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Attia Y, Al sagan AA, Hussein ESO, Olal MJ, Ebeid TA, Alabdullatif AA, Alhotan RA, Suliman GM, Qaid MM, Tufarelli V, Shehta HA, Ragni M. Egg Quality, Sensory Attributes, and Protein Metabolites of Laying Hens Fed Whole Flaxseed, Fish Oil, and Different Sources of Trace Elements. J Poult Sci 2024; 61:2024021. [PMID: 38938590 PMCID: PMC11196889 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2024021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of whole flaxseed (WFS), fish oil (FO), and different sources of Se, Zn, and Fe (inorganic, organic, and nano-source) on egg production, quality, sensory attributes, and serum protein metabolites in laying hens. A total of 144 hens were divided into six groups with six replicates of four hens each. Hens were fed six diets as follows: 1) control diet; 2) 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO; 3) 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO+175 mg/kg vitamin E (VE); 4) 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO+175 mg/kg VE + inorganic sources of Se, Zn, and Fe (ISeZnFe); 5) 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO+175 mg/kg VE + organic sources of Se, Zn, and Fe (OSeZnFe); 6) 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO+175 mg/kg VE + nano-source of Se, Zn, and Fe (NSeZnFe) from 40-50 weeks of age. Laying hens fed 7.5% WFS, 1.5% FO, and different sources of trace elements in their diets had no negative effects on laying rate, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight change, or survival rate compared to that of hens fed the control diet. Dietary treatments did not negatively affect the external and internal egg characteristics or egg sensory attributes. Feeding 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO+VE+ISeZnFe positively influenced yolk color in fresh eggs. Dietary treatments had a significant impact on egg nutritional composition, with the highest levels of macronutrients found in eggs from hens fed the 7.5%WFS+1.5%FO+VE+NSeZnFe treatment. The highest plasma globulin concentrations were observed in hens fed organic and nano-source trace elements. The same diets reduced plasma uric acid levels. Based on these findings, the inclusion of organic or nano-source trace minerals in diets containing WFS and FO positively affected egg quality and hen protein metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Attia
- Animal and Poultry
Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Damanhour University, Damanhour 22713, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al sagan
- King Abdulaziz
City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354,
Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed O.S. Hussein
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marai J. Olal
- Admin & Animal
Nutrition Technical Services, Danisco Animal
Nutrition and Health (IFF), Riyadh 11451, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Ebeid
- Department of
Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
KafrEl-Sheikh University, KafrEl-Sheikh 33516,
Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alabdullatif
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M. Suliman
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Qaid
- Department of
Animal Production, College of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of
Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian
Area (DiMePRe-J), Section of Veterinary Science
and Animal Production, University of Bari ‘Aldo
Moro’, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Heba A. Shehta
- Regional Center
for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center,
Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Marco Ragni
- Department of
Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari
‘Aldo Moro’, Bari 70125, Italy
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Mierlita D, Teușdea AC, Matei M, Pascal C, Simeanu D, Pop IM. Effect of Dietary Incorporation of Hemp Seeds Alone or with Dried Fruit Pomace on Laying Hens' Performance and on Lipid Composition and Oxidation Status of Egg Yolks. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:750. [PMID: 38473135 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of introducing hemp seeds, as a source of PUFAs, into a standard diet with or without dried fruit pomace (dried blackcurrant (DB) or dried rosehip (DR)), as a source of natural antioxidants, on the laying performance of hens and the FA profile, cholesterol level, antioxidant content, and lipid oxidative status in the yolks of fresh eggs or eggs stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The experiment used 128 Tetra SL hens at 35 weeks of age, which were divided into four groups and randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: a standard corn-wheat-soybean meal diet (C), standard diet containing 8% ground hemp seed (H), hemp seed diet containing 3% dried blackcurrant pomace (HB), and hemp seed diet containing 3% dried rosehip pomace (HR). The laying rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight, and yolk weight were improved by the use of hemp seeds. The yolks of the H, HB, and HR eggs had a lower cholesterol (p ˂ 0.01) and SFA content, while the concentration of total and individual PUFAs (n-6 and n-3 FAs) was significantly higher (p ˂ 0.01) compared to C. In addition, the introduction of hemp seeds into the diets alone or with dried fruit pomace (DB or DR) led to increased (p ˂ 0.001) content of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and hypo-/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio and decreased arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) content, n-6/n-3 ratio, and thrombogenicity index (TI) compared to the control eggs. The introduction of dried fruit pomace (DB or DR) into the diets had no effect on the laying performance of the hens or the cholesterol content and FA profile of the egg yolks, compared to the diet supplemented only with hemp seeds. The dried fruit pomace improved the color, accumulation of antioxidants, and oxidative stability of fats in the yolks of the fresh eggs and eggs stored at 4 °C for 28 days. The DR was found to have the most desirable effects, producing the most intense color of egg yolks, the highest content of natural antioxidants, and the best oxidative stability of yolk lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mierlita
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alin Cristian Teușdea
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 1 University St., 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mădălina Matei
- Faculty of Food and Animal Sciences, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iași, Romania
| | - Constantin Pascal
- Faculty of Food and Animal Sciences, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iași, Romania
| | - Daniel Simeanu
- Faculty of Food and Animal Sciences, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iași, Romania
| | - Ioan Mircea Pop
- Faculty of Food and Animal Sciences, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences, 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iași, Romania
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3
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Attia YA, Al-Sagan AA, Hussein ESOS, Olal MJ, Ebeid TA, Al-Abdullatif AA, Alhotan RA, Alyileili SR, Shehata HA, Tufarelli V. Dietary flaxseed cake influences on performance, quality, and sensory attributes of eggs, serum, and egg trace minerals of laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:50. [PMID: 38236506 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a global shortage in feed supply for animal nutrition; however, there are a considerable amount of agro-industrial co- and by-products that may offer a reasonable solution. Flaxseed cake (FSC) is a by-product of flaxseed for oil extraction rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA). Thus, the dietary inclusion of FSC on laying performance, egg quality, and serum and egg trace elements (Se, Zn, and Fe) was evaluated using Hisex White hens. The hens were distributed to three equal experimental treatments and provided diets including 0%, 5%, or 10% FSC from 48 to 58 weeks of age. Findings clarified that up to 10% FSC in the laying hen diet had no detrimental effect on laying rate, egg mass, and feed utilization. It was found that FSC resulted in a valuable source of protein, energy, macro- (Ca and P), micro- (Se, Zn and Fe) elements, and essential amino acids, with arginine being the highest. Dietary FSC did not negatively influence the egg quality traits, as well as egg sensory attributes. Including 5% or 10% FSC in diet did not significantly affect serum total protein and renal function in terms of creatinine, uric acid, and uric acid-to-creatinine ratio. Different FSC levels did not influence the chemical composition of eggs and trace elements in serum and eggs. It could be concluded that FSC is a valuable feedstuff that can provide a good source of energy, protein, amino acids, and macro- and micro-elements for hens' nutrition. The inclusion of up to 10% of FSC in hens diet did not adversely influence egg laying performance, egg quality of both fresh and stored eggs, sensory attributes, and nutritional composition, as well as Se, Zn, and Fe in serum and eggs due to balanced nutrient profile of FSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Attia
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Sagan
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 12354, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marai J Olal
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A Ebeid
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, KafrEl-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Abdullatif
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem R Alyileili
- Department of Laboratory Analysis, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Heba A Shehata
