsequently incorporated as arsenate into the organism due to similarity to phosphate. In recent decades, the use of macroalgae in food has increased as a result of their numerous benefits; however, As consumption may exert potential consequences for human health. The objective of this review was to discuss the articles published up to 2019 on As in seaweed, including key topics such as speciation, toxicity of the most common species in marine macroalgae, and their effects on human health. Further, this review will emphasize the extraction methods and analysis techniques most frequently used in seaweed and the need to develop certified reference materials (CRMs) in order to support the validation of analytical methodologies for As speciation in macroalgae. Finally, this review will discuss current legislation in relation to the risk associated with consumption. The number of articles found and the different approaches, biological, analytical and toxicological, show the growing interest there has been in this field in the last few years. In addition, this review reveals aspects of As chemistry that need further study, such as transformation of organic metalloid species during digestion and cooking, which necessitates analytical improvement and toxicological experiments. Taken together our findings may contribute to revision of current legislation on As content in edible seaweed relating to human health in a growing market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta R Camurati
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET-UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, BA, Argentina
| | - Vanesa N Salomone
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA), CONICET-UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, BA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
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Arsenic species in mushrooms, with a focus on analytical methods for their determination – A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1073:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Erickson RJ, Mount DR, Highland TL, Hockett JR, Hoff DJ, Jenson CT, Lahren TJ. The effects of arsenic speciation on accumulation and toxicity of dietborne arsenic exposures to rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:227-241. [PMID: 30877964 PMCID: PMC6800155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects on juvenile rainbow trout survival, growth, food consumption, and food conversion efficiency from dietborne exposures to inorganic arsenic (arsenite, arsenate) and to the organoarsenicals monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), and arsenobetaine (AsB) were investigated in two experiments: (1) a 28-d exposure using live diets of oligochaete worms separately exposed via water to these five arsenic compounds and (2) a 56-d exposure using pellet diets prepared from commercial fish food to which arsenite, MMA, or DMA were added. In the live diet experiment, the degree to which worms could be contaminated with the organoarsenicals was limited by toxicity to the worms and other experimental constraints, so that their toxicity relative to inorganic arsenic could not be fully established, but AsB was concluded to have low toxicity, consistent with published results for mammals. For the pellet diet experiment, MMA and DMA were found to be at least an order of magnitude less toxic than inorganic As on the basis of concentration in the diet, as well as much less toxic on the basis of accumulation in the fish. The need to consider speciation in aquatic risk assessments for arsenic was further demonstrated by tissue analyses of three macroinvertebrate species from a mining-impacted stream, which showed large variations in both total arsenic and the relative amounts of inorganic and organic arsenic. Additionally, although effects of arsenic on trout appear to be well correlated with inorganic arsenic, worms were found to be more sensitive to waterborne DMA than to inorganic arsenic, showing that low toxicity of organoarsenicals cannot be assumed for all aquatic organisms. Various difficulties in evaluating and applying studies on dietborne exposures and fish growth are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Erickson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - David R Mount
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Terry L Highland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - J Russell Hockett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Dale J Hoff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Correne T Jenson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Tylor J Lahren
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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Borovička J, Braeuer S, Sácký J, Kameník J, Goessler W, Trubač J, Strnad L, Rohovec J, Leonhardt T, Kotrba P. Speciation analysis of elements accumulated in Cystoderma carcharias from clean and smelter-polluted sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1570-1581. [PMID: 30340302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Collections of Cystoderma carcharias sporocarps were sampled from clean and smelter-polluted sites and analyzed for Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn contents. Concentrations of all elements were significantly higher in samples from the smelter-polluted area. Except for As and Pb, all elements were effectively accumulated in the sporocarps at both clean and polluted sites. With the highest concentration of 604 mg Cd kg-1, C. carcharias can be considered as Cd hyperaccumulator. As revealed by HPLC-ICPQQQMS analysis, the As species in sporocarps from clean and polluted areas involved besides the major arsenobetaine a variety of known and unknown arsenicals; the occurrence of dimethylarsinoylacetate and trimethylarsoniopropionate is reported for the first time for gilled fungi (Agaricales). Size-exclusion chromatography of C. carcharias extracts supported by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and RP-HPLC data indicated that detoxification of intracellular Cd and Cu may largely rely on metallothioneins (MT) or MT-like peptides, not phytochelatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Simone Braeuer
