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Lavezzi AM, Mehboob R, Piscioli F, Pusiol T. New Step in Understanding the Pathogenetic Mechanism of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Involvement of the Pontine Reticular Gigantocellular Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6920. [PMID: 39000030 PMCID: PMC11241803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the potential role of the gigantocellular nucleus, a component of the reticular formation, in the pathogenetic mechanism of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), an event frequently ascribed to failure to arouse from sleep. This research was motivated by previous experimental studies demonstrating the gigantocellular nucleus involvement in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. We analyzed the brains of 48 infants who died suddenly within the first 7 months of life, including 28 SIDS cases and 20 controls. All brains underwent a thorough histological and immunohistochemical examination, focusing specifically on the gigantocellular nucleus. This examination aimed to characterize its developmental cytoarchitecture and tyrosine hydroxylase expression, with particular attention to potential associations with SIDS risk factors. In 68% of SIDS cases, but never in controls, we observed hypoplasia of the pontine portion of the gigantocellular nucleus. Alterations in the catecholaminergic system were present in 61% of SIDS cases but only in 10% of controls. A strong correlation was observed between these findings and maternal smoking in SIDS cases when compared with controls. In conclusion we believe that this study sheds new light on the pathogenetic processes underlying SIDS, particularly in cases associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Lavezzi
- "Lino Rossi" Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Riffat Mehboob
- Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesco Piscioli
- Provincial Health Care Services, Institute of Pathology, Santa Maria del Carmine Hospital, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Teresa Pusiol
- Provincial Health Care Services, Institute of Pathology, Santa Maria del Carmine Hospital, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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Shen F, Zhou H. Advances in the etiology and neuroimaging of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1400468. [PMID: 38915870 PMCID: PMC11194347 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1400468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, characterized by age-inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which can cause extensive damage to children's academic, occupational, and social skills. This review will present current advancements in the field of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, including genetics, environmental factors, epigenetics, and neuroimaging features. Simultaneously, we will discuss the highlights of promising directions for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Fotopoulos NH, Chaumette B, Devenyi GA, Karama S, Chakravarty M, Labbe A, Grizenko N, Schmitz N, Fageera W, Joober R. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and cortical structure in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2024; 334:115791. [PMID: 38367455 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is considered a risk factor for ADHD. While the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood, MSDP may impact the developing brain in ways that lead to ADHD. Here, we investigated the effect of prenatal smoking exposure on cortical brain structures in children with ADHD using two methods of assessing prenatal exposure: maternal recall and epigenetic typing. Exposure groups were defined according to: (1) maternal recall (+MSDP: n = 24; -MSDP: n = 85) and (2) epigenetic markers (EM) (+EM: n = 14 -EM: n = 21). CIVET-1.1.12 and RMINC were used to acquire cortical brain measurements and perform statistical analyses, respectively. The vertex with highest significance was tested for association with Continuous Performance Test (CPT) dimensions. While no differences of brain structures were identified between +MSDP and -MSDP, +EM children (n = 10) had significantly smaller surface area in the right orbitofrontal cortex (ROFc), middle temporal cortex (RTc) and parahippocampal gyrus (RPHg) (15% FDR) compared to -EM children (n = 20). Cortical surface area in the RPHg significantly correlated with CPT commission errors T-scores. This study suggests that molecular markers may better define exposure to environmental risks, as compared to human recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie H Fotopoulos
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sherif Karama
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mallar Chakravarty
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurelie Labbe
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Norbert Schmitz
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Weam Fageera
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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4
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Puga TB, Dai HD, Wang Y, Theye E. Maternal Tobacco Use During Pregnancy and Child Neurocognitive Development. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2355952. [PMID: 38349651 PMCID: PMC10865146 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy (MTDP) persists across the globe. Longitudinal assessment of the association of MTDP with neurocognitive development of offspring at late childhood is limited. Objectives To examine whether MTDP is associated with child neurocognitive development at ages 9 to 12 years. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included children aged 9 and 10 years at wave 1 (October 2016 to October 2018) and aged 11 to 12 years at a 2-year follow-up (wave 2, August 2018 to January 2021) across 21 US sites in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Data were analyzed from June 2022 to December 2023. Exposure MTDP. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were neurocognition, measured by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery, and morphometric brain measures through the region of interest (ROI) analysis from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Results Among 11 448 children at wave 1 (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years; 5990 [52.3%] male), 1607 children were identified with MTDP. In the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, children with MTDP (vs no MTDP) exhibited lower scores on the oral reading recognition (mean [SE] B = -1.2 [0.2]; P < .001), picture sequence memory (mean [SE] B = -2.3 [0.6]; P < .001), and picture vocabulary (mean [SE] B = -1.2 [0.3]; P < .001) tests and the crystallized cognition composite score (mean [SE] B = -1.3 [0.3]; P < .001) at wave 1. These differential patterns persisted at wave 2. In sMRI, children with MTDP (vs no MTDP) had smaller cortical areas in precentral (mean [SE] B = -104.2 [30.4] mm2; P = .001), inferior parietal (mean [SE] B = -153.9 [43.4] mm2; P < .001), and entorhinal (mean [SE] B = -25.1 [5.8] mm2; P < .001) regions and lower cortical volumes in precentral (mean [SE] B = -474.4 [98.2] mm3; P < .001), inferior parietal (mean [SE] B = -523.7 [136.7] mm3; P < .001), entorhinal (mean [SE] B = -94.1 [24.5] mm3; P < .001), and parahippocampal (mean [SE] B = -82.6 [18.7] mm3; P < .001) regions at wave 1. Distinct cortical volume patterns continued to be significant at wave 2. Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes exhibited differential ROI, while there were no notable distinctions in the occipital lobe and insula cortex. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, MTDP was associated with enduring deficits in childhood neurocognition. Continued research on the association of MTDP with cognitive performance and brain structure related to language processing skills and episodic memory is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy B. Puga
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Yingying Wang
- Neuroimaging for Language, Literacy & Learning Laboratory, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln
| | - Elijah Theye
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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Pini N, Sania A, Rao S, Shuffrey LC, Nugent JD, Lucchini M, McSweeney M, Hockett C, Morales S, Yoder L, Ziegler K, Perzanowski MS, Fox NA, Elliott AJ, Myers MM, Fifer WP. In Utero Exposure to Alcohol and Tobacco and Electroencephalogram Power During Childhood. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350528. [PMID: 38180758 PMCID: PMC10770777 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) are risk factors associated with adverse neurobehavioral and cognitive outcomes. Objective To quantify long-term associations of PAE and PTE with brain activity in early and middle childhood via electroencephalography (EEG). Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included participants enrolled in the Safe Passage Study (August 2007 to January 2015), from which a subset of 649 participants were followed up in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Program. From September 2018 through November 2022, EEG recordings were obtained at ages 4, 5, 7, 9, or 11 years. Data were analyzed from November 2022 to November 2023. Exposures Maternal self-reported consumptions of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy were captured at the recruitment interview and at up to 3 visits during pregnancy (20-24, 28-32, and ≥34 weeks' gestation). Classifications of PAE (continuous drinking, quit-early drinking, and nondrinking) and PTE (continuous smoking, quit-early smoking, and nonsmoking) were previously obtained. Main Outcomes and Measures EEG band powers (theta, alpha, beta, gamma) were extracted from the EEG recordings. Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of PAE and PTE with EEG estimates. Results The final sample included 649 participants (333 [51.3%] female) aged 4, 5, 7, 9, or 11 years. Children whose mothers were in the quit-early drinking cluster had increased alpha power (0.116 [95% CI, 0.023 to 0.209] μV2; P = .02) compared with individuals without PAE. The magnitude of this increase was approximately double for children exposed to continuous drinking (0.211 [95% CI, 0.005 to 0.417] μV2; P = .04). Children whose mothers were in the continuous smoking cluster had decreased beta power (-0.031 [95% CI, -0.059 to -0.003] μV2; P = .03) and gamma power (-0.020 [95% CI, -0.039 to -0.000] μV2; P = .04) compared with the nonsmoking cluster. In exploratory sex-stratified models, male participants in the quit-early PAE cluster had greater EEG power in the alpha band (0.159 [95% CI, 0.003 to 0.315] μV2; P = .04) compared with those with no PAE, and the difference was approximately double for male participants with continuous PAE (0.354 [95% CI, 0.041 to 0.667] μV2; P = .03). Male participants in the continuous PTE cluster had decreased beta (-0.048 [95% CI, -0.090 to - 0.007] μV2; P = .02) and gamma (-0.032 [95% CI, -0.061 - 0.002] μV2; P = .04) power compared with those with no PTE. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that even low levels of PAE and PTE were associated with long-term alterations of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Pini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Ayesha Sania
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Shreya Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Lauren C. Shuffrey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - J. David Nugent
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Maristella Lucchini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Marco McSweeney