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research and Development Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonian Area, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Abo Egila NSH, Dosoky WM, Khisheerah NSM, Ahmed MH, Zahran SM, Almohmadi NH, Abusudah WF, Kamal M, Moustafa M, Tellez-Isaias G, Al-Shehri M, Abd El-Hack ME. Does dietary linseed or canola oil affect lipid metabolism, immunity, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in quail eggs? Poult Sci 2023; 102:103116. [PMID: 37844526 PMCID: PMC10587527 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing areas of research and innovation in the animal production and food sector recently has been designed-enriched products. These items are regarded as functional foods because they feature components that have advantageous physiological impacts on human health. In the production of poultry, designed eggs constitute a significant category of functional foods. The present study hypothesized that adding different kinds of oils to quail diets will help produce designer eggs rich in omega-3 and 6 fatty acids in addition to enhancing productive performance. So, this study examined how linseed (flaxseed) and canola oils with various levels can affect lipid metabolism, immune function, and the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in Japanese quail eggs. This work was conducted using 3 different vegetable oils (sunflower, linseed, and canola oils) and 3 different antioxidant supplements (0, 250 mg vitamin E/kg feed, and 1,000 mg ginger/kg feed) in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. When linseed or canola oil was added to the diet, the number of fatty acids in the egg yolks of Japanese quail layers fell by (12.7 and 18.9%) and (41.4 and 24.6%), respectively. The amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in total eggs fell by 21.9 and 14.6% and 24.5 and 15.8%, respectively, at 20 wk of age. However, when linseed and canola oil were added to the diet, the sum n-3 PUFA content in the egg yolk of Japanese quail-laying hens was noticeably raised at 15 and 20 wk of age. At 15 and 20 wk of age, the same groups' total n-6 PUFA content considerably increased compared to the group that did not receive flaxseed. In conclusion, during the laying period of Japanese quail, linseed oil, canola oil, vitamin E, or ginger positively affected productivity, blood hematology, constituents, resistance, lipid digestion system, and antioxidative properties in serum and egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed S H Abo Egila
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Dosoky
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Najat S M Khisheerah
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences, Al-Ajeilat, Zawia University, Zawia 16418, Libya
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soliman M Zahran
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Najlaa H Almohmadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa F Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kamal
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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Chen R, Jiang C, Li X, Shi X, Zhuang L, Zhou W, Zhou C, Xuan L, Xu G, Zheng J. Research on Chinese consumers' shell egg consumption preferences and the egg quality of functional eggs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103007. [PMID: 37598555 PMCID: PMC10462883 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of egg consumption in China and the production of functional eggs, and finally enrich the types of shell egg products. Trial 1 explored the influence of egg quality on Chinese consumers' willingness to purchase eggs through a questionnaire, which investigated 1,317 consumers' preferences for egg appearance, factors influencing egg purchase, and purchase of functional eggs. The results showed that about 65% of respondents ate more than 4 eggs per wk, pink eggs were the most popular in China, about 65% of consumers preferred eggs with an egg weight of 48 to 58 grams. For functional eggs, 75.32% of consumers have never heard of them. Preferences for eggshell color and yolk color varied by geographic region, with darker colors preferred in Northeast China. Based on the survey results of functional eggs consumption in Trial 1, the dwarf layers of China Agricultural University were used in Trial 2 to produce functional eggs. The eggs are small and pink in color, which is in line with the preferences of Chinese consumers. Three hundred dwarf layers were divided into 4 groups, using the linseed oil added, marigold extract added, and yeast selenium added diets to produce normal, n-3 fatty acid-enriched, lutein-enriched and selenium-enriched eggs by feeding for 28 d, determined the eggs' nutrient content and egg quality. The results showed that the n-3 fatty acid, lutein and selenium contents of the eggs of dwarf layers were significantly increased by changing the diets and did not affect the egg weight, eggshell strength, Haugh units or the proportion of egg parts. The results of this study are helpful to understand the trend of egg consumption preferences in China, and on this basis to produce functional eggs that meet the consumers' expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Caiyun Jiang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingzheng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Longyu Zhuang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Xuan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Lab oratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Elkin RG, Harvatine KJ. A review of recent studies on the enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: novel findings and unanswered questions. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102938. [PMID: 37572619 PMCID: PMC10428063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory over the past decade have yielded new information with regard to the dietary enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but have also generated a number of unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the novel findings from this work, identify knowledge gaps, and offer possible explanations for some perplexing observations. Specifically discussed are: 1) Why feeding laying hens and broilers an oil rich in stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 n-3), which theoretically bypasses the putative rate-limiting step in the hepatic n-3 PUFA biosynthetic pathway, does not enrich egg yolks and tissues with very long-chain (VLC; ≥20 C) n-3 PUFA to the same degree as obtained by feeding birds oils rich in preformed VLC n-3 PUFA; 2) Why in hens fed an SDA-rich oil, SDA fails to accumulate in egg yolk but is readily incorporated into adipose tissue; 3) How oils rich in oleic acid (OA; 18:1 n-9), when co-fed with various sources of n-3 PUFA, attenuates egg and tissue n-3 PUFA contents or rescues egg production when co-fed with a level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) that causes severe hypotriglyceridemia; and 4) Why the efficiency of VLC n-3 PUFA deposition into eggs and poultry meat is inversely related to the dietary content of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3), SDA, or DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Tufarelli V, Baghban-Kanani P, Azimi-Youvalari S, Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad B, Slozhenkina M, Gorlov I, Viktoronova FM, Seidavi A, Laudadio V. Effect of dietary flaxseed meal supplemented with dried tomato and grape pomace on performance traits and antioxidant status of laying hens. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1525-1532. [PMID: 33955809 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1914070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary flaxseed meal (FSM) supplemented with dried tomato pomace (DTP) and dried grape pomace (DGP) on performance, egg quality, biochemical parameters traits and antioxidant status of laying hens. Birds (1825 ± 87 g of body weight) were divided into 12 dietary groups with six replicates per group (eight birds per replicate), under a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 2 × 3 × 2 consisted of two levels of DTP (0 and 15%), three FSM levels (0, 4 and 8%) and two levels of DGP (0 and 5%). As a result of this study, there were no significant differences in egg production and weight as well in feed conversion ratio (FCR) among treatments (p > 0.05). Feeding of DGP reduced significantly feed intake and egg mass when compared to control group (p < 0.05). There was no effect (p > 0.05) of dietary treatment on shell thickness and strength, shape index, Haugh unit and egg specific gravity. Hens consuming 15% DTP and 5% DGP revealed a significantly higher yolk color compared to the other dietary treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was no difference among dietary treatments in terms of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol, atherogenic index, triglycerides, total cholesterol levels (p > 0.05). Serum antioxidant parameters as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (TSOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were not influenced by treatments (p > 0.05). Based on findings, FSM and DTP supplements did not significantly impact most of hens' performance indicators and egg quality parameters, whereas significant improvements were observed by feeding of 15% DTP and 5% DGP on egg traits, in particular on egg-yolk color that plays a key-role in consumer's choice. However, the supplementation of FSM and DTP or DGP even in laying hen diet is still controversial and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of DETO - Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marina Slozhenkina
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-and-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Ivan Gorlov
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-and-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Frolova Maria Viktoronova
- Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-and-Milk Production, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Vito Laudadio
- Department of DETO - Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
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Vlaicu PA, Untea AE, Turcu RP, Panaite TD, Saracila M. Rosehip ( Rosa canina L.) Meal as a Natural Antioxidant on Lipid and Protein Quality and Shelf-Life of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Eggs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101948. [PMID: 36290672 PMCID: PMC9598169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs are a common food of animal origin, inexpensive, and rich in bioactive substances with high biological value. Eggs enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are extremely desired by the progressive consumer. However, during storage, eggs undergo some physiochemical changes, which decrease their value. In this regard, the effect of dietary rosehip meal and flaxseed meal on hens’ egg quality characteristics, amino acids, fatty acids, health-related indices, antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols content, and shelf life was examined. For this study 120 Tetra SL laying hens, 29 weeks of age, were fed, for 4 weeks, three diets that included control (basal diet—RF0), basal diet + 1.5% rosehip and 7% flaxseed meal (RF1), and basal diet + 3% rosehip and 7% flaxseed meal (RF2). Productive performance of hens were recorded. The content of essential amino acids (EAA), antioxidant amino acids (AAA), and sulfur amino acids (SAA) was higher in RF1 and RF2, compared with RF0. Eggs belonging to the RF1 and RF2 groups had significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of n-3 PUFAs, especially linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids. Total antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content increased in both rosehip supplemented groups, but especially in RF2. Moreover, eggs from RF1 and RF2 groups maintained significantly higher egg quality parameters after storage for 14 and 28 days in the refrigerator (5 °C) and ambient temperature (21 °C), compared with those from the RF0 group. In the Haugh unit, yolk and albumen pH presented better values in RF1 and RF2 eggs compared to the RF0 eggs.