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Goessler
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jakub Trubač
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Strnad
- Laboratories of the Geological Institutes, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rohovec
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Braeuer S, Borovička J, Glasnov T, Guedes de la Cruz G, Jensen KB, Goessler W. Homoarsenocholine - A novel arsenic compound detected for the first time in nature. Talanta 2018; 188:107-110. [PMID: 30029352 PMCID: PMC6118324 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The arsenic speciation was determined in macrofungi of the Ramaria genus with HPLC coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Besides arsenic species that are already known for macrofungi, like arsenobetaine or arsenocholine, two compounds that were only known from marine samples so far (trimethylarsoniopropanate and dimethylarsinoylacetate) were found for the first time in a terrestrial sample. An unknown arsenical was isolated and identified as homoarsenocholine. This could be a key intermediate for further elucidation of the biotransformation mechanisms of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Braeuer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Borovička
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Toma Glasnov
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Kenneth B Jensen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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León MJ, Hoffmann T, Sánchez-Porro C, Heider J, Ventosa A, Bremer E. Compatible Solute Synthesis and Import by the Moderate Halophile Spiribacter salinus: Physiology and Genomics. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:108. [PMID: 29497403 PMCID: PMC5818414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Spiribacter are found worldwide and are abundant in ecosystems possessing intermediate salinities between seawater and saturated salt concentrations. Spiribacter salinus M19-40 is the type species of this genus and its first cultivated representative. In the habitats of S. salinus M19-40, high salinity is a key determinant for growth and we therefore focused on the cellular adjustment strategy to this persistent environmental challenge. We coupled these experimental studies to the in silico mining of the genome sequence of this moderate halophile with respect to systems allowing this bacterium to control its potassium and sodium pools, and its ability to import and synthesize compatible solutes. S. salinus M19-40 produces enhanced levels of the compatible solute ectoine, both under optimal and growth-challenging salt concentrations, but the genes encoding the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes are not organized in a canonical ectABC operon. Instead, they are scrambled (ectAC; ectB) and are physically separated from each other on the S. salinus M19-40 genome. Genomes of many phylogenetically related bacteria also exhibit a non-canonical organization of the ect genes. S. salinus M19-40 also synthesizes trehalose, but this compatible solute seems to make only a minor contribution to the cytoplasmic solute pool under osmotic stress conditions. However, its cellular levels increase substantially in stationary phase cells grown under optimal salt concentrations. In silico genome mining revealed that S. salinus M19-40 possesses different types of uptake systems for compatible solutes. Among the set of compatible solutes tested in an osmostress protection growth assay, glycine betaine and arsenobetaine were the most effective. Transport studies with radiolabeled glycine betaine showed that S. salinus M19-40 increases the pool size of this osmolyte in a fashion that is sensitively tied to the prevalent salinity of the growth medium. It was amassed in salt-stressed cells in unmodified form and suppressed the synthesis of ectoine. In conclusion, the data presented here allow us to derive a genome-scale picture of the cellular adjustment strategy of a species that represents an environmentally abundant group of ecophysiologically important halophilic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J León
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tamara Hoffmann
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Porro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Johann Heider
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Hoffmann T, Warmbold B, Smits SHJ, Tschapek B, Ronzheimer S, Bashir A, Chen C, Rolbetzki A, Pittelkow M, Jebbar M, Seubert A, Schmitt L, Bremer E. Arsenobetaine: an ecophysiologically important organoarsenical confers cytoprotection against osmotic stress and growth temperature extremes. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:305-323. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hoffmann
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Bianca Warmbold
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1; Düsseldorf D-402325 Germany
| | - Britta Tschapek
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1; Düsseldorf D-402325 Germany
| | - Stefanie Ronzheimer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Abdallah Bashir
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
- Faculty of Science Biology Department; Al-Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza, P.O. Box 1277; Palestine
- Emeritus Group of R.K. Thauer; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Chiliang Chen
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology; Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 6; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Anne Rolbetzki
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Marco Pittelkow
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Mohamed Jebbar
- European Institute of Marine Studies, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Laboratory of Extreme Environments, Microbiology; University of West Brittany (Brest); Plouzane F-29280 France
| | - Andreas Seubert