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Christine Hockett
- Center for Pediatric & Community Research, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls
| | - Santiago Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Lydia Yoder
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Katherine Ziegler
- Center for Pediatric & Community Research, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls
| | - Matthew S. Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Center for Pediatric & Community Research, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls
| | - Michael M. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - William P. Fifer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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6
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Boerma T, Ter Haar S, Ganga R, Wijnen F, Blom E, Wierenga CJ. What risk factors for Developmental Language Disorder can tell us about the neurobiological mechanisms of language development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105398. [PMID: 37741516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Language is a complex multidimensional cognitive system that is connected to many neurocognitive capacities. The development of language is therefore strongly intertwined with the development of these capacities and their neurobiological substrates. Consequently, language problems, for example those of children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), are explained by a variety of etiological pathways and each of these pathways will be associated with specific risk factors. In this review, we attempt to link previously described factors that may interfere with language development to putative underlying neurobiological mechanisms of language development, hoping to uncover openings for future therapeutical approaches or interventions that can help children to optimally develop their language skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessel Boerma
- Institute for Language Sciences, Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sita Ter Haar
- Institute for Language Sciences, Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cognitive Neurobiology and Helmholtz Institute, Department of Psychology, Utrecht University/Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rachida Ganga
- Institute for Language Sciences, Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Wijnen
- Institute for Language Sciences, Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elma Blom
- Department of Development and Education of youth in Diverse Societies (DEEDS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Language and Culture, The Arctic University of Norway UiT, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Hwang G. The impact of access to prenatal health insurance for noncitizen women on child health. Health Serv Res 2023; 58:1066-1076. [PMID: 37438931 PMCID: PMC10480078 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effects of prenatal public health insurance targeting noncitizens on the health of U.S.-born children of noncitizen mothers beyond birth outcomes. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING This paper uses the restricted version of the 1998-2014 National Health Interview Survey with state-level geographic identifiers. STUDY DESIGN The empirical strategy compares outcomes in states that adopted the Children's Health Insurance Plan (CHIP) Unborn Child Option with states that never adopted or adopted it at different times, controlling for differences in the pre-treatment period. I use a flexible event-study analysis to quantify the effects of the Unborn Child Option on noncitizen women's health insurance coverage, health care utilization, and their children's health. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS All data are derived from pre-existing sources. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The study finds that the impact of the Unborn Child Option is a 4.7%-point increase in public health insurance coverage (p < 0.01) and 0.48 more doctor's office visits (p < 0.1) annually among noncitizens of childbearing ages. Subsequently, the reform leads to a 7%-point rise in the rate of parents reporting their 4-6-year-old children are in "excellent" or "very good" health (p < 0.01). While no improvements are evident at birth and at younger ages, observed health improvements begin to appear by preschool age. CONCLUSIONS The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence that certain benefits of in-utero public health insurance targeting noncitizens may appear several years after birth, specifically around preschool age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hwang
- Health Analysis DivisionCongressional Budget OfficeWashingtonDCUSA
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Seyedsalehi A, Warrier V, Bethlehem RAI, Perry BI, Burgess S, Murray GK. Educational attainment, structural brain reserve and Alzheimer's disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Brain 2023; 146:2059-2074. [PMID: 36310536 PMCID: PMC10151197 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher educational attainment is observationally associated with lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, the biological mechanisms underpinning this association remain unclear. The protective effect of education on Alzheimer's disease may be mediated via increased brain reserve. We used two-sample Mendelian randomization to explore putative causal relationships between educational attainment, structural brain reserve as proxied by MRI phenotypes and Alzheimer's disease. Summary statistics were obtained from genome-wide association studies of educational attainment (n = 1 131 881), late-onset Alzheimer's disease (35 274 cases, 59 163 controls) and 15 measures of grey or white matter macro- or micro-structure derived from structural or diffusion MRI (nmax = 33 211). We conducted univariable Mendelian randomization analyses to investigate bidirectional associations between (i) educational attainment and Alzheimer's disease; (ii) educational attainment and imaging-derived phenotypes; and (iii) imaging-derived phenotypes and Alzheimer's disease. Multivariable Mendelian randomization was used to assess whether brain structure phenotypes mediated the effect of education on Alzheimer's disease risk. Genetically proxied educational attainment was inversely associated with Alzheimer's disease (odds ratio per standard deviation increase in genetically predicted years of schooling = 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.60, 0.80). There were positive associations between genetically predicted educational attainment and four cortical metrics (standard deviation units change in imaging phenotype per one standard deviation increase in genetically predicted years of schooling): surface area 0.30 (95% confidence interval 0.20, 0.40); volume 0.29 (95% confidence interval 0.20, 0.37); intrinsic curvature 0.18 (95% confidence interval 0.11, 0.25); local gyrification index 0.21 (95% confidence interval 0.11, 0.31)]; and inverse associations with cortical intracellular volume fraction [-0.09 (95% confidence interval -0.15, -0.03)] and white matter hyperintensities volume [-0.14 (95% confidence interval -0.23, -0.05)]. Genetically proxied levels of surface area, cortical volume and intrinsic curvature were positively associated with educational attainment [standard deviation units change in years of schooling per one standard deviation increase in respective genetically predicted imaging phenotype: 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.10, 0.16); 0.15 (95% confidence interval 0.11, 0.19) and 0.12 (95% confidence interval 0.04, 0.19)]. We found no evidence of associations between genetically predicted imaging-derived phenotypes and Alzheimer's disease. The inverse association of genetically predicted educational attainment with Alzheimer's disease did not attenuate after adjusting for imaging-derived phenotypes in multivariable analyses. Our results provide support for a protective causal effect of educational attainment on Alzheimer's disease risk, as well as potential bidirectional causal relationships between education and brain macro- and micro-structure. However, we did not find evidence that these structural markers affect risk of Alzheimer's disease. The protective effect of education on Alzheimer's disease may be mediated via other measures of brain reserve not included in the present study, or by alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Seyedsalehi
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Varun Warrier
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Richard A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Benjamin I Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- CAMEO, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB4 1PX, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
- CAMEO, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB4 1PX, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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9
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Pizzi G, Mazzola SM, Pecile A, Bronzo V, Groppetti D. Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Pregnant Dogs: Maternal and Newborn Cotinine Levels: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050321. [PMID: 37235404 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Active and passive smoking in pregnant women is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality risk, including abortion, preterm birth, low birthweight, and malformations. No data are available on intrauterine exposure to smoking during pregnancy in dogs. This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the detectability and quantity of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, in maternal (serum and hair) and newborn (amniotic fluid and hair) biospecimens collected at birth in dogs. For this purpose, twelve pregnant bitches, six exposed to the owner's smoke and six unexposed, were enrolled. A further six non-pregnant bitches exposed to passive smoke were included to investigate the role of pregnancy status on cotinine uptake. Exposed dogs, dams, and puppies had greater cotinine concentrations than unexposed ones. Although without statistical significance, serum and hair cotinine concentrations were higher in pregnant compared to non-pregnant bitches, suggesting a different sensitivity to tobacco smoke exposure during gestation. The present results provide evidence for cotinine transplacental passage in the dog. It is conceivable that fragile patients such as pregnant, lactating, and neonate dogs may be more susceptible to the harmful effects of second-hand smoke exposure. Owners should be sensitized to the risk of smoke exposure for their pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Michela Mazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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10