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9
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Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091969. [PMID: 35565936 PMCID: PMC9099610 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products.
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10
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Jiru M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Kohoutkova J, Schulzova V, Krmela A, Revenco D, Koplik R, Kastanek P, Fulin T, Hajslova J. Potential of microalgae as source of health-beneficial bioactive components in produced eggs. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:1-10. [PMID: 34538889 PMCID: PMC8405822 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In line with the growing interest in humans' nutrition, production of microalgae-based functional foods characterized by an increased content of bioactive substances is attractive. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of microalgae as additives to feed for laying hens, to enrich the eggs with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and selenium/carotenoid antioxidants. Our results showed that supplementation of hens by feed containing 1% of Trachydiscus minutus or 1% of Japonochytrium marinum leads to increase of long-chain PUFA in eggs by 26-66%. Addition of 1% of Scenedesmus obliquus to feed causes the increase of lutein and cantaxanthin in eggs by 48% and 18%, respectively, and addition of 0.5% selenium enriched Chlorella vulgaris increases the final content of organic selenium in eggs by 100-152%. As concerns selenium, it is important to notice that its bioavailability has to be considered. Despite the higher concentration of total selenium in Vischeria helvetica than in C. vulgaris, its bioaccessibility in Vischeria was limited, thus out of usage for feeding purposes. Administration of combinations of selenium enriched Chlorella + Japonochytrium and Chlorella + Schizochitrium verified the increased concentrations of organic selenium, PUFA, as well as carotenoids, with no adverse effect on quality and productivity of eggs. The study confirmed the potential of both traditional as well as new microalgae to be used as feed supplements for functional eggs production. The supplementation of hens by specific microalgae combinations could be advantageous in terms of spectrum of bioactive compounds present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jiru
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kohoutkova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V. Schulzova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A. Krmela
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D. Revenco
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Koplik
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P. Kastanek
- EcoFuel Laboratories s.r.o, Ocelářská 9, 190 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic
| | - T. Fulin
- RABBIT Trhový Štěpánov, a.s, Sokolská 302, 257 63, Trhový Štěpánov, Czech Republic
| | - J. Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Vlaicu PA, Panaite TD, Turcu RP. Enriching laying hens eggs by feeding diets with different fatty acid composition and antioxidants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20707. [PMID: 34667227 PMCID: PMC8526598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate egg quality, egg yolk fatty acids, health-related indices and antioxidants from laying hens' eggs fed different combined vegetable by-products, rich in fatty acids and antioxidants. One hundred twenty 50 weeks-old Tetra SL laying hens were divided into three groups. They were given daily a standard diet (Control, C), a diet containing 9% rapeseed meal with 3% grapeseed meal (T1 diet), or a diet containing 9% flaxseed meal and 3% sea buckthorn meal (T2 diet). Hen production performances, egg quality, egg yolk fatty acids total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity were determined. The T1 diet significantly reduced the egg yolk content of palmitic acid from 76.615 mg (C) to 46.843 mg (T1) and that of oleic acid from 788.13 mg (C) to 682.83 mg (T1). Feeding flaxseed and sea buckthorn meals significantly increased the egg yolk content of α-linolenic acid in T2 yolks (35.297 mg) compared with C yolks (4.752 mg) and that of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from 16.282 mg (C) to 74.918 mg (T2). The atherogenicity indices (AI) were not significantly affected, whereas the thrombogenicity indices (TI) decreased significantly (p < 0.0007) from 0.72 (C) to 0.60 (T1) and 0.66 (T2), respectively. Adding this combination of meals to the hens' diets, increased the total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in T1 and T2 eggs compared to C eggs. The significant enrichment of eggs with n-3 fatty acids and antioxidant capacity, as well on the health-related indices especially from T2 eggs, represents a potential functional feed ingredient in poultry feeding, to obtain eggs as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Alexandru Vlaicu
- Department of Chemistry and Animal Nutrition Physiology, National Research and Development Institute for Animal Biology and Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania.
| | - Tatiana Dumitra Panaite
- Department of Chemistry and Animal Nutrition Physiology, National Research and Development Institute for Animal Biology and Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Raluca Paula Turcu
- Department of Chemistry and Animal Nutrition Physiology, National Research and Development Institute for Animal Biology and Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
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12
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Lee SH, Kim YB, Kim DH, Lee DW, Lee HG, Jha R, Lee KW. Dietary soluble flaxseed oils as a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101276. [PMID: 34229219 PMCID: PMC8264210 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of dietary soluble flaxseed oil (SFO), as a source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the fatty acid composition of egg yolk and various indices including laying performance, egg quality, nutrient composition of eggs, egg stability upon storage, and serum characteristics in laying hens. A total of 210 52-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were assigned to one of 5 experimental diets. A corn-soybean meal-based control diet was mixed without or with SFO to reach the concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% in diets and fed for 4 wk. Dietary SFO did not affect laying performance and egg quality. Increasing dietary SFO linearly increased the pH of yolk at 7, 14, and 28 d following storage at room temperature (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde contents in egg yolks were quadratically increased (P < 0.05) at 0, 7, and 21 d following storage as the inclusion levels of SFO increased in diets. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid, but not α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, was deposited in egg yolks at 2 and 4 wk following the SFO feeding. Finally, dietary SFO did not affect serum parameters such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and nitric oxide. It is concluded that adding SFO into the diets of laying hens can be an efficient strategy to enrich the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeok Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Yoo Bhin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Lee
- Haitnim Bio Inc., Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17346, South Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agricultural and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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13
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Effects of extruded, milled, and whole flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on egg performance, lipid components, and fatty acids concentrations in yolk and blood, and antioxidant system of commercial laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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The Egg Yolk Content in ω-3 and Conjugated Fatty Acids Can Be Sustainably Increased upon Long-Term Feeding of Laying Hens with a Diet Containing Flaxseeds and Pomegranate Seed Oil. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051134. [PMID: 34069647 PMCID: PMC8160806 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term feeding trials examining the incorporation of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) into the diet of laying hens are lacking. In the present study, we compared two diets in sixty-six red Sex-Link hens (33 hens/treatment), fed for 26 weeks. The control diet was high in oleic acid, while the test diet was high in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and punicic acid (PunA). No significant differences were observed between treatments for hens’ performance, egg weight and yolk weight. In contrast, dietary ALA and PunA resulted in a significant increase in n-3 PUFA, rumenic acid (RmA) and PunA contents in egg yolk, as well as in the liver, heart, muscle and adipose tissue of the hens. Other conjugated dienes resulting from the metabolism of PunA or RmA also accumulated in the egg yolk and tissues. Unlike DHA, which was exclusively distributed in phospholipids, ALA, RmA and PunA were preferably distributed in triglycerides.