- Faculty of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 4; Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1; Düsseldorf D-402325 Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8; Marburg D-35043 Germany
- LOEWE-Center for Synthetic Microbiology; Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Str. 6; Marburg D-35043 Germany
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Baek K, Lee N, Chung I. Association of arsenobetaine with beta-cell function assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in nondiabetic Koreans: data from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2009. Ann Occup Environ Med 2017; 29:31. [PMID: 28702205 PMCID: PMC5504790 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-017-0181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic is known as an endocrine disruptor that people are exposed to through various sources such as drinking water and indigestion of marine products. Although some epidemiological and animal studies have reported a correlation between arsenic exposure and diabetes development, there are limited studies regarding the toxic effects of organic arsenic including arsenobetaine on the human body. Here, we analyzed the association between urine arsenobetaine and the homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β), which is an index for predicting diabetes development and reflecting the function of pancreatic β-cells. Methods In the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), health and nutrition surveys and screening tests were performed. Of the total survey population, people with confirmed values for urine total arsenic and arsenobetaine were included, and known diabetic patients were excluded. A total 369 participants were finally included in the study. We collected surveys on health, height, body weight, body mass index, blood mercury level, fasting glucose level, and serum insulin level and calculated HOMA index. Owing to sexual discrepancy, we performed sexually stratified analysis. Results Urine total arsenic and total arsenic minus arsenobetaine was not associated with HOMA-IR and HOMA-β in univariate analysis or in sexually stratified analysis. However, urine arsenobetaine showed a statistically significant relationship with HOMA-β in univariate analysis, and only male participants showed a significant correlation in sexually stratified analysis. In the analysis adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity and blood mercury, the HOMA-β value in the group below the 25th percentile of arsenobetaine was significantly higher than the group between 50 and 75th percentile, while no difference was shown for HOMA-IR. In sexually stratified analysis, The value of HOMA-β was significantly higher in male participants with below the 25th percentile urine arsenobetaine than the group between 25 and 50th and between 50 and 75th, while no difference was shown for HOMA-IR. However, female participants did not demonstrate a relationship between HOMA–IR, HOMA-β and urine arsenobetaine. Conclusion This study revealed the association between urine arsenobetaine and pancreatic β-cell function assessed by HOMA-β in the normal population (without diabetes), especially in males, despite adjusting for factors affecting pancreatic β-cell function and diabetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-017-0181-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiook Baek
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Namhoon Lee
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Insung Chung
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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47
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Kalantzi I, Mylona K, Sofoulaki K, Tsapakis M, Pergantis SA. Arsenic speciation in fish from Greek coastal areas. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 56:300-312. [PMID: 28571867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic speciation analysis was conducted on fish samples (sardine and anchovy) collected from six areas along the Greek coastline, i.e. Artemisium Straits, Thermaikos Gulf, Amvrakikos Gulf, Strymonian Gulf, Thracian Sea, and Elefsina Gulf. Total arsenic levels ranging from 11.8 to 62.6mg As/kg dry weight were determined. Arsenobetaine, a non-toxic form of arsenic, was found to be the main arsenic species, present at 8.6 to 58.8mg As/kg dry weight, accounting for 67-95% of the total arsenic. Also detected in all fish samples was dimethylarsinic acid, although at considerably lower concentrations, ranging from 0.072-0.956mg As/kg dry weight. Monomethylarsonic acid was detected at low levels in all anchovy samples, and only in sardines from one area. Finally, inorganic arsenic in the form of arsenate was detected only in fish at one area, indicating the possible effect of an environmental parameter on its presence at detectable amounts. Statistical analysis revealed the environmental variables, such as salinity, total organic carbon and nitrogen, ammonium, phosphate, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and pressure index, are potentially correlated to As species concentrations. Furthermore, based on factor analysis, the biological parameters, such as fish weight, lipids, protein and ash content, that are correlated to As species concentrations of fish were also identified. The interrelationship of arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations within each fish species was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kalantzi
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Science (HCMR), PO Box 2214, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Mylona
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Science (HCMR), PO Box 2214, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Katerina Sofoulaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Science (HCMR), PO Box 2214, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis Tsapakis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Science (HCMR), PO Box 2214, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Spiros A Pergantis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece.