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Ekblad MO, Ngum P, Merisaari H, Saunavaara V, Parkkola R, Setänen S. Maternal smoking during pregnancy negatively affects brain volumes proportional to intracranial volume in adolescents born very preterm. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:1085986. [PMID: 36684830 PMCID: PMC9849910 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1085986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been shown to associate with smaller frontal lobe and cerebellar volumes in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term age in very preterm infants. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on volumetric brain MRI findings at 13 years. We hypothesized that adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy on brain volumes are still seen during adolescence. Methods Included adolescents were born very preterm (gestational age < 32 weeks and/or birth weight ≤ 1,500 g) between April 2004 and December 2006 at the Turku University Hospital, Finland. Information on maternal smoking status (yes or no) during pregnancy was collected from medical records and maternal questionnaires before discharge. Adolescents underwent volumetric brain MRI at 13 years of age. Image post-processing was performed with FreeSurfer. Regional volumes, cortical thickness, surface area, and curvature were computed from 33 cortical regions of interest (ROIs). Additionally, volumes were calculated for 18 subcortical regions, as well as for white matter, gray matter, and intracranial volume. We normalized quantified absolute volumes for head size by dividing volumes with corresponding intracranial volumes. false discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons across regions was used. Results A total of 9/44 (21%) adolescents had been exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. No statistically significant differences in absolute volumes were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). Regarding volumes proportional to intracranial volume, the adolescents in the exposed group exhibited smaller gray matter volumes in the inferotemporal (FDR corrected p = 0.022) and parahippocampal (p = 0.018) regions compared to the unexposed group. The surface area in the exposed group was also smaller in the parahippocampal (p = 0.046) and postcentral (p = 0.046) regions compared to the unexposed group. No statistically significant differences after correction for multiple comparisons were found for either curvature or cortical thickness between the groups. Conclusion Maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy may have long-term effects on brain volumes up to 13 years in adolescents born very preterm. Our findings emphasize the importance of smoking-free pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael O. Ekblad
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,*Correspondence: Mikael O. Ekblad,
| | - Peter Ngum
- Turku Brain Injury Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Merisaari
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Virva Saunavaara
- Division of Medical Imaging, Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Setänen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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11
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Ekblad MO. Association of Smoking During Pregnancy With Compromised Brain Development in Offspring. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2224714. [PMID: 35913745 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael O Ekblad
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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12
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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Burmeister EA, Steadman K. Central Australian Aboriginal women's placental and neonatal outcomes following maternal smokeless tobacco, cigarette or no tobacco use. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 46:186-195. [PMID: 34821425 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the placental characteristics and neonatal outcomes of Central Australian Aboriginal women based on maternal self-report of tobacco use. METHODS Placental and neonatal variables were collected from a prospective maternal cohort of 19 smokeless tobacco chewers, 23 smokers and 31 no-tobacco users. RESULTS Chewers had the lowest placental weight (460 g) while the no-tobacco group had the heaviest placental weight (565 g). Chewers and the no-tobacco group had placental areas of similar size (285 cm2 and 288 cm2 , respectively) while the placentas of smokers were at least 13 cm2 smaller (272 cm2 ). There were two stillbirths in the study and more than one-third (36%) of neonates (newborns) were admitted to the Special Care Nursery, with the chewers' neonates having a higher admission rate compared with smokers' neonates (44% vs. 23%). The cohort mean birthweight (3348 g) was not significantly different between the groups. When stratified for elevated maternal glucose, the chewers' neonates had the lowest mean birthweight (2906 g) compared to the neonates of the no-tobacco group (3242 g) and smokers (3398 g). CONCLUSIONS This research is the first to demonstrate that the maternal use of Australian Nicotiana spp. (pituri) as smokeless tobacco may negatively impact placental and neonatal outcomes. Implications for public health: Maternal smokeless tobacco use is a potential source of placental and foetal nicotine exposure. Maternal antenatal screening should be expanded to capture a broader range of tobacco and nicotine products, and appropriate cessation support is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Queensland.,Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Queensland
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Queensland
| | - Elizabeth A Burmeister
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Queensland.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Queensland
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13
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Römer P, Putzer AG, Kemmerich R, Mathes B. Effects of Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Exposure On Foetal Development: a Review of the Literature. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2021; 81:1224-1237. [PMID: 34754272 PMCID: PMC8568504 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their market launch in 2007, e-cigarettes gained popularity and were considered a relatively safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. Pregnant women and women of childbearing age in particular are increasingly turning to e-cigarettes. Little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure on the affected foetus. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the effects of prenatal e-cigarette exposure on the foetus. Since studies in humans are lacking to date, this review refers only to animal and in vitro analyses. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were used for an extensive literature search. The search yielded N = 17 significant research papers. Possible sequelae resulting from prenatal exposure to traditional cigarettes were also seen in prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes. Prenatal e-cigarette exposure was found to be associated with increased DNA methylation overall, resulting in lower gene expression. This could adversely impact the development of affected children, especially in case of those genes relevant to their development. In mice, for example, this greatly reduced the cell vitality of neural and stem cells and increased cell death. Further, prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes resulted in numerous developmental disorders, such as malformations of facial morphology and lower birth weight. Moreover, in animal models the animals suffered from a deterioration of their short-term memory. Activity and cognitive flexibility increased, while anxiety behaviour decreased. It is clear that more research and especially studies of humans are needed on this issue. In addition, there is a need for more intense education of prenatal care professionals as well as women of childbearing age and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Römer
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Amanda Goméz Putzer
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Robin Kemmerich
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Birgit Mathes
- Bremer Initiative to Foster Early Child Development, Department 11, University of Bremen, Germany
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14
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Karvonen M, Saari A, Sund R, Sankilampi U. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Head Growth in Comparison to Height and Weight Growth Up to 6 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Study. Clin Epidemiol 2021; 13:959-970. [PMID: 34675684 PMCID: PMC8520481 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s327766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy causes fetal growth retardation. Thereafter, it has been associated with excessive childhood weight gain and decreased linear growth in the offspring. However, it is not known whether head circumference (HC), the surrogate of brain size in childhood, is altered after intrauterine tobacco exposure. We assessed the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring HC growth up to age 6 years in comparison with length/height growth and weight gain. Methods We combined data from Medical Birth Register and longitudinal growth data from primary care of 43,632 children (born 2004–2017). Linear mixed effects models were used for modeling, adjusting for potential perinatal and socioeconomic confounders. Results At birth, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a mean deficit of 0.19 standard deviation score (SDS) (95% CI: −0.25, −0.12) in HC, −0.38 SDS (95% CI: −0.43, −0.32) in length, and −0.08 SDS (95% CI:−0.14, −0.02) in weight-for-length. HC in smokers’ children failed to catch up to that of non-smokers’ children. Height of smokers’ infants reached that of non-smokers’ infants by 12 months but declined thereafter. Weight-for-height of smokers’ infants exceeded the level of non-smokers’ infants at 3 months and remained significantly elevated thereafter. HC in the offspring of mothers who quit smoking in the first trimester was not deficient, but their weight-for-height was elevated. Conclusion HC of smokers’ children is still deficient at age 6 years. Since most of the head growth occurs during the first 2 years of life, the defect may be permanent. In smokers’ children, weight gain was excessive up to 6 years and height was deficient at 6 years consistent with previous literature. Efforts should be made to encourage pregnant women to quit smoking in the beginning of the pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Karvonen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Saari
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Sund
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulla Sankilampi
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Merhar SL, Jiang W, Parikh NA, Yin W, Zhou Z, Tkach JA, Wang L, Kline-Fath BM, He L, Braimah A, Vannest J, Lin W. Effects of prenatal opioid exposure on functional networks in infancy. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:100996. [PMID: 34388637 PMCID: PMC8363826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal opioid exposure has been linked to altered neurodevelopment and visual problems such as strabismus and nystagmus. The neural substrate underlying these alterations is unclear. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsfMRI) is an advanced and well-established technique to evaluate brain networks. Few studies have examined the effects of prenatal opioid exposure on resting-state network connectivity in infancy. In this pilot study, we characterized network connectivity in opioid-exposed infants (n = 19) and controls (n = 20) between 4–8 weeks of age using both a whole-brain connectomic approach and a seed-based approach. Prenatal opioid exposure was associated with differences in distribution of betweenness centrality and connection length, with positive connections unique to each group significantly longer than common connections. The unique connections in the opioid-exposed group were more often inter-network connections while unique connections in controls and connections common to both groups were more often intra-network. The opioid-exposed group had smaller network volumes particularly in the primary visual network, but similar network strength as controls. Network topologies as determined by dice similarity index were different between groups, particularly in visual and executive control networks. These results may provide insight into the neural basis for the developmental and visual problems associated with prenatal opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Merhar