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15
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Effects of replacement genetically modified soybean meal by a mixture of: Linseed cake, sunflower cake, guar meal and linseed oil in laying hens diet. Production results and eggs quality. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Shahid MS, Raza T, Wu Y, Hussain Mangi M, Nie W, Yuan J. Comparative Effects of Flaxseed Sources on the Egg ALA Deposition and Hepatic Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Hens. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111663. [PMID: 33202556 PMCID: PMC7696904 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy diets are necessary for both humans and animals, including poultry. These diets contain various nutrients for maintenance and production in laying hens. Therefore, research was undertaken to explore the efficiency of various dietary flaxseed sources on the n-3 deposition in the egg yolk and gene expression in laying hens. Five dietary groups were analyzed, i.e., (i) a corn-based diet with no flaxseed (FS) as a negative control (NC), (ii) a wheat-based diet supplemented with 10% whole FS without multi-carbohydrase enzymes (MCE) as a positive control (PC), (iii) ground FS supplemented with MCE (FS), (iv) extruded flaxseed meal was supplemented with MCE (EFM), (v) flaxseed oil supplemented with MCE (FSO). Results indicated that egg weight was highest in the NC, FS, EFM, and FSO groups as compared to PC in the 12th week. Egg mass was higher in enzyme supplemented groups as compared to the PC group, but lower than NC. In the 12th week, the HDEP (hen day egg production) was highest in the FS and EFM groups as compared to FSO, PC, and NC. The FCR (feed conversion ratio) was better in enzyme supplemented groups as compared to the PC group. Enzyme addition enhanced the egg quality as compared to PC in the 12th week. The HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) was increased, while LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), VLDL-C (very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), TC (total cholesterol), and TG (total triglycerides) were reduced in the enzyme supplemented groups as compared to PC and NC. The FSO deposit more n-3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the egg yolk as compared to FS and EFM groups. The expression of ACOX1, LCPT1, FADS1, FADS2, and ELOV2 genes were upregulated, while PPAR-α was downregulated in the FSO group. The LPL mRNA expression was upregulated in the FS, EFM, and FSO groups as compared to the PC and NC groups. It was inferred that FSO with enzymes at 2.5% is cost-effective, improves the hen performances, upregulated the fatty acid metabolism and β-oxidation genes expression, and efficiently deposits optimal n-3 PUFA in the egg as per consumer’s demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Shahid
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Tausif Raza
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Yuqin Wu
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Mazhar Hussain Mangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wei Nie
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Corrales-Retana L, Ciucci F, Conte G, Casarosa L, Mele M, Serra A. Profile of fatty acid lipid fractions of omega-3 fatty acid-enriched table eggs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:326-335. [PMID: 33118223 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acid (FA) enrichment of yolk is a key means one of the main objectives to improve the nutraceutical properties of eggs. We evaluated the effect of the dietary inclusion of extruded linseed fed to laying hens on the fatty acid composition of the polar and non-polar lipid classes of the eggs. Two groups of 36 Lohmann White Leghorn layers (65 weeks old) were each fed one of two different diets for a period of 12 weeks. The two diets consisted of a conventional cereal-based diet concentrate (C) and a diet concentrate containing 5% linseed (L). The inclusion of linseed in the diet increased the content of α-linolenic (C18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) acids in neutral lipids, while a concomitant decrease in arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) was observed. As regards the polar fraction, the fatty acid composition was slightly affected by the dietary treatments except for C18:0 (+1.14 fold), C18:2n-6 (+1.23 fold), C18:3n-3 (+2.8 fold) and C22:6n-3 (+1.41 fold). Principal component analysis demonstrated that very long-chain FAs were more representative of polar lipids, except for C20:5n-3, while neutral lipids were characterized by dietary n-3 FA (C18:3n-3).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Ciucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Casarosa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcello Mele
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Serra
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Research Center of Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Hao XY, Yu SC, Mu CT, Wu XD, Zhang CX, Zhao JX, Zhang JX. Replacing soybean meal with flax seed meal: effects on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep. Animal 2020; 14:1841-1848. [PMID: 32172723 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flax seed meal (FSM) is rich in various nutrients, especially CP and energy, and can be used as animal protein feed. In animal husbandry production, it is a long-term goal to replace soybean meal (SBM) in animal feed with other plant protein feed. However, studies on the effects of replacing SBM with FSM in fattening sheep are limited. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of replacing a portion of SBM with FSM on nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis and growth performance in sheep. Thirty-six Dorper × Small Thin-Tailed crossbred rams (BW = 40.4 ± 1.73 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly assigned into four groups. The dietary treatments (forage/concentrate, 45 : 55) were isocaloric according to the nutrient requirements of rams. Soybean meal was replaced with FSM at different levels (DM basis): (1) 18% SBM (18SBM), (2) 12% SBM and 6% FSM (6FSM), (3) 6% SBM and 12% FSM (12FSM) and (4) 18% FSM (18FSM). The rams were fed in individual pens for 60 days, with the first 10 days for adaptation to diets, and then the digestibility of nutrients was determined. There was no significant difference in DM intake, but quadratic (P < 0.001) effects on the average daily gain and feed efficiency were detected, with the highest values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups. For DM and NDF digestibility, quadratic effects were observed with the higher values in the 6FSM and 12FSM groups, but the digestibility of CP linearly decreased with the increase in FSM in the diet (P = 0.043). There was a quadratic (P < 0.001) effect of FSM inclusion rate on the estimated microbial CP yield. However, the values of intestinally absorbable dietary protein decreased linearly (P < 0.001). For the supply of metabolisable protein, both the linear (P = 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.044) effects were observed with the lowest value in the 18FSM group. Overall, the results indicated that SBM can be effectively replaced by FSM in the diets of fattening sheep and the optimal proportion was 12.0% under the conditions of this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Hao
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
| | - S C Yu
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