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Cheyns K, Waegeneers N, Van de Wiele T, Ruttens A. Arsenic Release from Foodstuffs upon Food Preparation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2443-2453. [PMID: 28252943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the concentration of total arsenic (As) and arsenic species (inorganic As, arsenobetaine, dimethylarsinate, and methylarsonate) was monitored in different foodstuffs (rice, vegetables, algae, fish, crustacean, molluscs) before and after preparation using common kitchen practices. By measuring the water content of the foodstuff and by reporting arsenic concentrations on a dry weight base, we were able to distinguish between As release effects due to food preparation and As decrease due to changes in moisture content upon food preparation. Arsenic species were released to the broth during boiling, steaming, frying, or soaking of the food. Concentrations declined with maxima of 57% for total arsenic, 65% for inorganic As, and 32% for arsenobetaine. On the basis of a combination of our own results and literature data, we conclude that the extent of this release of arsenic species is species specific, with inorganic arsenic species being released most easily, followed by the small organic As species and the large organic As species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlien Cheyns
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Nadia Waegeneers
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Ruttens
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
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49
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Hu Y, Zhang W, Cheng H, Tao S. Public Health Risk of Arsenic Species in Chicken Tissues from Live Poultry Markets of Guangdong Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3508-3517. [PMID: 28219238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-based feed additives, such as roxarsone (ROX), are still legally and widely used in food animal production in many countries. This study was conducted to systematically characterize the content and speciation of arsenic in chicken tissues from live poultry markets and in commercial chicken feeds in Guangdong, a major poultry production and consumption province in China, and to assess the corresponding public health risk. The total arsenic contents in the commercial feeds could be modeled as a mixture of two log-normal distributions (geometric means: 0.66 and 17.5 mg/kg), and inorganic arsenic occurred at high levels (0.19-9.7 mg/kg) in those with ROX detected. In general, chicken livers had much higher contents of total arsenic compared to the muscle tissues (breast and drumstick), and chicken muscle from the urban markets contained arsenic at much higher levels than that from the rural markets. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (bladder and lung cancer) from dietary exposure to arsenic contained in chicken meat products on local markets was above the serious or priority level (10-4) for 70% and 30% of the adult populations in Guangzhou and Lianzhou, respectively. These findings indicate the significant need to phase out the use of arsenic-based feed additives in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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50
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Cullen WR, Liu Q, Lu X, McKnight-Whitford A, Peng H, Popowich A, Yan X, Zhang Q, Fricke M, Sun H, Le XC. Methylated and thiolated arsenic species for environmental and health research - A review on synthesis and characterization. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:7-27. [PMID: 28007181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following 14 trivalent (III) and pentavalent (V) arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite (MMAIII(Cys)2), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTAV) or monothio-MMAV, monomethyldithioarsonic acid (MMDTAV) or dithio-MMAV, monomethyltrithioarsonate (MMTTAV) or trithio-MMAV, dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMAIII(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) or monothio-DMAV, dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV) or dithio-DMAV, trimethylarsine oxide (TMAOV), arsenobetaine (AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods, synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Hanyong Peng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Popowich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Michael Fricke
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hongsui Sun
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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