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Weixiong Jiang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nehal A Parikh
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weiyan Yin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jean A Tkach
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lili He
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adebayo Braimah
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Gibson L, Porter M. Alcohol and Tobacco use While Breastfeeding and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1223-1234. [PMID: 33893938 PMCID: PMC8067780 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research has linked prenatal alcohol and tobacco use with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and variably with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Lactational use has been scantly considered. This study examined whether it may alter ADHD or ASD risk. Participants were 5107 infants recruited in 2004 and assessed longitudinally for the Growing Up in Australia Study. Logistic regression did not find any associations between maternal alcohol and tobacco use while breastfeeding and ADHD or ASD diagnosis at ages 6–7 or 10–11 years. Alcohol and tobacco use during lactation may not increase ADHD or ASD risk. Abstaining from alcohol and tobacco, however, may still be the safest option. Analyses were limited by lack of alcohol timing and retrospective variables that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Melanie Porter
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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17
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Golding J, Iles-Caven Y, Ellis G, Gregory S, Nowicki S. Are the early childhood antecedents of men's external locus of control similar to those of their female partners? Wellcome Open Res 2021; 3:28. [PMID: 30363869 PMCID: PMC6182670 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14098.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The concept of locus of control of reinforcement was introduced by Julian Rotter and has been the focus of intense research for nearly half a century. Surprisingly little research has been directed at clarifying antecedents of locus of control (LOC) orientations in adult men apart from a few small studies. We previously identified a number of independent antecedents associated with women's LOC, including features of their parents and early childhood. This raised the question as to whether these factors were also associated with the development of LOC in men. Methods: To identify antecedents of LOC orientations in a representative population of women we previously analysed information concerning characteristics of their parents and their own childhood experiences using pregnant women taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Here we use the same design to determine whether their male partners have similar antecedents of LOC orientation. As previously, we use a hypothesis-free exposome technique using all available information on the parents and childhood of the individuals. Results: We show that men had many of the same antecedent characteristics as the women - in particular, their mother's year of birth and father's social group, being exposed to cigarette smoke prenatally, starting to smoke regularly before the age of 11, and having a friend die were all associated with being external. Associations of internality common to both were warm maternal care, being breast fed, being born in an area other than that where they currently live, attending boarding school and having a parent admitted to hospital. Conclusions: In general, the antecedents of male external and internal personalities have many similarities to those of women, thus providing some features to inform the possible theoretical background as to how LOC might develop over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Yasmin Iles-Caven
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Genette Ellis
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Steven Gregory
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Stephen Nowicki
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, GA30322, USA
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18
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Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders among offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2020; 64:1-12. [PMID: 33371659 PMCID: PMC7834763 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.20252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies have controversial reports about the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) on the risk of psychiatric disorders among offspring. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of MSDP on the risk of Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorders (CTD) among offspring. A systematic search using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted up to July 2019 to retrieve potential studies in English. Fixed and random-effects meta-analyses was performed to estimate pooled relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) according to heterogeneity. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity among studies was explored using the I2 statistic. Of the 641 studies from the initial search, 7 were included in the quantitative synthesis (3 cohort and 4 case control studies). Overall, MSDP increased the risk of TS and CTD among the offspring by 35% (pooled RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17–1.56; I2=45.8%; P-value=0.08). The results of this meta-analysis revealed that there is a significant association between MSDP and the risk of TS and CTD in offspring, and MSDP may be considered a potential risk factor for TS and CTD.
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19
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Ekblad MO, Rolan E, Marceau K, Palmer R, Todorov A, Heath AC, Knopik VS. Disruptive Behavior in Siblings Discordant for Exposure to Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy: A Multi-rater Approach. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1330-1338. [PMID: 31734697 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is associated with disruptive behavior. However, there is debate whether the SDP-disruptive behavior association is a potentially causal pathway or rather a spurious effect confounded by shared genetic and environmental factors. AIMS AND METHODS The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study is a sibling comparison study that includes families (n = 173) selected for sibling pairs (aged 7-16 years) discordant for SDP. Critically, the sibling comparison design is used to disentangle the effects of SDP from familial confounds on disruptive behavior. An SDP severity score was created for each child using a combination of SDP indicators (timing, duration, and amount of SDP). Multiple informants (parents and teachers) reported on disruptive behavior (i.e., DSM-IV semi-structured interview, the Child Behavior Checklist, and Teacher Report Form). RESULTS The variability in disruptive behavior was primarily a function of within-family differences (66%-100%). Consistent with prior genetically informed approaches, the SDP-disruptive behavior association was primarily explained by familial confounds (genetic and environmental). However, when using a multi-rater approach (parents and teachers), results suggest a potentially causal effect of SDP on disruptive behavior (b = 0.09, SE = 0.04, p = 0.03). The potentially causal effect of SDP remained significant in sensitivity analyses. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that familial confounding likely plays a complex role in the SDP-disruptive behavior association when examining both parent and teacher reports of behavior. Importantly, the current study highlights the importance of multiple raters, reflecting a more comprehensive measure of complex behaviors (e.g., disruptive behavior) to examine the teratogenic effects of SDP. IMPLICATIONS Our study provides additional evidence that controlling for genetic and family factors is essential when examining the effect of SDP on later behavioral problems, as it explains a portion of the association between SDP and later behavioral problems. However, we found a significant association between SDP and disruptive behavior when using a multi-rater approach that capitalizes on both parent and teacher report, suggesting that parent and teacher ratings capture a unique perspective that is important to consider when examining SDP-behavior associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael O Ekblad
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of General Practice, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Rohan Palmer
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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20
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Ekblad MO, Marceau K, Rolan E, Palmer RHC, Todorov A, Heath AC, Knopik VS. The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217921. [PMID: 33126697 PMCID: PMC7662383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and (I) severity and (II) directionality of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in a sample of sibling pairs while rigorously controlling for familial confounds. The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study is a family study (N = 173 families) with sibling pairs (aged 7 to 16 years) who are discordant for exposure to SDP. This sibling comparison study is designed to disentangle the effects of SDP from familial confounds. An SDP severity score was created for each child using a combination of SDP indicators (timing, duration, and amount). Principal component analysis of externalizing and internalizing behavior, assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form, was used to create symptom severity and directionality scores. The variance in severity and directionality scores was primarily a function of differences between siblings (71% and 85%, respectively) rather than differences across families (29% and 15%, respectively). The severity score that combines externalizing and internalizing symptom severity was not associated with SDP. However, a significant within-family effect of SDP on symptom directionality (b = 0.07, p = 0.04) was observed in the sibling comparison model. The positive directionality score indicates that SDP is associated with differentiation of symptoms towards externalizing rather than internalizing symptoms after controlling for familial confounds with a sibling comparison model. This supports a potentially causal relationship between SDP and externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael O. Ekblad
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Medicine, Turku University and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.M.); (V.S.K.)
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Rohan H. C. Palmer
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Alexandre Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.T.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (A.T.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (K.M.); (V.S.K.)