| | - C T Mu
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
| | - X D Wu
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
| | - C X Zhang
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
| | - J X Zhao
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Safe Production of Livestock, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
| | - J X Zhang
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1th, Taigu030801, China
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19
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Huang S, Baurhoo B, Mustafa A. Effects of feeding extruded flaxseed on layer performance, total tract nutrient digestibility, and fatty acid concentrations of egg yolk, plasma and liver. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1365-1374. [PMID: 32372432 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of extruded flaxseed (EF) on laying hen performance, apparent total tract nutrient retention (ATTNR) and fatty acid concentrations of egg yolk, blood plasma and liver. Seventy-two White Leghorn layers (58 weeks old; three per cage) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: 0 (control), 3, 6 and 9% of EF-supplemented diets for 8 weeks. Results showed that feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio and egg weight were not affected by treatments. The ATTNR of dry matter (p = .001) and gross energy (p = .014) was lower for layers fed 9% EF than those fed the control diet, while ATTNR of organic matter (p = .001) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (p = .003) were lower for birds fed 6% and 9% EF compared with those fed the control diet. Relative to the control diet, feeding EF increased (p < .001) egg yolk, plasma and liver n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations. Birds fed 6% EF produced eggs > 300 mg of n-3 PUFA after two weeks of feeding, while the highest of n-3 PUFA concentrations were achieved for birds fed 9% EF. It was concluded that feeding EF up to 9% of the diet had no adverse effects on layer performance and increased n-3 PUFA concentrations in blood plasma, liver and egg yolk. However, moderate to high levels of EF (i.e., 6% and 9% of the diet) reduced nutrient ATTNR and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Omega-3-enriched eggs can be achieved by feeding layers EF at 6% of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Huang
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University-MacDonald Campus, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Bushansingh Baurhoo
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University-MacDonald Campus, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.,Belisle Solution Nutrition Inc., St-Mathias, QC, Canada
| | - Arif Mustafa
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University-MacDonald Campus, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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20
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Beheshti Moghadam M, Shehab A, Cherian G. Production Performance, Quality and Lipid Composition of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed Heated Flaxseed with Carbohydrase Enzymes. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Josling GC, Hugo A, Fair MD, de Witt FH. Long term effect of dietary lipid saturation on eggshell quality and bone characteristics of laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3593-3601. [PMID: 30895320 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the long-term effect of dietary fatty acid saturation on eggshell quality and bone characteristics of laying hens at end of lay. Five isoenergetic (3,011.5 kcal AME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (169 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated using different lipid sources at a constant 30 g/kg inclusion level. The control, polyunsaturated omega-3 (PUFA n-3), polyunsaturated omega-6 (PUFA n-6), monounsaturated omega-9 (MUFA n-9), and saturated fatty acid (SFA) diets consisted of linseed- and fish oil (50:50 blend), fish oil, sunflower oil, high oleic acid sunflower oil, and tallow, respectively. A total of 200 individually caged Hy-Line Silver-Brown hens (20 wk of age) were randomly allocated to the 5 treatments (n = 40 replicates/treatment) and received the experimental diets for 54 wk. During weeks 58, 62, 66, 70, and 74 of age (end-of-lay period), 20 eggs/treatment per day (n = 140 eggs/treatment per week) were selected for determining eggshell quality traits. At 74 wk of age, 10 birds per treatment (n = 10 birds/treatment) were randomly selected for the determination of bone quality characteristics. Data were statistically analyzed (P < 0.05) using a fully randomized 1-way ANOVA. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on eggshell quality traits. The MUFA n-9 treatment with the highest unsaturated to SFA ratio (UFA: SFA) resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) femur weight (10.34 g) as well as femur- (52.99%) and tibia ash (51.07%) content than the SFA treatment. Also, the PUFA n-3 diet resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) femur weight (10.21 g), femur ash (51.82%), and percentage femur (0.57%) compared to the SFA diet. Results suggested that prolonged feeding of diets varying in FA profile had no negative effect on eggshell quality, whereas UFA: SFA and long-chain n-3 PUFA affected the bone quality (especially the femur) of hens at the end of lay.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Josling
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - A Hugo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - M D Fair
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - F H de Witt
- Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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23
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Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. I. Overview, genetic approaches, and nutritional strategies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933906001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Effect of a Combination of Fenugreek Seeds, Linseeds, Garlic and Copper Sulfate on Laying Hens Performances, Egg Physical and Chemical Qualities. Foods 2019; 8:foods8080311. [PMID: 31382400 PMCID: PMC6722560 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigations have suggested that fenugreek seeds may have a hypocholesterolemic activity, and thus be efficient in the treatment of egg yolk cholesterol. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of 3% of fenugreek seed combined with 3% of linseed, 1% of garlic paste, and 0.078% of copper sulfate on laying performance, egg quality and lipids profile. Forty four, 41 weeks old, Novogen White laying hens received for 42 days 100 g/d of basal diet (control) or experimental diet (CFSGLSCS). With the exception of egg weight, which showed a significant increase for hens fed on CFSGLSCS with 57.99 g compared to 56.34 g for the control group, egg production (90.84% for control compared to 87.89% for experimental diet), egg mass (50.95 g/d for control compared to 50.87 g/d for CFSGLSCS), feed efficiency (1.94 for control compared to 1.98 for CFSGLSCS) were not affected by dietary treatments. The addition of CFSGLSCS reduced (p < 0.05) egg yolk cholesterol by 5.4% and blood cholesterol from 158.42 mg/dL to 122.82 mg/dL for control and CFSGLSCS, respectively. The dietary addition of CFSGLSCS increased (p < 0.05) total lipids from 4.5 g/egg to 5.23 g/egg and didn’t affect (p > 0.05) yolk triglycerides.