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21
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Prenatal Risk Factors for Tourette Syndrome: a Systematic Review Update. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-020-00217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Polli FS, Kohlmeier KA. Alterations in NMDAR-mediated signaling within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus are associated with prenatal nicotine exposure. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Chan YL, Oliver BG, Chen H. What lessons have we learnt about the impact of maternal cigarette smoking from animal models? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 47:337-344. [PMID: 31556137 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal first- or second-hand tobacco smoking during pregnancy is still common albeit that the detrimental effects to the unborn child are well known. Maternal tobacco cigarette smoking can affect multiple organ systems in the offspring, rendering them at increased risk of various conditions throughout life (eg. intrauterine underdevelopment, asthma, substance abuse, diabetes). However, this review will only focus on its impact on the brain and the related molecular changes in the offspring based on evidence from animal studies. Although epidemiological studies have identified the associations between maternal cigarette smoke exposure (SE) and brain disorders, animal models can help identify the underlying mechanisms and test interventions. Human studies have found that maternal SE is closely linked to small brain size and changes in brain structure and associated with a high risk of cognitive defects. Animal models suggest that this may be due to increased brain oxidative stress and inflammation during the neonatal period, leading to increased brain cell apoptosis in adulthood. There is a distinct gender bias of such impacts, where male offspring are more affected than females. Female offspring seem to have developed the adaptation by increasing endogenous antioxidant levels. Indeed, animal studies have shown that using antioxidant supplementation during pregnancy can improve neurological outcomes in male offspring, however, the efficacy in humans is yet to be confirmed. Furthermore, some animal studies suggested nicotine as the key player in intrauterine underdevelopment due to maternal SE, while human clinical trials using nicotine replacement therapy do not support this mechanism. This review will discuss the possible reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik L Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Rogers JM. Smoking and pregnancy: Epigenetics and developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1259-1269. [PMID: 31313499 PMCID: PMC6964018 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking causes lower birth weight, birth defects, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Epidemiological evidence over the past four decades has grown stronger and the adverse outcomes attributed to maternal smoking and secondhand smoke exposure have expanded. This review presents findings of latent and persistent metabolic effects in offspring of smoking mothers like those observed in studies of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy. The phenotype of offspring of smoking mothers is like that associated with maternal undernutrition. Born smaller than offspring of nonsmokers, these children have increased risk of being overweight or obese later. Plausible mechanisms include in utero hypoxia, nicotine-induced reductions in uteroplacental blood flow, placental toxicity, or toxic growth restriction from the many toxicants in tobacco smoke. Studies have reported increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and hypertension although the evidence here is weaker than for overweight/obesity. Altered DNA methylation has been consistently documented in smoking mothers' offspring, and these epigenetic alterations are extensive and postnatally durable. A causal link between altered DNA methylation and the phenotypic changes observed in offspring remains to be firmly established, yet the association is strong, and mediation analyses suggest a causal link. Studies examining expression patterns of affected genes during childhood development and associated health outcomes should be instructive in this regard. The adverse effects of exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy now clearly include permanent metabolic derangements in offspring that can adversely affect life-long health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Rogers
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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25
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Clark CAC, Massey SH, Wiebe SA, Espy KA, Wakschlag LS. Does early maternal responsiveness buffer prenatal tobacco exposure effects on young children's behavioral disinhibition? Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1285-1298. [PMID: 30428950 PMCID: PMC6520205 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Children with prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) exhibit early self-regulatory impairments, reflecting a life-course persistent propensity toward behavioral disinhibition. Previously, we demonstrated the protective role of parental responsiveness for reducing the risk of exposure-related disruptive behavior in adolescence. Here, we expanded this line of inquiry, examining whether responsiveness moderates the relation of PTE to a broader set of behavioral disinhibition features in early childhood and testing alternative diathesis-stress versus differential susceptibility explanatory models. PTE was assessed prospectively using interviews and bioassays in the Midwestern Infant Development Study (MIDS). Mother-child dyads (N = 276) were re-assessed at approximately 5 years of age in a preschool follow-up. We quantified maternal responsiveness and child behavioral disinhibition using a combination of directly observed activities in the lab and developmentally sensitive questionnaires. Results supported a diathesis-stress pattern. Children with PTE and less responsive mothers showed increased disruptive behavior and lower effortful control compared with children without PTE. In contrast, exposed children with more responsive mothers had self-regulatory profiles similar to their non-exposed peers. We did not observe sex differences. Findings provide greater specification of the protective role of maternal responsiveness for self-regulation in children with PTE and help clarify mechanisms that may underscore trajectories of exposure-related behavioral disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE,USA
| | - Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Chicago, IL,USA
| | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Office of the Provost,University of San Antonio at Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA;Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University,Chicago,IL, USA
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Terzioglu F, Boztepe H, Erkekoglu P, Er Korucu A, Kocer-Gumusel B, Kandemir O. The effects of amniotic fluid and foetal cord blood cotinine concentrations on pregnancy complications and the anthropometric measurements of newborns. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 39:952-958. [PMID: 31215267 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1599834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was determining the effects of amniotic fluid (AF) and fetal cord blood (FCB) cotinine concentrations on pregnancy complications and the anthropometric measurements in the newborns whose mothers underwent amniocentesis. This study was conducted as a case-control study, in Turkey. A total of 250 pregnant women with amniocentesis indication were recruited into the study and the cotinine levels in the AF and FCB were determined. A smoking habit did not statistically affect the incidence of pregnancy complications (p>.05). The birth weights of the newborns were negatively correlated with the AF cotinine levels. The incidences of low birth weight, low Apgar scores and RDS were positively correlated with higher levels of cotinine in AF and FCB. It is important for healthcare staff to provide training and consultancy services for the health improvement of pregnant women and the prevention of smoking during pregnancy. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? The pre-pregnancy smoking habit usually continues during the pregnancy. A significant negative correlation was present between the foetal cord blood cotinine levels and the birth weight. What do the results of this study add? The anthropometric measurements of the newborns born from mothers with high AF cotinine levels were lower than newborns born from mothers with low amniotic fluid cotinine levels. Respiratory Distress syndrome is more often determined in newborns born from mothers with high AF cotinine levels. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Future studies should be performed to investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on the health problems, the growth characteristics and the neurological development of newborns and infants within the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Terzioglu
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Atilim University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Handan Boztepe
- Faculty of Nursing, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Aslı Er Korucu
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Belma Kocer-Gumusel
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lokman Hekim University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Omer Kandemir
- Zübeyde Hanım Etlik Woman Health and Disease, Teaching and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
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Marceau K, Rolan E, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Shaw DS, Natsuaki M, Egger H, Neiderhiser JM. Parenting and prenatal risk as moderators of genetic influences on conduct problems during middle childhood. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:1164-1181. [PMID: 30843708 PMCID: PMC6533149 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examines interactions of heritable influences, prenatal substance use, and postnatal parental warmth and hostility on the development of conduct problems in middle childhood for boys and girls. Participants are 561 linked families, collected in 2 cohorts, including birth parents, adoptive parents, and adopted children. Heritable influences on internalizing and externalizing (including substance use) problems were derived from birth mothers' and fathers' symptoms, diagnoses, and age of onset from diagnostic interviews, and the proportion of first-degree relatives with the same type of problems. Smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and alcohol use during pregnancy were assessed retrospectively from birth mothers at 5 months postpartum. Earlier externalizing problems and parental warmth and hostility and were assessed at 1 assessment prior to the outcome (Cohort II: 4.5 years; Cohort I: 7 years). Conduct problems were symptoms from a diagnostic interview assessed at age 6 (Cohort II) or 8 (Cohort I). Findings from regression analyses suggest that (a) SDP plays an important role for the development of conduct problems, (b) some relatively well-accepted effects (e.g., parental hostility) were less important when simultaneously considering multiple factors influencing the development of conduct problems, and (c) main effects of genetic risk and SDP, and interactions among genetic risk and postnatal warmth, SDP and postnatal warmth, and genetic risk, SDP, and postnatal hostility for conduct problems were important for boys' but not girls' conduct problems. Replication is needed, but the current results provide preliminary but empirically grounded hypotheses for future research testing complex developmental models of conduct problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | - Emily Rolan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | | | | | | | | | - Misaki Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
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Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Children after Antenatal Maternal Depression Treatment, a Longitudinal Study Built on a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101816. [PMID: 31121887 PMCID: PMC6572285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal depression is associated with an increased risk of offspring neuro-developmental disorders, potentially as a consequence of an altered brain development in utero. We hypothesized that reducing maternal depression by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) during pregnancy may ameliorate the offspring’s brain (micro)structural outcomes. 54 pregnant women with a diagnosed clinical depression were randomly allocated to CBT or Treatment as Usual (TAU), showing moderate to large depression symptom improvements after CBT. In 16 of their children (69% boys, N(TAU) = 8, N(CBT) = 8, mean age = 5.9 years, range = 3.9–7.1 years) brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were conducted. Children from the CBT group had a thicker right lateral occipital cortex (difference: 0.13 mm, 95% CI = 0.005–0.26) and lingual gyrus (difference: 0.18 mm, 95% CI = 0.01–0.34). In the CBT group, Voxel-Based Morphometry analysis identified one cluster showing increased gray matter concentration in the right medial temporal lobe at p < 0.05 uncorrected, and fixel-based analysis revealed reduced fiber-bundle cross-section in the Fornix, the Optical Tract, and the Stria Terminalis at p < 0.01 uncorrected. However, none of the results survived correction for multiple testing. Our explorative analyses provided some indication that antenatal CBT for depression may ameliorate offspring’s brain (micro)structural outcomes, but the sample size was extremely small, and our results should be cautiously interpreted. Larger studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary conclusions that CBT for antenatal depression affects brain development in children.
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29
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Argalasova L, Zitnanova I, Vondrova D, Dvorakova M, Laubertova L, Jurkovicova J, Stofko J, Weitzman M, Waczulikova I, Simko M. Self-Reported Exposure to ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke), Urinary Cotinine, and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Pregnant Women-The Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091656. [PMID: 31086031 PMCID: PMC6539347 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) is one of the most toxic environmental exposures. Objective: To investigate the association of ETS with physiological, biochemical, and psychological indicators, as well as with urine antioxidant capacity (AC) and oxidative damage to lipids in a pilot sample of healthy pregnant women. Methods: Exposure to ETS was investigated via a validated questionnaire, and urine cotinine and the marker of oxidative damage to lipids via 8-isoprostane concentrations using an ELISA kit. Urine AC was determined by the spectrophotometric Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) method. From a sample of pregnant women (n = 319, average age 30.84 ± 5.09 years) in 80, the levels of cotinine and oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Results: Among the 80 pregnant women, 5% (7.4% confirmed by cotinine) reported being current smokers and 25% reported passive smoking in the household (18.8% confirmed by cotinine). The Kappa was 0.78 for smokers and 0.22 for ETS-exposed nonsmokers. Pregnant women in the ETS-exposed group had significantly reduced AC compared to both the nonsmoker (ETS−) and the smoker groups (p < 0.05). Nonsmokers had significantly lower levels of 8-isoprostane than smokers (p < 0.01) and ETS-exposed nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Correlations between urine levels of cotinine and AC were positive in ETS-exposed nonsmokers. Conclusion: A harmful association of active and passive smoking and oxidative stress parameters among pregnant women has been indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Argalasova
- Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ingrid Zitnanova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Diana Vondrova
- Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Dvorakova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Laubertova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jana Jurkovicova
- Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Juraj Stofko
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Iveta Waczulikova
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Simko
- IInd Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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30
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Effect of waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on learning and memory of offspring rats: Role of oxidative stress. Life Sci 2019; 227:58-63. [PMID: 31009626 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing among breastfeeding women. Herein, the effect of maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure during lactation on learning and memory of adult offspring rats was examined. MAIN METHODS Lactating rats received either fresh air or mainstream WTS (1 h twice daily) from day 4 to day 21. Learning and memory was examined by the radial arm water maze and the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed in the hippocampus of adult male offspring rats. KEY FINDINGS Maternal exposure to WTS during lactation impaired the long-term memory and reduced levels of BDNF (P < 0.05) in hippocampus in adult male offspring rats. The activity of SOD, GPx and catalase were reduced (P < 0.05) while level of TBARS was increased (P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Maternal WTS exposure during lactation impaired the long-term memory of adult male offspring that was associated with low levels of BDNF and altered oxidative stress balance. Therefore, careful measures should be taken to enhance waterpipe smoking cessation during breastfeeding.
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Sourander A, Sucksdorff M, Chudal R, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Gyllenberg D, Cheslack-Postava K, Brown AS. Prenatal Cotinine Levels and ADHD Among Offspring. Pediatrics 2019; 143:e20183144. [PMID: 30804074 PMCID: PMC6398365 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been shown across several studies based on self-reports. No previous studies have investigated the association of nicotine exposure measured by cotinine levels during pregnancy and offspring ADHD. METHODS In this population-based study, 1079 patients born between 1998 and 1999 and diagnosed with ADHD according to the International Classification of Diseases and 1079 matched controls were identified from Finnish nationwide registers. Maternal cotinine levels were measured by using quantitative immunoassays from maternal serum specimens collected during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and archived in the national biobank. RESULTS There was a significant association between increasing log-transformed maternal cotinine levels and offspring ADHD. The odds ratio was 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.12) when adjusting for maternal socioeconomic status, maternal age, maternal psychopathology, paternal age, paternal psychopathology, and child's birth weight for gestational age. In the categorical analyses with cotinine levels in 3 groups, heavy nicotine exposure (cotinine level >50 ng/mL) was associated with offspring ADHD, with an odds ratio of 2.21 (95% CI 1.63-2.99) in the adjusted analyses. Analyses by deciles of cotinine levels revealed that the adjusted odds for offspring ADHD in the highest decile was 3.34 (95% CI 2.02-5.52). CONCLUSIONS The study reveals an association with and a dose-response relationship between nicotine exposure during pregnancy and offspring ADHD. Future studies incorporating maternal smoking and environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Sourander
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;
- Departments of Child Psychiatry and
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Minna Sucksdorff
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Roshan Chudal
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heljä-Marja Surcel
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - David Gyllenberg
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- National Institutes of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Keely Cheslack-Postava
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alan S Brown
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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32
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Alkam T, Nabeshima T. Molecular mechanisms for nicotine intoxication. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:117-126. [PMID: 30779928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, one of the more than 4700 ingredients in tobacco smoke, is a neurotoxin and once used as pesticides in agriculture. Although its use in agriculture is prohibited in many countries, nicotine intoxication is still a problem among the workers in tobacco farms, and young children as well as adults due to the accidental or suicidal ingestions of nicotine products. Understanding the mechanism of nicotine intoxication is important not only for the prevention and treatment but also for the appropriate regulatory approaches. Here, we review pharmacokinetics of nicotine and the molecular mechanisms for acute and chronic intoxication from nicotine that might be relevant to the central and the peripheral nervous system. We include green tobacco sickness, acute intoxication from popular nicotine products, circadian rhythm changes, chronic intoxication from nicotine through prenatal nicotine exposure, newborn behaviors, and sudden infant death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tursun Alkam
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan; Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
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Lebel CA, McMorris CA, Kar P, Ritter C, Andre Q, Tortorelli C, Gibbard WB. Characterizing adverse prenatal and postnatal experiences in children. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:848-858. [PMID: 30690931 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal and postnatal adversities, including prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), prenatal exposure to other substances, toxic stress, lack of adequate resources, and postnatal abuse or neglect, often co-occur. These exposures can have cumulative effects, or interact with each other, leading to worse outcomes than single exposures. However, given their complexity and heterogeneity, exposures can be difficult to characterize. Clinical services and research often overlook additional exposures and attribute outcomes solely to one factor. METHODS We propose a framework for characterizing adverse prenatal and postnatal exposures and apply it to a cohort of 77 children. Our approach considers type, timing, and frequency to quantify PAE, other prenatal substance exposure, prenatal toxic stress, postnatal threat (harm or threat of harm), and postnatal deprivation (failure to meet basic needs) using a 4-point Likert-type scale. Postnatal deprivation and harm were separated into early (<24 months of age) and late (≥24 months) time periods, giving seven exposure variables. Exposures were ascertained via health records, child welfare records, interviews with birth parents, caregivers, and/or close family/friends. RESULTS Nearly all children had co-occurring prenatal exposures, and two-thirds had both prenatal and postnatal adversities. Children with high PAE were more likely to experience late postnatal adversities, and children with other prenatal substance exposure were more likely to have early postnatal deprivation. Postnatal adversities were more likely to co-occur. CONCLUSION This framework provides a comprehensive picture of a child's adverse exposures, which can inform assessment and intervention approaches and policy and will be useful for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Lebel
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carly A McMorris
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Preeti Kar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantel Ritter
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Quinn Andre
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - W Ben Gibbard
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology; Psychiatry, and Psychology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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35
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Micalizzi L, Knopik VS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring executive function: What do we know and what are the next steps? Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1333-1354. [PMID: 29144227 PMCID: PMC6028309 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) exhibit difficulties in executive function (EF) from infancy through adolescence. Due to the developmental significance of EF as a predictor of adaptive functioning throughout the life span, the MSDP-EF relation has clear public health implications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between MSDP and offspring EF across development; consider brain-based assessments, animal models, and genetically informed studies in an effort to elucidate plausible pathways of effects; discuss implications for prevention and intervention; and make calls to action for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
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36