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Westbrook LA, Cherian G. Egg quality, fatty-acid composition and gastrointestinal morphology of layer hens fed whole flaxseed with enzyme supplementation. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:146-153. [PMID: 30525943 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1556783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3). Feeding flaxseed to hens can increase n-3 fatty acids (FA) in eggs. However, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in flaxseed decrease nutrient digestibility and can have a negative impact on egg n-3 FA incorporation. Addition of carbohydrase enzymes to flaxseed-based diets can decrease the anti-nutritive effects of NSP. 2. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on FA composition and gastrointestinal morphology in hens fed flaxseed. A total of seventy-two, 51-week old brown layer hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (six replicates with three hens per replicate): corn-soybean based diet containing 0% flax (Control), 10% flax (Flax), Flax+0.05% enzyme (Flax+E1), or Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E2) in a 120-day feeding trial. 3. Egg weight was highest in hens fed Flax+E1 (P < 0.05). Yolk weight was higher in Flax+E1 compared with the control and Flax+E2 and was not different from Flax treatment. ALA and total n-3 FA was highest in eggs from Flax+E2 hens (P < 0.05). Addition of enzyme has no effect of on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total long chain (>20-C FA), or n-6:n-3 FA ratio in eggs from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). Over nine-fold increase in hepatic ALA was observed in the liver of hens fed flaxseed-based diets when compared with the control diet (P < 0.0001). No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on liver ALA, DHA or long chain n-3 FA (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation reduced arachidonic acid, total n-6 and LC n-6 FA in liver tissue from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). 4. Villi height and width was higher in the duodenum and jejunum of hens fed flax-based diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in villi width in jejunum (P < 0.05) in hens fed Flax+E2 (P < 0.05). No effect of diet was observed in the crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P > 0.05). 5. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation enhanced total n-3 FA deposition in eggs and liver and influence gastrointestinal morphology in layer hens fed flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Westbrook
- a Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
| | - G Cherian
- a Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
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Javed A, King AJ, Imran M, Jeoh T, Naseem S. Omega‐3 supplementation for enhancement of egg functional properties. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Javed
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Home and Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences University of California Davis California
| | - Annie J. King
- Department of Animal Sciences University of California Davis California
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Home and Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of California Davis California
| | - Sadia Naseem
- Department of Animal Sciences University of California Davis California
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Khan SA. Inclusion of pyridoxine to flaxseed cake in poultry feed improves productivity of omega-3 enriched eggs. Bioinformation 2019; 15:333-341. [PMID: 31249435 PMCID: PMC6589472 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed cake produced during flax oil production is rich in protein, and could be utilized in the production of omega-3 enriched eggs or value added eggs. But the presence of anti-nutrients in flaxseed cake adversely affects the bird and egg characteristics. Supplementation of pyridoxine may prove beneficial as noted by earlier research. In our study, we divided 30 layer birds into three groups and supplemented them with different combination feeds containing: (A) control ration, (B) fresh flax seed cake with pyridoxine and (C) fresh flax seed cake without pyridoxine. Crushed 2% flaxseed was also added to the flaxseed cake groups for deposition of sufficient omega-3 fatty acids into the eggs. Supplementation was given for a period of 4 weeks and egg as well as bird characteristics observed. Birds fed pyridoxine showed better incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into the egg yolk. Supplementation of flaxseed cake with pyridoxine resulted in better yields of omega-3 eggs as well as improved health of layer birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Aziz Khan
- Applied Nutrition Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia
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Wu YB, Li L, Wen ZG, Yan HJ, Yang PL, Tang J, Xie M, Hou SS. Dual functions of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich microalgae: enrichment of yolk with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and partial replacement for soybean meal in diet of laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:350-357. [PMID: 30203026 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae (Nannochloropsis sp., NS), with high contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and crude protein, may be one of the important n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources and potential protein feed ingredient. The purposes of this study were to enrich yolk with n-3 PUFA by dietary EPA-rich NS supplementation and to evaluate whether it is feasible to partly substitute for soybean meal in laying hens diet. A total of 360 37-wk-old healthy Lohmann Brown laying hens, with similar laying rate and body weight, were randomly allotted to 5 groups (6 replicates, 12 birds/replicate) and fed 5 experimental diets (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8% NS) for 4 wk. The hen performance and egg quality (except yolk color) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the NS supplemental diets. Yolk color score was increased as NS supplementation in diets (P < 0.001), and peaked on about the seventh day in all NS supplemental groups. The concentration of total n-3 PUFA was increased (P < 0.001), while total n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratio were decreased (P < 0.001) in yolk with increasing NS levels in diets. The 8% NS group had highest docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 PUFA levels, reaching 111.6 mg DHA and 148.6 mg total n-3 PUFA per egg. Maximum DHA, total n-3 PUFA, very long-chain (LC-) n-3 PUFA, and LC-PUFA levels were all observed at day 13 of NS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary NS supplementation enriched yolk with n-3 PUFA (especially DHA) and enhanced yolk color score without adverse effects on performance and egg quality, and indicated the practical feasibility of partial replacement for soybean meal in laying hens diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Z G Wen
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H J Yan
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - P L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - M Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S S Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Spasevski N, Peulić T, Banjac V, Rakita S, Pezo L, Čolović R, Basić Z. Natural additives in functional egg production. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1902199s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Mustafa A, Baurhoo B. Evaluation of dried vegetable residues for poultry: III Effects of feeding cabbage leaf residues on laying performance, egg quality, and apparent total tract digestibility. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Huang S, Baurhoo B, Mustafa A. Effects of extruded flaxseed on layer performance, nutrient retention and yolk fatty acid composition. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:463-469. [PMID: 29764188 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1476676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding an extruded flaxseed (EF) on layer performance, apparent total tract nutrient retention (ATTR) and egg yolk fatty acid concentrations. 2. Seventy-two White Leghorn laying hens (58-week-old; three per cage) were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: 0%, 7.5%, 15.0% and 22.5% of EF-supplemented diets for 8 weeks. 3. Supplementation with EF had no effect on feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio and egg weight. Egg components (yolk, albumen and shell percentages) were similar among treatments, except that shell percentage was greater for layers fed 22.5% EF than those fed 7.5% and 15% EF. The ATTR of dry matter and organic matter were highest for 0% and 7.5% EF, intermediate for 15% EF and lowest for 22.5% EF. Similar reductions on ATTR of crude protein and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy were observed for layers fed 22.5% EF relative to those fed 0% or 7.5% EF. 4. Feeding EF at 7.5%, 15.0% and 22.5% of the diet markedly increased (by 92%, 198% and 271%, respectively) egg yolk concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and reduced saturated fatty acid and n-6 PUFA concentrations. 5. It was concluded that omega-3 labelled eggs (300 mg/60 g of egg) may be produced with low (7.5% of diet) levels of dietary EF without compromising egg production parameters. However, feeding moderate to high levels of EF (i.e. 15% and 22.5% EF) may reduce total tract nutrient and energy utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- a Department of Animal Science , McGill University , Ste-Ann-de-Bellevue , Canada
| | - B Baurhoo
- a Department of Animal Science , McGill University , Ste-Ann-de-Bellevue , Canada.,b Bélisle Solution Nutrition Inc ., St-Mathias sur Richelieu , Canada
| | - A Mustafa
- a Department of Animal Science , McGill University , Ste-Ann-de-Bellevue , Canada
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Wang H, Zhang HJ, Wang XC, Wu SG, Wang J, Xu L, Qi GH. Dietary choline and phospholipid supplementation enhanced docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in egg yolk of laying hens fed a 2% Schizochytrium powder-added diet. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2786-2794. [PMID: 28431151 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary phospholipid supplementation on laying hen performance, egg quality, and the fatty acid profile of egg yolks from hens fed a 2% Schizochytrium powder diet. Three-hundred-sixty 28-wk-old Hy-line W-36 laying hens were randomly allocated to one of the 5 dietary treatments, each treatment with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. All diets included 2% Schizochytrium powder (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], 137.09 mg/g). The control group was not supplemented with any additional phospholipids, whereas the other 4 experimental diets were supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg choline (CHO), 1,000 mg/kg monoethanolamine (MEA), 1,000 mg/kg lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), or 500 mg/kg LPC + 500 mg/kg MEA (LPC + MEA). The experimental diets were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 11.15 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (crude protein, 16.60%). The feeding trial lasted 28 days. Laying hen performance and egg quality were not affected (P > 0.05) by the diets used. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) level was reduced in the LPC group at d 28 (P < 0.01), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level was increased (P < 0.05). The omega-6 (n-6) PUFA level of the egg yolks in the LPC group had a trend to increase in comparison to the control (P = 0.07). The CHO and LPC groups had higher omega-3 (n-3) PUFA and DHA levels and lower n-6/n-3 ratios than the other groups at d 28 (P < 0.01). The DHA content in egg yolk reached a plateau after the laying hens consumed the experimental diets for 14 days, and higher yolk DHA contents were observed in the CHO and LPC groups as compared with the other groups at d 14. It was concluded that dietary choline supplementation for more than 14 d enhanced egg yolk enrichment with n-3 PUFA and DHA when laying hen diets were supplemented with 2% Schizochytrium powder. All the diets had no adverse effect on hen performance, egg quality, or egg components under the experimental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - X C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - S G Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - L Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - G H Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Association Between Arachidonic Acid and Chicken Meat and Egg Flavor, and Their Genetic Regulation. J Poult Sci 2018; 55:163-171. [PMID: 32055170 PMCID: PMC6756496 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0170123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Japan, the majority of chicken meat is obtained from fast-growing broiler chickens. Because most Japanese chicken breeds have a low meat yield and egg production, many of these breeds are endangered. Recently, the palatability of meat and eggs of native chickens has been reevaluated in the Japanese market. Jidori, which means chicken from the local, is an indigenous local chicken that is more delicious, firmer in texture, and more expensive than the broiler chickens. Most Japanese consumers recognize that the meat of Jidori chicken is richer in flavor than that of the broiler chicken. However, the reason for this rich flavor of the meat of Jidori chicken has not been elucidated. Recently, we found that arachidonic acid (AA) (C20:4n-6), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is associated with the rich flavor of the meat and eggs of Jidori chicken. The present paper summarizes the discovery of the involvement of AA in the flavor characteristic of the meat and eggs of chicken, and also the genetic regulation of the AA content in the meat and eggs of Jidori chicken.