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Outcomes of developmental exposure to total particulate matter from cigarette smoke in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicology 2018; 68:101-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Li G, Saad S, Oliver BG, Chen H. Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome. TOXICS 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 30071638 PMCID: PMC6160993 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy leads to gestational complications and organ disorders in the offspring. As nicotine replacement therapy is often ineffective for smoking cessation, pregnant women turn to alternatives such as heat-not-burn tobacco and e-cigarettes. Recently, the popularly of e-cigarettes has been increasing especially among the youth and pregnant women, mainly due to the advertisements claiming their safety. This has even led to some clinicians recommending their use during pregnancy. E-cigarettes heat e-liquid to produce an aerosol (e-vapor), delivering flavorings and nicotine to the user. However, e-vapor also contains toxins such as formaldehyde along with heavy metals and carcinogenic nitrosamines. In addition, specific flavoring compounds such as diacetyl can be toxic themselves or decompose into toxic compounds such as benzaldehydes. These compounds can induce toxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress in the mothers and can accumulate in the developing fetus, affecting intrauterine development. Recent animal studies suggest that maternal e-vapor exposure during pregnancy could cause respiratory and neurological disorders in the offspring. This review will examine the available literature to shed light on the current understanding of this problem-to-be from lessons learned in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Renal Group, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Morris M, Shaw A, Lambert M, Perry HH, Lowenstein E, Valenzuela D, Velazquez-Ulloa NA. Developmental nicotine exposure affects larval brain size and the adult dopaminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29898654 PMCID: PMC6001141 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women may be exposed to nicotine if they smoke or use tobacco products, nicotine replacement therapy, or via e-cigarettes. Prenatal nicotine exposure has been shown to have deleterious effects on the nervous system in mammals including changes in brain size and in the dopaminergic system. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for these changes are not well understood. A Drosophila melanogaster model for these effects of nicotine exposure could contribute to faster identification of genes and molecular pathways underlying these effects. The purpose of this study was to determine if developmental nicotine exposure affects the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, focusing on changes to brain size and the dopaminergic system at two developmental stages. RESULTS We reared flies on control or nicotine food from egg to 3rd instar larvae or from egg to adult and determined effectiveness of the nicotine treatment. We used immunohistochemistry to visualize the whole brain and dopaminergic neurons, using tyrosine hydroxylase as the marker. We measured brain area, tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence, and counted the number of dopaminergic neurons in brain clusters. We detected an increase in larval brain hemisphere area, a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence in adult central brains, and a decrease in the number of neurons in the PPM3 adult dopaminergic cluster. We tested involvement of Dα7, one of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, and found it was involved in eclosion, as previously described, but not involved in brain size. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that developmental nicotine exposure in Drosophila melanogaster affects brain size and the dopaminergic system. Prenatal nicotine exposure in mammals has also been shown to have effects on brain size and in the dopaminergic system. This study further establishes Drosophila melanogaster as model organism to study the effects of developmental nicotine exposure. The genetic and molecular tools available for Drosophila research will allow elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of nicotine exposure during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Morris
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ariel Shaw
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
| | | | | | - Eve Lowenstein
- Biology Department, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
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von Chamier M, Reyes L, Hayward LF, Brown MB. Impact of gestational nicotine exposure on intrauterine and fetal infection in a rodent model. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:1071-1084. [PMID: 28419180 PMCID: PMC5803783 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between prenatal nicotine exposure and intrauterine infection using established rat models. Beginning at gestation day (GD) 6, dams were continuously infused with either saline or 6 mg/kg/day nicotine (Nic). At GD 14, dams received either sterile broth or 105 colony-forming units Mycoplasma pulmonis (MP), resulting in four treatment groups: control (4 dams, 33 fetal units); MP only (5 dams, 55 fetal units); Nic only (5 dams, 61 fetal units), and Nic + MP (7 dams, 82 fetal units). At GD 18, nicotine exposure significantly increased (P ≤ 0.02) the percentage of amniotic fluids and fetuses infected by MP but did not impact colonization rates of maternal sites. Nicotine exposure significantly reduced the numbers of MP in the placenta required for high microbial loads (≥104 color-changing units) in the amniotic fluid (P < 0.01). Fetal inflammatory response lesions were most extensive in the Nic only and Nic + MP groups (P < 0.0001). Control and MP only placentas were interleukin (IL)10-dominant, consistent with an M2/Th2 environment. Placentas exposed to nicotine shifted to a neutral environment, with equivalent levels of interferon gamma (IFNG) and IL10. Both IL6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in amniotic fluid were highly elevated when both nicotine and infection were present. Our study suggests that prenatal exposure to nicotine increases the risk for intrauterine infection, lowers the infectious dose required to breach the placental barrier and infect the amniotic fluid and fetus, and alters the pathology and inflammatory profile associated with maternal and fetal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria von Chamier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin
| | - Linda F Hayward
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Marceau K, Cinnamon Bidwell L, Karoly HC, Evans AS, Todorov AA, Palmer RH, Heath AC, Knopik VS. Within-Family Effects of Smoking during Pregnancy on ADHD: the Importance of Phenotype. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:685-699. [PMID: 28664227 PMCID: PMC5748020 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We sought to test within- and between- family associations of smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using a structured interview based on the conventional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) symptoms and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-Behavior (SWAN) scale, which is a population based measure that grew out of the notion that an ADHD diagnosis exists on the extreme end of a continuum of normative behaviors and includes both above- and below- average performance on attention and activity. We used a sibling-comparison approach in a sample of 173 families including siblings aged 7-16 years (52% male) drawn from the state of Missouri, USA, wherein mothers smoked during one pregnancy but not the other. There was a within-family effect of smoking during pregnancy on SWAN hyperactivity/impulsivity and SWAN total ADHD behaviors. The associations between SDP and DSM-IV-based ADHD symptom dimensions as well as SWAN inattention were explained by familial confounds. These findings suggest that SDP exerts a potentially causal effect on increased ADHD hyperactive/impulsive behaviors and that this SDP effect is best captured when hyperactivity/impulsivity is assessed more normatively across the population, rather than specifically assessing problematic behaviors via DSM symptoms. Thus, any potentially causal effect of SDP on ADHD symptom dimensions may be restricted to hyperactive/impulsive behaviors rather than inattention, and normative, non-DSM-IV based behavioral measures may provide a more sensitive test of mechanisms of SDP-ADHD symptom associations, particularly in non-clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Division of Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Allison Schettini Evans
- Memorial Hospital, Pawtucket, RI, 02860, USA
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Alexandre A Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rohan H Palmer
- Division of Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Division of Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Abstract
n-3 Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), are essential components of neuronal membranes and mediate a range of complex bioactive properties including gene expression, myelination, cell-signalling and dopaminergic function. Deficits in n-3 HUFA have been linked to increased risks for addictive disorders, thus we posited that lower fish consumption would be associated with greater risks for perinatal smoking among 9640 mothers enroled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We used univariable and multivariable regression models to examine relationships between self-reported prenatal dietary intakes of n-3 HUFA-rich foods (fish and shellfish) and maternal smoking; outcomes included cessation and the number of cigarettes smoked per d. Both before and during pregnancy, there was consistent evidence (P<0·001) of protective fish intake-smoking associations; relative to mothers reporting no fish consumption, those who reported some fish consumption (<340 g/week) and high fish consumption (340 g+/week) at 32 weeks of gestation showed lower likelihoods of smoking (adjusted P values <0·001). Respective OR for these relationships were 0·87 (95% CI 0·77, 0·97) and 0·73 (95% CI 0·61, 0·86). Although the prevalence of smoking diminished, from a high of 31·6% (pre-pregnancy) to a low of 18·7% (second trimester), the magnitude of fish intake-smoking associations remained stable following adjustment for confounders. These observations suggest that greater fish or n-3 HUFA consumption should be evaluated as an intervention to reduce or prevent smoking in randomised clinical trials.
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Golding J, Iles-Caven Y, Ellis G, Gregory S, Nowicki S. Are the early childhood antecedents of men’s external locus of control similar to those of their female partners? Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:28. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14098.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The concept of locus of control of reinforcement was introduced by Julian Rotter and has been the focus of intense research for nearly half a century. Surprisingly little research has been directed at clarifying antecedents of locus of control (LOC) orientations in adult men apart from a few small studies. We previously identified a number of independent antecedents associated with women’s LOC, including features of their parents and early childhood. This raised the question as to whether these factors were also associated with the development of LOC in men. Methods: To identify antecedents of LOC orientations in a representative population of women we previously analysed information concerning characteristics of their parents and their own childhood experiences using pregnant women taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Here we use the same design to determine whether their male partners have similar antecedents of LOC orientation. As previously, we use a hypothesis-free exposome technique using all available information on the parents and childhood of the individuals. Results: We show that men had many of the same antecedent characteristics as the women – in particular, their mother’s year of birth and father’s social group, being exposed to cigarette smoke prenatally, starting to smoke regularly before the age of 11, and having a friend die were all associated with being external. Associations of internality common to both were warm maternal care, being breast fed, being born in an area other than that where they currently live, attending boarding school and having a parent admitted to hospital. Conclusions: In general, the antecedents of male external and internal personalities have many similarities to those of women, thus providing some features to inform the possible theoretical background as to how LOC might develop over time.