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Zhang P, Tang C, Ding Z, Huang H, Sun Y. Effects of simultaneous supplementation of laying hens with α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid resources on egg quality and n-3 fatty acid profile. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:973-978. [PMID: 28111448 PMCID: PMC5495676 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous supplementation of laying hens with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) resources (flax, perilla, and Eucommia ulmoides [E. ulmoides] seeds) and eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) resources (Schizochytrium sp.) on egg quality and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) profile. METHODS Dietary treatments were as follows: i) diet C (control diet); ii) diet F (diet C+10% flaxseeds); iii) diet P, (diet C+10% perilla seeds); iv) diet E (diet C+10% E. ulmoides seeds); v) diet A (diet C+1.5% microalage); vi) diet AF (diet C+10% flaxseeds+1.5% microalage); vii) diet AP (diet C+10% perilla seeds+1.5% microalgae); viii) diet AE (diet C+10% E. ulmoides seeds+ 1.5% microalage). RESULTS Egg weight, yolk weight and production ratio were not significantly affected by either algae or in combination with seeds (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in ALA and DHA concentration in eggs between flaxseed, perila, and E. ulmodies seeds supplementation alone (p>0.05). N-3 PUFA in eggs was slightly improved by microalgae supplementation. The best supplementation, a combination of microalgae and perilla seeds, elevated (p<0.05) ALA from 19.7 to 202.5 mg/egg and EPA+DHA from 27.5 to 159.7 mg/egg. Highest n-3 PUFA enrichment (379.6 mg/yolk) was observed with supplementation of a combination of perilla seed and microalgae (362.2 mg/yolk), followed by a combination of flaxseed and microalgae (348.4 mg/yolk). The ALA, EPA, and DHA content obtained with a combination of microalgae and seeds surpassed the total sum of that obtained with microalgae or ALA-seeds alone. CONCLUSION It is feasible to enrich eggs with n-3 PUFAs by perilla or E. ulmodies seeds instead of flaxseeds. Simultaneous supplementation of microalgae and seeds helped improve the transfer from EPA and docosapentaenoic acid into DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000,
China
| | - Chuanqiu Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000,
China
| | - Zongqing Ding
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000,
China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072,
China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, Hanjiang Normal University, Hubei, Shiyan 442000,
China
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Wang J, Yue H, Wu S, Zhang H, Qi G. Nutritional modulation of health, egg quality and environmental pollution of the layers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2017; 3:91-96. [PMID: 29767091 PMCID: PMC5941107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
World egg production and consumption have been increasing for the past decades. Traditional strategies in poultry nutrition have made vital contributions to this great growth in quantity. However, current global issues should be considered in modern egg production such as growing populations and food security, food safety and quality, limited resources and environmental problems. The development of knowledge of poultry nutrition and modern biotechnology provides novel nutritional approaches to closely fit the requirement of pullets and laying hens, which will consequently decrease the nutrition excretion and maintain the lower cost of feed. Nutrition has also been widely accepted as a strategy to influence health and diseases of laying hens. The maintenance of good health is an important prerequisite for improving productivity and egg quality. In addition, there are many measures and strategies for minimizing the incidence of egg defects and providing a choice of lifestyle to enhance human health. This paper reviews current research progress on developing innovative technologies and strategies to maximize animal health and performance, improve the quality of egg products and minimize pollution caused by poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guanghai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Chatain C, Jacquier JP, Pralong P, Leccia MT. Allergie à la graine de lin : revue générale à propos d’une observation. REVUE FRANÇAISE D'ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Performance and egg quality of laying hens fed flaxseed: highlights on n-3 fatty acids, cholesterol, lignans and isoflavones. Animal 2016; 11:705-712. [PMID: 27819218 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111600207x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid and phytoestrogens, mainly lignans, whose metabolites (enterodiol and enterolactone) can affect estrogen functions. The present study evaluated the influence of dietary flaxseed supplementation on reproductive performance and egg characteristics (fatty acids, cholesterol, lignans and isoflavones) of 40 Hy-Line hens (20/group) fed for 23 weeks a control diet or the same diet supplemented with 10% of extruded flaxseed. The flaxseed diet had approximately three times the content of lignans (2608.54 ng/g) as the control diet, mainly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1534.24 v. 494.72 ng/g). When compared with the control group, hens fed flaxseed showed a similar deposition rate (72.0% v. 73.9%) and egg yield. Furthermore, there was no effect of flaxseed on the main chemical composition of the egg and on its cholesterol content. Estradiol was higher in the plasma of the control group (1419.00 v. 1077.01 pg/ml) probably due to the effect of flaxseed on phytoestrogen metabolites. The plasma lignans were higher in hens fed flaxseed, whereas isoflavones were lower, mainly due to the lower equol value (50.52 v. 71.01 ng/ml). A similar trend was shown in eggs: the flaxseed group had higher level of enterodiol and enterolactone, whereas the equol was lower (198.31 v. 142.02 ng/g yolk). Secoisolariciresinol was the main lignan in eggs of the flaxseed group and its concentration was three times higher then control eggs. Flaxseed also improved the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of eggs (3.25 v. 0.92 mg/g egg), mainly DHA, however, its oxidative status (thiobarbituric reactive substances) was negatively affected. In conclusion, 10% dietary flaxseed did not affect the productive performance of hens or the yolk cholesterol concentration, whereas the lignans and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of eggs improved. Further details on the competition between the different dietary phytoestrogens and their metabolites (estrogen, equol, enterodiol and enterolactone) should be investigated.
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Walczak J, Bocian S, Kowalkowski T, Trziszka T, Buszewski B. Determination of Omega Fatty Acid Profiles in Egg Yolk by HILIC-LC-MS and GC-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Potential of combining flaxseed oil and microalgal biomass in producing eggs-enriched with n − 3 fatty acids for meeting human needs. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shafey TM, Al-Batshan HA, Farhan AM. The Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Meal on Liver and Egg Yolk Fatty Acid Profiles, Immune Response and Antioxidant Status of Laying Hens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed M.S. Farhan
- Department of Animal Production, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lemahieu C, Bruneel C, Ryckebosch E, Muylaert K, Buyse J, Foubert I. Impact of different omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) sources (flaxseed, Isochrysis galbana, fish oil and DHA Gold) on n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment (efficiency) in the egg yolk. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Ao T, Macalintal L, Paul M, Pescatore A, Cantor A, Ford M, Timmons B, Dawson K. Effects of supplementing microalgae in laying hen diets on productive performance, fatty-acid profile, and oxidative stability of eggs. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Stanišić N, Petričević V, Škrbić Z, Lukić M, Pavlovski Z, Lilić S, Petričević M. Effects of age and time of day of sampling on proximate and fatty acid composition of whole eggs from two strains of laying hens. Arch Anim Breed 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-58-151-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of breed (Naked Neck – NN – and Lohmann Brown – LB), age (46 to 49 weeks) and the time of day of sampling (morning eggs – M – and afternoon eggs – A) on the proximate and fatty acid composition of whole eggs. Eggs of commercial hens (LB) had significantly (P < 0.001) less fat, ash and protein and lower dry-matter content (more water content) compared to the autochthonous breed (NN). The NN eggs contained significantly (P < 0.001) more SFA (saturated fatty acid) and less PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) than LB ones, while the share of the eggs' total n-3 fatty acids did not differ significantly between breeds. The share of total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) significantly (P = 0.011) decreased, while the share of total PUFA, n-6 and n-6 / n-3 ratio significantly increased (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.032, respectively) with age of hens. Additionally, compared with morning eggs, afternoon eggs had a significantly (P = 0.046) higher share of total n-6 fatty acids. PCA (principal component analysis) offered a good separation of the samples according to breed and age when two first principal component were extracted. PC1 was positively related to parameters of proximate composition and SFA content, while PC2 was positively determined by PUFA, n-6 and n-3 content. Eggs of autochthonous hens (NN) were located in the positive area of PC1, whereas those from the commercial hens (LB) were in the negative quarter, which indicates opposite characteristics.
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Laudadio V, Lorusso V, Lastella N, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Alam GM, Tufarelli V. Enhancement of Nutraceutical Value of Table Eggs Through Poultry Feeding Strategies. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.201.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Coorey R, Novinda A, Williams H, Jayasena V. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Profile of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Chia, Fish Oil, and Flaxseed. J Food Sci 2014; 80:S180-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Coorey
- School of Public Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin Univ; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Agnes Novinda
- School of Public Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin Univ; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Hannah Williams
- the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin Univ; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Public Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin Univ; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia 6845 Australia
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Chen W, Jiang Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Wang Z. Effects of dietary flaxseed meal on production performance, egg quality, and hatchability of Huoyan geese and fatty acids profile in egg yolk and thigh meat from their offspring. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Burns-Whitmore B, Haddad E, Sabaté J, Rajaram S. Effects of supplementing n-3 fatty acid enriched eggs and walnuts on cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy free-living lacto-ovo-vegetarians: a randomized, crossover, free-living intervention study. Nutr J 2014; 13:29. [PMID: 24673793 PMCID: PMC4001106 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant and marine n-3 fatty acids (FA) may favorably modify select markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Whether supplementing the habitual diet of lacto-ovo-vegetarians (LOV) with walnuts (containing α-linolenic acid, ALA) and n-3 FA enriched eggs (containing primarily docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and ALA) would have equivalent effects on CVD risk factors is explored in this study. Methods In this study, 20 healthy free-living LOVs following their habitual diet were randomly assigned in a crossover design to receive one of three supplements: n-3 FA enriched egg (6/week), walnuts (28.4 g, 6/week) or a standard egg, 6/week (control) for 8 weeks each with 4-wk washout between treatments. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, serum lipids and inflammatory markers were measured at the end of each treatment. Results Dietary compliance was observed by an expected increase in erythrocyte membrane ALA following the walnut treatment and in DHA following the n-3 FA enriched egg treatment. Walnut treatment lowered serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and Apo B (p < 0.05) compared to the standard egg but not the n-3 FA enriched egg treatment. However, walnut treatment significantly reduced total: HDL cholesterol ratio compared to both egg treatments. There were no differences between treatments for any of the inflammatory markers. Conclusions For LOV, a direct source of DHA such as n-3 FA enriched eggs seems necessary to increase membrane levels of DHA. However for producing an overall favorable blood lipid profile, daily consumption of a handful of walnuts rich in ALA may be a preferred option for lacto-ovo vegetarian.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sujatha Rajaram
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Petzinger C, Heatley JJ, Bailey CA, Bauer JE. Lipid metabolic dose response to dietary alpha-linolenic acid in monk parrot (Myiopsitta monachus). Lipids 2013; 49:235-45. [PMID: 24293226 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) are susceptible to atherosclerosis, a progressive disease characterized by the formation of plaques in the arteries accompanied by underlying chronic inflammation. The family of n-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have consistently been shown to reduce atherosclerotic risk factors in humans and other mammals. Some avian species have been observed to convert α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA) to EPA and DHA (Htin et al. in Arch Geflugelk 71:258-266, 2007; Petzinger et al. in J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 2013). Therefore, the metabolic effects of including flaxseed oil, as a source of ALA, in the diet at three different levels (low, medium, and high) on the lipid metabolism of Monk parrots was evaluated through measuring plasma total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), triacylglycerols (TAG), and phospholipid fatty acids. Feed intake, body weight, and body condition score were also assessed. Thus the dose and possible saturation response of increasing dietary ALA at constant linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LNA) concentration on lipid metabolism in Monk parrots (M. monachus) was evaluated. Calculated esterified cholesterol in addition to plasma TC, FC, and TAG were unaltered by increasing dietary ALA. The high ALA group had elevated levels of plasma phospholipid ALA, EPA, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3, 22:5n-3). The medium and high ALA groups had suppressed plasma phospholipid 20:2n-6 and adrenic acid (22:4n-6, ADA) compared to the low ALA group. When the present data were combined with data from a previous study (Petzinger et al. in J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 2013) a dose response to dietary ALA was observed when LNA was constant. Plasma phospholipid ALA, EPA, DPAn-3, DHA, and total n-3 were positively correlated while 20:2n-6, di-homo-gamma-linoleic acid (20:3n-6Δ7), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), ADA, and total n-6 were inversely correlated with dietary en% ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Petzinger
- Comparative Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
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Petzinger C, Larner C, Heatley JJ, Bailey CA, MacFarlane RD, Bauer JE. Conversion of α-linolenic acid to long-chain omega-3 fatty acid derivatives and alterations of HDL density subfractions and plasma lipids with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in Monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:262-70. [PMID: 23600588 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of α-linolenic acid from a flaxseed (FLX)-enriched diet on plasma lipid and fatty acid metabolism and possible atherosclerosis risk factors was studied in Monk parrots (Myiopsitta monachus). Twenty-four Monk parrots were randomly assigned to diets containing either 10% ground SUNs or 10% ground FLXs. Feed intake was calculated daily. Blood samples, body condition scores and body weights were obtained at -5 weeks, day 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 70. Plasma samples were analysed for total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triacylglycerols and lipoproteins. Phospholipid subfraction fatty acid profiles were determined. By day 70, the FLX group had significantly higher plasma phospholipid fatty acids including 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid). The sunflower group had significantly higher plasma phospholipid levels of 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid). By day 70, the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) peak shifted resulting in significantly different HDL peak densities between the two experimental groups (1.097 g/ml FLX group and 1.095 g/ml SUN group, p = 0.028). The plasma fatty acid results indicate that Monk parrots can readily convert α-linolenic acid to the long-chain omega-3 derivatives including docosahexaenoic acid and reduce 20:4n-6 accumulation in plasma phospholipids. The reason for a shift in the HDL peak density is unknown at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Petzinger
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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