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Swortwood MJ, Bartock SH, Scheidweiler KB, Shaw S, Filis P, Douglas A, O’Shaughnessy PJ, Soffientini U, Lucendo-Villarin B, Iredale JP, Hay DC, Fowler PA, Huestis MA. Quantification of ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate, nicotine, and its metabolites in human fetal liver and placenta. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Määttä AJ, Paananen M, Marttila R, Auvinen J, Miettunen J, Karppinen J. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy Is Associated With Offspring's Musculoskeletal Pain in Adolescence: Structural Equation Modeling. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:797-803. [PMID: 28003513 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Smoking and behavioral problems are related to musculoskeletal (MS) pain in adolescence. Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is associated with offspring's behavioral problems but its relation to MS pain in adolescence is unknown. Our purpose was to investigate whether there is an association between MSDP, the number of pain sites in adolescence, and the factors that potentially mediate this relationship. Methods We evaluated the association of MSDP with offspring's MS pain at 16 years among participants of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 6436, 3360 girls, 68% of all births) using Chi-square test and independent samples t test. We used structural equation modeling to assess the mediating factors stratified by gender. Results MSDP was frequent (22%) associating with paternal smoking (p < .001), externalization problems at 8 years (p = .009 boys, p = .002 girls), offspring's smoking at 16 years (p < .001), externalizing problems at 16 years (p < .001), family's social class (p < .001) and intactness of the family status (p < .001). The mean number of offspring's MS pain sites was higher among adolescents whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy than among those whose mothers were nonsmokers (p = .002 boys, p = .012 girls). The association between MSDP and MS pain at 16 years was mediated by externalizing problems at 8 years (p < .001) and 16 years (p < 0.001). Conclusions MSDP increased the risk of offspring's MS pain in adolescence, and the association was mediated by offspring's externalizing problems during childhood and early adolescence. Implications This study indicates that MSDP increases the risk of MS pain in adolescence and the effect is mediated by externalizing problems. Our results add to the evidence on harmfulness of MSDP for offspring, and can be used as additional information in interventions aiming to influence MSDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni-Julia Määttä
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Paananen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Marttila
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Auvinen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Heath, Oulu, Finland
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46
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Ekblad M, Lehtonen L, Korkeila J, Gissler M. Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Risk of Psychiatric Morbidity in Singleton Sibling Pairs. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:597-604. [PMID: 28403473 PMCID: PMC5441922 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk for psychiatric morbidity. We further studied this with Finnish siblings to control for genetic/familial factors. Methods From the Finnish Medical Birth Register, sibling pairs were selected as the first two children born 1987-1995 to the same mother (n = 150 168 pairs), along with information on maternal smoking (no smoking/smoking). Information on the children's psychiatric diagnoses related to outpatient care visits (1998-2013) and inpatient care (1987-2013), and the mothers' psychiatric morbidity (1969-2013) was derived from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. The first pair analysis compared siblings of mothers who only smoked in the first pregnancy (Quitters, 4.7%) and mothers who smoked in both pregnancies (Smokers, 9.6%); the second analysis included mothers who smoked only in the second pregnancy (Starters, 3.3%) and mothers who did not smoke in either pregnancy (Nonsmokers, 77.5%). Smoking information was missing for 5.0% of pairs. Psychiatric morbidity of the siblings and mother was included in the statistical analyses. Results The risk of psychiatric diagnoses was significantly lower for the second child of quitters (adjusted OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.72-0.83) compared to the risk among smokers. A higher risk for psychiatric diagnoses was found for the second child of starters (1.39, 1.30-1.49) compared to the risk among nonsmokers. The effect of smoking was more robust for externalizing diagnoses. Conclusions Maternal smoking was independently associated with a higher risk for psychiatric morbidity in children, even when controlling thoroughly for genetic and familial factors. Implications Maternal smoking during pregnancy has an independent effect on the risk of psychiatric morbidity in children, even after controlling for non-measurable genetic/familial factors by using a sibling pair design. The effect of maternal smoking was robust for externalizing diagnoses. Maternal smoking during pregnancy had an effect on diagnoses both in outpatient and inpatient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Ekblad
- Department of General Practice, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Central Satakunta Federation of Municipalities, Harjavalta, Finland
| | - Liisa Lehtonen
- Institute of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jyrki Korkeila
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Harjavalta Hospital, Harjavalta, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Information Services Department, THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ramsay H, Barnett JH, Murray GK, Mäki P, Hurtig T, Nordström T, Miettunen J, Kiviniemi V, Niemelä S, Pausova Z, Paus T, Veijola J. Smoking in pregnancy, adolescent mental health and cognitive performance in young adult offspring: results from a matched sample within a Finnish cohort. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:430. [PMID: 27908296 PMCID: PMC5133752 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking (PEMCS) and adult cognition is debated, including if there are differences according to sex. We aimed to determine if there are associations between PEMCS and cognition in early adulthood in men and women and examine if observed associations were mediated by adolescent mental health factors that are associated with cognition, namely psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), inattention and hyperactivity, and other externalizing behaviors. METHODS Participants were 471 individuals drawn from the general population-based Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1986) followed up from pregnancy and birth to early adulthood; individuals with PEMCS were matched with those without PEMCS by socioeconomic and demographic factors. Cognitive performance in adulthood was assessed with a range of tests and their association with PEMCS was measured by sex using hierarchical linear regression, unadjusted and then controlling for potential confounders, mediators and moderators, including adolescent mental health factors. RESULTS There were no associations between PEMCS and cognitive scores in females. In males, there were associations with vocabulary (beta = -0.444, 95% CI: -0.783, -0.104) and matrix reasoning (beta = -0.379, 95% CI: -0.711, -0.047). CONCLUSIONS While associations between PEMCS and cognition were limited, observed findings with measures of general intelligence in males contribute to suggestions of differences in response to PEMCS by sex. Furthermore, observed associations may be partly mediated by earlier inattention and hyperactivity. Findings add support to efforts aimed to eliminate smoking in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. .,St. Michael's House, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jennifer H. Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,Cambridge Cognition Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Psychiatry, Länsi-Pohja Healthcare District, Kemi, Finland ,Department of Psychiatry, the Middle Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kiuru, Finland ,Mental Health Services, Joint Municipal Authority of Wellbeing in Raahe District, Raahe, Finland ,Mental Health Services, Basic Health Care District of Kallio, Helsinki, Finland ,Visala Hospital, the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Radiology, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Nordström
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Radiology, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON Canada ,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Child Mind Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Bauldry S, Shanahan MJ, Macmillan R, Miech RA, Boardman JD, O Dean D, Cole V. Parental and adolescent health behaviors and pathways to adulthood. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2016; 58:227-242. [PMID: 27194662 PMCID: PMC4873711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines associations among parental and adolescent health behaviors and pathways to adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we identify a set of latent classes describing pathways into adulthood and examine health-related predictors of these pathways. The identified pathways are consistent with prior research using other sources of data. Results also show that both adolescent and parental health behaviors differentiate pathways. Parental and adolescent smoking are associated with lowered probability of the higher education pathway and higher likelihood of the work and the work & family pathways (entry into the workforce soon after high school completion). Adolescent drinking is positively associated with the work pathway and the higher education pathway, but decreases the likelihood of the work & family pathway. Neither parental nor adolescent obesity are associated with any of the pathways to adulthood. When combined, parental/adolescent smoking and adolescent drinking are associated with displacement from the basic institutions of school, work, and family.
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Hohmann S, Zohsel K, Buchmann AF, Blomeyer D, Holz N, Boecker-Schlier R, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Hohm E, Laucht M. Interacting effect of MAOA genotype and maternal prenatal smoking on aggressive behavior in young adulthood. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:885-94. [PMID: 27300740 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Findings on the etiology of aggressive behavior have provided evidence for an effect both of genetic factors, such as variation in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, and adverse environmental factors. Recent studies have supported the existence of gene × environment interactions, with early experiences playing a key role. In the present study, the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure, MAOA genotype and their interaction on aggressive behavior during young adulthood were examined. In a sample of 272 young adults (129 males, 143 females) from an epidemiological cohort study, smoking during pregnancy was measured with a standardized parent interview at the offspring's age of 3 months. Aggressive behavior was assessed between the ages of 19 and 25 years using the Young Adult Self-Report. DNA was genotyped for the MAOA 5' untranslated region variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism (VNTR). Results revealed a significant interaction between MAOA and smoking during pregnancy, indicating higher levels of aggressive behavior in young adults carrying the MAOA low-expressing genotype who had experienced prenatal nicotine exposure (n = 8, p = .025). In contrast, in carriers of the MAOA high-expressing genotype, maternal smoking during pregnancy had no effect on aggressive behavior during young adulthood (n = 20, p = .145). This study extends earlier findings demonstrating an interaction between MAOA genotype and prenatal nicotine exposure on aggressive behavior into young adulthood. The results point to the long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy on the offspring's mental health, possibly underlining the importance of smoking cessation during pregnancy. According to the nature of the study (particularly sample size and power), analyses are exploratory and results need to be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Zohsel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arlette F Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Regina Boecker-Schlier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Scott-Goodwin A, Puerto M, Moreno I. Toxic effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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